Let’s get these scrubs! Scanned with CamScannerthway. flex action write the reflex arc pall 1.3.3.4 For each example of ar ‘A bright light shines in your eye and the pupil gets smaller. You stand on a pin and jump up. ‘An odd odour irritates your nose and makes you sneeze Your hand touches a hot plate and you pull your hand away. When sitting with one leg crossed ‘over the other and the tendon below the kneecap is tapped, the leg swings forward. The hypothalamus in the brain detects low body temperature and messages skeletal muscles to start shivering to produce heat in respiration. j 1.3.3.5 Study the drawings. @ Which drawing shows a reflex arc? y shows a conscious, not: automatic response? Scanned with CamScannerWhat is the Endocrine System? Although we rarely think about them, t! the hormones they secrete aie ae ony ae system ond function of our bodies, As the body's chemical oe = |, organ, and transfer information and instructions from one set of 9 a hormones regulate our mood, growth and development, tissue ae ee They sexual function, and in women they support pregnancy and |, metabolism, an reproductive processes. yand ether Use the diagram below to make identify the locations of the glands on the next sheet The Endocrine System Scanned with CamScannerScanned with CamScanner“auo yea jo suondysap pue sjaqe| ppy *Apog Aydwa 3y} ul UONISOd 3934209 ay} Ul WAY} 919s pue spue|s pue suesso0 34} No ynD, Via The endocrine system Scanned with CamScanner‘ ad effects of glands and hormones pituitary gland pituitary gland testes Scanned with CamScanner13 pesponses 1.3-4 Endocrine responses lands are ductless glands that release hormones directly into the blood. Most endocrine glands ternal conditions, e.g. water balance in the body, glucose levels, salt regulation and protein ‘ones also control growth, development and reproduction. The hormone binds with the target cell which in turn changes the activity within the cell. Hormones are only secreted in ine ok Endocrine contro! the int synthesis. Hor jor on thet recept is and are broken down in the liver to be excreted from the kidneys. ‘gmail amount Endocrine | lm gg > > Response | seimuls > (ey ee aacegtr | sor protein Hormone Bload or target cell =e vessel Glycogen [Eamets | Srbokdown, ghucose | ‘owbiood p> Paneeas secretes Liver ——p> EOE, gue glucagon @ oes 1.3.4.1 Use the internet, school library and journals to find out about each of the following endocrine glands and the hormones they produce. Endocrine Pe PSE ace iad Function of hormone Human growth hormone (HGH) Stimulates water to be reabsorbed for water balance. Pituitary Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) Stimulates the thyroid gland. Thyroxine Calcitonin Fight or flight - raises blood glucose level, quickens Adrenals heartbeat, constricts some blood vessels. Cortisone Ponce Lowers blood glucose level. Glucagon | Ovaries Promotes growth of the lining of uterus. Male sexual development and sexual activity Scanned with CamScannerConieref- Gall arco. eA POMAIMAL UAEE odth beprean pibraticy gl ye Bwcty aand bath ‘ tthalaves mantel rs cher Meet rorenss urbut Hypothalamus 1.3.4.2 The diagram shows I> Sendsnerve impulse Releases hormones the pituitary gland and Some of its hormones, ao Reopen a % Adrenals, Pituitary Antidiuretic hormone, Kid, Re en yA (ADH) Bones, muscle, other tissue ‘hyroid-stimulating hormone oe fa) ‘Some peo; s ple suffer from gigantism while othe invote tet om ag other people suffer from dwarfism. What hormones Scanned with CamScanner3.4.3 Complete the table to compare nervous and endo erin ecu Cells of system control. Nee eed Target cell Duration of action Scanned with CamScannera Hormones are Chemical Messengers sent in the Blog, 10 other parts o . . &) hey pt he Hon linda (enowinn gone) ahown on tho dog Hiouls 08s. 4) Thoy travel all ovor the body but only affoot parlloular ole in parfioular plo 5) They travel at “the speed of blood". 8) They have long-lasting effects, 7) They control things that need ‘Senstont odjuatmont, Hormones ... ms i which travel in the blood ‘aotivate target celle to.a0t at calle, Those tend 40 control Produces adrenal other glands, ac a rule. adrenaline which prepares the body with i, well known fight or fy [Panaress | ‘reaction: Prodan peut blood euge, Produoes ulin for the ‘nareased thing ate con “ (if you're doing AQA it shartion Of blood from stn ‘0 preducne luoazon). ‘muscles. [Ovaries — females only Produoe oestrogen which 4 tes alll female testosterone which tecondary sect promotes all mal ny characteristios during reel characteristics ot puberty: Puberty: 1) Extra hale in places, 1) Extra hair in places. 