TRC 1 83-1982 STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS AND CODE .OF PRACTICE FOR ROAD BRIDGES A SECTION : IX BEARINGS PART I: METALLIC BEARINGS THE INDIAN ROADS CONGRESS 1994ee IRC: 83-1982 i STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS i AND CODE OF PRACTICE FOR ROAD BRIDGES SECTION : IX BEARINGS PART I: METALLIC BEARINGS | Published by THE INDIAN ROADS CONGRESS ‘Jamnagar Honse, Shabjaban Road, ‘New Deihi-110 011 1994 Price Ra. B00 36 (Pius packing & portage)TRC: 83-1982 IRC: $3-1982- First published ; December 1982 Reprinted : June 1990 Reprinted: April 1994 CONTENTS Section IX : Bearings Part I: Metallic Bearings Clause No. Page Introduction ol 900 Scope a 901 Definitions : 2 902 Typical Cross Sections of Bearings 6 903 Special Requirements 6 ' 904 Materials and Specifications 8 (Rights of Publication and Translation are reserved) 905 Loads and Forces ” 9 906 Basic Permissible Stresses in Stee! 9 907 Considerations nw 908 Workmanship and Tolerances 8 909 Testing id 910 Placing and Positioning the Bearings 19) ' ou Inspection, Maintenance and Replacement of Bearings =) APPENDICES L Zero Movement Point (ZMP) al 2 Horizontal Forces at the Bearings as Printed at Sagar Printers & Publishers, New Dethi-110 003, 3. Permissible Stresses in Steel aaIRC : 83-1982 BEARINGS Part I: METALLIC BEARINGS. INTRODUCTION The Subcommittee for preparing Standard Speciscations ane Code of Practice for Bridge Bearings and Expansion Joiots drafted and finalised a Code of Practice for the Metallic. Bearings on Road Bridges in their meeting held on the 22nd November, 1975 (personnel given below) : TN, Sat AD. Nar Convenor Member Secretary senee na 3. Ramaswamy 9 Sohason Victor rector General (Road Development) & Addl, PigSreary to tn Govt of tale acon ‘The Bridges Committee later considered and approved the said draft in their meetings held on the 12th and 13th February and 6th March, 1981. Later on the finalised draft was again circulated to the Bridges Committee on the 3rd/6th Octaber, 1981, Comments received were discussed by the Bridges Committee and the draft was finalised in their meeting held at Amritsar on the 29th & 30th December, 1981. Later the Code of Practice was approved by the Executive Committee and the Council in their meetings held on the 12th February and 13th May, 1982 respectively. This Specification and Code of Ptactice is being brought ou: in four parts. Part I deals with Metallic Bearings, Part II with Elastomer Bearings, Part III with TFE Bearings, and Part IV with Expansion Joints. The clauses relating to Part I of this Code Bridges Committee are being presented here to guideline to both the design and construction en; is a technology where form: are few and tentative, the eers since this continually developing design rules 1IRC 83.1982 ‘The clauses relating to Part Il, Part 111 and Part IV are under ‘various stages of consideration and Would be published as and when finalised, ‘The provisions of this Code shall supersede the follow- ing clauses of IRC : 24-1967, “Standard Specifications and Code of Practice for Road Bridges, Section V : Steel Road Bridges.”” ‘Clause Nos, $02.10, $04.7, $04.8, 304, 505,11.5 and 508.10, Appendix-I, 8.N ilving reference to clause No. 564. 900, SCOPE This Code deals with the design, manufacture, testing posi- tioning and maintenance of Metallic Bearings on road bridges. The provisiorls of this Code are meant to serve a8 a guide to both the construction engine ‘compliance with the provisions is stipulated herein will not relieve them in any way of their responsibility for the stability and soundness of the structure detigned and erected. 501, DEFINITIONS ng the purpose of this Code, the following definitions shall apply : 901.1, Bearings The the bridge structure which bears directly all the forces fom the structure above and transmits the same to the supporting structure. 901.2 Sliding Bearing ‘A. type of bearing where sliding movement is permitted between to vrtacen, Fig. . 