HT FOUNDATION & OLYMPIAD EXPLORER CLASS - IXFOUNDATION & OLYMPIAD eExPLORER CHEMISTRY CLASS - IXPreface Speed and accuracy play an important role in climbing the competitive ladder. Students have to integrate the habit of being able to calculate and function quickly as well as efficiently in order to excel in the learning culture. They need to think on their feet, understand basic requirements, identify appropriate information sources and use that to their best advantage. ‘The preparation required for the tough competitive examinations is fundamentally different from that of qualifying ones like the board examinations. A student can emerge successful in a qualifying examination by merely scoring the minimum percentage of marks, whereas in a competitive examination, he has to score high and perform better than the others taking the examination. ‘This book provides all types of questions that a student would be required to tackle at the foundation level. The questions in the exercises are sequenced as Basic Practice, Further Practice, Multiple Answer Questions, Paragraph Questions, Numerical Problems, Conceptual Questions ‘and Brain Nurtures. Simple questions involving a direct application of the concepts are given in Basic Practice. More challenging questions on direct application are given in Further Practice. ‘Questions involving higher order thinking or an open-ended approach to problems are given in Brain Nurtures. These questions encourage students to think analytically , to be creative and to come up with solutions of their own. Constant practice and familiarity with these questions will not only make him/her conceptually sound, but will aso give the student the confidence to face any entrance examination with ease. Valuable suggestions as well as criticism from the teacher and student community are most welcome and will be incorporated in the ens 1g edition. PublisherCONTENTS 1. Matter andi its Classification 2. Language of Chemistry. 3. Atomic Structure .. 4. Classification of Elements 5, Chemical Bonding... 6. Study of Gas Laws... 7. Atoms, Molecules and lons ... 8. Solutions... 9. Nitrogen. 12. Phosphorus and its Compounds .. 13, Analytical Chemistry. Answers... Answers to Crossword Puzzles... o1 51 75 113 135 154 173 189 204 219 236 249 269~ Common Misconception Fact 1. Alloys cannot be separated into their 1, An alloy cannot be separated into their constituents by physical methods, constituents by physieal methods. But Hence they are considered as still itis considered as a mixture because ‘compounds. i) it shows the properties of its constituents. §Dithasa variable composition, 2, Distillation is similar as fractional 2, Distillation is the boiling of liquid to form distillation. vapour and the cooling of the vapour to form liquid again, Fractional distillation involves the boiling of a misture of miscible liquids followed by the separation of each liquid at its respective boiling point. 3, Allhomogeneoussubstancesarepure, 3, No, Mistures are not pure but still some mixtures can be homogeneous in nature for example : Brine solution. Thus “All ‘pure substances arehomogenous”. SD | SYINOP StS ps OOK IL O10 $ pA Chemistry deals with the study of matter . The study of matter involves many aspects in ‘which the most important aspect is their classification based on chemieal composition into three main categories namely elements, compounds and mixtures. The further classification of metals, nonmetals and metalloids is based on their characteristic properties. This also includes the study based on the differentiation of compounds and mixtures along with their techniques of separation, [EB ciassiricaTion oF MATTER ON THE BASIS OF CHEMICAL COMPOSITION |] Substances which are homogeneous in nature and contain particles (molecules) of only. fone kind are called pure substances. A pure substance is homogeneous in nature and has definite set of properties. The composition of pure substances cannot be changed by Physical methods. Pure substances can be further classified as elements and compounds. Elements Pure substances in which molecules are composed of only one kind of atoms are called elements. Example: silver, iron, oxygen, nitrogen ete., 1 Matter and its Cessation Sok{Foundation & Obmpiad Explorer Chemistry /Class-1x ‘Atomicity of an element ‘The number of atoms present in the molecule of an element is called its atomicity Based on the atomicity, the elements are classified into 3 types : i) Monoatomic elements : The elements each of whose molecules contains only one atom, Example: Cu, Ag, and He. ii) Diatomic elements: The elements each of whose molecules contain two atoms, Example: H,, 0,,N,. iii) Polyatomic elements: The elements each of whose molecules contain more than two atoms. Example: 0,, BEGETS Te was found that there was a wide variation in the properties of elements. Hence these were further classified into three categories, i.e. metals, non —metals, metalloids based on the properties they exhibit. Elements: a) Metals b)Non Metals _¢) Metalloids non-metals are C, S, P, Ie and bromine is liquid non metal Very high melting points and | Low melting points and boiling boiling points. points. Exceptions: Na, K, Hg and Ga } Exceptions: C, Si, and B have have low melting points and | high melting points and boiling points Solid non metals are brittle, Exceptions: Diamond is the hardest naturally occurring substance. Non - sonorous Found in combined state. | Found in free state as well as Only noble metals are found | in the combined state. in free state Metalloids Elements which exhibit some properties of metals and some properties of non- metals are called metalloids. Examples : Germanium (Ge), Arsenic (As), Antimony (Sb) Compounds Pure substances in which two or more elements combine chemically in a fixed proportion 1, Matter and its Classification BetT Foundation & Olympiad Explorer Chemisty /Class-1X by weight are called compounds. For example, water (H,0) is considered as a pure substance even though it consists of two kinds of atoms, as it has a fixed number of hydrogen and oxygen atoms combined together chemically in a definite proportion by weight. Hydrogen and oxygen combine in a fixed ratio 1:8 by weight to form water. Properties L. The nature of elements constituting a chemical compound remains same. 2. A pure chemical compound is homogencous in nature, 3. A chemical compound can be broken into two or more different elements. It can be synthesized from these elements by chemical means, 4. Acchemical compound has a fixed composition, i., its constituent elements combine together in a fixed ratio by weight. 5. A chemical compound has distinct set of properties which do not resemble with the properties of its constituent elements, Mixtures Most ofthe substances available in nature are not pure substances and they are mixtures. “Mixtures are those substances which contain two or more kinds of molecules. For example, sugar solution contain molecules of sugar and molecules of water. The mixtures can have their constituents as either elements, an element and a compound or only compounds. Depending on the distribution of the different kinds of molecules within the mixture, they are classified into two types homogeneous and heterogeneous. Homogeneous mixtures have uniform distribution of the different types of molecules in the mixture. Solution of glucose is a homogeneous mixture and muddy water is a heterogeneous mixture. [EGSEPARATION OF MixTORES”” ‘The useful component present in the mixture can be obtained only by separating the individual components of the mixture by following suitable method. The method of separation employed depends upon the nature of components in the mixture. jon of solid - solid mixtures Solvent extraction In this method of separation, solubility of one component in a solvent is used. For examplea mixture of sulphur and sand can be separated by this method. Here sulphur is soluble in carbon disulphide (CS, ) and sand is insoluble. Magnetic separation In this method of separation, magnetic property of one component is used. For example mixture of ironore and sand can be separated by this method. Here ironoreis attracted by magnet and sand is left behind. ae seustin = a et 1 ht on RomMT Foundation & Olympiad Explorer Chemistry /Class-¢ Gravity method In this method of separation, difference in densities of component is used. For example mixture of sand and chalk powder can be separated by this method. Here sand being heavier than chalk powder sinks in water whereas chalk powder floats on water. imation In this method of separation, ability of one component to sublime is used. For example Mixture of iodine and sand ean be separated by this method. Here on heating iodine sublimes leaving behind sand. The vapours on cooling give solid iodine. sul Most solids melt or change into liquid when heated. [~~ lodig a But there are some substances like camphor, ad ammonium chloride and naphthalene that directly | chine change from solid to gas when heated. The process by cat alt which a solid directly changes into vapour when heated is called sublimation. The solid which sublimes will escape as a vapour while the other will be left behind. The vapour can be cooled to get the (Wire mesh solid back again. Bunser Tripod Net sonra, | ware ‘and ‘The substance left behind in sublimation is called. sublime. ‘Sublimation. Fractional crystallisation In this method of soparation, difforence in solubility of the components in the same solvent is used. For example mixture of potassium nitrate (KNO,) and sodium chloride (NaCl) can be separated by this method. Here potassium nitrate (KNO,) being more soluble than sodium chloride (NaCl), when the aqueous solution of this mixture is subjected to heating and subsequent cooling the more soluble potassium nitrate (KNO,) reamins in the solution less soluble sodium chloride (NaCl) sstallizes out first ion of solid - liquid mixtures entation and decantation In this method of separation, high density of insoluble solid component is used. For example mixture of sand and water can be separated by this method. Here sand being heavier settles at the bottom and liquid is slowly transferred into another container (4) sedimentation 1. Matter and its Cassiftion RokChemistry /Class-IK tt Foundation & Olympiad Explorer Filtration In this method of separation, different size of the particles of insoluble solid component is used. For example mixture of barium sulphate (BaSO,) and water (H,0) can be separated by this method. Here on passing through filter paper, water passes through filter paper whereas barium sulphate (BaSO,) remains on the filter paper. Laboratory stand with ring Filtration through filter paper Evaporation In this method of separation, the ability of solid to remain undecomposed when solution is heated upto the boiling point of the liquid component is the principle used. For example mixture of sugar and water can be separated by this method. Here water evaporates on heating leaving behind crystals of sugar. ‘Separation by evaporation ist In this method of separation, heating the solution to the boiling point of liquid component followed by condensation of the vapours is used. For example mixture of sodium chloride (NaCl) and water can be separated by this method, Here water evaporates and condenses back to water and sodium chloride (NaCl) is left behind in the distillation flask. 1 Matter and its ClassificationIT Foundation & Olympiad Explorer Chemistry /Class-% Centrifugation In this method of separation, difference in size of liquid particles is used. For example milk contains solid fat particles in water and ean be separated by this method. Here size of solid particles is less and hence they pass through the filter paper. When this is subjected to centrifugation heavier fat particles settle down at the bottom leaving behind lighter water on the top. Separation of liquid - liquid mixtures Separating funnel In this method of separation, difference in densities of the two immiscible liquid components is used. For example kerosene oil and water are immiscible liquids can be separated by this method. Here when the mixtures are taken in the separating fannel, the lighter liquid (kerosene) forms top layer and the heavier liquid (water) settles down. 1. Matter and its Classification & aMIT Foundation & Olympiad Explorer Chemistry /Class- 1 Fractional distillation In this method of separation, difference in boiling points of the liquids is used. The distillation is carried out by including a fractionating column. For example : Ethyl aleohol + water can be separated by this method... Ethyl alcohol has a lower boiling point than water and hence vapourizes. On passing through fractionating column the ‘vapours condense to give alcohol in a receiver. Water is left behind in the distillation flask. Fraetionating ‘column _ Water out ractional distillation n of gas - gas mixtures In this method of separation, difference in densities of component gases is used. The gas with lower molecular weight diffuses faster than the gas with higher molecular weight. For example hydrogen (H,) and methane (CH, ),helium (He) and sulphur dioxide (SO, ). Dissolution in suitable solvents In this method of separation, difference in solubility of component gases in a given * solvent is used. For example a mixture of carbon dioxide ( CO, )is soluble in potassium hydroxide (KOH) leaving behind carbon monoxide (CO). Here in a mixture of ammonia (NH, ) and nitrogen (N,), ammonia (NH, ) is soluble in water and nitrogen (N, ) is insoluble. Preferential liquefaction In this method of separation, difference in liquefaction of component gases in a given solvent is used. For example a mixture of ammonia (NH, ) and hydrogen (H, )can be separated by this method. Here, ammonia gets liquefied under high pressure and hydrogen gas is left behind. 4 Matter and its Cssifcation co MRif Foundation & Olympiad Explorer Chemistry /Class Ik Fractional evaporation In this method of separation, difference in boiling points of the component gases is used, For example when air is liquefied, the major components of air, nitrogen (N,) and oxygen (O,) can be separated by subjecting the liquid to evaporation. Here, nitrogen (N, ) has a lower boiling point and hence boils off, oxygen (, )has a higher boiling point and remains behind. Separation of liquid - gas mixtures Heating In this method of separation, decrease in solubility of a gas with ineroaso in temperature is used. For example when a solution containing a gas is subjected to slight heating below the boiling point of the liquid, the gas escapes out leaving behind the liquid component. For example : Separation of dissolved oxygen (O, ) in water by heating water. Lowering the pressure In this method of separation, difference in solubility of gas in the liquid at different pressures is used. For example : Soda water can be separated by this method. Here when soda water bottle is opened, the pressure inside the bottle decreases and carbondioxide (CO, ) gas fizzes out of the bottle. Paper chromatography ‘A special technique used for separation and identification of the constituents in the mixture. The priniciple involved is based on difference in adsorption of constituents by a surface of an appropriate adsorbent material or solid medium (stationary phase). The rate of adsorption of a particular constituent depends upon its solubility in the solvent (moving phase). For example : separation of coloured constituent in a mixture of ink by paper chromatography. Process: A filter paper is taken which generally absorbs water. It acts as stationary phase. The mixture containing different constituents is taken on the filter papor which is then dipped in another solvent called moving phase. If the constituent has more affinity for the solvent acting as moving phase, it moves rapidly on the filter paper. Therefore, depending on the relative affinities of the various constituents with the stationary phase and moving phase, spots or lines appear on the filter paper at difforent position’. 11. Matter ond its Classificationir Foundation & Olympiad Explorer Chemistry/Class +X | SOLVED EXAMPLES [pms OOO (EEE Example 1: Identifying components in a sample of black ink. Solution: a) Cuta long strip of filter paper of about 20 cm in length. ») Use pencil to draw a line 2 em from one end of the paper. ©) Use a capillary tube to place a drop of black ink on the line and allow it to dry. @ Beside the spot of black ink, place a spot of red, blue, orange and green dye each and allow the spots to dry. ©) Lower the paper into a gas jar containing a solvent (di ink are just above the surface of the solvent. iled water) until the spots of beaker —| X= sample of black ink chromatography R= red dye banat B= blue dye pencil line 0 = Orange dye ae G = Green dye 1D Leave it to develop. g) Remove the paper when the solvent has almost reached the top of the paper. h) Allow the paper to dry. i) The developed chromatogram is shown below. solvent front ' ' ' g ' vo |x $4 $<» $4 $4 fo start line lack red_blve orange green Conclusion : a) Black ink is not a pure substance. b) Black ink is a mixture of substances ~ a mixture of red, green und blue dyes. 1. Matter and its Casifction Se on HRMT Foundation & Olympiad Explorer Chemisty /Class-0e HERE Example 2: ‘Substance X has the following properties : i) Temelts at 80°C ii) Itboils at 150°C i) It is insoluble in water. Which method of separation would you use to obtain pure X from a mixture of X and water? Solution: X is insoluble in water. Secondly at room temperature it exists as solid. So, it can be separated by method of filtration, EEE Example 3: ‘The boiling points of some gases found in air are given below. Boiling point (°C) If a liquid mixture of the above gases is fractionally distilled, in what order will these gases distil out ? Solution: ‘The gases will distil out in order of increasing boiling points. The gases with lowest boiling point first and that of highest boiling point last, ie. neon, nitrogen, oxygen and krypton. EEE Example a: How would you separate a mixture of copper (II) oxide and copper (II) sulphate ? Solution: Copper (II) oxide is insoluble in water but copper (II) sulphate is soluble in water. ‘Add distilled water to the mixture, Stir the mixture to dissolve the copper (II) sulphate. Filter the mixture to remove copper (II) oxide. Wash and dry with filter paper. Allow the filtrate to evaporate until the solution is saturated and allow the solution, formed. 6. Filter the crystals and dry them with filter paper. oe ep 41. Matter ond its ClassificationnT Foundation & Olympiad Explorer Chemistry /Class-IK Examples: ‘The graph below shows the temperature changes as an organic solid X is heated. temperature (°C) temperature. time a) What is happening to the solid X at 81°C ? b) Is solid X a pure substance ? Explain your answer Solution: a) The melting point of solid X is 81 °C, ie. X is undergoing a change in state. X is melting to form a liquid. b) Solid X is a pure substance because it has a fixed mel IE Example 6: Which of the following is likely to be a pure substance ? A) A colourless liquid that boils over the range 70°C to 80°C. B) A green solid which starts to melt at 80°C and is completely melted at 90°C. C) A white solid which produces a chromatogram consisting of only one spot. D) A brown liquid that is completely miscible with water. Solution: In the given cases Case (A): The liquid does not have a fixed boiling point hence is not a pure substance. Case (B): ‘The solid starts to melt at 80°C but continues to melt by increase of temperature. Hence the given solid is not a pure substance. Case (C): The chromatogram of a white solid gives only one spot. This implies the solid contains only one substance i.e. it is a pure substance. Case (D): In this case, liquid is completely miscible with water forming a mixture. Hence not a pure substance, 1. Mater and ts Cesifeaton RanknT Foundation & Olympiad Explorer Chemistry /Class- REE Example 7: Solder is used for joining two metal surfaces together. Solder is a mixture of lead and tin, Can two metais be separated by distillation? Solution: ‘The constituent of solder i.e. lead and tin differ in their boiling points, hence can be separated by method of distillation, (EEE Examples: Astudent set up the following apparatus to separate ethanol and water. What was wrong with his arrangement ? Since a mixture of two miscible liquids havé to be soparated. He need to azrange a fractionating column. This helps in distilling off a lower boiling point liquid first. 