EXPERIMENT Do) Molecular Models and Chemical Bonds OBJECTIVES + To construct models of molecules with single, double, and triple bonds. * To draw the structural formula for a molecule based on the molecular model. © To draw the electron dot formala corresponding to the structural formula. © To draw the structural and electron dot formulas for unknown molecular models. DISCUSSION. The attraction between two atoms in 2 molecule is called a chemical bond. In a covalent bond, two nonmetal atoms are attracted to each other by sharing valence electrons. The valence electrons are the electrons farthest from the nucleus and occupy the highest s and p sublevels, , ‘The number of valence clectrons is found from the periodic table. The group number of an oO element indicates the number of valence electrons. For example, fluorine is in Group VILA/I7 and has seven valence electrons (7 e~). Example Exercise 1) * Vallence Electrons aid the Pertodie Table ; Refer to the group number in the periodic table and determine the valence electrons for baa the following elements: (a) H; (b) C; and (¢) 0. Solution: (a) Hydrogen is in group 1A/1; thus, H has one valence electron. (b) Carbon is in Group TVA/14; thus, C has four valence electrons. (©) Chlorine is in Group VIIA/17; thus, Cl has seven valence electrons. From Laboratory Manual for Introductory Chemistry: Concepts and Connections, Fitth Edition. Charles H. Corwin. ‘Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education. Published by Prentice Hall. All rights reserved158 In this experiment, we will draw the structural formula and electron dot formula for molecules after building a model, A model is constructed from spherical balls and connectors, ‘where each ball represents an atom and each connector a single bond. Since a single bond shares two electrons, each connector represents an electron pair ‘A double bond shares two pairs of electrons. A molecular model is constructed using two connectors to represent the double bond. A triple bond shares three pairs of electrons. A molecular model is constructed using three connectors to represent the triple bond The following example exercises illustrate the structural formula and electron dot formula for molecular models having single, double, and triple bonds. Example Exercise 2_+ Structural and Electron Dot Fornaula for CHCLs The molecular model of chloroform is sketched below. Draw (a) the structural formula and (b) the electron dot formula. Each atom (excluding H) should be surrounded by an octet of electrons. (c) Verify the electron dot formula by checking the total number of electron dots against the sum of all valence electrons. chloroform, CHCl, Solution: (a) Each stick represents a single bond, so the structural formula is H c- c- a a (b) Each dash in the structural formula indicates an electron pair; therefore, Hydrogen and carbon are complete as shown; two electrons and eight electrons, respectively. However, each chlorine also requires an octet, which we will complete as follows: Molecular Models and Chemical Bonds(©) To verify the above electron dot formula, we will find the sum of all valence electrons, TH(ixte) = le 1C(x4e-) = 4e- 3CIGx7e-) = Qe sum of valence electrons. = 26 ¢~ ‘There are 26 valence electrons, and 26 dots were used in the electron dot formula; thus, the formula is verified. Example Exercise 3+ Structural and Electron Dot Formula for HCO A molecular model of formaldehyde is sketched below. Draw the (a) structural formula and (b) electron dot formula. (c) Find the sum of all valence electrons to verify the electron dot formula. Solution: (a) Two connectors joining the carbon and oxygen atoms represent a double bond. The structural formula can be shown as formaldehyde, BjCO (b) Each single bond contains one electron pair, and the double bond two electron pairs. HiC:H Hydrogen shares two electrons and is stable. Carbon shares a total of eight electrons and satisfies the octet rule. Oxygen has only four of the eight electrons necessary to complete the octet. Therefore, we will add ‘two unshared electron pairs. WiC:H Molecular Models and Chemical Bonds160 (c) We can verify the above electron dot formula as follows: 2HQxle) 1CUxde 100x6e) sum of valence electron: ‘The 12 valence electrons equal the 12 electron dots and verify the formula, Example Exercise 4 + Structural and Electron Dot Formula for HCN ‘A molecular model of hydrogen cyanide is sketched below. Draw (a) the structural formula and (b) the electron dot formula, (c) Verify the electron dot formula. ee. Solution: (a) The three connectors linking the carbon and nitrogen represent a triple pair of electrons. hydrogen cyanide, HCN HO () We can draw an electron dot formula afier realizing the triple bond contains three electron pairs. Hic In the above formula, nitrogen shares only six electrons. Therefore, we must add one unshared electron pair. HEC (©) Let's verify the preceding electron dot formula. LH(xle)= Le 1C(x4ey= 4e- IN(x5e)=_Se- sum of valence electrons = 10 ~ ‘The 10 valence electrons verify the 10 e~ dots. Molecular Models and Chemical Bonds1€ EQUIPMENT and CHEMICALS * Molecular Model Kit Student molecular model sets (ISBN: 0-205-08136-3) are available from Prentice Hall @ 1-800-922-0579 (www.prenhall.com). Directions for Using Molecular Models When constructing a model, a hole in a ball represents a missing electron that is necessary to complete an octet. If two balls are joined by one connector, the connector represents a single bond composed of one electron pair. If two balls are joined by two connectors, the