TERMINATING

THEORY & PRODUCTS

 TERMINATING
THEORY & PRODUCTS

Caution: Working around energized high-voltage systems may

cause serious injury or death. Installation should be performed by
personnel familiar with good safety practice in handling high
voltage electrical equipment. De-energize and ground all electrical
systems before installing product.
 CLASS 1 TERMINATION
(IEEE Standard 48)

• Electric Stress Control

for the Cable Shield Terminus

• External Leakage Insulation

between H.V. Conductor and Ground
(Tracking Protection)
• A Seal
to the External Environment
 I. STRESS CONTROL

For the Cable Shield Terminus

Semi-conducting Shield Layer

NO STRESS CONTROL
 Traditional
GEOMETRIC STRESS CONE
DIELECTRIC (HIGH-K) STRESS CONTROL

High-K (high dielectric constant) material is used

to reduce stress at the shield discontinuity by
field refraction due to different K values of
two adjacent dielectric layers.
HI-K STRESS CONTROL
EXAMPLE: Snell’s Law of Refraction
TRADITIONAL HIGH-K
STRESS CONE STRESS CONTROL
TERMINATION TERMINATION
 II. EXTERNAL LEAKAGE INSULATION
Between Conductor & Ground
FLASHOVER PROTECTION TRACKING PROTECTION

BIL per (IEEE 48)

THE
INSULATOR
 TRACKING

Three Conditions Must Exist:

• CONTAMINATION • MOISTURE
- Dust - Humidity
- Chemicals - Fog
- Salt - Condensation
- Other Airborne Particles - Mist
- Snow
• VOLTAGE - Rain
- Surface Stress (V/mil)
DISCHARGE
FORMATION Surface Resistance
Reduced When Wet

DRY BANDS
(Areas of Higher
Surface Resistance)
ELECTRICAL
&
DISCHARGES
Concentrated
Voltage Gradient (Generated in
Dry Band Areas)
 Ways To
CONTROL TRACKING

1. Increase Distance from HV to Ground

2. Rain Shed (Insulator Skirts)

3. Track Resistant Materials

- Porcelain
- Inorganic Fillers in Rubber
- Inorganic Fillers in EVA (Heat Shrink)
- Silicone Rubber
 Advantages of Silicone Rubber as
INSULATOR MATERIAL

1. Silicone is Hydrophobic

2. Silicone Can Recover Its Hydrophobicity

3. Silicone is Inherently UV-Stable

4. Silicone is Mostly Inorganic --

(No Conducting Carbon Path)

5. Silicone Has a Smooth Surface

 Examples
HYDROPHOBIC & HYDROPHILIC
SILICONE RUBBER PORCELAIN

Hydrophobic Hydrophilic
(Water “Balls-up”) (Surface “Wets”)
 HYDROPHOBIC
VS
HYDROPHILIC

HYDROPHOBIC HYDROPHILIC

Contact Angle

Water “balls” up Surface “wets” out

Energy from leakage current can cause

insulator surfaces to become hydrophilic
 Recovery of Contact Angle for
SILICONE RUBBER TERMINATIONS
90 Deg. Recovery

24 Hrs. (Recovered)

Recovery of Contact Angle

(Based on study performed in
cooperation with Arizona State University)
SILICONE RUBBER INSULATOR
Coated with ASTM D-2132 Contaminant

Surface remains “Hydrophobic”

EPDM INSULATOR

UV Damage
 SUMMARY and CONCLUSIONS
• Silicone Insulators are superior to EPDM, EVA and
porcelain insulators
• Silicone is more hydrophobic than other polymers or
porcelain
• Silicone has the ability to regenerate its hydrophobicity
in the event that high-leakage current changes its state
• Silicone Insulators are inherently stable to UV due to
its high backbone bond energy
• 3M™ Silicone Rubber Terminations - In use 30+ years
with excellent results
 III. SEAL