1. Mater and its Classification a Aeng ew“ ens 8 nN “t foe | CONCEPT MAP f}——_$_ _ 00000 SS ee Elements A pare Compounds Aare ‘Rn nai ve suimtance wticheanes: be || Giateet rand tom wo rine ya vuln lt instvar moro eee ead thom eotork oe aad simpler suimtanes by any} |fyrthorinsdetete tage ty tins Dhyne orhemial means | | wet ty wel T L_iype [Ciassitication}+|->{ Nonmetalsr ees, | [Romano Heron | = G0n He] |) Banta ting ta tai pl, Lear Pett coma 50.0.8 || Seepnacat inn onentomie | ty wee Heke ‘Atomicity Noumea) IT cuts He Polatonie PSL, S| CONCEPT MAP hf $a 2000 aterogenoons l2 Gravity separation Is. Mognote separation Fr Heating be Lowerin 5 Xhowapor pressure | [a Tiguie ay t GnaGes i Bifaion Preferential Higusfacton Dissolution insuitabie shen. Solita Sala gai 1. Sublimation [5 Frsctional Ceytalisation ls. Solvont extraction [Separation techniques | +1 Sedimentation and decantation 2. Centeifugation 5. Patration 4: Evaporation 5, Disiliasion 5. Chrometagraphy [Separation techniques J —+]1 Fractional distillation [ecuiatianah 2. Separating funnel IEE RoST REST PROT TATtT Foundation & Olympiad Explorer Chemistry/ Class 1X [EB Stimmative xe¢eis©¢ $A 2 BASIC PRACTICE —_——— OKO SECTIONA rT 74 =BLANKS | 1 can be classified chemically into pure substances and mixtures, 2 Both elements and compounds are substances, 3. A special technique used for separation and identification of the constituents in the rainture is 4. A mixture of sulphur ‘and charcoal can be separated by method. 5. Magnesium sulphate in water is a mixture. 6. A mixture of iodine and sand are separated by method of 1 During separation of CO, and hydrogen gas by diffusion the gas that dllfuses rapidly is 8. Daring the separation of CO, and 0, by the process of preferential Hquefaction, the ‘component liqueties. 9. Armixture of oil and water can be separated by using 30. ‘The number of atoms present in the molecule of an element is called its 11. Compounds are formed by chemically combining elements in a__ proportion by weight. 12 During dailation eftodina and moti slash the non velatile substance 13. A mixture of barium sulphate and H,O can be separated by the method of 14. The principle of difference in boiling points of liquid is used in the 15, Soda water can be separated by ___ the pressure. HEBTRUEOR FALSE | 16. _ Distilled water cannot be separated into its constituents by physical methods. 17. Separation of CCI, from CS, can be carried out by separating funnel method. 18. Baking soda is a compound. 19. Sand and sawdust can be separated by gravity method. 20, A homogeneous mixture of two liquids can be separated using fractional distillation method. 21. A handful of soil is homogeneous mixture of solids. 22, A mixture of glucose water can be separated by the method of evaporation, 23, The properties of compounds are same from those of the elements of which they are made. ‘The melting and boiling points of a mixture is fixed depending on the proportions of its components itis made of. components of a mixture can never be separated by physi 1. Matter and its Classification a ‘al methods.nT Foundation & Olympiad Explorer CChemisty/Class-1x (BB marcatHeFotiowine | 26. Column -1 Column - 1 A. Sublimation p. Separation of sand and sawdust B. Magnetic separation 4. Separation of NaCl from KNO, C. Gravity method r. Separation of sand and wax D. Solvent extraction s, Separation of iron and sand E. Fractional crystallisation t. Separation of fodine and sand & | FURTHER PRACTICE Rese eeae 200K OK (BB mumnie choice Questions] 1. Which of the following mixtures will be the most difficult to separate? (A) Iron filings (powder) + sand (B) Sand + water (©) Sawdust + stones (D) Nitrogen + hydrogen 2 You can separate a mixture of sand, salt and water by: (A filtration and distillation (B) decantation and evaporation (©) filtration and decantation, (D) decantation and crystallization, 3. In an experiment oxygen was added to hydrogen and heated. On burning a substance containing both oxygen and hydrogen water was formed. What is this substance? (A) Element (B) Compound (©)Solution (D) Mixture 4. A saturated salt water solution was heated and allowed to cool without adding any more salt, What will happen? (A) Some salt appears to settle at the bottom. (B) Some more salt can be dissolved now, (C) No change takes place. ©) Both AorB 5. Which of the following statement is NOT truo? (A) A mixture of water and milk can be separated by filtration. (B) A mixture of powdered salt and sugar can be separated by fractional crystallisation. (©) Loading is a process which invelves alum. (D) Salt from sea water is obtained by evaporation. 6. Which of the following is an example of a solid-in-gas mixture? (A Soil (B) Smoke ()Moisture Dew 11 Meter and its Casifieation oo MRMT Foundation & Olympiad Explorer chemistry /Class-IK 7. Sugar syrup, usually used to cont sweets with sugar, becomes hard when cooled, From. this we can conclude that sugar syrup is: (A) a saturated solution (B) an unsaturated solution (C) not a solution z (D) none of these 8, Filtration as a method of separation can be used for mixtures that are (A) homogeneous and liquid-in-gas mixtures (B) hetorogencous and liquid-in-liquid mixtures (C) homogeneous and solid-in-liquid mixtures. (D) heterogeneous and solid-in-liquid mixtures 9. Which changes ofstate occur during distillation? (A) Boiling followed by filtration (B) Boiling followed by condensation (©)Condensation followed by boiling _(D) Filtration followed by boiling 10. Two miscible liquids having different boiling points ean be separated by: (A)sublimation (B) evaporation (fractional distillation (D) loading 1 To separate the solids which are insoluble in liquids euch that solid is heavier than iquid: (A) sedimentation and decantation (B) evaporation and condensation (O)filtration (D) condensation and crystallization 12. Which of the following pair of gases cannot be separated by diffusion method ? (@)SO,andH, — (@)CO,andN,O —-(C)NH,andN, —-(D) CO, and H, Ew! ‘Napthalene and iron filings can be separated by the method of (A) solvent extraction (B) sublimation (C) magnetic separation (D) filtration (A) Oil is miscible in water. (B) Fractional distillation is a method used for separating homogeneous mixture of two liquids. (C) All pure substances are homogeneous in nature. (D) The constituent elements of a compound can be separated only by chemical reaetions. 3. Which of the following is not miscible in alcohol ? (a) Water (B) Petrol (©)Dieset (D) Kerosene 1. Matter and ts Clsication RokUt Foundation & Olympiad Explorer Chemistry /Class-1k 4. Choose the correct statement from the following. (A) Liquor ammonia and soda water are examples of liquid- gas type mixtures. (B) Mixture of coconut oil and water can be separated using separating funnel. (C) A mixture of iodine and sulphur can be separated using magnetic separation. (D) A mixture of sand and sawdust can be separated using solvent extraction. 5. Choose the correct statement from the following. (A) Constituents of ink can be separated by a technique known as chromatography. (B) By the method of diffusion a mixture helium and sulphur dioxide can be separated, (©) A mixture of barium sulphate and water ean be separated using filtration. (D)A mixture of sand and iron canbe separated by sublimation [Ell Assention ano ReAconTvPEQUEsTIONs| ‘The questions given below consist of statements of an Assertion and a Reason, Use the following key to choose the appropriate answer. (A) Ifboth assertion and reason are CORRECT and reason is the CORRECT explana- tion of the assertion, ®) If both assertion and reason are CORRECT, but reason is NOT THE CORRECT explanation of the assertion. (©) Ifassertion is CORRECT, but reason is INCORRECT. (D) Ifassertion is INCORRECT, but reason is CORRECT. (©) Ifboth assertion and reason are INCORRECT, 1. Assertion : A mixture ammonium chloride and sand can be separated using sublimation, Reason: Ammonium chloride on heating converts from solid to gas directly. 2 Assertion : The constituents of petroleum can be separated using fractional distillation. Reason: Fractional distillation is a method of separating heterogeneous liquid ~ liquid mixtures. 3. Assertion : All homogeneous substances are pure. Reason Alloys are homogeneous mixtures of solids. 4, Assertion : A mixture of hydrogen and sulphur dioxide gas can be separated using a method of diffusion, Reason: Diffusion is a method of separation by which two gases with greater Platinic or Platinum (IV) e+ Plumbie or Lead (IV) ;at+ Stannic or Tin (IV) 8° Arsonie(V) b+ Antimonic or Antimony (V) a a a 4 4 4 pet 4 4 2 42 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 bb668 +8 8 3 3 rT Py 4 +6 +6 Chemistry/Class-1K 2. Language of ChemistryUT Foundation & Olympiad Explorer Chemistry /Cass- Bicarbonate or Hydrogen carbonate ICO; 1 Bisulphate SO; 1 jsulphite or Hydroge: Hydrogen Sulphide or Bisulphide Fluoride F =i Chloride cr ay Bromide Br = Tedide Tr Hypochlorite Clo” Toda 10; = ite, NO} a Nirate Gr 5 Dihydrogen phosphate HPO, a Tanite = - ‘Thiocyanate SCN~ Sulphocyanide a Permanganate nr = Hydride He [Baresi of Superoni 05 Hydrogen peroxide Bivalent Carbonate cor Fre 2 Thromate G0! 2 Dichromate 01,07 “2 Manganate Sulphide Sulpl Sulphate Oxide Peroxide oF Zincate ZnO} 2. ngage of Cenisty acourFoundation & Olymplad Explorer Chemistry/Class-IK ‘Teivalent Aluminate Anwenate v0} = Borido 3 Borate 3 Nitride Phosphide y 3 Phosphito 3 Phosphate 3 Ferrieynnide [Fe(CN),}” onctt = Tetravalent [EB cHemicALrormutae jj Amolecule of an element or a compound is represented by means of a chemical formula. ‘The chemical formula is represented in terms of symbols and subscript numbers. Example: H1,0,NH, nificance of a formula A chemical formula qualitatively represents, (@ the name of the substance Gi) the names of various elements present in the substance. and quantitatively represents. @ one molecule of the substance, i the actual number of atoms of each element present in one molecule of the substance. Example: N, - one molecule of chlorine contains two atoms ‘CaCO,— one atom of caleium ,one carbon atom and three oxygen atoms. inds of chemical formulae "The following are the different kinds of chemical formulae. () Molecular formula ‘The molecular formula, represents the number of atoms of each element that are actually present in a‘molecule. Eg : The molecular formula of hydrogen peroxide is HO, Language of Chemistry a8 RaWT Foundation & Olymplad Explorer Chemistry /Cass-IK Significance ‘The molecular formula gives (i) the ratio of atoms of each element to atoms of every other element in a compound. (ii) The ratio of atoms of each element to molecule of the compound. For example, C,H, has a ratio of 2 carbon atoms to 2 hydrogen atoms, as well as a ratio of 2 carbon atoms to 1 molecule of C,H, Empirical formula ‘To understand empirical formula, consider the example of hydrogen peroxide. Hydrogen peroxide is H,O,. The ratio of hydrogen and oxygen in H,O, is 1: 1 and its empirical formula is HO. “Thus the formula which represents this simple ratio of the atoms is, called empirical formula. Thus, empirical formula is defined as the representation of the simple ratio of atoms present in a single molecule of a compound. Significance ‘The empirical formula is used to find the correct ratio of atoms of elements, to form a single molecule of a compound. For example, formation of single molecule of glucose (C,H,,0,) requires the combina- tion of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in the ratio 1: 2:1 ‘The molecular formula of acetylene is C,H,. However, its empirical formula comes ‘out to be the same as that of benzene viz. CH. Some more examples are shown below. Name of the Compound Empirical Formula Molecular formula Glucose CHO CHO, Dinitrogen tetroxide NO, N,0, Diborane BH, BH, Note: Inmany cases the least possible ratio of the valencies of the radicals is written. Writing the chemical formula One of the most important points to remember while writing the formula of a chemical compound is that it is always electrically neutral. In other words, the positive and negative valencies of the ions or radicals present in the chemical compound add up to zero. To write a formula follow the steps given below. ‘This method of writing formula is called criss-cross method. a) Write the symbol of the positive ion or the radical to the left and the negative ion or the radical to the right. b) Put the valency number of each of the radical or ion on its top right. Divide the valency number by the highest common factor, if any, to get simple ratio. Now ignore the (+) and (-) symbols. Interchange the valency numbers of the radicals. 2. Lanquoge of Chemisty Hoo MhnT Foundation & Olympiad Explorer Cheanstry Clas 1K ©) Shift the valency number to the lower right of the ion or the radical. Ifrndical receives a number more than 1, enclose it within brackots. Do not enclose single atom within brackets. Examples : ) Write the formula of aluminium sulphate i) symbols of the combining units side by side Cation on the L.H.S. and the anion on RH.S = Mg PO, it) Enclose the compound ion, If any, in a bracket, eg. Mg(PO,) iii) Write the numerical value of the charge on top Mg’* (PO, iv) Ifthe charges of the two fons are divisible by a common factor, then reduce the numerals, v) Finally criss-cross the numerical values of their charges to obtain the formula. Me“ <1?0.)"= mg(00,)" b) The formula is CaCl, Formula of Sodium Chloride : Step 1: oe or Step2: Na, “Cl ‘The formula of Sodium Chloride is NaCl ©) Formula of Sodium carbonate : Stepl: Nal CO} Step2: Na “(CO ‘The formula of Sodium carbonate is Na,CO, ivan Usually the elements present in a compound are named in order of symbols appearing in the formula, INORGANIC COMPOUNDS ”[] 1g of binary compounds In general, binary compounds are of two types. i) Binary compounds containing a metal and a non-metal ii) Binary compounds containing two non-metals, 2. Language of Chemisty RoR{tr Foundation & Olympiad Explorer Chemistry /Class-IK Naming of some binary compounds from a metal and non - metal ‘While naming the compounds the metal and non-metal, the metal is named first and the non-metallic part is given a suffix ide at the end. For example a compound formed from sodium and chlorine is named as sodium chloride. Similarly, a compound formed from magnesium and nitrogen is named as magnesium nitride. ‘Compound formed from ‘Metal Non - metal ‘Sodium ‘Sodium chloride ‘Magnesium Fluorine ‘Magnesium fluoride Calcium Chlorine Calcium chloride Barium Oxygen Barium oxide ‘Aluminium Nitrogen Aluminium nitride Lithium Lithium nitride Potassium Potassium bromide Naming of binary compounds formed from two non-metals ‘The naming of second type of binary compounds formed from two non-metals. The first non-metal is named first and while naming the second non-metal, Greek prefixes like ‘mono, ‘di, ‘tr, ‘tetra’, ‘penta’ etc., are used before its - ide form. rata be es Normatal | Non-metal | baorets-ide Name Nitrogen dioxide Phosphorus | Chlorine | penta Phosphorus pentachloride Sulphur | Fluorine | hexa Sulphur hexafluoride Iodine Fluorine | hepta Iodine hoptafluoride Naming of teritiary compounds ‘Tertiary compounds contain atoms of three different clements. Though there are different types of teritiary compounds, the naming of the teritiary compounds containing oxygen ‘as one of the elements change depending on the number of oxygen atoms they contain. Naming of compounds ) Only one compound : NaZnO, is Sodium zincate, b) Two compounds : CaSO, is Calcium sulphite, CaSO, is calcium sulphate. ©) More than two compounds : KCIO, is Potassium perchlorate, KCIO is potassium hypochlorite, KCIO, is potassium chlorite, Inorganic compounds are basically classified into three types ~ acids , bases and salts. 2 Language of Chemisty & aInrFoundation & Olympiad Explorer Chemistry /Class-% Naming of acids Acids are inorganic compounds that contain replaceable hydrogen ions (the positive radical). Therefore, the name of an acid mainly depends upon its constituent negative radical. Based on type of negative radical acids are of two types they are binary acids, oxy acids. Binary acids A binary acid is one which contains two elements one hydrogen whereas other is negative radical consists of a non metal. Example: HCI, HBr. To name a binary acid a suffix ‘ic’ is added to it with prefix as hydro. HCL Hydro chlorie acid. Oxy acid ‘An oxy acid is one whose negative radical consists of a nonmetal and oxygen . The name of oxy acid depends on the percentage of the oxygen associated with a specific nonmetal. Acid with comparatively less percentage of oxygen like H,SO,, HNO, is named as by adding a suffix ‘ous’ ie. H,SO, is named as sulphurous acid. Acid with comparatively more percentage of oxygen like H,SO,, HINO, is named as by adding a suffix ‘ic i. H,$0, is named as sulphuric acid. Example: Hypo chlorous acid CIO Chlorous acid HClO; (Chiloric acid HCIOs Perchloric acid HCIO, Note: Ifthe acid contains lesser number of oxygen atoms than the corresponding ‘ous? acid, ‘hypo’ prefix is given to the negative radical whereas ‘per’ prefix is given to the negative radical when the avid contains greater number of oxygen atoms thanthecorresponding'ie’acid, 1g of bases Bases generally contain hydroxyl radical (OH-) as the negative radical and a metal ion as its positive radical. To write the name of the base, the name of the metal is written first followed by hydroxide. Example: Potassium hydroxide Sodium hydroxide Calcium hydroxide 2. Longoge of Chen #onMr Feundetion & Obmpiod Explorer Chemistry /Class- IK Naming of salts ‘The positive radical present in the salt comes from the corresponding base and the negative radical comes from the corresponding acid. Name of the salts start with the name of the metal present as positive radical which is followed by the name of the negative radical. Name of the negative radical depends on the name of the acid from which the salt is produced Example: ( The salt produced from ‘ous’ acids is named by adding a suffix ‘ite. This implies that the name of salt contains name of metal followed by name of non metal with suffix ite’. For Example: Salt produced by reaction of calcium hydroxide with sulphurous acid is ‘named as calcium sulphite. Similarly, the name of the salt produced by the reaction of zine with phosphorous acid is named as zine phosphite. (i) The salt produced from ‘ic’ acids is named by adding a suffix ‘ate’. This implies that the name of salt contains name of metal followed by name of non metal with suffix ate. For Example: Salt produced by reaction of aluminium hydroxide with sulphuric acid is named as aluminium sulphate. Similarly, the name of the salt produced by the reaction of sodium with phosphoric acid is named as zinc phosphate. i ctemicatequarion’] ‘The chemical equation is a statement that describes a chemical change in terms of symbols and formula, 1. (a) Reactants : The substance/substances which take part in a chemical reaction are called reactants. The reactants are always written on the left hand side in a chemical equation. (b) Products : The substances formed as a result of chemical change during a chemical reaction are called products. The products are always written on the right hand side in a chemical equation. 