901.3, Rocker Bearing A.type of bearing where no_ sliding movement is permitted but which allows rotational movement, Fig. 2. 901.4, Silding-com-Rocker Bearing ‘A.type of bearing where, in addition to the sliding movement type ring i either the top or bottom jed with suitable curvature to-permit rotation, IRC: 83.1982 Guive Luss ANCHOR BOLTS: BEARING AXIS ANCHOR sours Fig. 1. Sliding bearing OF ROCKER PINS, ROCKER PLATE — BEARING AXIS oo 4 Fig. 2, Rocker bearing 3aIRC : 83-1982 901.5. Roller-cum-Rocker Bearing A type of bearing which permits longitudinal m rolling and simultaneously allows roti 3and 6. jent_by jonal movement, Figs. CF nocKER Pi ‘Tor nooKen PLATE ‘SADDLE PLATE eorrou mare AMeNOR wOLrs twos ROLLER (stOMENTAL) Mt peARN AxtS Fig.3.. Roller rocker beari (with segmental roller) 901.6. Top Plate ‘A plate which is attached to the underside of the structu and whigh transmits all the forces from it to the other members of the bearing. 901.7. Sadat Plate A plate which is positioned between the t te relies. ae oe 4 901.8. Roller A part of bearing which rolls between. a top plate and a bottom plate, or between a saddle plate and a bottom plate. The roller may either cylindrical or segmental. 901.9. Bottom Plate ‘A plate which rests on the supporting structure and transmits forces from the bearing to the supporting structure. 901.10, Knuckle Pin A cylindrical pin provided between recesses of the top and bottom parts of a bearing for arresting ‘relative sliding movement of the top and bottom parts without restricting rotational move- ment. 901.11. Knuckle ‘A recess in the surface of the bottom|saddle plate or top plate housing a knuckle pin preventing relative movement between wo plates without restricting rotational movement. 901.12. Rocker Pin ‘A.lug on the surface of the ‘bottom :plate or saddle plate which fits into corresponding clear recess made in the top plate to prevent relative movement of the two plates. without restricting rotational movement, Fig. 3. 901.13. Guide {A projection on the surface: of bottom plate, top plate ot saddle plate, which fits into a corresponding clear recess made in the rollers, to maintain their alignment. 901.14, Stopper ‘A projection provided in the bottom plate, to arrest the roller from moving beyond the bottom plate. 901.15. Anchor Bolts ‘A rag bolt or ordinary bolt anchoring, the top and bottom plates to the structure. 5IRC: 93-1982 901.16, Spacer Bar ‘A bar loosely fixed at each end of a roller assembly for connecting the individual rollers i sonnecing the Jadivigua) rollers jn a nest ‘and to facilitate move- 901.17. Free Support/Free Bearing A support/bearing which permits the fr a nc aapor ening bic permis th free relative movement 901.18, Fixed Support/Fixed Bearing A mupport/bearing which prevents the translat sa edt tuppoe[easng which prevents the yranslational movement 901.19. Bearing Axis ‘The symmetrical axis of the bearing. 901,20. Effective Displacement ‘The total relative movement betw« it Seen ma jeen the structures in contact "a. AeA ROR STONE OF 1 eS Re See ie ‘THE BEARINGS ARE INDICATED IN FIGS. wee TOP PLATE t Fig. 4. Kouckle.cum-roller bearing. ‘Note : For seismic zones refer Fig. 8 of IRC: 6 (printed in 1961) Standard Specifications and Code of Practice for Road Bridges, Sectlon-II— Loads and Stresses 6 IRC: #31982 903, SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS 903.1. For Seismic Areas (Zone 1V and V only) ‘The roller and rocker bearing components shall have suitable bearing guides to prevent them from being displaced during carthauakes. ‘The components ‘shall allow for movements a8 calcul 903.2, Skew Bridges 03.2.1. For bridges with skew angle less than 20°: The bearings to’be provided shall be placed at right angles to the Iongi- tudinal axis of the bridge. 903.2.2.. For bridges with skew angle more than 20° or wide bridges t The bearings shall be placed-parallel to the supports and petmit sliding at both supports. 