To the External Environment

Top Seal Potting

(Conductor Seal) Compound

Bottom Seal
(Jacket Seal)
SEALING
with
TAPE
POTTING
with
RESIN
 SEALING
with
HEAT SHRINK
 SEALING
with
COLD SHRINK
HEAT SHRINK TERMINATION
 Example of
HEAT SHRINK TERMINATION

Raychem HVT
Heat Shrink Termination
INSTALLATION

(1)
Stress Relief
Material
(Semi-con Step
Filler)

(2)
Stress Control
Tube
(Special Torch,
“Bushy” Flame)
 (3)
Top Seal

(4)
Jacket
Seal
 (5)
Separate
Insulator
Tube
Allow Tube
To Cool (6)
Before Separate Shrink
Proceeding Insulator Evenly
Skirts With no
Tilt or Sag
 COMPLETED
TERMINATION(S)

Outdoor Termination
(with skirts)

Indoor Termination
(same, but without skirts)
COLD SHRINK TERMINATION
 Examples of Silicone Rubber
COLD SHRINK TERMINATIONS
Joslyn JPT & 3M™ QT-II Termination 3M™ QT-III Termination
Plymouth/Bishop ColdTerm Integrated 1-Piece
Plymouth Joslyn
Silicone Silicone
Tape Tape
Top Seal Top Seal

Silicone
Silicone
Grease
Grease

Pull Tabs
 Examples of Silicone Rubber
COLD APPLIED (Shrink) TERMINATIONS
Raychem TFT
“Holdout” Tube

VITAL STEP: Loosen

termination by twisting
until it moves on holdout

Twist & slide off of

holdout tube onto cable

Adjust into final

position if necessary

Use pull tabs to

position over jacket
Typical Cold Shrink Termination
INSTALLATION

Apply mastic
seal around jacket
& neutral wires

Apply silicone
grease to fill
semi-con step
Install termination
by removing
supporting core

Complete top seal

with application
of silicone rubber
tape
 COMPLETED
TERMINATION(S)

Outdoor Termination
(With Skirts)

Indoor Termination
(Tubular, without Skirts)
 BENEFITS of COLD SHRINK

• No Tools for Installation

• Low Installation Force

• Good Interfacial Pressure

• Live Seal

• Broad Application Range

• Environmentally Stable Materials

INTRODUCING: 3M™ QT-III Termination
 IMPROVED SILICONE RUBBER
Cold Shrink Termination

• IMPROVED SILICONE RUBBER - Improved

Tracking Resistance

• BUILT-IN TOP SEAL - Eliminates taping of top seal

• BUILT-IN SEMI-CON FILLER - No silicone grease

• IMPROVED HIGH-K STRESS CONTROL - Improved

corona, 60 Hz and impulse withstand performances

• SMALLER SIZE - Easier mounting

 3M™ QT-III Termination
Integrated 1-Piece Design
Silicone Sealing Silicone Rubber Stress Control
Compound Insulator Compound

High Dielectric Constant

Step Core
Stress Relief Tube
 SIZE COMPARISON: 15 KV CLASS

3M ™ QT- III
3M ™ QT- II
Termination
Termination
- More versatile for
mounting

- Accommodates

smaller space in
- Shorter cable
cabinets
prep distance
 INVERTED
3M™ QT-III Outdoor Termination
BUILT-IN COMPOUNDS:

• HI-K SEALING COMPOUND

Eliminates silicone grease at
semi-con cut-back step

• SILICONE SEALING COMPOUND

No (inverted) bottom seal taping required
 SUMMARY

This New Generation of Polymeric Terminations

Takes Advantage of:

• New Developments in Silicone Rubber Technology

• New Developments in Sealing Compounds
• Integrated 1-piece Designs
• Factory Assembled Quality - Reliability
• Cold Shrink Design for Easier Field Installation

“TECHNOLOGY AND THE HUMAN FACTOR”

TERMINATION WORKSHOP

Install 3M ™ QT-III Termination