2. A chemical equation consists of formulae of reactants connected by plus sign (+) and an arrow (>) followed by the formulae of products, connected by plus sign (4) 3. ‘The sign of an arrow (>) is read “to yield” or “to form”. It also shows the direction in which reaction is predominant. Pre-knowledge Before Writing a Balanced Chemical Equation Following knowledge is necessary before one starts writing a balanced chemical equation: a) Whether or not a chemical reaction takes place between two chemical substances. b) One must know all the reactants and the products formed during a chemical change. ©) One must know the correct symbols and formulae of all the reactants and products. A chemical equation in which number of atoms of each element is same on the side of reactants and products is called balanced equation, 2. language of Chemistry & aIT Foundation & Olympiad Explorer Chemistey/Class-0 Example: Potassium nitrate decomposes on heating to form potassium nitrite and oxygen. ‘Writing the symbols and formulae of the reactants and products, the chemical equation of the above reaction can be represented as under. KNO, > KNO, +0, ‘The above equation is wrong as atoms can neither be created nor can be destroyed by a chemical reaction, However, if we write the above equation as :2KNO, -> 2KNO, + O, then number of atoms of various elements on the side of reactants is equal to number of atoms of various elements towards the side of products. Such an equation is called fully balanced equation. Frequency of number of places at which an element occurs in a chemical equation. Ifan atom of an element is present at one place towards the reactants side it must be present at one place towards the products side. For example in the equation : KNO, + KNO, + 0, Potassium atom is present at one place towards the side of reactants and at one place towards the side of products. Thus, frequency of occurrence in the whole equation is 2. Similarly, nitrogen atom occurs at one place towards the side of reactants and at one place towards the side of products. Thus, frequency of occurrence of nitrogen in whole equation is 2. However, oxygen atom oceurs at one place in the reactants side and two places in the products side thus the frequency of occurrence of oxygen is 3. The frequency of occurrence of various elements in an equation, in short is called f— number. This, in ‘above equation fnumber for potassium is 2, nitrogen is 2 and oxygen is 3, KE ~ ae 7 While calculating fnumbers of various elements, just count the number of places where the given elements occurs, Do not count the actual number of | atoms as they donot represent places. In the above equation f-number ofoxygen | 4, boeauseit iat thre places inthe equation. Donot say number ofoxygen is7 asithasTatomsin theequation. 1. Examples for finding f number Ge cod, + gay Ca C04+1,0 unbalanced tnumerercaea et ttt f Tt 4 + tn So mt oe eo famber [3-1-3 [3 ¢ 2 onane of ony gam{iT Foundation & Olympiad Explocer Chemisty /Cass- 1X 2 AL(COd + H:SQ, — ALISO + HaO+ Cop [Skelton equation] Alte? o:tss Site2 c:te2 Hite=2 ‘Element Ay] cyovTuHTs ‘Enumber 2 2 5 2 2 Rules for Balancing a Chemical Equation 1, Write the frequency numbers of all the elements in a given chemical equation. 2, Start balancing equation from that element which has least frequency number. 8, Other elements should be balanced in the order of increasing frequency numbers. 4, If two or more elements have same frequency number, then balance the metallic element first. 5. If there are two or more metallic elements with same frequency number, first balance the metal with highest atomic number. Then balance the next metallic elements with lower atomic number and so on. 6, If there are two or more non - metallic elements, with same frequency number, first balance the non - metallic element with highest atomic number. Other non - metallic element should be balanced in the decreasing order of atomic numbers Piiicey totistancelan eyuaGon'initstrumber! However, if fnumbers are same, | then first metallic elements should be balanced in the order of decreasing | atomic number, followed by non- r Reasons for choosing order of balancing of each element ‘Aluminium, carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen have same frequency number. However, aluminium being a metal gets 1* place in balancing. Amongst the non-metals with frequency number 2, nitrogen has the highest atomic number followed by carbon and hydrogen. Thus, order of balancing nitrogen is 2*, carbon is 3” and hydrogen is 4". The last element oxygen, which has frequency number 6 gets 5* place in the order of balancing. @ Balancing aluminium : The atoms of aluminium towards the reactants side are 2 in Al(CO,),, but in the products side it is one in AI(NO,),. Thus, in order to balance aluminium we multiply AI(NO,), by 2 as shown in the equation (a), Al(CO,),+HNO, ——> 2AI(NO,),+CO,+H,O ___(a) ) Balancing nitrogen : In equation (a) number of nitrogen atoms in HNO, towards the reactants side is 1. ‘The number of nitrogen atoms in 2A/(NO,), towards the products side are 6. Thus, in order to balance nitrogen we multiply HNO, by 6 as shown in equation (b) Al{CO,),+6HNO, ——> 2AI(NO,), + CO, +H,0 Oo) nguege of Chemis Q 2. Longuage of Chemistry & a{MT Foundation & Olympiad Explorer (Chemistry /Class- iii) Balaneing carbon : In equation (b) number of carbon atoms in A/,(CO,), towards the reactants side are 3. The number of carbon atoms in CO, towards the products side are 1. Thus, in order to balance carbon we multiply CO, by 3 as shown in equation (c) Al(CO,), + 6HNO, ——> 2AK(NO,), +3C0,+H,0 ___ © iv) Balancing hydrogen : In equation (¢) number of hydrogen atoms in GHNO, towards the reactants side are 6. The number of hydrogen atoms in H,O towards the products side are 2. Thus, in order to balance hydrogen, we multiply H,O by 3 as shown in equation (a). Al(CO,), + 6HNO, ——> 2AI(NO,), + 3CO, +3H,0 @ ¥) Balancing oxygen : In equation (d) total number of oxygen atoms on the side of reactants are 27. Similarly, total number of atoms on the side of products are 27. Thus, equation is fully balanced. Rul Af there is a difference of one atom in reactants and products or the number of atoms in the reactants and the products are even and odd numbers, and that particular element. exists in pure elementary state in the equation, then without disturbing the atom in elementary form, multipiy the whole equation bs * (do not multiply element by 2). Information conveyed by balanced chemical equation Consider the balanced chemical equation given below : cud + CO > Cu+ CO, 1a) Abalanced chemical equation tells us about the substances which react and the products formed by the chemical reaction. In the above equation copper oxide reacts with ‘carbon monoxide to form copper and carbon dioxide. ) A balanced chemical equation also tells us about the symbols and formulae of all ‘substances involved in a chemical reaction. ©) Abalanced chemical equation tells us about the number of atoms or molecules of all ‘substances involved in a chemical reaction. In th> above equation, 1 molecule of copper oxide reacts with one molecule of carbon monoxide to form one atom of copper and one molecule of carbon dioxide. @) A balanced chemical equation tells us about the mass of all substances involved in a chemical reaction. ‘The above equation tells that 80 g of copper oxide, react with 28 g of carbon monoxide to form 64 g of copper and 44 g of carbon dioxide. The masses ure calculated by adding atomic masses of the elements in a molecule. Limitations of a balanced chemical equation a) It does not give information about the physical state of reactants and products. For ‘example, the equation given below does not tell whether the substances involved in, chemical reaction are in solids, liquids or gascous state 2 tw of ity Som{Foundation & Olympiad Explorer ‘Chemistry /Class-iX CaCO, +2HCl + CaCl, + H,0 + CO, ‘This difficulty is overcome by putting symbols like(s) for solids, (2) for liquids and (g) for gases. For chemicals, which react in solution form, a symbol (aq) is used. Following examples will illustrate the point i) CaCO,(s) + 2HCKaq) —> CaCl (aq) +H,0() + COJe) 4) AgNOaq) +NaCK'ag) —> AgClls) +NaNO(aq) iii) 2Pb(NO,),(s) —> 2PbO(s) + 4NO{@) +0,(@) b) A balanced chemical equation does not tell whether a chemical reaction will come to completion or not. ©) A balanced chemical equation does not tell anything about the speed of a chemical reaction. For example, the reaction between silver nitrate solution and sodium chloride solution completes in few seconds. However, decomposition of lead nitrate erystals takes place in few minutes ® Abalanced chemical equation does not tell about the physical conditions which bring about the chemical reaction, e., it does not tell whether heat energy, light energy, pressure, catalyst, etc., are required for a chemical reaction or not. (above limitation) ‘The problem is partly solved by writing the conditions of reaction on the arrow head as illustrated by a balanced equation. Ng (@) +34 (6) —gopaten 50° 25H (8) ‘From the above equation we can say that 1 volume of nitrogen gas, reacts with 3 volumes of hydrogen gas, under a pressure of 900 atmospheres, at a temperature 450°C, in presence of catalyst iron containing molybdenum, when a reversible reaction takes place, with the formation of 2 volumes of ammonia gas. e) A balanced chemical equation does not tell about changes such as precipitation, change in colour, evolution of heat, light and sound energy during the chemical change. & | SOLED EXAMPLES eee 200K (GSM Example 1: Iron (II) oxide is a chemical compound found in haematite, an iron ore. (A) Give the symbol of all the elements in iron (IID) oxide. (B) Give the formulae of all the irons in iron (II!) oxide, (©) What is the formula of iron (II) oxide ? 2 oo ey BowtTFoundation & Olympiad Explorer Chemistry /Class-¢ Solution: (A) Fe,O (B) Fe*, 07, (C) Formulaofions: Fe* o Valency of ions: 3 2 Combiningions: toa Formula ofcompound : me EEE Example2: Phosphorus has valencies of 3 and 5. What is the formula of the two oxides of phosphorus ? Solution Oxide 1: Formula ofclements eee Valeney ofelements: Bees Simpleratioot a Combining atoms a Formula of compound P.O, Oxide 2: Formulaofelement es Valeney ofelement: BW 2 Simple ratioof ne Combining atoms PO, Formula ofcompound ‘(EE Example 3: ‘A compound of potassium is assigned the formula K,Cr,0, 'A) How many elements are there in this compound ? B) How many atoms are there in this compound ? © Give the formula of each of the ions in this compound, Solution: A) Three elements B) 2 potassium atoms, 2 chromium atoms, 7 oxygen atoms, Total : 11 atoms C) In a compound, potassium always exists as an ion Kr, ‘Two K* ions produce a total charge of +2. ‘The negative ion must carry a charge of -2, ic. Cr,0} dichromate (VI) ion, Cr,0%. { 2. Longuage of Chemistry ReaWr Foundatton & Obmnplad txplorer Chemisty Class IX REE Example: Bulaneo the following equation : Cu HNO, -» Cu(NO,), + NO+ 1,0 Solution: Step 1: Balance the numbe Write 8 in front of HINO, ; Hin front of CuNOL),: 2 in front of NO to balnnee the number of Natoma Cu + SHINO, -» 3Cu(NO,), +2NO+1L0 Write 4 in front of 1,0 to balance the number of O and atoms Cu+ SHINO, ~) 3Cu(NO,), +2NO +411,0, 0 3 in front of Cu to balaneo the number of Cu. ators 3Cu+81INO, =» ICu(NO,), + 2NO + AH,O nont on both sides of the equation of atom of ¢ wi Stop Write state symbols 3Cu(s) + BEINO, (aq) ~> 3Cu(NO,) (aq) + 2NO (2) +410 (D) ENT Example 5: xAl+y0, > 2A1,0, In the balanced equation above, determine the values of x y and x. Solution: Stop 1: Balance the number of atoms of exch clement on beth sides of the equation write 3 in front of O, + 2in front of Al,O, to balance the number of © ntoms xAL+30, -» 2A1,0, write 4 in front of Al to balance the number of Al atoms 4Al+30, > 2A1,0, Step 2: xadjyedjze2 (EEE Example 6: ‘What is the oxidation number of S in H,S0, Solution: Let the oxidation number of S bo x. ‘As H,SO, is neutral, its oxidation numbor is zero. @ Also, the oxidation number is the sum of all atoms in n molecule. @ Applying (1) and (2), 2 langage of hemsry ReoLurFoundation & Olympiad Explorer Chemistry Cass The oxidation number of H,SO, = 0 = 2 loxidation number of H’1,+ oxidation number of S(x)+(oxidation number of 0}4=0 2(+1)+x+4(-2)=0 2+x-8=0 x=46 IEEE Example7: What is the oxidation number of Cr in K,Cr,0, ? Solution: Let the oxidation number of Cr be x => Oxidation number of K = +1 => Oxidation number of 0 = -2 = 2(+1)+2x470-2)=0 x= 412 +6 Oxidation number of Cr = +6 EEE Examples: Copper reacts with hot and concentrated sulphuric acid to form copper sulphate, sulphur dioxide gas and water. Write f number and balancing order of each element ? Solution: Copper reacts with hot and concentrated sulphuric acid to form copper sulphate, sulphur dioxide gas and water. This reaction can be written in the form of chemical equation as under: Cu+H,S0, > CuSO, +80, +H,0 Writing f:number and balancing order of each element. f- number ‘Order of balancing each element ist_[ 3rd EE Example9: Lead nitrate erystals on strong heating decompose to form lead monoxide, nitrogen dioxide gas and oxygen gas. Solution: I equation as under : 2. Langooge of Chemisty RO{tT Foundation & Obrmpiad Explorer Chemistry /Class-1% Pb(NO, ), + PbO + NO, +0, ‘Writing fnumbers and balancing order of each element. ‘Balancing order of each element i) Balancing lead : The number of atoms of lead are one on each side, i.e., reactants side and products side. Thus, it needs no balancing ii) Balancing of nitrogen : The reactants side has 2 nitrogen atoms and the products side one nitrogen atom. Thus, NO, in the products side is multiplied by 2 so as to balance nitrogen as shown in equation (a) Pb(NO,), > PbO +2NO, +0, eee) iii) Balancing of oxygen : The number of oxygen atoms towards the reactants side are 6 (an even number). The number of oxygen atoms towards the side of products are 7 (an odd number). If there is a difference of one atom between reactants and products or number of atoms towards the reactants are even and towards the products odd or vice versa and the following condition is met, then apply the rule stated below : ‘Thus, multiplying equation (a) with 2, without, multiplying O, the equation is written as 2Pb(NO,), > 2PbO + 4NO, +0, ©) In the above equation (b), the number of oxygen atoms towards the reactants side are 12. Similarly, number of atoms towards the products side are 12. Thus , equation (b) is fully balanced equation. EEE Example 10: Potassium dichromate on heating with cone. Sulphuric acid forms, potassium sulphate, chromium sulphate, water and oxygen, The reaction can be written in the form of chemical equation as under : K,Cr,0, +H,SO, — K,SO, + Cr, (SO,), + H,0 +0, Writing fnumber and balancing order of each element. Pk [or To Ta Ts] pe [ae 2s ‘Balancing order of each element. [2nd [ist [ bth | ard | 4th | i) Balancing chromium : There are 2 chromium atoms towards the side of reactants and 2 chromium atoms towards the side of products. Thus, it needs no balancing. K,Cr,0, +H,S0, > K,SO, + Cr, (SO,), +H,0+0, ii) Balancing potassium : There are 2 potassium atoms towards the side of reactants and 2 potassium atoms towards the side of products. Thus, it needs no balancing. 5 2 mpegs o antny &Foundation & Olympiad Explorer Chemistry /Class-1k K,Cr,0, +H,80, + K,S0, + Cr, (S0,), +H,0 +0, iii) Balancing hydrogen : There are 2 hydrogen atoms towards the side of reactants and 2 hydrogen atoms towards the side of products. Thus, it needs no balancing. K,Cr,0, +H,80, + KSO, +Cr,(SO,), + H,0 +0, iv) Balancing sulphur : There is one sulphur atom towards the side of reactants and 4 sulphur atoms towards the side of products. Thus, H,SO, is multiplied by 4, in order to balance sulphur atoms. K,Cr,0, + 44,80, + K,SO, + Cr,(SO,), + H,0 +0, However, on multiplying sulphuric acid (H,SO,) with 4, the number of hydrogen atoms inereases to 8. Thus, H,O towards products side is multiplied by 4, in order tore-balance hydrogen atoms K,Cr,0, + 41,80, > K,SO, + Cr, (S0,), + 4H,0+ 0, ¥) Balancing oxygen : The total number of oxygen atoms towards reactants side are (7 + 16) = 23. The total number of oxygen atoms towards the products side are (4+ 12 +4 + 2) = 22, Thus, the atoms on the reactants and produets side are odd and even numbers respectively. Furthermore oxygen occurs in equation is in pure elementary form. Thus, we will multiply the whole equation by 2, except the element 02. K,Cr,0, +8H,SO, + 2K,SO, + 2Cr, (SO, ), + 8H,0 + 0, Recounting oxygen towards reactants side, there are (14 + 82) = 46 atoms, The number of oxygen atoms in compounds towards products side (excluding O,) are (8 + 24 + 8) = 40. Thus, on products side there are six atoms of oxygen less than reactants. ‘They can be made up by multiplying O, with 3, 2K,,Cr,0, + 8H,S0, > 2K,SO, + 2Cr, (60,), +8H,0 +30, ‘The above equation is ¢ fully balanced equation. 2. language of Chemisty Ramtt Foundation &olmpiad Explorer Cheristy/ hss i6 | CONCEPT MAP seen x 00.0.4 Tanguage of Chemistry ‘A symbol is the short form that —» [Chemical Symbols }—>] stands for the atom of an element, E.g.: Oxygen - O, hydrogen ~ [The valency of an clement or of a Aradical is an atom or a group] [Wateney}—>);acical is the number othydrogen| B&6/81}—>) 6 atoms of same or different atoms that will combine with or |! elements that behaves in the displace one atom of that clement ‘manner of positive or negative lor radical, ion. Valeney is the combining capacity| lof an atom or of a radical, { Oxidation number V ‘The oxidation number ofan element indicates the relative electro nogativity ofthat element when it combines with another element, Chemival Formula} > [Chemical equation Y Y "The representation of a molecule “A chemical equation represents a chemical reaction ofa substance (element or with the help of symbols and formulae. It tells us compound) interms of symbols what substances enter into a given reaction (reactants) and subscript numbers is known and that products are formed as a result of the reaction| as a formula, Reactants — Products Eg: NH, HSO, For example CuSO, + 2NaOH > CulOHD, + Na,SO, eee Reactants Products [Balanced equation ‘Skeleton equation Ttis the equation in which the total } Ttis an equation, which represents ‘number of atoms of each element in ‘a chemical change but is unbalanced. the reactants, on the left side of the In other words, the total number of equation isthe same as the number atoms of each clement on the two ‘atoms in the produets formed, en sides is not equal. The following the right side ofthe equation. example will make the point clear CaCO, > CaO + CO, KNO, > KNO, + 0, 2 Longuage of Chemis (i, Language of Chemistry & i{Foundation & Olympiad Explorer Chemistry Classik HB summative Exercise $-AAAMA@ A | Basic practice OOO 1. The compound IF, is named as 2. Stannous ion is represented as 3. ‘The symbol of tungsten is 4 The valency of chlorine atom is taken as the __ ,and this value is taken as “the standard, 5. Magnesium bromide is a salt of 6. The valency of iron in FeCl, is 7. The oxidation number of manganese in KMnO, is 8. Zine phosphate is a salt of 9. Assalt ofbinary acid H.S is MS. The valeney of metal is 10. The symbol of Sb stands for 11. The oxidation state of nitrogen in ammonia molecule is 12. The valency of hydrogen phosphate radical is 13, Plumbous ion is represented as 14, 2K,Cr,0, + 8H,S0, —42KS0,+ +80, 15, Chemical formula of is CaN, Hi true onratse | 16, Halide radical is monovalent. 17. Formula of calcium bicarbonate is CaHCO,, 18. Hypo chlorate radical is represented as (HCIO,)*. 19, 2Na represents 2 molecules of sodium. 20. Noble gas molecules are diatomic. 21, Allelements having valency 8 are triatomic, 22, ‘The valeney of Cu in cuprous chloride (Cu,Cl,) is 1. 23, ‘The valency of an element A is 4 and that of another element B is 2. The formula of the ‘compound formed from A and Bis A,B. 24, 2A1,0, ——, Al,0,+2H,0 is a balanced chemical equation. 25, The oxidation state of Mn in K,Mn0, is same as that in MnO, 2 Language of Chemistry 8 &Ut Foundation & Olympiad Explorer Chemistry/Class-0% [EB Marca THeFoLLowine | 2 Column = Column - i A. 3 Chromium atoms p. 2Co B. 6 Chloride ions 4. 6Cl, C. 2Cobalt atoms x. 3Cr D. 2 Carbon monoxide molecules s. 6CI! E. 6 Chlorine molecules t. 2CO 27, ‘Column -1 Column - It ‘A. Manganous ion p. Mn B. Manganate ion q. Mn? ©. Permanganate ion ® MnO; D. Manganic ion s. MnO? | FURTHER PRACTICE femme ame OOK [Ei MbimPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS} pF Name of the element Ni is (A) Nichrome (B) Neon (C) Nickel (D) Nitrogen 2, Which one of the following is not monovalent ? (A) Sodium (B)Aluminium ——(©)Potassium —_(D) Caesium 3. ‘The ions Mg** and PO;* combine to form compounds : (AMgJPO)), (B)Mg,(PO), —--(C) Mg(PO), (D)Mg,PO), 4, The name of the compound Na, ZnO, is (A) sodium zinc oxide (B) sodium zincite (C)sodium zincate (D) zincite 5. The valency of gold in AuCl is : @. 