903.2.3. For bridges with skew angle more than 20° and skew Tength along the skew more than 10 metres 903.2.3.1. Fixed bearings : Bearings which allow for rotation slong one axis only are generally not, suitable. As the axis of Menon and the. direction of longitudinal: movement are not Ferpendicular, bearings that allow for rotation. in any direction PeUR'be used at the fixed end. The Sxed bearings provided shall preferably be located at the obtuse corner of the bridge. 903.2.3.2. Free bearings : The bearings shall allow move- ‘ment cum fotation in any direction at the free supports. 903.3. Curved Bridges 903.3.1. Bearings that allow for movement, cum rotation in any direction shall be used. 903.4. Curved and Skew Bridges For curved and skew bridges where the distance of the bearings from the "Zero Movement Point’ (see Appendix 1) exceeds Pear We location, placement and type of bearings. used shall admit resultant movement cum rotation. 903.5. Bearings over Abutment 903.5.1. If roller, bearings are provided over abutments, of end: spana,_ they shall be eylinderical rollers. ‘Additional length of fase plate shall also be provided to cater for the large movements over the abutments. .IRC: 89.1982 903.6, Submersible Bridges/Bridges in Aggressive Environments In aggressive environment or for submersible bridges metallic bearings shall be of special steel which dogs not corrode. 904, MATERIALS AND SPECIFICATIONS 904.1. Mild Steel and Forged Steel 904.1.1. The mild steel to be used for the components of the bearings shall comply with the following Indian Standards : © For atl components not requcing welding and such components uring” welding” but oot exceeding 20 mm In thickness — 1: 226 ‘Stfucurs Stel (Sundard Quality) (i!) For all components exceeding 20 mm but not more than $0 mm in Teauiriag welding eg. balding Up of the required thick- Bua WSi000t. Sion! Sie) (tabs Weldog Guu) (iy or at components exceeding $0 mm in thcknet rearing weling hou Content for fuck histat shal be sacerained and suitable welding procedure ike pre-fetig, es of fow hydrogen tsrodes adopted ther approval forging to be used for the comy aga shall somply wis Clase 3, 3A or dof Ise 187s a ‘steel forgings shall comply with Cl: }, 3A or 4 of IS: 2004. 904.1.3. All slabs should be normalised after forging. If welding is involved, and if the 9s are more than 20 mm thick, preheating of the slab upto 200°C should be done. 904.2, High Tenatle Steet High Tensile steel for bearings shall comply with 1S: 961. 904.3. Stainless Steet 1 be austenitic Chromium-nickel. steel, The stainless steel shall ails Chromunenicia properties/Grade for specified by the accepting authority but in ‘no.case be inferior to mild steel. 904.4, Cast Steet 4.1. Cast steel used in bearings shall conform to Grade 40.57 'of 18 1080 Specieaton of sie! casting for General Ragine- ering purposes, IRC: 83-1912 904.42. The steel shall be heat-treated to obtain a Brinell Hardness Number ranging from 160 to 180. 04.4.3. The cast steel components having thickness exceed- ing 200mm shall be subjected to ultra-sonic, or any other accepted method of testing for checking the quality of the casting, 904.5. Grey Iron (Meehanite) Castings Grey iron (Mechanite) castings to be used for bearings shall hhave the following minimum properties Minimum ulimate tensile strength... 370 MPa Gi) Modulus of elasticity w= 147000 MPa ii) Brine Hardness 20 iv) Shear strength w= 30 MPa (¥) Compressive strength = 137 MPa The testing shall be as specified in IS: 210, 904.6. Welds Welding of steel conforming to IS: 226 and IS: 2062, shall as per IS: 1084, using electrodes 4s per 1S: 814, stall be 904.7, Lead Sheet The lead sheet shall conform to type. : 405 - General purpose 905, LOADS AND FORCES 905.1. The los considered in di bearings for brid; ince with the requirements of IRC: 6, Horizontal forces at bearing level shall be us given in Appendix 2. 