two connectors represent 2 double bond composed of two electron pairs. If two balls are joined by three connectors, the three connectors represent a triple bond composed of three electron pairs. oie Higid tonnebtor — sinjgle bond two flexible connectors — double bond. three flexible connectors. — triple bond A molecular model uses different color balls to represent hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, chlorine, bromine, iodine, and nitrogen atoms. The color code for each ball is as follows: ‘white ball — hydrogen (one hole) black ball — carbon (four holes) - red ball —_ oxygen (two holes) green ball — chlorine (one hole) orange ball —_ bromine (one hole) purple ball = iodine (one hole) blue ball —_ nitrogen (three holes) Note: If the blue nitrogen ball has more than three holes, use a small peg or tape to fill the additional hole(s). All the holes in each ball must have 2 connector for a model to be built correctly. PROCEDURE 1. Construct models for cach of the molecules on the following page. Sketch the molecular model in the Data Table, showing its three-dimensional structure. Draw the structural formula corresponding to the molecular model, Draw the electron dot formula corresponding to the structural formula, Complete the octet by surrounding each atom with 8 electrons (2 electrons for a hydrogen atom). ‘Verify each electron dot formula by summing the valence electrons for the molecule, using the periodic table. This sum should equal the total number of dots in the electron dot formula, ‘Molecular Modets and Chemical Bonds162 A. Molecular Models with Single Bonds @) mE © Bra ©) HCl @® a @ CAaCly (kK) F202 (m) NoHs B. Molecular Models with Double Bonds @) (© HONO (© CHCl C. Molecular Models with Triple Bonds @ No (©) HOCN (b) @ wo (hy a a () ) @ &) D. Molecular Models with Two Double Bonds @ COz E, Unknown Molecular Models ) Ch HBr CH, HOCI NH3 NH,OH CoHy HCOOH CoH CHa ‘The Instructor will provide models of unknown molecules. Draw the structural formula for each unknown model and the electron dot formula corresponding to cach structural formula. ‘Molecular Models and Chemical Bonds16: NAME DATE SECTION PRELABORATORY ASSIGNMENT 1. In your own words, define the following terms: covalent bond double bond electron dot formula octet rule single bond structural formula triple bond valence electrons 2. Refer to the periodic table in order to predict the number of valence electrons for each of the following elements: (@ oxygen (b) nitrogen (©) bromine (@) iodine 3. What do each of the following represent in the molecular model kit? (a) awhite ball () ablack ball (© ated ball (@_ ablue ball (©) one rigid connector (f) two flexible connectors ‘Molecular Models and Chemical Bonds164 4, Draw the structural formula comesponding to each of the following molecular models. (a) (b) © > 5, Draw the electron dot formula corresponding to cach of the models in the preceding. question, @ ) &) 6. Perform a valence electron check on each of the examples in the preceding questions. (a) IBr Total Valence Electrons __ (&) CHCl Total Valence Electrons _ ( chco Total Valence Electrons Molecular Models and Chemical BondsNAME — DATE ‘SECTION DATA TABLE, ‘ A. Molecular Models with Single Bonds ‘Model Kit # “Molecular ‘Siructural Electron Dot Valence | Molecule : Model Formula Formula. Electron | (a) Hy &) Ch © Br, © | bh | | | Molecular Models and Chemical BondsMolecule Molecular ‘Model Formda_ © HCL HBr ® @) @ CHCh Molecular Models and Chemical BondsMolecule: Molecular. _ Model. ‘Siructural Formula. Electron Dot Formula Valence | Electron a HOCI ® Ha02 (@) Noes Molecular Models and Chemical Bonds 167168 B. Molecular Models with Double Bonds " ‘Molecular ‘Structural Molecule _Madel_ Formula, im az Formda Valence @ | On ) Coy © HONO @ HCOOH © CECI Molecular Models and Chemical BondsHOCN | C. Molecular Models with Triple Bonds ‘Molecular Structural. Electron Dot Valence Molecule Model Formula Formula Electron @ | ™ ® CoA2 | L He © | | D. Molecular Models with Two Double Bonds (a) CO (by CoH, Molecular Models and Chemical Bonds 16170 E, Unknown Molecular Models Molecule Molecular Model Structural Formula Electron Dot Formula Valence Electron #1 #2 #4 #5 Molecular Models and Chemical BondsNAME DAT: seseeceseeseasrseee testa SECTION 1, Find the total number of valence electrons for the following molecules, Draw the electron dot formula and structural formula for each molecule. The central atom is in bold. ) (@ HS (b) PHs (c) SiH, @ Cs, (©) S02 Molecular Models and Chemical Bonds172 2. Refer to the electron dot formula for molecules in the preceding question. Predict the electron pair geometry and the molecular shape for each molecule using VSEPR theory. 3. Predict the bond angle in each of the following molecules based tapon the molecular shape in the preceding question. @) HS (b) PH3 (©) SiH, @ CS2 4. (optional) Ultraviolet light from the Sun converts oxygen molecules in the upper atmosphere to ozone molecules. The UV light dissociates oxygen molecules into atoms, which can form a coordinate covalent bond to another oxygen molecule. Draw the electron dot formula and the structural formula for ozone, O3. Molecular Models and Chemical Bonds«See the Glossary, if included, . The number of valence electrons correspond to the group number of the element; thus, @ 0-6 © Br=7 (@ hydrogen atom (©) oxygen atom (©) single bond (2 e-) + @ i-Br ) i H- coal H © p ceca - (@) 140% (b) Ides ©) Be ) @ ) @ Q 5. (a) (b) © " Ness carbon atom nitrogen atom, double bond (4 e-) Molecular Models and Chemical Bonds174