2 (cos M4 6. The symbol of Na represents the short hand notation of element (A) Nitrogen (B) Nickel (Sodium, (D) Potasium 7. Valeney of magnesium and oxygen in MgO is : (Ayoneandone —(B)twoandtwo (Cone andtwo —_(D) two and one 8. The valency of nitrogen in nitrogen dioxide is @. (B)2 (os D4 9. Bicarbonate ion is (HCO. (B) HCO (©) HCO; (D) HCO; 2 tenon of iy & §nT Foundation & Olympiad Explorer Chemvistry/Class-1K 10. Ww 1. 13, 4, 15. ‘Super oxide ion is : (MOF (B) oO" (C) 0; ) 0, Phosphide and phosphate ions are : (A) PO} and P* —(B) P* and PO? (C) POY and PD) Pt and PO} ‘The bivalent ion / radical among the following is : (nitride (B) phosphide (antimony —_—(D) sulphate Correct formula of a trivalent metal nitride is (A) MN, (B) M,N, (©) MN (D) M,N, Valency of inert gases is (A Zero (B) One (©) Three (D) Two Which of the following is not the correct formula? WHS | @B)NaHso, (si, (D) Nasi, (Ei MuiTPLE ANsWeR QUESTIONS | Identify the correct statement(s) from the following: (A) The shorthand representation of a molecule of a substance (element or compound) in terms of symbols and subscript numbers is known as the formula. (B) Atoms of different elements combine in a certain fixed ratio to form a compound. (©) All chemical compounds are represented by their respective formulae. (D) Symbols ofall elements are derived from their latin names. Quantitatively, formula represents : (A) one molecule of the substance. ) the actual number of atoms of each element in one molecule of the substance. (©) the number of parts by weight of the substance (molecular weight). (D) the number of parts by weight of each element. ‘The formula, CaCO, quantitatively signifies : (A) One molecule of calcium carbonate (B) One molecule of calcium carbonate is made up of one atom of calcium, one atom of carbon and three atoms of oxygen. (©) 100 parts by weight of calcium carbonate [At, wt. Ca = 40, C = 12, 0 = 16). (D) 40 parts by weight of calcium, 12 parts by weight of carbon and 48 parts by weight of oxygen. Language of Chemistry Soo WRFoundation & Oympiad Explorer Chemistry /Class-Ik 4, Identify the correct statement(s) from the following: (A) The ion having a positive charge on it is known as electro - positive ion. (B) The ion having a negative charge on it is known as electro - negative ion. (©) Simple ion is an ion which contains one or more atoms of the same element. (D) Compound ion is an ion which contains two or more atoms of different elements forming a single unit. 5, The monovalent ion / radical among the following is : (A)caleium B)nitrate (©)perchlorate _(D) bicarbonate ‘The questions given below consist of statements of an Assertion and a Reason. Use the following key to choose the appropriate answer. (A) Ifboth assertion and reason are CORRECT and reason is the CORRECT explana tion of the assertion. (B) If both assertion and reason are CORRECT, but reason is NOT THE CORRECT explanation of the assertion, (© Ifassertion is CORRECT, but reason is INCORRECT. (D) Ifassertion is INCORRECT, but reason is CORRECT. ® Ifboth assertion and reason are INCORRECT. 1. Assertion : Ferrous ion is a divalent ion. Reason —_: _Iron atom looses two electrons to carry two positive charges. 2. Assertion : Balancing a chemical equation is important to study a chemical reaction. Reason: A balanced equation tells about energy changes that take place. 3. Assertion : As both calcium and sulphate carry two positive charges the formula of calcium sulphate is Ca, (SO, ), Reason: Calcium sulphate is a compound formed by combination of calcium and sulphate ions. 4, Assertion : A formula tolls about the source of the compound. Reason : Formula is the shorthand notation of representation of one molecule of a compound. 5, Assertion: Oxidation number of an element can be a whole number, zero or a fractional number. But valency can never be zero. Reason: _Valeney of inert gases is zero. 2. Language of Chemisty ee coMT Foundation & Olympiad Explorer CChemistry/Class-1x [EB PARAGRAPH QUESTIONS | Passage ~I Element P,Q react to form a compound P,Q,.R and P react to form R,P,- 4) Identify the valency of P x By Or x+y fi) IfP,Q, is a binary acid with x = 2y then the acid is, (A) sulphuric acid (By hydrochloric acid (©) chlorie acid (D) hydrogen sulphide iii) Ifx = 2y, 2 = 3y and P is hydrogen. Identify the pair of compounds. (A) H,SO,, H,PO, (B) HCL, HNO, (OHS, NH, (D) HF, NaN, = SECTION -B © [iiiconcepruat questions] 1, Ametal ‘M’is divalent in its ‘ous’ state and trivalent in its ‘ic’ state. Write the formula of the following compounds. (A) Metal nitrate (B)Metal nitride (C) Metal phosphide 2. Qutermost shells of two elements X and Y have one and six electrons respectively. If they combine, what will be expected formula of the compound ? 3. One molecule of a binary acid contains two hydrogen atoms and a negative radical X. ‘What will be the formula of the salts when it reacts with bases like M(OH), M(OH), and M(OH), ? Explain with reasons. 4. Onemolecule of any halide contains only one atom of the metal, but they contain different number of halogen atoms. Justify. 5, Anoxide of a non - metal X contains five oxygen atoms. What will be the formula of the ‘compound if it is made up of metal M (of valency 2) and the negative radical X ? Justify your answer. 6. What does the term “equation” of a chemical equation used for ? 2a gon‘Foundation & Olympiad Epler Cherise /Cos-16 SECTION-C [Previous contest questions] Carbonate and bicarbonate ions are : (A) CO} andHCO; (B) HCO; andCO} (C) HC 2. The chemical formula of potassium superoxide is nd} (D) CO} and HCO; (Ko, @Ko (Ko Ko, 3. Anexample of Alum is (A) Al, (S0,), .Na,SO,.12H,0 (B) FeSO, (NH, ), $0,.6H,O (© K,80, Al, (SO, ),.24H,0 () Fe, (SO, ), Al, (SO, ),.24H,0 4. Formula of chromic acid is H,Cr0, . Formula of divalent metal chromate is (a) Mcr0, (B) M,CrO, (C) M, (CrO, ), (D) M,CrO, 5. Which of the following chemical reactions is balanced as woll as undergoes combustion? (A) 0,1, +50, +800, +4H,0 (B) 6CO, +12H,04C,H,,0, +60, +6H,0 (©) OH, +40, + 300, + 3H,0 (D) 2A1+3H,SO, Al, (SO, ), +3H, ‘BRAIN NURTURES] Chemical formula for calcium pyrophosphate is Ca,P,0,, What will be the formula for ferric pyrophosphate ? 2 Formula of phosphoric acid is H,PO, ? A metal M forms chloride of the formula MCl,. ‘What is the formula ofits phosphate? 3, Given below are three chemical equations. Study the equations and identify the valency of the elements in each of the following equations. What can you infer from the above. (Assume X and Y stand for different metals) i) XS+ZnSO,->XSO, +ZnS ii) 8XC1, + Y, (SO, ), +3XSO, +2YCl, iii) YS+H,$0, > YSO,+HS 4, The chemical Xis a hydroxide of a divalent metal. On treating this hydroxide with CO,, a milky white precipitate of Y is formed. The precipitate turns to colourless solution by the excess passage of CO,. This colourless solution again gives milky white precipitate "Yon heating. Identify X and Y and also give necessary equations. 5, Anoxy salt M,(XO,), on heating gives CO,, The hydride of this thetal contains two hydrogen atoms. Find the values of x and y..Give reasons to support your answer. 6. The ratio of weight of oxygen that combines with a fixed weight of an element X to form ‘compounds A and Bis 1: 2. If the valeney of element X is 1 in both cases, what could be the formulae of compounds A and B ? 2 Language of Chemisty ae ahut Foundation & Olympiad Explorer Chemistry/Class-1K ai 1 Crossword Puzzle | E | ro I ACROSS Down 2 Combining capacity ofan element I. Oxidation numberis basedon 7. Name ofthe compound CI, 2 Nameofan oxy acidH,50, 8. Anabbrevation forthefalInameofanelement 4 Awaytorepresent that molecule using symbols sg PesEEpeneeeseeeennenes fortheatoms presentinit 10 Namecfthe bose CofOH), 5 Chemical formula of potassium cyanide 6 Oxidation number of Mn in KMnO, 2. Langage of Chemisty aCommon Misconception 1. The proton number is the same as the number of protons and the number of ‘electrons for all types of atoms. The nucleon number is the same as the number of neutrons and the number protons 2.As we move away from the nucleus electrons occupy shells in increasing order up to a maximum energy of infinity. 8. Inthe presence of external electric field velocity and angle of deflection of anode raysdonot depend upon the charge and mass ofthe nucleus. @&| synopsis J—— Inie Structure Fact» 1. The proton number is the same as the number of protons but it only the same as the number of electrons for a neutral atom The nucleon number is the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom. The number of protons is not necessarily the same as thenumber of neutrons for every atom. 2. When an electron moves away from the nucleus at an infinite distance the electron energy becomes zero. This implies electron is now free with reference to the given nucleus. Hence maximumenergy is zero. 8.No, velocity and angle of deflection of anode rays depend upon the charge and mass of the nucleus as mass of nucleus increases, velocity of anode rays decreases deflection increases. As charge increases, foree of attraction or repulsion increases, es KL trop r108 POA A Matter is anything which has mass and occupies space. The Indian and the Greek philosophers believed that matter was made up of very small indivisible particles. These particles were named as ‘atoms’ (meaning indivisible) by Greek and paramanu by Indian philosophers, but improvement about the concept of atom was there till the beginning of the 19 century. Atoms of all the elements (except hydrogen) are made up of the three sub - atomic particles; electrons, protons and neutrons. The discovery and study of these fundamental particles led to the complete study of internal structure of atom, leading to study of various atomie models of atom. 3. Atomie Structure aUT Foundation & Obympiad Explorer Chemistry /Class-1% The existence of electrons in an atom was shown by J.J. Thomson in 1897 by passing electricity at high voltage through a gas at very low pressure in a discharge tube. A common discharge tube is a long glass tube having two metal plates sealed at its two ends. These metal plates are known as electrodes. The electrode which is connected to the positive terminal of the battery is known as anode (positive electrode), and the electrode which is connected to the negative terminal of the battery is called cathode (negative electrode). Discharge tube has a side tube through which air (or other gases) can be pumped out by using a vacuum pump, so that experiments can be performed at low pressures. ‘Exhaust air pump oe Induction coil Note: ‘The purpose of applying high clectrical voltage is to supply electrical energy to break the atoms of the gas into smaller particles. Properties of Cathode rays ‘The important properties of cathode rays are given below: a) Cathode rays travel in straight lines. 'b) Cathode rays can produce mechanical effects. ©) Cathode rays are negatively charged. d@ Cathode rays deflect towards positive plate of the electric field. e) Cathode rays deflect perpendicular to the magnetic field moving on an are of a circle. The nature of the eathode rays does not depend on the nature of gas taken in the discharge tube or material of the cathode. The mass of.a cathode ray partileis very small as compared to the mass of the atom from which it is formed. fan's oil drop experiments Some fine oil droplets were allowed to be sprayed into the chamber by an atomizer. The air in the chamber is subjected to ionization by X-rays, The electrons produced by the ionization of air attach themselves to the oil drops. The drop remains suspended in the air when sufficient amount of electric field is applied which can just balance the gravitational force acting on an oil drop. 2. Am Soot SopnT Foundation & Olympiad Explorer Chemistry /Class- IK ‘70 VACUUM PUMP |_—olL, oe | GLOBULES X-Rays Ww, Millikan’s experiment showed that the charge on each drop was different. ‘The smallest charge was found to be ~ 1.602 x 10" C or -4.8 x 10 esu Specific charge ‘The ratio of charge to mass retio is called specific charge calculated by J.J. Thomson. ‘The specific charge of cathode rays is found to be 1.76 x 10" C kg (or) 1.76 x 108 Cg. Note: ‘The ratio is observed to be the same irrespective of the nature of the cathode material and the nature of the gas, taken in the discharge tube. ‘Mass of an electron Knowing the values of e/m ratio (specific charge) and the charge of an electron, the mass ofan electron can be calculated as follows : ‘Mass of an electron Lefm 1,602 x 10 coulombs -76 x 10° coulombs ¢- = 9,10 x 10 g or 9.10 x 10" kg, Characteristics of an Electron Mass: The absolute mass of an electron is 9.1 x 10° kg . The relative mass of an lectron is 1/1840 a.m.u. Charge : The absolute charge on an electron is 1.6 x 10°” coulomb of negative charge. ‘The relative charge of an-electron is, -1 (minus one). aa ae RoWtr Foundaton & Olympiad Explorer Chemistry /Coss-0¢ [Il PRODUCTION oF ANODERAYS- DISCOVERY OF PROTON jj ‘The formation of cathode rays has shown that all the atoms contain negatively charged particles called electrons. Now, an atom is electrically neutral, so it must contain some positively charged particles to balance the negative charge of electrons. By experiments it has been found that all the atoms contain positively charged particles called protons. ‘The existence of the protons in the atoms was shown by Goldstein. In the production of positive rays.a discharge tube having perforated cathode is used. A perforated cathode is ‘cathode having holes in it. These perforations or holes allow the positive rays to pass through them. It is known that some rays are formed at the anode and when these rays strike the walls of the discharge tube, they produce a faint red light. Since these rays are formed at the anode (positive electrode), they are known as anode rays or positive rays, Properties of Anode rays (or Positive rays) 1. Anode rays travel in straight lines. This of the objects placed in their path. 2. Anode rays can produce mechanical effects. This is shown by the fact that they can rotate a light paddle wheel placed in their path. 3, Anode rays are positively charged. This is shown by the fact that anode rays are deflected towards the negative plate of an electric field. 4. ‘The nature of anode rays depends on the gas taken in the discharge tube. 5. ‘The mass of anode ray particle is almost equal to the mass of the atom from which it is formed. The mass and charge of the positive ray particles depend upon which gas is taken in the discharge tube. Different gases give different types of positive rays which contain particles having different masses and different charges. In other words, the charge to mass ratio ( e/m ratio) is not constant for positive ray particles obtained from different gases, it changes with the nature of gas taken in discharge tube. The charge to mass ratio (e/m) for the positive particles is maximum for hydrogen gas (9.58 x 10! coulombs per gram) Characteristics of a Proton Mass: The absolute mass ofa proton is 1.6 x 10 gram, the relative mass of proton is Lamu. Charge: The absolute mass of a proton is 1.6 x 10" coulomb of positive charge, the relative charge of a proton is + 1 (plus one), [Ey Thomson’s atomicmodel According J.J.'Thomson, atom is spherical in shape. ‘An atom contains negatively charged particles called electrons embedded uniformly throughout a thinly spread positively charged mass. Since the atom is clectrically neutral, the total negative charge of electrons is balanced by the total positive charge. shown by the fact that they cast shadows ‘Thomson's model of an atom is popularly known as plum pudding model or apple pie model or watermelon model. 3 Atomic Structure & oo iWT Foundation & Olympiad Explorer Chemistry Class IX Electrons ‘Thomson's model could successfully explain the electrical neutrality of atom. However, it failed to explain how the positively charged particles are shielded from the negatively charged electrons without getting neutralized. [Ey RUTHERFORD'S ExPERiMENT DiscoveryoFNUCiEUS jj Rutherford’s alpha particle scattering experiment which led to the discovery of a small positively charged nucleus in the atom. Alpha particle is a positively charged particle having 2 units of positive charge and 4 units of mass (a helium ion, He™). Thin gold foil - particles Perforation Lead ‘Sources of container g particles Spherical screen When alpha particles are allowed to strike a very thin gold foil, it is found that: a) Most of the alpha particles pass straight through the gold foil without any deflection from their original path. b) A few alpha particles are deflected through small angles and a few are deflected through large angles. ©) Avery few alpha particles completely rebound on hitting the gold foil and turn back on their path Gust as a ball rebounds on hitting a hard wall). Rutherford explained these observations in the following way Based on above observations it can be concluded that: a) There is a lot of empty space in an atom, b) There is a ‘centre of positive charge’ in an atom which repels the positively alpha particles and deflects them from their original path. ©) The nucleus is very dense and hard which does not allow the alpha particles to pass through it. oi Se omLit Foundation & Olympiad Explorer Chemistry /Class-1K Rutherford’s Nuclear Model of Atom a) An atom consists of a positively charged, dense and very small nucleus containing all the protons and neutrons, ») The nucleus is surrounded by negatively charged electrons. ©) It was suggested that the electrons are revolving round the nucleus at very high speeds due to which they do not fall into the oppositely charged nucleus. 