906, BASIC PERMISSIBLE STRESSES IN STEEL 906.1. | The basic permissible stresses in mild steel confor- to IS: 226, IS: 2062; and 1S: 961 shall siven i Appendix 3, ei = 906.2, Basle Permissible Stresses in Cast Steel Other than Rollers The basic permissible stresses for cast stee} shall not exceed the basic permissible stresses for mild steel conforming to 18% a8 specified in Clause 906.1. : ee ae 9IRC: 83-1982 906.3: The basic working pressure shall not exceed : (i) For sliding bearings on contact surface ve SMP A, ti For tackle pin an pherial bearings 00 : » Seajected a z " we 118 MPa 906.4. Basic Permissible Stresses in Grey Iron (Meehanite) Castings The basic permis Castings shall be as spe ible “stresses. in. Grey Tron (Meehanite) ied by the accepting authority. However, : tion the stresses in Grey Tron (Mechanite) castings corresponding to specification given in Clause 904.5 shall be as for mild steel Clause 906.1. 906.5. Basic Permissible Stresses in Stainless Stee! ‘The basic permissible stresses in stainless steel shall be as d by the accepting authority, but in no case less than that for mild steel clause 906.1 . 906.6. Basic Permissible Stresses in Concrete in Contact with Bearings ‘The basic permissible stresses in concrete shall be as specified in IR¢ 906.7, Allowable Working Stresses in Welded Joints 906.7.1. The allowable working stress shall be based on the following stresses jy Butt Welds — Stresses in butt welds shall not exeped those permitted Bathe parent metal. Butt welds shall be treated a8 parent metal to the throat thickness, ‘with a thickness ‘iy Bier Welds — The permissible stressin Gilet welds based on its throat afea shall be f10 MPa, ip Plog Welds — The permissible shear stress on plug welds shall be 110 MPa, 906.7.2. Where welds are not subjected to radiographic or any other equally effective methods of testing. but the accepting ity ise satisfied with the quality'of work, the allo Sble working stress specified: in Clause 906.7.1. shall be multi- plied by a factor of 2/3. 10 IRC: 83-1982 906.8. Allowable Worki Allorable Working Loads on Cylindrical Roller 906.8.1, Cylindrical rollers on flat surfaces: The working lond per unit length of roller shall be : ae (®) For mild steel (0 Single and double rollers 8 4. per mm of length (i) Three or more rollers $d,N per mm of length (@) For high teoie seat (b Single and double rollers 10 du per mm of length (i) Three or more rollers 7 diN per mm of length Where ds the dlameter of the roller io mm 906.8.2, Cylindrical rollers on curved working ioud per'anit length offoller shall bee; ne Suowable (0) For mild steel () Single and double rollers 1 8 Tatray Moe mm of length (i) Three or more rollers 1 S qrarcray N oeemm of length Note: For convex surface + ve () For high tense steel () Siogle and double rollers ‘and for cor 10 erat Me mm ot aah Where dy and dy are the di fected a ate ae add 906.8.3, For cylindrleal rollers of grey Iron (meehanite) cast- tugs on Sat ant’ carved erm The owe working ead pet uit length of the rollers shall be calculated. in. necordence with the provisions contained in Clauses 906.8.1(a) and 906.8.2(0) Using the coefficient of 7.0 instead of 8.0 for single or double rolle ‘and 4.5 instead of 5.0 for three or more rollers. ° MWIRC : 83.1982 907. DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS, 907.1. General 907.11. ‘The bearings shall be designed to withstand the maximum vertical reactions and longitudinal force under the most critical combination of loads and forces. Provision shall also be made against any uplift to which the bearings may be subjected under the action of the above forces. 907.1.2. The allowable bearing pressure on the loaded area of a base under a bearing shall be given by Clause 307 of IRC : 21. 907.1:2.1. The loaded area shall be calculated as below : (@ For plates with rocking line of contact the width shall be the available dispersed width (max. dispersion being limited to 2 horizontal to one vertical). and (ii) For plates with rolling lines of contact the width for any particular position shall be the centre to centre distance of outermost rollers plus the available dispersed width beyond the outermost lines of contact (max. dispersion being limited to 2 horizontal to one vertical). 