2) Changes in bo 2) Changes in body proportions. 4 ptoportions. 8) Egg production, 9) Sperm production, t th Differ Nerves: 1) very fast - . 2) hl for very ert in, Hormones: 7 Slower message, ‘Act on a very ; 2) Act for a 2. 8) Act in a moro goneral wa 4) orm reaction. 3) 4) lmmediate recotion, nk Fe Hi Scanned with CamScannerHomeostasis aad Nn) ys and endocrine Systems exert the ultimate control over PINAL ‘The nervol en esac homeostasis because they coordinate the functions ofthe body's ystems. Four examples of homeostasis include regulation of body temperature, blood pressure, pi and glucose concentration, ample of Homeostasis: blood sugar ody parts involved: Blood, pancreas, ver {take sugar from blood and stores it in iver as glycogen) Hormones: Insulin ugar (glycogen back into the blood stream) Glucagon(releases s! gar Increase. ‘After we eat our blood su takes out need to be keep in a normal range 4-8me/L. blood and produces insulin whch the pancreas detect the rise in sugar in our igar and stores it in our liver as alycogen- iver for 2 days before itis turned into fatto make way or sugar levels Receptors in the excess SU! This sugar will stay in the |i ceptors in the pancreas release glucagon When your blood sugar gets too few (thargy ow re i ‘of sugar ( from the liver back into the blood stream. signals the release ‘This is constantly occurring in Your ody to ensure your body keeps regular UES” levels. er: insulin lowers blood sugar Jevels and glucagon raises blood sugar levels. REMEMBI wns ‘Activity: fo ue play Endocrine Ed. Can YO ae blood sugar regular? 7 ttps r ey nts ore sogames | ee Scanned with CamScannerControlling Our Body Temperature ‘work best ala certain temperature. The enzymes in the human body work best at about 37°C, All ym¢ eee aea {warm end foasty 27°C your body dovs these thinge: To keep your enzymes ai When you're too When you're too gold your body shivers hot you produoo (increasing your sweat which cools metabolism) 10 you down. produce heat, 1) There is « thermoregulatory centre In the brain which acts as your own personal jhormostat. 2) Ht contains receptors that are sensitive to the blood temperature in the brain. 1m the skin. 8) The thermoregulatory (there's that long word again) ooftre also recoives Impulees fro 4) These impulses provide Information about skin temperature. The Skin has Three Tricks for Altering Body Temperature b fos and sends nervous Impulges to the skin. When you're TOO COLD: 1) Haire stand on end to keep you warm. 2) No sweat is produced. 4) The blood supply to the skin closes off. hairs erect | [Blood supply shut off u're TOO HOT: 1) Hairs lie flat. 2) Sweat is produced which evaporates to cool you down. 8) The blood supply to the skin opens up to release body heat. Scanned with CamScannerHomeostasis What does the word homeostasis mean? —— ee ur bodies have to keep three important matters balanced, they are: Too hot/ Too cold! Explain what happens to your body when you get too hot: Fill in the gaps using the words: increase, decrease, 37 Too Hot pone ‘Sweating, hairs lie lat, and increased blood flow to the skin leads to a in temperature Negative feedback Core temperature 0 c In temperature Scanned with CamScannerred? ‘e be measul the core body temperatur How can th Ss Very high and very low temperature: Ifyou get too cold you can develop Ifyou get too hot you can develop hormone diabetes blood food levels insulin Some people suffer from a disease called d enough of a h called i called the p, ‘——_—___. They do not produce from the organ in the body ———— Insulin controls the b, levels, ————— themselves with the there blood sugar | Scanned with CamScanner1 Define the following terms: homeostasi i feedback, positive feedback. ee 2 In hot weather outline what happens to: (a) the capillaries near the skin. (b) the sweat glands. 3 Identify the hormone that is released when: (a) an increase in blood sugar levels is detected. (b) a decrease in blood sugar is detected. Define and give an example of the following words: a. stimulus [1 mark] b chemoreceptor {1 mark] U1 mark) ¢ response. Scanned with CamScanner6.3 Unit review Remembering + Usuintee pes of receptors found in the shin, 2 ‘Name yoo parts ot the autonome netsuus ayatem, & fame the types actin thatthe gt ald ofthe brain haw more contel mee ‘Recall the functions of the cerebrum. © ame the pat ofthe nervous sytem hat eauses rggtarwes hot wccur your body when you ere hightened. Understanding © Gating ihe diterenes betwen a weep anda imulus, 7 Explain hy an injury the tetn ‘Olen alfects the Hight side of th Describe an example ofa yo 8 tivity inside your andy te brain contents mu your abo ® Dever