4) An atom is electrically neutral. Therefore, the number of electrons in an atom is equal to the number of protons in it. ©) The electrostatic attraction between the positively charged protons and the negatively charged electrons, holds the atom together. Electromagnetic spectrum ‘The arrangement of different electromagnetic radiations in the order of increasing ‘wavelength or frequency is known as electromagnetic spectrum. $Y Planck’s quantum theory {| In 1901, Max planck concluded from his experimental observation that energy can be absorbed or radiated by a body in the form of small packets of energy called quanta which are whole number multiples of the quantahv. E=hv Where h = Planck’s constant = 6.625 x 10“ joule-sec(or) 6.625 x 10" erg - sec ‘v= frequency of the radiation, (0B Bohr’s model of an i ‘Niels Bohr's atomic model was based on planck’s quantum theory retaining Rutherford’s nuclear model. The postulates of this model are: 1) Electrons revolve around the nucleus in specified circular paths called orbits or shells. b) Each orbit or shell is associated with a definite amount of energy. Hence these are also called energy levels and are designated as K, L, M, N respectively. ©) Tho energy associated with a certain energy level increases with the increase in its distance from the nucleus. Hence if the energy associated with the K, L, M, N shells are E,,E,,E, respectively, then E,) [Symbolen | Atomie masses 1. Chlorine cl 35.5 2. Bromine Br 30 3 Todine T 127 In 1864, Newland’s arranged the then known elements are arranged in the order of increasing atomic masses and found that the properties of every cighth clement are similar to the properties ofthe first element. According to the Newland’s law of octaves: When elements are arranged in the order of increasing atomic masses, the properties of the eighth element (starting from a given element) are a repetition of the properties of the first element. This repetition in the properties of elements ie just like the repetition of eighth note in an octave of music. So it is known as the lav of octaves, li, Bb, BG N, OO Na, Mg, Al Si, P, S, Oh KG | Haseena kok{mT Foundation & Olympiad Explorer Chemistry /lass- I [0 cotnen mever’s atomic volume cuRvE fj In 1869, Lothar Meyer made an attompt to group elements according to atomic masses by drawing an atomic volume curve. Lothar Meyer plotted a graph of atomic volumes of elements against their atomic masses. The alkali metals sodium (Na), potassium (K), ‘and rubidium (Rb) having similar properties occur at similar points (peaks) in the atomic volume curve, The halogen elements fluorine (F), chlorine (C) and bromine (Br) having similar properties occur at similar positions (ascending portions) of the atomic volume curve. The noble gases neon (Ne), argon (Ar) and krypton (Kr), having similar properties are all at similar positions on the atomic volume curve MENDELEEFF'S CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS [) According to Mendeleoff’s periodic law: The properties of elements are a periodic function of their atomic masses. In his periodic table, Mendeleeff arranged all the then known 63 elements in the order of increasing atomic masses in horizontal rows in such a way that elements having similar properties came directly under one another in the same vertical column or group. A part of Mendeleeff's periodie table is shown below. ‘There were seven periods (horizontal rows) and eight groups (vertical columns) in the original periodic table of Mendeleoff. Out of eight groups, seven groups are of normal elements and one of transition element, Noble gases or inert gases were not known at, that time. So, there was no zero group in Mendeleeffs original periodic table. It can be concluded that there were seven groups (vertical columns) of normal elements in ‘Mendeleef’s periodic table. The elements in each group were similar to one another in many properties. The similar properties of the elements were repeated periodically after every seventh element. e] 2 NB oo fos arar ioe NS «natn fers BomUTFoundation & Olympiad Explorer Chemistry Class Gaps in Mendeleeff’s periodic table In the classification of the then known elements, Mendeleeff was guided by two factors: ) increasing atomic masses. +b) grouping of similar elements together. Now in order to make sure that the elements having similar properties fell in the same vertical column or group. Mendeleeff left some gaps in his periodic table ‘These gaps were left for the elements not known at that time. Mendeleeff thought that these elements would be discovered later on. Merits of Mendeleetf's classification of elements 4) Mendeleeffs periodic law grouped the elements on a more fundamental basis of atomic b) Mendeleeffs periodic law left proper gaps in the periodic table for the then undiscovered elements like gallium (Ga), scandium (Se) and germanium (Ge). ©) It could predict the properties of several elements on the basis of their positions in the periodic table. The properties of the then undiscovered elements the gallium, scandium and germanium were predicted in this way. 4) It could predict the errors in the atomic weights of some of the elements on the basis of their positions in the periodic table. For example, the atomic weights of the elements like gold (Au). Anomalies of Mendeleeff’s classification of elements ‘Mendeleeffs periodic table had a few anomalies that could not he explained on the basis of Mendeleeff periodic law. a) The position of isotopes could not be explained b) Wrong order of atomic masses of some elements could not be explained. [i woven Peniopic uw fj In 1913, H.C.J Moseley worked on X-ray spectra of elements and established that the atomic number is equal to total nuclear charge and itis a more fundamental characteristic of an element than atomic weight. Moseley proposed the modern periodic law which states that “the properties of elements are a periodic function of their atomic numbers”. Actually, when elements are arranged according to increasing atomic numbers, there is a periodicity in the electronic configurations of elements. The periodicity in electronic configurations of elements leads to the periodicity in their chemical properties, ‘The horizontal rows of elements in a periodic table are called period. ‘The vertical columns are called groups or families. There are seven periods and groups in the periodic table. The groups from I to VII are divided into sub groups ‘A’ and’B?, VIII group consists of 3 vertical columns. All noble gases are kept in zero group. ‘According to the recent recommendation of IUPAC, the groups are numbered from 1 to 18 (18 groups) instead of subdivision of groups into A and B sub-groups. The elements in 1a period have consecutive (continuous) atomic numbers. ‘The number of elements in each period is given below. saat fone Bon{tT Foundation & Olympiad Explorer Chemistry /Class-1 1* period contains 2 elements. It is called very short period. 2 period contains 8 elements. It is called short period. 3 period contains 8 elements. It is called short period. 4° period contains 18 elements. Itis called long period. 5" period contains 18 elements. It is called long period. 6% period containe 22 elements. It is called very long period. ‘7 period is incomplete. vis Light Metals or = NorMetls poy Period 1|[ 1 ——— }? Hua mia a _va_via vial He Period 2 4 slofz]s}o | Be Heavy Metals aic|wlol}r |Ne | (Transition Metals) Period 3] 11 | 12 |~ wo |Me |e ve ve vie vB a3 [14 | as | 16 | 17 | 18 view ualai|si| P| s |erjar ——. Period 4 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | a1 | 32 | 33 | 34 | 35 | 36. |x [ca] sc] ti |v |cr|mn| Fe |co| wi | cu| Zn | Gal Ge | As | Se | Br | Rr Period 5 | 37 | 38 | 39 | 40 | a1 | 42 | 43 | 44] 45 | 46 | 47 | 48 | 49 | 50 | 51 | 52 | 53 | 54 Re | Sr | ¥ | Zr] No |Mo| Te | Ru| Rk] Pd] Ag | Cd] in | Sn| Sb] Te | 1 | Xe Perioa 6 | 55 | 56] 57 | 72 | 73 | 74 | 75 | 76] 77| 78 | 79 | 80 | a1 | 82 | 83 | 84 | 85 | 36 Cs] Ba | | Me te | W | Re | Os| ar | ar faw | He | 7H] Po | Bi | Po | Ar | Rn eva | 67 | 28 | ®2 | 104105] 106] 107] zs} 09 Period 7) Fr | pa | 84] A [Ha | Se | Hs | Fs | at Lanthanide mihanide | 57| s8| 59] 60| 61 | 62| 63 | 64) 65 | 66) 67| 68| 69| 70| 71 Za| Ce| Pr| Nd| Pm| Sm| Ex| Ga] T| Dy| Ho| Er| Tm| yb | Lu Actinide nes 89| 90| 91| 92| 93] 94| 95] 96] 97] 98} 99] s00] 101| s02| 1031 ac| Th| Pal U| Np| Pu| m| Cm| Bk) Cf] Es | Fm| Mal No| Lr > Merits of long form of p 1) The long form of periodic table is based on the atomic numbers of elements which is the fundamental property of elements. ) The long form of periodic table helps in understanding why elements of same group show similar properties. ©) The table reason out why thero is periodicity of properties of elements. 4. Classification of Elements & a{TFoundation & Olympiad Exporer Chemistry /Class- @) It explains the reasons for repetition of elements in the order 2, 8, 18, 32. ©) There are no anomalies in this table. Advantages of modern periodic table a) Easy to study chemistry in a systematic way. b) Easier to remember properties of elements on knowing their position. ©) The nature of compounds formed by an element can be predicted by knowing its position, 4) Many new elements can be discovered using this table. ©) Atomic masses of certain elements can be corrected based on their positions in the Mendeleeffs periodic table. Defects of the long ~ form of the periodic table ) The position of hydrogen remained controversial. This is because hydrogen with one lectron in its valence shell shows similarities with both alkali metals and halogens. b) The elements lanthanides and actinides could not be placed in the main body of the modern periodic table, © This periodic table does not reflect the exact distribution of electrons of some of the transition and inner ~ transition elements, [Eid Gianacrensvies oF PenIobsANO'GROUPS” PERIODS, Valence electrons: On moving from left to| All the claments of a group of the periodic right in a period, the number of valence | table have the same number of valence ‘electrons in elements increases from 1to8._ | electrons. Z| Valeney: On moving from left to right im [The valoney of a metal i cqual to Ts Goup each short peried, the valency of elements | number in the periodic table. Tho valency sf increases from 1 to 4 and then decreases to| non metal is equal to 8 minus its group O¢zero), ‘number in the periodic table. 3. | Sze of Atomsi- On moving from Tet to right [ On going down ina group of the periodic tabla; in a period of the periodie table the size of | the size of atoms increases, atoms decreases, po "[ Metalic character: On moving from Toff ta [On going down ima group of The paodle aUTor right in a period, the metallic character of the metallic character of elements inereasee elements decreases, | Chemical reactivity: On moving fom left to| The chemical reamiity of metals WOSASw On right in a period, the chemical reactivity of | going down in a group of the periodic table elements first decreases and then inereases. | The chemical reactivity of rommetal dechavecy ongoing down in a group of the periodic able. | 6. [Nature of Oxides: On moving from Teh to[ The melting points and bolting poms a7 right in a period, the basie nature of oxdes | metals decreases on going down ia d gov sf decreases and the acidic nature of oxides | the periodic table. While for non ‘atale it increases increases on moving down a group, 1 seo of Eee BomMT Foundation & Olympiad Explorer Periodicity Chemistry /Class-1 ‘The regular gradation in the properties of elements and their repetition at regular intervals is called periodicity. The properties ‘which show such regular trend are called periodic properties. Some of the periodic properties are : PERIODS, ‘GROUPS 1. [Atomic size : In a period the increased nuclear charge attracts the eleetrons more strongly and the size of the atom decreases, ‘On moving down a group, the atomic radii of the elements increase with an increase in the atomic number. 2. [Ionisation potential : Ionization energy generally increases from left to right along a period because the atomic size of the elements gradually decreases due to Tonisation energy decreases from top to bottom in a group because of the inerease in the atomic radius which is due to the increase in the number of shells, the increase in the atomic number. Electron affinity : Hlectron affinity values generally increase on moving from left to right along a period due to the decrease in the atomic size and the increase in its effective nuclear charge. Electron affinity gradually decreases from top to bottom of a group. This is due to the steady increase in the atomie radius and the decrease in the effective nuclear charge of the elements. “4. | Electron negativity : Electro negativity increases on moving along a period from eft to right. This is due to the increase in nuclear charge and decrease in atomic size, as a result of which shared electron pair can be attracted more towards itself. 3. | Electropositivity: Electropositive character, decreases from left to right along a period due to the increase in ionization potential. Blectronegativity decreases from top to bottom in a group due to an increase in the atomic size, as a result of which the shared electron pair is attracted less towards itself, Electropositive character increases from top to bottom along a group due to the decrease in ionization potential. 6. | Oxidising /redudng capacity : Due to the increase in electron affinity from left to right of a period, the oxidizing capacity of the elements increases and the reducing capacity decreases from left to right along a period. Due to the decrease in ionization potential as well as electron affinity from top to bottom of a group, oxidizing capacity of the element decreases whereas its reducing capacity increases on moving down a group. 4 Classification of Elements a|, Foundation & Olympiad Explorer Chemistry/Class-1K | sowve exametes | OK OK HERES Example 1: Anclement belongs to group IITA and 4" period in the periodic table. Find atomic number of that elements. Find the atomic number of elements that are placed just (A) below (B) above to the given element in periodic table. Solution: (A) The given element belongs to 4" period so it has electrons in 4 shells i.e, K, L, M, N. It belongs to IITA group so it has 3 electrons in valence shell. Hence EC of the clement is 2, 8, 18, 3 and atomic number is 31 and elements placed below it has atomie number 18 more than atomic number of that element is (31 + 18) = 49. {B) Element place just above it has atomic number 18 less than the given element ‘atomic number of that element is (31 ~ 18) = 13, (EEE Example2: ‘The cation A* and the anion B- are isoelectronic. The radius of which of these is more and why ? Solution: In the given ions both ions contain same number of electrons. But the nuclear charge (due to protons) are more in case of A’ compared to B-. Hence the B- has a large radius on account of larger atomic [EEE Examples: “The densities of transition metals are greater than those of the alkali and alkaline earth metals”. Solution: Incase of transition metals, electrons in the ponultimale shell are filled leads to increase in mass of electrons for the given volume of atom compared to alkali or alkaline each metals. Hence density increases. EEE Examples: Why is it not possible to form Na‘? ion ? Explain with respect to periodie properties. Solutions Sodium cannot form Na“, ion because it belongs to IA group which has 1 valence electron in M shell. On losing its 1 valence electron it attains inert gas configuration of Neon EEE Examples: Explain why argon atom is bigger than chlorine ? Solution: Argon belongs to VIII A group and chlorine belongs to VII A. The size of VIIIA group elements is greater than that of VII A group elements due to repulsion between the ‘electrons in the smaller outermost shell, hence the size increases. fn Due to above reason, argon atom is bigger than chlorine atom, 4 Glssfction of Elements pa AG{Wr Foundation & Olympiad Explorer Chemistry Class IEEE Example 6: LP of a small sized atom is greater than LP of a large sized atom, Explain. Solution: Less size implies more nuclear pull, Hence more difficulty to remove electrons. Therefore, Tequires more energy to remove the electrons. So, greater ionization potential. ip-_ Hence, as the atomic size increases, the ionization energy decreases and vice-versa. ERR Example 7: Which has more size : Ne, Na‘, Mg", Al'*? Solution: ‘The electronic configuration of given species are, ‘From the table, it can be observed that the given species contain same number of electrons but differ in the number of protons. But, the atomic size depends on the extent of the nuclear pull which in turn depends on the number of protons present in the atom. ‘The species with more number of protons exhibits more nuclear pull, resulting in decrease in the size of the atom and vice- versa. From the table, Ne contains less number of protons compared to remaining species. Hence, it has the largest atomic size. ‘The decreasing order of the atomic size of Ne > Na* > Mg* > Al* REE Examples: Write the names and atomic numbers of the following elements : (A) The alkali metal, belonging to fourth period. (B) The alkaline earth metal, belonging to third period, (C) The fifth element of the first transition series. (D) The first inner transition element. (E) The sixth noble gas. 4. Classification of Elements & RanT Foundation & Olympiad Explorer Chemistry /Class-IX ‘The fourth alkali metal-K ‘The third alkaline earth metal-Ca ‘The fifth element of the first transition series-Mn ‘The first inner transition element Ce ‘The sixth noble gas-Rn Predict the position and properties like metallic / nonmetallic characters and oxidizing/ reducing capacity of an element with atomic number 35 in the periodic table. ‘Solution: ‘The element given has atomic number 53. Its electronic configuration is 2, 8, 18, 18, 7. Therefore, the element belongs to 5® period and VIIA group. So, the element is, nonmetallic characters with high oxidizing capacity as it is positioned to the right of the periodic table. EEE Example 10: Ina group, B and C are the preceeding and succeeding elements of an element ‘A’ the ratio of difference in electrons present between L shell and N shell to M shell is equal to twice ratio between electrons of K shell and M shell, N shell is the valence shell. Identify the valence electrons and atomic numbers of elements A, B, C respectively. Solution: Let EC of A be 2, 8, M,N Given for element A, Difference in electrons between Land N shell _ 2(K shell electrons) ‘M shell electrons M shell 8-N_2(2) MM N=8-4 Valence electrons for element A is 4 similar valence electrons for element B and C. C are also 4 as they belong to same group. Atomic number of element A is 32. Atomic number of element B is (32 - 18)= 14. Atomic number of element C is (32 + 18) =50. 4. Cossfication of Elements Ea a| once MAP FP $n 0000 fen mnt —| ee | — tt, _, mem mnie > aberaeroretvads ——) [ewinevinvatocaes | [wmeauearevoaciaws) [Rnienanber omni of mite | | Spt nent ring fom | | Pearse | + Aeae TRS terwe| lattes oeaetemete | [pope teens | a Sowhtoetene canons | |afte tet the ie eg ow | E"pre tcton | [ Mecempatoee {Wien semen sescranped | |afanccare of Sraaioncsaee || Paealnd nthrinesesng ote ER perio sean of = ate manor Wilde parton Fipk prion ! Croup IB, Grose AWA VA VEA VIA O | wayvnv, (onsite of tials, sn-atale mtallés vita, va 8.1 ‘shi nae gues nltng extremely - = ‘ectonegnve laps) | Trani cleat Tener tanton sont Fi tesaon Third Fourth transition | [taatheniies |] [Actinides Tres criss TS SES Sr Overton conctnes otf | teen or | | ‘sauseree B10 laments 1 clemente Lats | | 10 elements Ad89) } | seas st Swath 0s | | ao) a Ca a, || ana HET eo 0) | | ane REO eo Rel) I fed they bolone| and. they belong | ad they belong to | | and they toiong to tot" prt | [ tos" perl Syed Ter ‘Taptaeparataiy bc te pe LC ji nt re TT RRETOT TTT TaD{Foundation olympiad Explorer Chemisry/Class- Si 8 J$§$A AR 21 BASIC PRACTICE Pere OOO 1m Dabernier classification of elements, the tomie weight of the middle clement is equal to the of the extreme elements of a traid. 2. In Newland’s classification , elements are arranged in an increasing order of their 3. The long form of the periodic table consists of horizontal rows and vertical columns. 4 In Mendeleeff’s periodic table few elements that are che: separate ‘As we move from left-to right in a period, the atomic size ly similar are placed in 5. 6 group elements lose electrons easily 7. Zero group elements are known as 8, In long form, shortest period is 9, The elements with atomic numbers 10,18 belong to same __ 10. The elements present in horizontal rows of a periodic table have same. i 11, The biggest atom is 12, Eka silicon is also known as i 13, Ina group from top to bottom, ionisation energy 14, Diagonal relationship of elements in due to same 15, Ina group, basic nature _ from top to bottom. 16. In the electronic configuration outermost orbit number is considered as its number. 17. The distance between the centre of nuclous and the outermost orbit of the atoms is called 18. Units of ionisation energy is 19. According to modern periodic law, the properties of elements are the periodic functions of their 20. period is incomplete. Hl Trve onFALSE | 21, In Mendeleeff’s periodie table, clements are arranged in an increasing order of their atomic number. 22, Elements are classified for their systematic study. 4 Classification of Elements RakI rFoundation & Olympiad Explorer Chemisty / Class -IK 23, Dobernier classified elements into sets of three chemically similar elements called triads. 24, VIA group elements are known as chaleogens. 25. Active elements are placed on the right side of the periodic table. 26. Fifth period of the modern periodic table has 18 elements. Elements of the same group have same number of electrons for bonding. 28. Potassium is the most reactive alkali metals. 29. Ina group from top to bottom nuclear charge increases. 30. Fluorine is the Nahest st electronegative element. Ti warciitieroi Column 1 . Highest electro negativity. Highest cleetronaffinity Highest electro positivity Highest oxidation number 32 Column-1 A. Dobernier B. Newland ©, Mendeleeff D. Modern periodic table pomp Column - 1 p. Caesium 4q. Ruthenium 1. Fluorine 8. Chlorine Column - 11 p. Atomic Weight 4. Atomic number 1, Law of octaves s. Law of traids $@® | FURTHER PRACTICE fom 3K al mnnEEa jESTIONS] ‘Tho element having the least size from the following is (A) boron (B)carbon (aluminium () silicon 2, ‘The electronic configuration of an element is 2, 8, 8, 2. ‘This clement is : (A) an alkali metal (B) an alkaline earth metal (©)ahalogen (D) a noble gas 3, The long form of the periodic table is based on (A) number of electrons (B) mass of the atoms (©) electro negativity (D) shape of the atom 4, The pair of atomic numbers which belong to the same group : (A) 9,14 4. Classification of Elements (B) 17,51 (©)6,53 ca gh (D)12, 56TFoundation & Olympiad Explorer Chemistry/Class-IK 5, 10. 