Let’s get these scrubs! Scanned with CamScannerContextual Outline: Picture this, you are final year medical students working towards getting your first set of scrubs. You are placed in a hospital where you must diagnose and treat a wide range of infectious and non infectious diseases! Before you do this though, you must be familiar with the scientific medical content in case you misdiagnose your patient or give them the wrong treatment. In these 10 weeks you will learn a lot about your own bodies and what can happen if something interferes with its normal functioning. You will become familiar with the organ systems that work together to keep you healthy and what symptoms your patients may exhibit if these organ systems were to fail. This is important for future doctors so that they can identify something as ‘diseased’ or ‘healthy’ and treat it immediately to improve patient outcomes. Finally, you will discover how the body responds to changes in the environment and how your immune system works to fight disease. In order to get your scrubs you must complete the entire program in 10 weeks with the help of your teacher and peers Essential Questions What is the role of the body systems in providing cells with requirements for life? ‘What are some responses of the human body to infectious and non-infectious, diseases? What are some of the major causes of human disease? How does our body protect itself from disease? How do vaccinations work? How have developments in technology advanced our biological understanding? How does the health of society drive scientific research and gov expenditure? Whatare the advantages and disadvantages of the use and applications of biotechnology. Scanned with CamScanner| t i } 1.2.1 Each system has a job hange materials with 4, 1e systems excl : , ‘own function. Som a cach yton amu gars 8 8 are ae rove , enaleonen, og gee stem pt0y Sh id some are involved in coordination, e.g, external environment, e. Fespiratory sy See eae oeicee ae ruin the cardiovascular system for the supply and removg, , ter, nervous system and endocrine sys follows. substances. Multicellular organisms are organised as fol fom, Organ systems ™, riscues fom, Specialised cells ™, Tissues "> Organs ur main types of tissue Tissues are groups of cells with a common structure and function. ies a pee pes fi ou epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue and nervous tissue. Som found in different organs. Tissue layers of the stomach The stomach is an organ with tissues arranged in layers with an epithelial layer lining the inside of the stomach, a connective tissue layer containing blood vessels and nerves underneath this layer, @ muscle layer underneath and a final thin layer of connective and epithelial tissue on the outside of the organ. The epithelium lining of the stomach has ‘deep pits that form gastric glands which Secrete mucus, hydrochloric acid and digestive enzymes, Epithelial layer Connective tissue with nerves and blood vessels ‘Smooth muscle layer Connective tissue and epithelial tissue 4-21.11 What ar the four main types of tissues? 1.2.1.2 Which organ systems Contain these organstissues @ Heart... ©) Stomach eee er » ve () Skeletal muscle . ee © — Lymph node eae p © Kidneys p Lines Ovaries/testes Scanned with CamScanner1.2 systems working together 1.2.1.4 Complete the table to summarise the parts and functions of the different systems. Be Nervous Endocrine Cras Feature ‘Main parts ‘Main functions Peeeo no g eee re Scanned with CamScannerer Emo ronan ater Scienen o--- Scanned with CamScanner“the functioning of the parasympathetic nervous system: «+ increases blood flow to the digestive tract, ates the salivary glands and increases the rate of + stra peristalsis, in suppor of digestion | «+ rediyces the diameter of the bronchioles when there isa wri reduced need for oxygen mroenie + controlsthe heartbeat inthe kn «+ contracts the muscles of the eye and reduces the | Gaameter ofthe pupil 0 allow close vision ee aaah Figure 71.1 shows how the pars of the human nervous nee mtr 7 OM —™ pen system relate to one another. hypomaianvs el seme a sweat, Begin to ands — “sweat (etecten Cconainenous __[Peupharal novo syste ‘tem xs) (ENS) This tiulis-respanse diagram represents your body's reaction tabeing too ho. Sorat nervous) T Within the spinal cord, a relay neurone passes the message directly to a motor neurone, which sends impulses tothe [Sarge] [Faaameahee] arm muscles, which are the effectors. The arm muscles ‘penous enous contract, lifting your hand away from the hot object. A message is sent tothe brain shorty afterwards, Only then can the brain register pain. The nerve pathway operating in “Te relationship between diferent parts ofthe human reflex action is called a reflex are Figure 7.1.16 shows an example of reflex arc. Most reflex actions involve only 2 few neurones and are therefore wery rapid, sponding t stimuli ©@ ‘A simple model of our nervous system is stimalus- | response model. Receptors stimulate the sensory nerves. The sensory nerves senda message tothe brain The brain works out