the function of he somate nerauy system, Applyin ig 10 Ue Infurmation fiom the scencetn set ityon Page 235 to iden TY dently the pats ofthe eye able A and cin Figure 6.4.16, & Mdentify he actons in Vigutes, goo Impulse pasa ecw. b Use your knowled; Identify the ettect ge Of stimulus a OF IN thts example, Phy es an apple AN Analysing 19. Contrast the syempenhetic ane ‘nervous rystemns. > beam 2 _ Parosympatee 14 Compare suds and cones, 15 Contrast ihe eyes of people who have with those af people who ae colour pug ily "6 pcm mse dane eg spurt yo ony hate sympatag nee toute paraympathete ne Evaluating G2 17 Propose wh often fata, 18 Propose why many quadriph aralysed from the neck ‘ormal body functions such digestion, severe damage a the neck gion legic patients who are ‘can still mainain 4s breathing and 19 During a medical west called a Pt ‘se solution, eT RORA Faliobotope i tnjected in the patient. Th ope calleets, Deducehow ale $80 Could be used 10 dote mine whether a person ‘ain is functioning normale Creating Gs 2 Canetructa model ofthe semcneuan canalsin Yar cars to demonstrate haw they provide the ae elses Scanned with CamScanner a Arty along thy — " 1Remembering Analysing 4 Recall the term used to describe the cells that respond 10 Cor the way that glucose levels and temperature to hormones. are controlled in the body. 2 Name the hormones that control glucose levels in the 11. Discuss the need for two hormones to control glucose blood. levels in the blood rather than just one. 83 List three endocrine glands and the hormones they . produce. Evaluating ' 412 Use the information in the table below to propose Understanding differences there would bef the data came froma 4. Define the term homeostasis. pexaa wit 5 Describe the relationship between: a atea lot of salty food b__ had been out in the sun for along time a hormones nd the endocrine system © atea large amount of sugar. b_ the pituitary gland and the hypothalamus ¢ antidiuretic hormone and the colour of urine, eas Fon 6 Explain why sweatingis an efficient way for the body to | water 95 lose heat. Glucose on 0 7 a Explain why itis important that your body temperature remains constant. ee 037 ee Describe two involuntary reactions that keep your Urea 0.03) 2 temperature from rising © Describe one involuntary reaction that prevents your body temperature from falling 18. Propose why itis important that glucose is not excreted 14 The changes in hormones in response to an increase Applying in body temperature are described on page 239. The 8 a Identify the endocrine glands labelled A, B and Cin eee ieee pera oe Figure 7.212 cribed. Propose what i ja Menalfy by a Jeneshe paid that okies thie There are no different hormones involved. hormone that controls the concentration of glucose Creating inthe blood, 15 @ Construct sketch-line graph showing the expected changes in your blood glucose levels after eatingsome lollies. b Describe what is causing the glucose levels to change. 16 Construct a flow diagram showing the reaction of your body to fear. Inquiring 1. Find out how epinephrine is used to treat heart attack and allergic reaction. 2 Research the functions of the thyroid gland and the effects of having an overactive or underactive thyroid. Scanned with CamScannerModel feedback system | Purpose | To demonstrate a feedback system, using people | materials | + orinarota | * chairs and desks to create ry | area of the schoo! that subject into | mrocecure eae 1 Workin pairs. One person is the controller and the other is the subject. 2 The subject is blindfolded and follows the course in Tesponse to commands provided by the conttoller. 3 The controller directs the subject as quickly and | _sccurately as possible around the course using only | the commands ‘lef’ or 4. On completing the course, the controller and the subject change position. In this second trial the controller may also use the words forward, ‘back™ and ‘stop’ This represents a more sophisticated form of feedback cussion 4. Propose what is being controlled in this system. 2 a Compare a natural feedback system with this model. b Identify the part represented by the controller, ¢ Identify the part represented by the subject. 3. Compare the success of the feedback system in the first trial with the second trial, when more information was provided to the subject. 