1. 12. 13, M4 wb. ‘Anomalous pair among the following is (A) Boron - Silicon (B) Aluminium Nickel (© Beryllium - Indium (D) Cobalt — Nickel Element with atomic number 15 and mass number 31 is present in (A) Group 5 and period 4 (B) Group 15 and period 3 (©) Group 5 and period 3 (D) Group 16 and period 4 If the radius of an element X of electronic configuration is 2, 8, 3 is 0.76 *A, the radius of element Y of electronic configuration 2, 8, 5 is : (A)0.64°A (B)0.76°A (0.88°A () 1.08°A. Which of the following element is a representative element? (Fe (B)Mn (Ge wv ‘The number of valence electrons of caesium is a1 (Be (6 ws Largest ion among the following is, (A) Nar (B) oF (os* «)cr ‘Which one of the following is diagonally related pair ? (A) Be, Al (B) Li, Mg © BSi (D) All the above In the given elements, which element does not have 2 valence electrons ? (A)Ba (B) Zn (Na (D)Ca ‘As we move from left to right in a period eloctronogativity value : (A) decreases (B) increases (©) remains same (D) does not following regular trend. Ifionization energy of ap element in a group is x kJ molt, then the possible ionization energy value in kJ mol” of another element situated below that element will be : (a) 6x/5 (B)2x/3 (ax D)7K/5 ‘Among the following metals, which one has the weakest metallic character ? (A) Li (B)Na (OK Cs Elements are classified : (A) To correlate their properties with some fundamental property. (B) To study the elements better. (©) To find relationship among elements, (D) To formulate a table. 4 Glssifcation of Elements Be Re{Foundation & oympiad Exploer chemistry /Class-k 2. Which of the following are the demerits of Mendeleeff's periodic table ? (A) No proper position for hydrogen is given. (B) Grouping of chemically dissimilar elements. (C) Position given to isotopes. (D) Presence of anomalous pairs. 3. Which of the following position of elements have same number of valence electrons as that of element of atomic number 6? (A) Group 3 and period 14 (B) Group 14 and period 4 (©) Group 6 and period 4 (D) Group 14 and period 3 4, The pair of elements having same number of valence electron : (A)Zn, Mg at (©) Na, Ca (D)C,Ge 5. As we move ftom left to right in a period, which of the periodic properties decreases ? (A) Electro negativity (B) Atomic size (©) Electro positivity (D) Metallic character RGIASSERTION AND REAGONTYPE QUESTIONS ‘The questions given below consist of statements of an Assertion and a Reason. Use the following key to choose the appropriate answer. (A) If both assertion and reason are CORRECT and reason is the CORRECT explana- tion of the assertion. B) If both assertion and reason are CORRECT, but reason is NOT THE CORRECT explanation of the assertion. (©) Ifassertion is CORRECT, but reason is INCORRECT. () Ifassertior is INCORRECT, but reason is CORRECT. ) Ifboth assertion and reason are INCORRECT. 1. Assertion Reason 2. Assertion Reason 3. Assertion 4. Assertion + Reason: 4. Clssfcaton of Elements According to Dobernier’s, a group of three similar elements arranged in their increasing atomic weights show that atomic weight of middle is equal to the arithmetic mean of the other two elements, Atomic weight is equal to one twelfth of mass of a carbon atom. Newland’s law of octaves of elements is a function of their state that the property of every eighth clement is the repetition of the first. ‘The maximum of 8 clectrons can be accommodated in valence shell. Alkali metals have least value of ionisation energy within a period. ‘They precedes halogens in periodic table, ‘Smaller the size of an atom greater is the electronegativity. Electro negativity refer to the tendency of atom to share electrons sok{iT Foundation & Olympid Explorer Chemistry /Class-1e 5, Assertion: According to Mendeleeff’s periodic law ; The properties of elements is the periodic a function of their atomic numbers. Reason: Mendcleeff's periodic law could explain the phenomena of anomalous pai 6 Assertion : First period of periodic table is shortest period. Reason: AK shell can accommodate a maximum of two electrons. 7. Assertion: Atomic size decreases as we move from left to right in a period, Reason Ina period from left to right the number of valence electrons in the same shell increases. 8 Assertion : As we move from left to right the reactivity of the elements increases. Reason Noble gases are placed at the extreme right of the period. 9. Assertion : The size of Na’ ion is smaller than Na. Reason Na‘ has same nuclear charge as that of Na. 10.Assertion : The valence electrons of most electropositive elements are 8. Reason Elements with 8 valence electrons are stable due to completely filled valence shell. ernie Passage -I oe ‘A,B,C are three elements with atomic numbers, 2-1, Z and Z+1 respectively. B is an inert gas. 4) Identify the group to which A and C belongs. (A) Alkali metal, Alkaline earth metal (B) Halogen, allkali metal (O) Inert gas, Alkalimetals (D) Halogens, inert gas ii) Identify the elements having same valence shell. AB (®)B,C wae (D) A,B,C iii) Which of the three has least value of ionisation energy ? wa oe we cannot be predicted romemunsrennemrnemensmmcrmssantin SECTION - 8 tomes [iilconcerrunt questions} 1. Why sodium has higher density than lithium but potassium has lower density than sodium. 2. Give reasons for placing zero group elements in the extreme right of the periodic table. 4. Classification of Elements Be MmLUT Foundation & Olympiad Explorer chemistry /Class-IK 3. ‘Three elements X, Y, Z form a Dobernier traid. The difference in atomic weights between elements Y, Z is 45. If atomic weight of X is 35 find atomic weight of elements X, Y and z 4, Anelement belongs to group IA and 3rd period in the periodic table. Find atomie number of that elements. Find the atomic number of elements that are placed just A) below B) above to the given element in periodic table. 5, Tons X* and ¥- are isoelectronic. Identify the ion with greater atomic size. Can potassium form K"*ion — Explain, 7. Explain why the elements placed on the extreme left side of the periodic table acts as powerful reducing agents. Explain why the atomic radius of oxygen is slightly more than that of nitrogen. ‘Which one has greater value : second ionisation energy or third ionisation energy ? 10. Why did Mendeleef leave some gaps in his periodic table of elements ? EET SECTION -C = PREVIOUS CONTEST QUESTIONS| 1. The number of periods prosont in the long form of the periodic table are we er (os 18 As per the modern periodic law, the physical and chemical properties of elements are periodic functions of their : (A) atomic number (B) electronic configuration © atomic weight () atomic size 3. Which of the following pairs of atomic numbers represent elements belonging to the same group? (A) 11,20 B)12,30 (013,81 (D)14,33 4, ‘The 100 element is named in honor of (A)Einstein —_(B) Bob (© Fermi (D) Curie 5. All the elements in a group in the periodic table have similar : (A) atomic weights (B) number of valence electrons (©) mass number (D) atomic number 6. Which of the following group of elements are more reactive ? (A) Representative elements (B) Inert gas (©) Transition elements (D) Inner transition elements 4. Classification of Elements{WT Foundation & Olympiad Explorer ‘Chemisty / Class 7. Which of the following is the largest in size ? (A)Br (BI (or Mr 8. The correct order of atomic size of Na, Be and Mg is : (A) Be > Mg > Na. (B) Na > Mg> Be (C) Mg > Na> Be (D) Na = Mg > Be [Borin wonrunes} 1. Three elements X, Y and Z form a Dobereiner triad. Their atomic weights of X, Y, Z are in the ratio 5:11:7, If the sum of the atomic weight of extreme elements is 176, find the atomic weights of X, Y and Z. 2. Which of the following has greater atomic size and why ? Y, ¥", YY, ¥#, Arrange ascending order of the atomic size. 3, An element ‘X’ belongs to group III A and 4" period in the periodic table. Find out the atomic numbers of %X’ and the element which is placed just below ‘X” in the periodic table. 4, Predict the position of the elements which form the largest cation and the smallest anion in the modern periodic table ? Why do caesium (Cs) and potassium find applications (K) in photoelectric cells ? Three elements A, B and C belong to same group of the modern periodic table such that, the difference in atomic weight of A and B is equal to the difference in atomic weight of Band C. The sum of atomic weights of elements A and C is 46 and that of A and Bis 30. Identify elements A, Band C. 7, Electron affinity of chlorine is more than that of fluorine though electron affinity decreases ‘on descending the group. Explain. 8. Why's addition of an electron to a uninegative ion (except to VI A group elements) is an endothermic process whereas the formation of uninegative ion from its neutral atom is. an exothermic process? 4. Gasification of Elements wR RLIT Foundation & Olympiad Explorer Chemistry Class a A _ roe a Crossword Puzzle y = a 5 6 7 . | a E 7 @ a = J ACROSS DOWN 3 Mostelectropositiveelement 8 Number of groups in modem periodic table 10 Mostelectronegativeelement 1 Number of periods in modern periodic table 18 Units ofatomicradius 14 Dobernier classified elements into a set of 3 elements as 15. Classification ofelements based on law of traids isattempted by 1 Seventhperiodis ‘Mendeleett's periodic tableis basedon Fkaboron slater namedas Shortestperiod ‘Modem periodic tableis basedon ‘As we move from top to bottom in a group ionization energy 9. As we move from left to right in a period electronegativity 12 Newland proposed law of 4 csifcation of Elements HoCommon Misconception 1. Substances made of ions do not conduct electricity in a solid state because itis ina neutral state and isnot charged, race Substances made of ions do not conduct ‘electricity in the solid state but conduct electricityin the liquid state or in molten state. Ina solid state the charged particles substances made of ions are_ bonded to the fixed positionand do notconductelectricity. 2 onic compounds like AgCl, Caf, are 2, Even though AgCl, CaF, are ionic compounds solublein water. these have exceptionally high attractive forces in their lattice. Hence insoluble in water. 3. During the bond formation only electrons 3. During the bond formation in case of the outermost orbitareinvolved. tepresentative elements only outermost orbit electrons are involved. In case of transition elements outermost penultimate electronsareinvolved. $D | SYNOPSIS meer OOOO NeRODVET ON $PM#£@£@ DDD Matter exists as pure substances in the form of elements and compounds. Elements are made of smallest constituents as atoms whereas compounds contains molecules which are made of atoms as their constituents. The molecules are formed by the union of atoms by forces of attraction of developed between them which hold them together. ‘This force of attraction is called a chemical bond. Chemical bonds are responsible for the existence of molecules. Compounds are made up of different kinds of molecules and there are millions of compounds. Electro Valency Theory - Kossel and Lewi's approach of bonding Annumber of attempts were made to explain the formation of chemical bonds in terms of electrons, but it was only in 1916, Kossel and Lewi's succeeded independently in giving a satisfactory explanation. They proposed a theory, based on electronic concept of atoms, known as electron theory of valency. Postulates Atoms with eight electrons in the outermost shell (two in case of Hydrogen, Helium, Lithium and Beryllium) are chemically more stable, The cause for chemical reaction is woh 5. Chemical bondingFoundation & Olympiad Explorer Chermisty/ Class IX to attain stability, This is achieved by an atom by acquiring the octet configuration ‘inert gas configuration) in its outermost shell. The electrons present in the outermost shell of an atom are responsible for chemical reaction. ‘The outermost shell is called valence shell and hence, the electrons present in it, are called valence electrons. The number of electrons taking part in a chemical reaction is called valency of that element, The atoms of various elements achieve the nearest inert gas configuration, either by transfer (losing or gaining) or by sharing of electrons with another atom. This transfer or sharing of electrons results in the development of an attractive force between the atoms, which holds the atoms together by a bond. Electron Dot structure of atoms - Lewi's symbols GN. Lowi's introduced simple symbols called Lewi's symbols to denote the valence clectrons in an atom. This helps to explain the various types of bonds. Lewi's symbols : ‘The symbol of the element surrounded by the valence electrons ofits atom, represented in the form of dots or eross around it is known as Lewi's symbol or electron dot symbol. Example: 1 Element = Lithium Symbol = Li Atomic No= 3 EC =21 Lewi’s Symbol = Lis ‘No. of electrons in valence shell = 1 Example: 2 Element = Carbon Symbol = C Atomic No = 6 BC =2,4 Lewi's Symbol = #€ No. of electrons in valence shell = 4 Note ‘While writing the Lewis symbols, ignore the inner shell electrons. iene ‘The chemical bond formed between two atoms by the transfer of one or more electrons from the valence shell of an electropositive element to the valence shell of an electronegative element is called as ionic bond. Due to transfer of electrons electrically ‘charged ions (cations and anions) are formed. Since the ionic bond is formed due to the force of attraction between electrically charged particles, itis also called electrovalent bond. Electron valency ‘The number of electrons transferred during the formation of ionic bond is known as electrovaleney. nit tg BonInt Foundation & Olympiad Explorer Chemistry /Class-1X Formation of electrovalent compounds a) Theelectronic configuration of sodium atom (,,Na”) is 2,8,1 and that of chlorine atom (.,Cl*) is 2,8,7, Sodium atom has one electron excess of octet and a chlorine atom is one electron short of octet. 1) When sodium atom and chlorine atom are brought closer to each other. One electron from sodium atom gets completely transferred to chlorine atom. © Cation : Sodium loses one electron, forming sodium ion. Na+e — Na’ (cation) Anion : Chlorine atom gains 1 electron, forming chloride ion. Cl+1e~ + Cir (anion) ) There exists an electrostatie force of attraction between Na* and Cl ions as in step resulting in a bond, known as ionic bond. Favorable conditions for cation formation a) Large cation is readily formed when compared to a small cation. Eg: Cs' is readily formed than Na*. b) Low charge on the cation. Eg: Na’ is readily formed, than Mg". © Low LP. for the metal atom. @ Cation, with inert gas configuration (Ca), will be readily formed than compared to a cation, with pseudo inert gas configuration (Zn*). Favorable conditions for anion formation a) Size of the anion should be less, Eg: F-ion is readily formed than CI or Br b) Low charge on anion. Eg: F-ion is readily formed than O* or N. © The electron affinity or electronegativity of the non-metal should be high. TWete Elements, in the lower oxidation state, form ionic compounds, But in their higher oxidation state, they form covalent compounds, Properties of ionic compounds ‘®) High melting and boiling points, because of high electrostatic attractions between oppositely charged ions. b) Soluble in polar solvents like water and insoluble in non-polar solvents like CCl benzene ete., 5 Chemical bonding a ao{M1 Foundation & Olympiad Explorer Cheristry/ Chass ©) When ionic compounds are dissolved in polar solvents, the ions get solvated due to the decrease in inter ionic force and thus dissolve, © They conduct electricity in fused state or in aqueous medium due to the migration of free ions. In solid state, ions are not free to move. So they do not conduct electricity in solid state. ©) onic bond is non-directional and so ionic compounds do not exhibit isomerism, iD) A covalent bond is formed by mutual sharing of unpaired electrons between two atoms. Types of Covalent bond ‘The two types of covalent bonding are nonpolar covalent bond and polar covalent bond. Nonpolar covalent bond Nonpolar covalent bond is formed when equitable sharing of electrons between the bonded atoms takes place. Due to equitable sharing it does not result in any charge separation within the molecule, Examples H, Oy, Nz» Cly ete, Polar covalent bond Polar covalent bond is formed when unequal sharing of electrons between the bonded atoms takes place. Due to unequal sharing it results in charge separation within the molecule leading to the arise of partial charges. Examples H,0, HF, NH, ete., Covalency Covalency in the number of electron pairs shared by an atom of an element in the formation of a covalent compound. ‘The covalent bond, formed between two atoms by the sharing one pair of electrons, isa single bond. E.g.: Cl, F,, H,, HCI. The covalent bond, formed between two atoms by the sharing of two pairs of electrons, is a double bond. E.g : O,, C,H,, CO,, The covalent bond, formed between two atoms by the sharing of three pairs of clectrons, is a triple bond. E.g.: N,, C,H, Ifthe central atom in a molecule does not have octet, it is called an electron deficient molecule. E.g.: BCl,, AICI, In several compounds, like PCl,, SF,, IF, ete,, the central atom has more than octet. So these deviate from octet rule. ry cannot explain the shapes and bond angles in'molecules. SN | Note — ae © Lewis theo: Properties of covalent compounds a) The molecules in a covalent compound are attracted by weak vander Waal’s forces of attraction, So covalent compounds have low melting and boiling points. 1b) They dissolve in non-polar solvents like benzene, CCl, etc., However, polar covalent compounds dissolve in polar solvents like water, alcohol ete., ©) Covalent compounds do not conduct electricity either in the molten state or in aqueous solutions, because of the absence of ions or free electrons. 5 en ts Haw{Foundation & Obympiad Explorer Chemisty / Class @ Covalent bond is directional and so covalent compounds exhibit isomerism. e) The reactions, involving covalent compounds, are slow due to bond breaking and formation of new bonds. KOH, NaOH, KCN, KNO, ete, contain both covalent and ionic bonds. ORDINATE COVALENT BOND OR DATIVE BONDI] ‘It was proposed by Sidgwick. An atom contributes both the electrons for mutual sharing ‘and that electron pair is shared by the two atoms. Such a covalent bond is called coordinate covalent bond or dative bond. The atom or ion or molecule, which donates the electron pair, is called donor. The atom or ion or molecule, which accepts the electron pair, is called acceptor. The dative bond is represented by an arrow from donor to acceptor. Coordinate covalent bond is directional. CO, ‘$0, SO,, H,O*, NH; contain both covalent and coordinate bonds. NH,Cl, NH,NO,, CuSO, 51,0 contain ionic, covalent and coordinate bonds. Examples : HO" ( H,0 — 1"), HN—BF, Structure of NH; : H HxeN—>H x H Properties of Coordinate covalent compounds The properties of coordinate covalent compounds are similar to those of covalent compounds. 1) Coordinate covalent compounds dissolve more in non-polar solvents than in polar solvents. b) The melting and boiling points of coordinate covalent compounds are in between ionic compounds and covalent compounds. ©) Coordinate covalent compounds do not conduct electricity in molten state or in aqueous solution, ‘The weak forces of attraction between the covalent molecules are known as vander Waal's force of attraction. As the size of atom increases, the vander Waals’ force of attraction also increases. Among the noble gases, down the group, the vander Waals’ force of attraction increases. 