907.1.3. Where the eccentricity of loads and longitudinal forces are considered along with direct compressive forces, the calculated direct bearing stress and the flexural stress, shall satisfy the following equation : where ace, cal'= the calculated direct bearing stress oc = the allowable direct bearing stress as per clause 907.1.2. ‘oc, = the calculated flexural stress ec =the ‘ever is higher. im concrete or ace which 907.2. Rocker and Roller-cum-Rocker Bearings 907.2.1.. Top, saddle and bottom plates 907.2.1.1. The plates shall be symmetrical to the bearing axis. 12 1K + 81982 907.2.1.2. The width of plates shall not be less than either of the following : () 100 mm or (ii) The distance between the centre to centre distance of outermost rollers (where applicable) plus twice the effective displacement during service ot twice the thick- ness of/the plate plus 10mm as margin for error in siting, (The centre to centre distance of outermost rollers if these are two or more. For single roller bear- ings shall be taken as zero), see Fig. 5. 907.2.1.3. The thickness of the plate shall not be less than i) 1/4th the distance between consecutive lines of 907.2.1.4. The thickness of the plate shall also be checked, based on the contact stresses arrived at accounting for the actual width of the plate provided, to satisfy the requirements of struc- tural design and permissible stresses as laid down in Clause 906. 907.2.2, Rollers 907.2.2.1, The imum diameter of roller shall be 75 mm. 907.2.2.2. The ratio of the length of the roller to its diameter shall normally not be more than 6 but not more than 10 ia any case. 907,2.2.3. “The effective contact length with the plate sball be used for arriving at_ the length of the rollers to be used in the formula given in Clause 906.8. 907.2.24 The gap between the rollers shall not be less than 50 mm in case of multiple full rollers. rollers shall be used. In 907.2.2.5. Preferably cylindric ymeter for such rollers shall case segmental rollers are used, exceed 250 mm. BIRC : 851982 MEAN AXIS OF PLATE MAXIMUM SHIFT OF DECKING FROM MEAN POSITION IN ONE DRECTION| DECKING FROM MEAN! POSITION IN OPPOSI MAXIMUM SHIFT S DIRECTION Fig. 5. Maximum shite of top plate and rollers due to movements of deck The minimum width of various plates ing nll Wa of vaso lites hl be acted om thr foe iBiecacietre (21) C424] or (0-1) C424) whichever 100 oF [(n—1) C+2A) or [(n— | wt ve eta apo (2-1) 2a] or (=I). C72) whee pete Nov of voll to toand 4, Fig 3, “ IRC : 83-1982 907.2.2.6. The width of segmental rollers shall be at least. half the diameter of the roller or four times the effective displace- ment of the bearings, whichever is more. 907,2.2.7. The gap between the segmental rollers shall not be less than O.i d, whereas the diameter of the roller. 907.2.2.8. Wherever single segmental roller is used, it shall be provided with vertical guide plate. When two or more segmen- tal rollers are used, necessary provision shall be made to ensure positive rolling action in unison. (A. typical arrangement for a ‘ingle cylindrical roller is indicated in Fig. 6). axcron sour Oye, SHOTINTOP PLATE evunonicaL Rowen PENDULUM oUIDE orrom eLare SLOT IN BOTTOM PLATE 4 Fig. 6. Roller-cum-rocker beariog with slots to gulde movement of roller 907.3, Sliding Bearings 907.3:1. Sliding plate earings alongwith, their components shall be composed of one ‘metal or a combination of different metals which are not likely to result in electrolytic action. How- ever, sliding bearings with mild steel contact shall be avoided. 907.3.2. The top plates shall project on all sides over the 1sIRC: 83-1982 Bottom plate by at least 10 mm for any extreme postion ofthe 907.3.3, The thickness of the plate shall satisfy tl - ments of sirictural design and permissible streses lee’ dota’ Clause 906 and 907.2.1.5, but shall not be less than 12 mm, 907.4. Miscellaneous Components , 907.4.1. Design of knuckle : The knuckle pins shall designed as to be safe in bearing and resist the hofzonttl abees dec to the maximum longitudinal forces acting on the beating. The permissible bearing stress shall be limit al Berminible bearing e limited to the value specified in 9074.2, Rocker pi Pins a oe anes force fit in Gre saddle or bottom plate and tolerance to allow for rocking. Ee aoe 907.4.2.2. The rocker pin and th anes AB, The pi 1¢ corresponding recess shall (i) The diameter of the rocker pin ‘d" shall not be less than 16 mm, (ii) The pin shall be force ft to a depth of 0.5 d, (il) The pin sal project 0.