the response that is required, then sends & ‘message along motor nerves to the effectors—the muscles " eee rere ‘or lands that wil pu the response into effect. Figure7.1.15 a ey nea provides an example, sereorynerone Reflex actions: a rapid response moter nue -_ j}~ If you touch something hot or sharp, you automatically ( J ‘ — be pull yourhand away. Arm muscles that arenormally under |) = | yourvlunarycontolreact very fast without waiting or No | instructions from the brain. This action, called a reflex ew gpa co action, protects your body from danger, Consider whet happens when you touch ahot object. Receptors detect | the temperature of your skin. This activates asensory “hello ve allows yu ta ea ery apy rast ‘neurone, which sends nerve impulses to the spinal cord, your body tram harm. Body coordination 234 Scanned with CamScanner —The eye Most people rely heavil watch TV, to view a cor is the organ of sight, 'y on sight to find out about their environmen >mputer monitor, to col "= to See what is around us, to read, llect and cook food, an ‘to find our way around outside. The eye Parts of the human eye and their function Sen en | Conjunctiva Thin lea tissue which covers the inner surface ofthe eyelids and the front of the eg, fats and water. Skin is made up of three layers ~ the cuter epidermis, the dermis and the subcutaneous fat layer. Nerve endings that respond to heat and cold, touch and pressure are inthe dermis. The dermis also contains blood vessels, oil glands and sweat glands. ‘There are several types of sensory receptors in the skin to detect pain, heat, cold, light touch, strong pressure and hair movement. Pain receptors have free nerve endings and are found near the surface. Touch receptors are found in both the eidermis top layer and deeper inthe dermis, Thermoreceptors detect changes in tem, ach type of receptor only detects one type of: body — some parts have more receptors than ot perature, Usually stimulus. Touch receptors are not evenly distributed over te thers and are thus more sensitive, 9. lps and fingertips, 1.3.1,13 List some functions of skin, 1-31.14 Label areas A, B and C on the cross-section of skin which shows types of receptors, Hair Pain Light touch Heat Strong Hair Connective Pressure movement, Nerve tissue 1.3, 3-1-1 Complete the sentences Using the following words, epidermis, thermoreceptors, @ &) Chap Scanned with CamScanner1.3.1.16 Gomplete the table to summarise the ve senso organs oe eed Rey Diagram pte n ecm dy Systems Scanned with CamScannerReaction time GE = pil Aim: To measure your reaction time in response to sight Materials: = metre ruler ‘Method: Work in pairs. One will be the tester, the other the subject, and then you con reverse roles, * the tester will drop a ruler through the space between the subject's thumb and fingers, Make sure the subject keeps her thumb 5 cm from her fingers before each drop. Keep the zero end of the ruler level with the top of the subject's thumb, © the subject will try to catch it as quickly as she can, * record the distance that the ruler fell before it was caught (Table 1 below). The distance the ruler fell is called the reaction distance. This is how much of the ruler fell through your fingers before you caught it. a = © repeat this another 2 times, and find the average distance A (Table 1). ‘* estimate and reaction times using the conversion data in Table 2, The reaction time is the time it takes the nerve impulse to — travel along the nerve between your eye and your hand, a toster distance * record the reaction times in Table 1, Table 1: Reaction distances and times, Trial 4 Trial 2 Trial 3 Average Reaction distance (cm) Scanned with CamScannerReaction distance (em) 5 Reaction time (seconds) a 010 014 5 017 20 020 25 022 30 024 3 : 026 ’ 028 - 030 50 032 swap jobs s0 that the other person becomes the subject. «compare the reaction times of the members in the group. «write your average reaction time on the beard for class analysis, Questions: beseribe what goes on in the body during the reaction tie, Drow a diagram to illustrate your description. Scanned with CamScannerKEY WORDS: Reaction time. Average, Students were measuring the reaction times of people of different ages, A ruler was dropped in front of each person and they had to catch it. Each person did this three times, and their average reaction time was worked out, Here are the results, Average Reaction Time for People of Different ‘Ages oa A + 4 022 4. anf go2 _ 5 8 On | " t Sort . 