5. Chant Bonding kokFoundation & Olympiad Explorer Chemisty /Coss-Mh | SOLVED EXAMPLES [jm OOOH REE Example 1: In the formation of the compound AB, atoms of A lost one electron each while atoms of B gpined one electron each. Whatis the nature ofbond in AB? Predict the two properties of AB. Solution: Here, the atoms of A lose electrons whereas the atoms of B gain electrons. This means that there is a transfer of electrons from atoms of A to atoms of B. Now the bond formed by the transfer of electrons is called electrovalent bond or ionic bond. So the nature of bond in the compound AB is electrovalent or ionic. The two properties of the ionic compound AB will be soluble in water and it will conduct electricity when dissolved in water or melted. ERNE Example 2: ‘An element X combine with oxygen to form an oxide X,O. This oxide is electrically conducting. i) How many electrons would be there in the outermost shell of the element X ii) To which group of the periodic table does the element X belong. iii) Write the formula of the compound which is formed when X reacts with chlorine. Solution: ‘The compound X,0 is electrically conducting, soit is an electrovalent compound or ionic ‘compound, and hence it is made up of ions. Now, Oxygen has an electrovalency of 2- and forms oxide ion O-. So, X,O can be written as 2X°O-*, It shows that the valency of X is r i) Since the element X from X* ion having 1 unit positive charge, so it will have 1 electron in its outermost shell (or valence shell) of its atom. ii) Since the element X has 1 valence electron. So it belongs to group 1 of the periodic table ‘The valency of X is 1 and that of chlorine is also 1, so the formula of compound between X and chlorine will be XCl. We know that the element sodium (Na) belongs to group I ofthe periodic table and it has 1 electron in the outermost shell of its atom. So the element X of the above given problem may be sodium. Thus the oxide X,O of this problem may infact be sodium oxide, Na,O. We also know that sodium reacts with chlorine to form sodium chloride. So, the chloride XCI of this problem may be sodium chloride, NaCl WEE Example3: ‘Three elements A,B,C belong to IIA, IV A, VI A group respectively of the periodic table Identify the elements that form covalent bonds and that form electrovalent bond ? 7 ont goniT Foundation & Olympiad Explorer Chernistry/Class-IK Solution: A covalent bond is formed between two non metal elements. Now out of elements A, B and C, the element B and element C are non metals, ‘Thus the elements B and C will form covalent bonds. An electrovalent bond is formed between a metal and anon metal Now, out of the above elements, the clement A is metal and element C is a non metal. ‘Thus elements A and C will form an electrovalent bond. Even though the element B is also a non metal, but it usually does not form electrovalent bonds. EERE Examples: Elements with low ionization potential and high electron affinity form ionic type bonds. Which type of bonds are formed among the elements with high ionization potential and high electron affinity. Solution Covalent bond is formed between elements with high ionization potential and high electron affinity because an element with high ionization potential has a greater value of electro negativity. Duo to this the electro negativity difference between the two elements is very less. TERRE Examples: Arrange BF, BCI, BBr and BI, in the increasing order of their covalent nature. Solution: ‘The loss tho eloctronogativity difforence more is the covalent character. In the given compounds bromine remains the same and the aseending order of the eleetronegativity of the elements is iodine, bromine, chlorine, fluorine, Hence the inereasing order of covalent character is BF, BCI, BBr and BI. WEEE camples: Why CCI, does not conduct electricity? Solution: CCI, is a non polar covalent compound with C-Cl bonds oriented in all directions symmetrically resulting in net polarity to be neutral HERE Example7: ‘Why are some covalent molecules polar? Solution: Covalent compounds are formed by the sharing of electrons due to little difference in their electronegativity. In the formation of polar covalent compounds, due to slight Aifforence in their electronegativity their arises partial positive and negative charges leading to the formation of polar molecules, WEEE Examples: Formation of O: is exothermic, whereas formation of O* is endothermic, Explain Solution: During the formation of from O, an electron has to be added to the neutral atom of 5. Chemical bonding wokI Foundetion & Olympiad Explorer Chemistry /Class-Ik ‘oxygen. This results in release of energy and hence is exothermic. It can be shown as follows: +1 ——> O- + energy ‘Whereas, for the formation of O- from O- an electron has to be added to the unit nega- tive ion. O° 16°07 ‘The extra negative charge on O-results in repulsion , of second electron that is to be added. To overcome this repulsion external energy has to be supplied to O-oxygen ion. So during formation of 0 , energy is absorbed by O-, making the formation of O* an endothermic process. Hence, formation of O- is exothermic, whereas formation of 0? is endothermic. MEET Examples: What are the conditions for a species to act as a donor and an acceptor during dative bond formation? Solution: ‘A donor atom is one that loses electrons easily. Hence, must possess less ionization potential, big size and less charge on cations. In case of acceptor atom to gain electrons easily it must possess more electron affinity, less size and less negative charge on anions . HEGEEEERE Example 10: Why does KCl easily dissolve in water? Solution: KClis an ionic compound. Hence dissolves readily in polar solvents like water due to existence in the form of ions. ENE Example 11: Explain the formation of nitrogen molecule. Solution: Electron configuration of N: 2, 5 Each N atom contributes 3 electrons for sharing ‘Two N atoms share three pairs of electrons so that each atom can achieve a stable noble ‘gas configuration similar to neon (2, 8). ‘A triple bond is formed between the two nitrogen atoms. .@ > Natom Natom N, molecule 2,5) 2,8) Ne — :NaN 5. Chemical bonding{tf Foundation & Olympiad Explorer Chemisty /Class-IK WERE Example 12: Explain the formation of water molecule, Solution: Electron configuration of O : 2, 6 Each oxygen atom contributes 2 electrons for sharing. Electron configuration of H : 1 Each hydrogen atom contributes 1 electron for sharing. ‘Therefore two hydrogen atoms are needed to contribute a total of 2 electrons for sharing. One oxygen atom and two hydrogen atoms share two pairs of electrons so that each atom can achieve a stable noble gas configuration — the oxygen atom achieves the electron configuration of neon (2, 8) while each hydrogen atom achieves the electron configuration of helium (2). ‘Two single bonds are formed between the oxygen and hydrogen atoms. @+@+x> Haye ae Water lesa H+ -G + -H > 1H-O-H (BRE Example 13: Explain the formation of carbon dioxide molecule. Solution: Electronic configuration of C: 2,4 Each C atom contributes 4 electrons for sharing. Electronic configuration of © :2, 6 Each O atom contributes 2 electron for sharing, Therefore two O atoms are needed to contribute a total of 4 electrons for sharing, One C atom and two O atoms share four pairs of electrons so that each atom ean achieve a stable noble gas configuration similar to neon (2, 8). Two double bonds are formed between the carbon and oxygen atoms. + O+ @ > Chek) Oem som 8) “ait cae Curmoleute +O +6. > Orc 5. Chemical bondingWT Foundation & Olymplad Explorer Chemistry /Class- EEE Example 14: ‘An olomont X has proton number 16, while cloment ¥ han proton number 17» Draw @ ‘dot and cross’ diagram to show all olectrons in a molecule formed from X and Y. Solution: Electronic configuration of X in 2, 8, 6. Each X atom contributes 3 electrons for sharing. Electronic configuration of X is 2, 8, 7. Each atom of ¥ contributes 1 electron for sharing, ‘Therefore 3 atoms of ¥ contribute 3 electrons for sharing. One atom of X will share 3 pairs of electrons with 3 atoms of Y to achieve noble gas GOO ©) 5. Chemical bondingope | concer ma? Tenaba the tne ofa the ith vale a Ki eigen i i Soin wr dnote water ond abo nope hy int try iat aun man. re ; Roetigemeeltaayvtintone [ei [Non-Potar Covalent bond Permed by eqn sharing 9 lesen, ‘oonlinaa valent ‘od oe dation bed the tee lr‘ tle end i repose yan sr fom doors exper etch, ct ‘ropeiten Gneinale craent bon i diecnnnl, Coon] fevaiet compounds diane. more in nonrplat- solvents ‘han io polar salute The nling ao telingpels feardinale covalont compounds tre in between lone fompoands and" owen cmpsunds Geordie covite fempounds de not cot lodtsty in malen site ot question TEREST LE RSUT Foundation & Olympiad Explorer Chemistry /Closs-IX [il Stimmative Exereise PAP © [ Basic PRACTICE |p_—$ $$$ 000K - == SECTIONA === Bi vera Beas 1 1. Atoms are less stable than their ‘The electro valency theory explains that atoms are held together by an _ that resulted due to transfer or sharing of electrons A of an element is surrounded by the valence electrons of its atoms represented in the form of dots. Tonic compounds are soluble in solvents. 5. During the formation of ionic bond___ transfer takes place from one atom to the others 6. In ammonia molecule bond formation takes place between nitrogen and hydrogen . i covalent compounds are affected by electric field. 8. Annegatively charged ion is known as A magnesium ion has a net positive charge while the magnesium atom has 10. In potassium chloride, and chloride. 11. During the formation of hydronium ion, water molecule acts as : 12, ‘The Lewis dot diagram representing ammonia molecule is bond formation takes place between potassium 13, Brine solution conducts electricity because it contains 7 14. Covalent compounds are usually liquids or gases due to molecules. between their 15, For the maximum ionie character during bond formation, anion are required. 16. A coordinate covalent bond is represented by an from donor to acceptor. 17. During the formation of a bond when atoms approach each other the decreases. ——_____ oneation and a 18. In case of formation of ionic compounds the electro negativity difference between them 19. The number of electron pair shared between two atoms of same element or different elements during its formation of molecules is known 20, Ionic solutions are good conductors of ___. 5. Chemical bonding BankIf Foundation & Olympiad Explorer Chemistry/Class-K 21. 22, 23, 24, 25. 26, 21. a Na is more stable than Na’. A chloride ion is bigger than its noutral atom. ‘Molecules possess more energy than the total energy of their combining atoms. In nature, all elements during bond formation acquire octet configuration. In Lewi’s dot symbols dots indicate the number of electrons of inner shell. Tonic compounds does not exits as molecules. Polar covalent compounded have two centres of charges due to unequal sharing of electron pair. Nitrogen shows pentavalency. ‘AgCl is covalent than KCl. The tendency of atom to attract shared pair of electrons is known as electron affinity. Column ~ Column - A. Tonic bond p.N, B. Polar covalent bond aHO" ©. Coordinate covalent bond 1, Inert gas electronic configuration D. Non polar covalent bond 5. CaF, E. Stability ‘. HBr | FURTHER PRACTICE 0002 (A) ions do not conduct electricity. (B) charge on the ions is uniformly distributed. (C) ions occupy fixed positions in solids. (D) ions have uniform field. Accovalent bond is formed by (A) transfer of electrons. (B) sharing of electrons by only a single atom. (© sharing of electrons, (D) repulsion of atoms between two atoms. The bond between two identical non metallic atoms has a pair of electrons (A) unequally shared among the two atoms. (B) equally shared among two atoms. (©) equal transfer of electrons from one atom to another. (D) shared by only one atom. 5. Chemical bonding eo WRWT Foundation & Olympiad Explorer Chemistry /Class-IK 10, a. 12. 13. 14, 15. 16, v1. ‘Pho total number of electrons that take part in forming bonds in N, is, we 4 (O6 10 ‘The molecule that deviates from octet rule is (A)Nacl Ber, (C)Mgo (Nel, Which of the following is easily formed ? (A) Magnesim chloride (B) Calcium fluoride (©) Potassium bromide (D) Magnesium bromide Which of the following compound has a directional bond ? (A) Magnesium chloride (B) Solid neon (C) Hydrogen sulphide (D) Caesium fluoride Hydrogen chloride molecule contains : (A) a pair of electrons shared unequally _(B) a pair of electrons shared equally (©) 2 lone pair of electrons (D)2 pair of electrons being shared equally ‘The bond between chlorine and bromine in BrCl : (Adionic (B) nonpolar (C) polar with negative end on Br (D) polar with negative end on Cl Which of the following compounds contain a coordinate covalent bond ? (A)BaCl, CsCl (KO NHS Which of the following is more soluble in water ? (AyAgF (Bagh (Agel )Agbr In which of the following compounds given Vander Waals forces are maximum ? (HBr (B)LiBr (Lic (D) AgBr Molten sodium chloride conducts electricity due to presence of (A) free electrons (B) free ions (C) free molecules (D) free atoms Dative bond is present in the molecule : (ANH, (6)C0, (O)Nacl yPcl, Bond present in iodine monochloride is (A) electro valent bond (B) covalent bond (©) coordinate covalent bond (D) Both (A) and (B) Identify the correct lewis symbol from the following ob: DN Identify the compound with the strongest ionic bond. A)Nacl B)Mgo Kel D)CsF 4 ental Sovig eon ;{tT Foundation & Olympiad Explorer chemistny/ Class Tiinorircenswencusrions| 1 Choose the correct statement from the following : (A) Tonic compounds are highly soluble in polar solvents. (B) In an ionic compound, electron affinity of an ion is high whereas ionization energy of cation is low. (© Ammonium ion is an example of polar covalent compound. (D)The number of covalent bonds formed by an atom depends on the number of unpaired electrons in their valence shell. In which of the following molecules the central atom of the molecule does not have octet? (A) PCl, (B)BCl, (C)BF, (D)AICl, Identify the compounds that contain both ionic and covalent bonds. (NaOH csr (xe (D)KCN Which of the following molecules contain odd electron bonds ? (wHo ®)NO (No, @mc10, Choose the correct statement from the following. (A) Tonic bond takes place between the elements that have larger difference in their clectzo negativity. (Ionic compounds conduct electricity in their solid phase. (C) Covalent compounds exhibit isomerism. (D) SF, is an example of ionic compound. ASSERTION AND REASON TYPE QUES! ‘The questions given below consist of statements of an Assertion and a Reason. Use the following key to choose the appropriate answer. (A) If both assertion and reason are CORRECT and reason is the CORRECT explane- tion ofthe assertion, (B) If both assertion and reason are CORRECT, but reason is NOT THE CORRECT explanation of the assertion. (C) Ifassertion is CORRECT, but reason is INCORRECT. (@) Ifassertion is INCORRECT, but reason is CORRECT. €) Ifboth assertion and reason are INCORRECT. 1. Assertion : Generally, covalent compounds are gases, liquids or soft solids at room temperature. Reason: Between covalent compounds Vander Waals forces of attractions exists. 2 Assertion : Ionic compounds are bad conductors of electricity. Reason: In ionic compounds mobile ions exists. 5 Genta otey gowUT Foundation & Olympiad Explorer chemistry / Class 3. Assertion : During covalent bonding the electro negativity difference between two atoms is greater than 1,7 Reason: Covalent bond is formed by sharing of electrons between atoms that have same si 4, Assertion : A cation of less size is more favorable for ionic bond formation. Reason: _If the size of the atoms is small, the nuclear pull on the electrons is more. 5. Assertion : Ionic compounds are generally hard solids but brittle in nature. Reason: _Brittleness is because of shift in alignment of its ions. Hardness is due to the strong forces of attraction. IRM Pardanaey questions — Passage -1 — ‘Atoms A, B and C occur in same period and have one, six and seven as valence electrons respectively. i) The bond between B and C will be predominately be: (A) ionic (B) polar covalent (C) non polar covalent —_—(D) dative ii) ‘The electronic structure of the compound formed between B and C: ) The bond between A and B will be predominantly : Avionie (B) polar covalent (C) non polar covalent —_(D)dative SECTION -B Which is more stable, Al or AI" ? 2. Which has the strongest and weakest ionie bonds among the following ? Lil, Nal, KI, CsI support your answer. 5. Chemical bonding a co fh -{MT Foundation & Obympiod Explorer Chemistry/Coss-t¢ 3. 4. 5. In NaF or MgP,, which is formed more easily? Which has the greater melting point, NaCl or AICI, ? ‘An clement A combines with oxygen to form an oxide AO. This oxide is electrically conducting. Find (A) the number of valence electrons in A. B) the group to which the element A belongs. (© the formula of the compound when A reacts with chlorine. ‘What is the covalency of 0, and N, molecules ? Are covalent bonds always non polar? ‘Which one of them is more ionie LiCl or NaCl and why ? enenmncricmernnnmennencrmme SECTION — C 0a EVI ‘An atom with atomic number 20 is most likely to combine chemically with the atom whose atomic number is: (Al (B)16 (18 (@)10 Among LiCI, BeCl,, BCI, and CCl, the covalent bond character follows the order: (A)LiCl > BeC I, > BCI, > CCI, (B)LiCl< BeCl, < BCL, < CCI, “(Cnnict > Bect, > CCI, > BCI, @)Licl < BeCl, < BCL, > CCI, Amongst LiCl, RbCl, BeCl, and MgCl, the compounds with greatest and least ionic character respectively are: (A)LiOl and and RbC1 (B)RbCl and BeC, (©)RbCland MgCl, (D)MgCl, and BeCl, ‘The stability of an fonie compound is mostly due to: (A) ionization energy (B) electron affinity (O) lattice energy () electronegativity Which set have the strongest tendency to form anions? (A)Ga,In;Te —(B)Ns,Mg,As_—()N,0,F (DV, Cr, Mn ‘Which of the following property is commonly exhibited by a covalent compound? (A) High solubility in water (B) Low melting point (C) High electrical conductance (D) High boiling point 5 Chemical bonding an{Foundation & Obmpiad Explorer Chemisty Class -B 7. When a solution of silver nitrate is added to pure carbon tetrachloride, (A) A white curdy precipitate soluble in ammonia is obtained. (B) Acurdy precipitate insoluble in ammonia is obtained. (©)A pale yellow precipitate is obtained. (D) No precipitate is obtained 8. Ina double bond connecting two atoms there is sharing of: (A) 2 electrons (B) 4 electrons (C) 1 electron (D) none Multiple covalent bonds exists in a molecule of: (MF, BH, ON, @)C,H, 10. Silicon has 4 electrons in the outer most orbit. In forming the bond: (A) it gains electrons (B) it looses electrons (it shares electrons (D) none [saan nunrines} Hot aluminium reacts vigorously with chlorine gas to form a compound which sublimes readily. (A) Is the compound a covalent or ionic compound ? Explain your answer. () Give the formula of the compound formed. Explain why to ionize Mg to Mg" it needs three times as much energy as to form Mg" 3. Consider the following molecules -N,, Cl,, NH, 0, (A) Choose the molecules which contain only single bonds. (B) Choose the molecules which contain only triple bonds. (©) Choose the molecules which contain only double bonds. (D) Choose the molecules which contain a lone pair of electrons and three single bond. 4, Explain why ionic bonds are non directional, while covalent bonds are directional? Write down the Lewis formula or electron dot formula of the following compounds. (Sic, CO, (©CoCl, @) clo, Poy INO, Which one of them is having higher melting point and why ? AICI, MgCl, ‘Which among the following has the highest boiling point and why ? H,, He, Ne, Xe,CH, Find the number of lone pairs and bond pairs in SF Compounds KOH and Ca(OH), contains what type of chemical bonds. 