4. Assess the model asa representation of a natural feedback system such as temperature control or level of glucose in the blood. a @ changing temperature Girne tatjed usiauia Tominieroivona ie exercise, enough for them to feel hot and possibly Purpose turn red in the face. Toimestiediectictotererieonbodytempenture, 4g NIRS Materia tompertreof te sbjece. Felsen tal 5 Observe and cord any other changes resulting fam Semone Wana theo, data-logging equipment pony could be used for this experiment) * area of the school where students can run ‘Students with health problems may not be ‘able to take part in this experiment Procedure = | 4, Workin pairs. One ponte and te iether | eco nestinenpernue othe sett the | * SSrerineeperinent ote Merete sn ccmpustue by dng thermometer sides bent elbow Mesure thelnteral temperate atthe ou 1g an electronic clinical thermometer, Record all measurements and observations. Discussion 1. Deseribe the changes to the skin temperature during the experiment. 2. Deseribe the changes to the internal body temperature during the experiment. | 3. Compare the changes in skin temperature with the changes in internal body temperature. 4. Describe any other changes that were observed. 5 Propose ways in which these other changes could contribute tothe observed changes in temperature Scanned with CamScannerHuman nervous system The nervous system isa communication system that controls all pats of your body. The human nervous system thas two main parts, as shown in Figure 7.1.1. hange anges cccurin the eyes inthe ight and eat? Collect hs. cen [ = soma! ouch erpheral frome | Rervus Do this... ben Stand infront ofthe mieten @ room with good ligne Lock st your eyes especialy notice the sizeof the punis ‘ese your eyes and cover term gently wth the ark cath. Do rot press on your eyes. Keep your eyes closed for two minutes. Remove the doth end open your eyes. Look inthe miner ermediatey Ctserve the pupits of your eyes. Record this... Descrive wnat happened. Explain why this happened, systern Scanned with CamScanner4 When thenerv impulse reaches the jg : obs ay ‘The two parts ofthe nervous system are: _ tesmcebeneerte my, * the central nervous system (CNS), made up of esac between the neon nay ee i i co igure 7.13. The neurotransmitter guns: gy brain and your spina cord ws)madeupetthe INF on ofenenedrone rater teste * the peripheral nervous system (PNS), ina i from the axc f : * dendrite or a’ ‘erves that carry messages to and from the CNS ané neurone. The dendrite receives the hemicay tthe other parts of your body sends off an electrical signal, ‘The CNS receives information from allover the body a Processes that information, andthe sends out messages ling the boatyhaw to respon Nerve cells ‘enero ystems made up ot tillons ofnerve cls terre et: Neurones caryletical messages ealed Terenas. rom on partofyour body te arather at ao etd. These nerve inputes can unl only one direction, ‘Svoucan seein Figure7.12, ‘neurone has four main tod cel body dendrites nobeandan ‘axon. The cell Smits the nucleus, whichis the contr centre of the cell, The a clireetion—away ftom the cll Ath See the letra sign Thesant obs hemesogeon rt neurone SIRES chen ged oe ng Tecommen ypesofneuar Stool signal again, msi motor: Eten CY messages from the CNS ‘Seffectors. Effector are muy bunesot nave tie nerve tes, Fim tata tar es pee erase Main neurones covered in rane le gey mater ain Scanned with CamScanner made up mainlyThe Nervous System Complete The Nervous System activity in Education Perfect. Identify the organs that are part of the: central Nervous system Peripheral Nervous system are groups of specialised cells. They can detect changes in the environment, called stimuli, and turn them into electrical impulses. Receptors are often located in the sense organs such as the ear, eye and skin. ceut, a nerve impuise 1 a message tnat travels a10ng, nerve cells as a progressive wave of electrical and Eye Photoreceptrs inthe retina ofthe eye detect light. Th ennotdetecteolaur, chemical activity. The message eventually reaches the ype operant ods and cones. od eniy ow ight is needed to tigger aoe impulse romrod central ne teeeperaiey tall Cones ara involved colour vision. Inhumans cone cet url nervous eter (the spine and bela}. respond to bua ed and green ight respectively Nose Molecules of gas, nclusing those that causo odour (smell eter ‘natal evi of yournose when you breathe in, Tore they disoivein ‘the rmucus and cause th ea ofthe chemoreceptor generate ae impulses that ae sont bain along the olfactory nave Sounds cause vibrations in detected inthe “Tha impulses generated bythe mechanorecoptors ‘naval along the auditory nerve tothe bin tobe itorproted. ‘ther msctanoreceptor tho semicircular tof your {sense of balance Skin ‘he skin contains mechanoreceptors at detec vitrtion pressure, {ouch and pain, Touch and pressure receptors ara stimulated by {compression of tho skin, Theroreceptors inthe skin detect heat, le Scanned with CamScanner