0, i TI $016 Cot 8 | ° Borate Js. Ll oa 4 (eet ' COPE rr Z 7 | CE Er a er ‘Age in years ©) What is the average reaction time for the person who is 40 years old? b) What is the ‘age of the person who has an average reaction time of .12 seconds? Su sey about a person's average reaction time 4s they rage reaction time for each person? Scanned with CamScanner ter tic pe tp ne fiFast control! tem has an important role in the ervous 53 Seoeination ‘end control of your body. Messages eLos: From ceceptor cols fe transmitted along nerves to the | Witsanary crm whete they are processed and a | Mote vos am ho soot 0 story of sclonco. cental nervous js initiated inds to bring about a response. tem is composed of the central {the bain and spinal cord) and the ym (the nerves that connect the , Messages then pass along nerves | °P2M'8oyetearch sbout ho brain ier 73 system nervous syste nervous 8) 1 periph system to the rest of the body). Once nore se T nes have detected 2 stimulus, information recep atimuls inthe form of electrical impulses rane signals) passes api from the vy and along the peripheral nervous eee he cena ners stem. These elect | impulses travel through the nervous system via neurons {ia known a nee cll), Neurons grouped together forinanerve. Mate are tree diferent types of neurons: sensory neurons, which carry the impulse generated by the tls to the central nervous system; intereurons, epic then carry the impulse through the central mpus sytem: and motor neurons, which take the Deve Denbranch impulse to effectors such as muscles oF glands. The brant response fom these effectors depends on the orginal ‘figulus For example, ifyou put your hand on the Sensory hotplate of a stove, the response is for your arm mare andes to move your hand away from the hotplate of a neuron ‘A neuron is a long cell with the following features: « acell body containing a nucleus. It supplies enerey and nutrients for the activity of the neuron. + dendrites, fine branches that extend cell and receive Axon insulates tho axon. Specaptorinthe shin produces tne signal tween the s8ns07n8U77, Scanned with CamScanner* an axon, which isa long structure through which the mere impulse passes along, There are axon branches atthe end of the axon. The axon is 4 electrically insulated by a sheath or covering made of myelin, Nerve impulses travel along a neuron in one direction only — from dendrite to axon branch, Passing the message on Nerve impulses need to be passed on from one neuron to another. This happens at the synapse, the junction berween two nerve cells There are also ‘ymapses where neurons connect to efector organs. ‘When an impulse reaches the exon terminals of 3 neuron, it causes chemical compounds called ‘neurotransmitters to be released into the synaptic clef the gap between the axon terminal and the sell tha the message needs tobe pasted along to. ‘The neurotransmitter locks onto receptors in the ‘membrane of the cell on the other side of the synapse and this causes the cell to fie. Thus, each impulse is assed on from one neuron tothe next until it ‘ventually ends at a muscle or gland, which, in Fae tsPonds, While the impulse travels, it changes from an cecal message (within the neuron) tee chemical message across synapses, then back to cy clectrical message again in the next neuron, Many substances including alcohol, some Painkillers, drugs such as heroin and canny some medicines prescribed to treat depression and affect ages pass from one nerve cell to the way in which mess another, Axon of ‘sending’ nauron Mitochondion Released ‘orotrenamitrs ‘Sending neuron Have you ever had say Po erate ed RAT CMa atest Reb ane eer nae ie ener eet a RSL Me eur a [ed tha Deleon tn HO rea ores eres ay iy ernment rer tr eee een ie ae Racer Watch out! ind thrown in your eyes OF touched something too hott Someting you don't have time to think about how You will feat to a situation. Some actions Need to be carted out very quickly. These Feactions may require on! ly a few neurons The pathvray shown atthe top of the owing page is known asa retoe are, No conscious thought i required for i {Pe of action. The impulse follows « died ane OM the receptor to the effector Scanned with CamScannerMany means what 1s gol recep! — eur % Voluntary responses ry. This responses which We make to outside, dire voluntal c the brain = what action to take and that we are ———+ ing on. In a voluntary response, the stimulus is ——-—~ by sors which send a about it along sensory neurones to ‘the ‘The brain decides on a response and a, is sent along motor ‘ones to the appropriate, Scanned with CamScannerdn >prd “uoyepeg "wae ‘Gupumys of aB0ssaW dn payoid 51 2400 oor ay “asuodsau ‘p psnoo ‘sajasmu wo “sor2ag39 24) “ouyas Sayyags 4467] . 240u 9OTS D 395 NOK asuodsay Aunjunjo, Scanned with CamScanner1.5 Responses 1.3.3 Reflex ares rave yout hardy knee ese fr the kn? Do you ump when you oa aloud nol? Ever a cg pampering ; reflex is an immediate automatic motor response to a specific stimulus. Arefiex s ‘Pinal cord or the lower brain. At the same time the information is sent to the onscious brain but you only realise you have carried out the response - ater it happens! A reflex arc is the sonous pathway for SUCH a response, 1.3.3.1 The diagram shows five steps in a reflex arc. Use the following sentences to fin the notes for each step, putting them in the correct order. Effector carries out response Impulse travels long motor neuron | CNS processes information Receptor detects stimulus Impulse travels along sensory neuron Step 1 Message sent vo the brain Receptor Stimulus Se \ step 5 Effector | 1.3.3.2 Define reflex. E ‘Chapter 1 Body Systems Scanned with CamScanner