10, Is the formation of Ar, possible, Explain, 2 Genial imag komUT Foundation & Olympiad Explorer s Crossword Puzzle Chemistry/Class-1x ‘ACROSS The charge on cation for favourable condition ofits formation 4. Theforce of attraction with which atoms are held together byachemicalreaction 8 Achemicalbond formed by sharing ofelectrons Directional propery of covalent bonds results inthe phenomenon of DOWN Electron dot structures were proposed by Solventsin which ionic compounds are soluble The number of electron pairs shared between two atoms of the same element or different elements, The type of bond formed by hydroniur ion The dative bondisprepresented by this fromdo nnortoacceptor ‘Achemicalbond formed by transfer ofelectrons 5. Chemical bonding“Common Misconception Foo 1. Value of universal gas constant is 1. No, value of R value depends on the constant and independent of units selection of units of pressure, volume. considered. For example, if the units of volume and pressure aro taken in litre and atmospheres respectively, then the value ofRis0.08211 atmmol"K* 2. At absolute zero, volume and pressure 2. No, at absolute zero i.c. -273 °C, the of any matter corresponds to zero. volume and pressure of a gas corresponds to zero. ©] SYNOPSIS een neers 3M Ff {2 1 aS SEES EERE Earth is surrounded by a blanket of air which is a mixture of gases. The study of gaseous state is also very interesting in the sense that the physical properties of all gases is very nearly the same. Unlike solids and liquids, all gases behave in much the same way with changing conditions, such as pressure and temperature, Of the three states of matter, the gaseous state is the simplest and shows greatest ‘uniformity in behaviour. The behaviour of gases can be described by certain quantitative relationships between mass, pressure, volume and temperature. ‘These relationships are ealled gas laws. [THE KINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY OF Gases ‘) Gases are made up of tiny particles (molecules) moving in all possible directions at all possible speeds. b) The molecules are negligibly small in size compared to the volume occupied by the gas. : ©) There is negligible force of attraction between gas molecules. @) The moving molecules of a gas collide with each other and also with the walls of the container. Due to these collisions, gas molecules exert pressure. e) There are large intermolecular spaces between gas molecules, and this accounts for the high compressibility of gases. Gases increase in volume on decreasing pressure and increasing temperature, 1 5a fos oRLNT Foundation & Olympiad Explorer Chemistry/Cass- 1x ) The mass of a gas per unit volume is very small due to the large intermolecular spaces between their molecules. Therefore gases have low density. ® The intermolecular spaces in a gas are very large. When two gases are brought in contact with each other, their molecules just move into one another, thus forming a homogeneous gaseous mixture. hh) The average kinetic energy of a molecule is directly proportional to its absolute temperature. [DD MEASURABLE PROPERTIES OF GASES lJ ‘The physical behaviour of gases can be deseribed by four variables: Volume (V), pressure (), temperature (T ), mass (m) known as standard variables. Volume ‘The volume (V) ofa gas is the space occupied by that gas. The space occupied by a gas is equal to the volume of its container, Units of volume Cubic centimeter (cm®), milliliter (ml), cubic decimeter (dm, litre (L) ‘Lm? = 10° dm’ = 10° litres = 10° em? = 10° ml Pressure ‘The pressure (P) of a gas is the force that the gas exerts per unit area on the walls ofits container. Units of Pressure ‘Atmosphere (atm), pascal (Pa) Height of mercury column: ( in centimeter (em He) Gi) in millimeter (mm Hg) (Gii) in torr (named after Torricelli) Relationship between these units 1 atm = 76.0 em of Hg = 760 mm of Hg = 760 torr atm = 101.25 kPa Temperature ‘The temperature (T) of a gas is defined as the degree of hotness or coldness of a body. Units of temperature a) Degree celsius (°C) or degree fahrenheit (F). ) Kelvin (IO or absolute temperature (T), Relationship between these units F-32_ C _K-273 kelvin 0 = © +278, “Taq” ~ 7007 “Too 5, Say of estos BomFoundation &O¥ymplad Explorer Chemistry /Closs-D Mass ‘The amount of matter contained. Unit of Mass. kilogram, gram kg = 10g Usually mass is expressed in terms of number of moles (n) m(in g) = (Molar mass) Gas Laws The behaviour of a gas under known conditions of pressure, volume and temperature is described by laws known as gas laws. Hi conestaw The volume of a given mass of a dry gas is inversely proportional to its pressure at constant temperature. Mathematical expression of Boyle's Law According to Boyle's law, V= UP where V = volume and P = pressure V= KP or PV=K= constant. Where K is the constant of proportionality, Suppose a gas occupies a volume V, when its pressure is P,: then V, « 1/P, or V,= KP, or P\V, = K = constant. Note Boyle’s law is applicable only when temperature and mass of the gas are ‘kept constant. Graph between P and V : Graph between pressure (P) and volume (V) at constant temperature is a curve as shown in the figure, This curve is called Hyperbola, | — ‘The graphs drawn at constant temperature are called Isotherms. Rr 6, Study of gas lowsIf Foundation & Olympiad Explorer Chemistry /Class-x Note: ‘The graph between two terms a and b, ifa ~ 1 is always hyperbola. Charle's law ‘Jacques Charle's worked on the relation between the other two terms, temperature and volume, keeping pressure and amount of gas as constants. Charle’s observation “At constant pressure, the volume of a given mass of a gas increases (or decreases) by W273 ofits volume at 0 °C for every 1°C rise (or fal) of temperature”. Mathematical expression Let V, be volume of a gas at 0 °C and V, be the volume of a gas at t °C at constant pressure, Statement According to Charles’ law, the volume (V) of a given mass of gas is directly proportional to absolute temperature (TI) at constant pressure, 3M. Boh 273 jy T, ty 4273 Note: Charle's law is applicable only if mass and pressure of the gas are kept constant. Graph between Vand T Graph V and T at constant pressure is a straight passing through ori 6. Study of Gos Lows a a{Foundation & Oympiad Explorer Chemisty /Class-IK The graphs drawn at constant pressure aro known as isobars, “Iso” means same and “bar” means pressure). Note: ‘Tho graph between two terms ‘a’ and ‘b’ and if'a »b, is always a straight line passing through origin, Volume occupied by any gas at - 273°C Ift =-273 °C, the volume at - 273 °C is given by oe) 213 t v, ae No(2+ \s va ae = Vian = Vp (1-1)=9 Vins = ZERO This temperature is called absolute zoro. Absolute zero ‘The hypothetical temperature of -273 °C at which a gas will have zero volume is known as absolute zero. Important observations at absolute zero : a) The molecular motion of gases ceases to zero. b) All the measurable properties of a gas become zero at this temperature and hence, it is called absolute zero. ‘The graph between V and t is a straight line as shown in the adjacent figure. Gaylussac’s law Gay Lussae worked on the relationship between pressure and temperature by keeping the volume and mass of a gas as constants. He observed that for every 1°C rise or fall in temperature, the pressure of a gas increases or decreases respectively by a of its pressure at 0°C. “At constant volume, the pressure(P) of a given mass of gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature (T)’. Mathematically, P a T. Ph 4273 1, +278 6 os RohIT Foundation & Olympiad Explorer Chemisty /Cass-¢ ‘Where P, and P, are the pressures of the gas at t, °C and t, °C respectively. Graph between P and T: Graph between pressure (P) and absolute temperature (T) is a straight line passing through the origin. ‘The graphs drawn at constant volume are called isochors. ‘Avogadro's law “At constant temperature and pressure the volume occupied by a gas is directly proportional to the mass or number of moles or number of molecules of the gas”. ‘Mathematically, V = m or n, where V is volume of the gas, m and ‘n’ are the mass and number of moles of the gas respectively. ‘From Avogadro's law, itis clear that equal volumes fall gases under similar conditions of temperature and pressure contain an equal number of moles. = Ven some But we also know that number of moles mass(m) n= Molecular weight(W) @ ‘Substituting (2) in (1) we have Ve wi Ideal Gas Equation : It helps us to find the variation in volume, when all the terms P, T and n vary simultaneously. 1 Ve 5 Boyle's Law) Ve T (Charle's Law) @ @ Ve n (Avogadro's Law) @ By combining the equations 1, 2 and 3, we get V= at a v= ROT pyenrr P Where ‘R’ = Universal gas constant R » f (nature of gas, temperature, amount of gas and pressure of gas) 6, ta fs ov kawtT Foundation & Olympiad Explorer chemistry (Class [Laeerr system ir] Graham's law of diffusion n : The spontaneous mixing of gases is known as diffusion. Effusion: Escaping of gas through an aperture. Condition for diffusion / effusion : The gases should be non - reactive. Example: CO & Cl,, NO & O, and H, & Cl,. Rate of diffusion or effusion (r) toe Vt ‘At constant temperature and pressure the rate of diffusion and effusion of the gases is inversely proportional to the square roots of their densities. jolume of gas escaping per second. a) (2) diffusion or (the rate of) effusion and d,, d, are the densities of two different gases. The density of a gas is directly proportional to its molecular weight. So the rate of diffusion of a gas becomes inversely proportional to the square roots of the molecular weight of the gas = daM aaa eo ® Ya VM, om YM, Combining (1) , (2) and (8) we can summarize the rate of diffusion as follows : (a, _ [M, aM, weve AY ‘This is the final equation for Graham's law of diffusion. . 3) B % 6 sooo a ooLUT Foundation & Olympiad Explorer Chemistry/ Classe | SOLVED EXAMPLES [jm (EE Example 1: AS litre container has gas at 14 atm. Pressure is connected to another empty vessel of volume 20 litres. Find the pressure exerted by the gas in the new system at constant temperature. Solution: Before connection V,=8its ‘Temperature is constant = Boyle's Law is applicable PY, _14x8 14%8 4 atm me tat = PY=PV, = P, EE Example 2: A steel cylinder of 40 litres capacity contains a gas under 100 atmospheres pressure. Find how many cylinders of 400 cm* capacity could be filled from it at 76 cm of Hg. Memperature is constant] Solution: Lot the no. of eylinders be ‘n. Initial volume (V,) = 40 Its. Initial pressure (P,) = 100 atm Final volume (V,) = 400 cm? Final pressure (P,) 76 em ‘Temperature constant => Boyle's law is applicable. 0.4 litres. atm Hence 10,000 cylinders are filled. EE Example 3: ‘There is a gas ina sphere of radius ‘2r’ at a pressure ‘P’. It is connected to another sphere ‘r’ by means of a tube whose volume is negligible. Find the final pressure exerted by the gas after connection, 6, Sy of Cos ane a co IhUT Foundation & Olymplad Explorer chemistry /Class-IK Solution: T=K_ = Boyle's law is applicable. PY,=P,Y, 4 4 Px4n8r°=P, x4n9r" = Pxy xno EEE Example 4: ‘A glass bulb contains air at one atmosphere and 27 °C. The maximum pressure which the bulb can withstand is 2 atmosphere. Find the temperature at which it bursts. Solution: ‘A glass bulb can withstand a pressure of 2 atm, = Ifpressure exceeds 2 atm, the bulb will burst. Casell P,=P, T, (Temperature of bursting)=? =2atm Glass bulb = Volume is constant Glass bulb = volume is constant 2 PP, PB, Pom Pt a ade ead x800=600K = t°C = 600-273 =327 °C 6505 so fom{UT Foundation & Olympiad Explorer Charny /Closs- it IEEE Examples: It is found that when a certain gas is heated, its volume increases by 50% and pressure decreases to 75 % ofits original value. Ifthe original temperature of the gas was — 15°C, find the temperature to which of it was heated. Solution: V,= VP, =P:T, = 15 +273 = 258K Given, volume increased by 50 % 150 + Final volume V, = 755 Given, pressure decreased to 75 % 7B py. 180, yoo P90 Vx 258 PxV EEE Example: Pressure at a certain depth in pond is 6 atm. Find the depth of the pond. Solution: Pressure at depth (x) = P, = 6 atm =6 x 10° Pa Depth =x=? ‘We know that pressure at depth = P, = 10° + 9800 x P,-10" 9800 @ 6x10°-10° _10°(6-1) _5x10° + Depth G0 = “9500 ‘9800 9800 = x= 51.020 m (Approx.) ‘Therefore, the depth of the pond is 51.020 m approximately. 6, Study of Gos LawsUT Foundation & Olympiad Explorer Chemistry / Class IK BEE Example: Aver reathes depth of 30 am, What isthe pressure in atm) exerted by water at that lepth? Solution: Depth reached by the diver = x = 300 m Pressure exerted by water at that depth (P,) = ? We know that pressure exerted by water at depth x = P, = (10° +9800x)P w ‘Substituting the ‘x’ value in equation (1), we get, P, =10' +9800x300=10° +2940000 = 10° +29.4%10' 10° (39.4 pascal) = (-1atm=10" pascal) Therefore, the pressure exerted by water at a depth of 300 m is equal to 39.4 atm. SEE Examples: ‘An air bubble is rising up from the bottom of a pond. Find the depth of the pond, if its volume at the surface becomes eight times its volume at the bottom. Find the depth of the pond. Solution: V,=VsV,=8V,=8V Py=(10" +9800x);P, =1atm=10* pascal = Boyle's law is applicable ie., P,V,=P,V, (10° + 9800x)xV=10°x8V = 10 +9800x=10° =10" (8-1)=7%10° 7x10° m=71.43m 300 = Depth of the pond x ‘Therefore, the depth of the pond is 71.43 m approximately, EE Example 9: ‘The density ofa gas is doubled due to compression, What is the pressure after compression ifthe initial pressure is in P units ? 6, Study of gas laws Be &Lut Foundation & Olympiad Explorer Chemistry /Class-1K WEEE Example 10: ‘The graph between absolute temperature and density of a given mass of gas pressures P,, P, and P, is shown as follows. Compare the densities and corresponding pressures, Solution: Tofind P, 2 P, 2. P Draw a parallel line to the density axis such that ‘temperature is kept constant as shown in the figure. From the adjacent figure it is very clear that d, ] molecular theory chemistry /Class-IK OOO to the temperature 1. Gases contain small particles called molecules 2. They have greater intermolecular spaces 3, Their molecules move randomly in all directions. 4. The kinetic energy of gas molecules is proportional >| Properties and solids It exhibits the property of diffusion, Te does not possess definite volume and shape] It exerts pressure equally in all directions. It is highly compressible compared to liquids Graham’ of the gases is ‘aquare roots of their densities. Measurable properties Valume ‘Temperature Pressure Number of moles joyles law: At constant temperature, ‘volume of a given mass of a gas is inversely proportional to the pressure. At constant temperature and pressure the rate of diffusion and effusion fersely proportional to the: Charlés law: The volume (V) ofa given ‘macs of gas is directly proportional to absolute temperature (T) at constant pressure. Teal gas equation PV=aRT R= 8.314J mol" Kj ¥ ‘Gaylussoc's law : At constant volume, the pressure (P) ofa given mass of gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature (T) L,I [and pressure the volume occupied by a [gas is directly proportional to the mass Jor number of moles or number of moles lor number of molecules of the gas” [Avogadro's law : “At constant temperatury KH 6, Study of gos laws eo{Foundation & Obympiad Explorer Chemisty /Class-1x 8 9. 10. u, 12. 13, M4. 15. Gases contain very small particles called Gases possess inter molecular forces of attraction. ‘The increase in volume of the same amount of gas by increasing _ is known as expansibility Compressibility is the in the volume of the same quantity of gas under pressure. Gases exert pressure on the walls of the Isotherms are the graphs drawn at constant ‘The graph between volume - temperature cuts the negative X axis at a point that corresponds to Charle's law is kept constant only if mass and pressure are kept Rate:of effusion of a gas is volume of gas per second. ‘The value of R in SI units is At constant temperature and pressure, the volume of a gas is directly proportional to its ‘The graph pressure versus temperature (T) at constant volume is a ‘The volume of a gasis__ when the pressure is redueed to half and the absolute temperature is doubled. At___ atm of pressure the volume of a gas at 5 atm will be doubled at constant temperature. ‘The kinetic energy of a molecule of a gas is directly proportional to the of the gas. Tl rv onFAtse | 16. . 18. 19. 20. 21 Gases have a definite shape and volume. ‘The intermixing of two or more gases is known as diffusion. Boyle's law is applicable only when mass and temperature are made variable. ‘The graphs at constant volume are called isobars. ‘The standard temperature is -273 °C. At absolute zero the molecular motion of gases ceases to zero. 6, Study of Gas Lows Ba &{nT Foundation & Olympiad Explorer CChemistry/Class-IK 22. The SI unit of atmospheric pressure is pascal. 23. Pressure is the randomness of gas molecules. 2%. At constant temperature and pressure the rate of diffusion of the gases is inversely proportional to the square root of their densities. 25. "The relation between measurable properties of gases can be obtained by gas laws. i warciiTHEFoLtowine | 26 Column=1 olurnn ~ A.Charle's law P Pad B. Boyle's law 4. Ven ©. Avogadro's law r Pet D. Graham's re . Graham's law sty E. Gay Lussae’s law t Ver $&) | FURTHER PRACTICE mm OL [inarrecroiceauestions| 1 At 27°C, 1 atm pressure, density of a gas isd. At constant P at what T its density is 0.75 4? (a)20°C. (B)30°C (400K (D)300K A vessel has x g of gas at high pressure P. When certain gas escapes, the pressure P became P/8 and temperature T became 2T. What is the amount of gas escaped? (23m B)L3m © V4m () 3/4 m ‘At 127°C a vessel has certain gas. At same P to what T it must be heated so that half of the gas escapes? (ay600°C (B) 527°C (ose7°c () 800°c. ‘At same temperature and pressure which of the following pairs of gases has same rate of diffusion? (A)CO,N,0 ®)CO,,N,0 (©N,0,CH, — ) NO, 80, ‘Agas which diffuses 4 times slowly than H, gas is HS 0, © cH, (so, Which of the following changes cannot increase the volume of a gas by 4 times? (A) T is doubled, P is decreased to half (B) Pis kept constant, Tis ‘increased by 4 times, (C) P is doubled, T is decreased to half (D) Tis kept constant, P is decreased to 4th 6 Stuy of gs laws a mhir Foundation & Olympiad Exolorer chemnstry/Class-K 7 8 9 10. 2. ‘Which of the following is independent of temperature for a gas? (A) Volume (B) Rate of diffusion (C) Vapour density (D) Pressure Under the same conditions the rates of diffusion of two gases are in the ratio 1: 2 the ratio of their vapour densities is: wart (B) 1:2 ©) 16:1 (1:16 ‘The rate of diffusion of methane at given temperature is twice that of gas X the molecular weight of X is: (32 B16 os wes ‘The absolute temperature of a gas: (A)is a measure of the number of molecules in the gas. (B) indicates the nature of the gas. (C)is the measure of volume of the gas. (D) is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the molecules. Which of the following graphs is / are false for the given mass of a gas at constant temperature ? a) "| @B) | — © Choose the correct statement from the following. (A) He gas diffuses J times more than 0, (B)O, gas diffuses 2 timnes more than SO,. (©)CH, gas diffuses J times more than O,. (D)H, diffuses JZ times more than He gas. 6 Study of Gos Laws\ Foundation & Olympiad Explorer Chemistry Cass 8. Choose the correct statement from the following : (A) The rate of diffusion of a gas under similar conditions of temperature and pressure is inversely proportional to square root of vapour density. (B) Boyle's law is applicable at high temperatures and low pressures. (C) The graph plotted between pressure and volume of a given mass of gas at constant temperature is known as isotherm. (D) 273 °C temperature is equal to absolute zero. 4, At what temperature, the volume of V’ of a certain mass of gas at 37 °C be doubled? (keeping pressure constant). (A) 527°C (B)620K, (347 5. Choose the correct statement from the following, (A) Molecular collisions are unaffected by gravity. (B) Real gases obey gas laws under any conditions. (C) Gas laws have no significance at absolute zero. (p)347 (D) At 0°C, the molecular motion ceases. TION AND REASONTYPE QUESTIC ‘The questions given below consist of statements of an Assertion and a Reason. Use the following key to choose the appropriate answer. (A) Ifboth assertion and reason are CORRECT and reason is the CORRECT explana- tion of the assertion. (B) Ifboth assertion and reason are CORRECT, but reason is NOT THE CORRECT explanation of the assertion. (© Ifassertion is CORRECT, but reason is INCORRECT. (D) Ifassertion is INCORRECT, but reason is CORRECT, (©) If both assertion and reason are INCORRECT. 1. Assertion : Greater the mole fraction of a gas in gaseous mixture, greater is the pressure it exerts. Reason: _ Pressure of gas is due to bombardment of gas molecules on the walls of the container. 2. Assertion : Plot of PVs 1/V is a straight line. Pressure is directly proportional to volume. Volume : temperature ratio is constant for a fixed amount of gas at constant pressure. 6. Stat of gos lows son Reason 8. Assertion