$d and have & taper in the projecte portion (o accommodate the rotation of the sractue, °* Proeted (Gv) The diameter of the corresponding recess shall be ? Tyan whishover is foe seed ee ee (¥) The minimum clearance above the top_sutfa (©) The minimum ‘above the top surface of the rocker pin 907.4.3, Spacer bars: To ensure movement of multiple rollers in unison, spacer bars may be provided but the e shall be such that the rollers can rotate freely, Fig. 30 nee™e™t 907.4.4., Guide lugs and grooves 907.4.4.1, To prevent transverse displacement of the bearing components suitable guide lugs in plates with grooves shall be provided. eee 16 IRC: 83192 907.4.4.2. ‘The guide lugs and the correspon shall satisfy the following t {y The numberof guides and lugs shall be 2for each ctse and _ineres- a ted to 3 where the ratio of roller length to diameter exceeds (li) The width ‘8 of the lug shall not be less than 10 mm, (it) The guide lug shall be force ft to a depth of 0.5. iv) The guide lug shall project 0.5 5. (¥) The corresoonding groove sall havea clearance of 1.00 mm onthe be sides and top of the guide lug. grooves 907.4,5. Stoppers : To prevent a train of rollers from roll- ing off the bottom plate, suitable stoppers shall be provided. 907.4.6. Anchor bolts 907.4.6.1. The top and bottom plates shall be suitably anchored to the girder and the pier cap or pedestals by means of anchor bolts. 907.4.6.2, The anchor bolts shall be designed to resist the maximum horizontal force acting on the bearing. 907.4.6.3. The length of the anchor bolts may be kept equal to its diameter subject to a minimum of 25 mm. + 907.4.7. Anchoring of deck to substructure : In case uplift ‘oceurs under the worst in of loads, the anchoring arrangement shall be designed for such a force s0’as to provide for as stability equivalent to 1.1 times the overturning moment due to permanent load (or 0.9 times if the effect is more severe) and 1.6 Times the overturning movements due to temporary loads or live load. 908, WORKMANSHIP AND TOLERANCES 908.1. All surfaces of the major components like top plates, dle plate, base plates, rollers of the bearings shall be machined over for correct alignment, interchangeability, proper fitting, ete. 7IRC: 83.1982 908.2, Plates 908.21. The plate dimensions shall- be in accordance wit the approved drawing. Tolerance on the length and width of the pl I not exceed +1.0 mm, tolerance on the thickness of the Plate shall not exceed +0.5 mm'and no minus tolerance shall be 908.2.2. All rolling, rocking and sliding surf machine sich fi Yo. 20mlsron maximum meat deviations 908.3. Rollers and Curved Surfaces 908.3.1. The tolerance lie convex surfaces shall conform 10 Rare bidentate or 908.3.2. The tc shall conform to BB of S18. Castings 1, No minus tolerance will be allowed ir of any part of the castings. ios shall be paral een of the casings. ‘The edge of al ribs shall be parallel meter of concave surfaces 909, TESTING The materials to be to the apecitcations lad down in Clause 90a, enret Sl! conform 909.2. If required, a suitable number of com 4s specified by the accepting authority, shall be ented, es mes design load. Recovery should be 100 per cent. Contact surfaces Shall be examined by illumination source for any defects, cracks, ete, Segmental rollers shall be tested for design movements.” 909.3. Radiographic or any other non-destructi required are acceptable for purpose of checking the soundacts of eaatngs and welds as per relevant 18 Codes of pacice, 910, PLACING AND POSITIONING THE BEARINGS 910.1. General Considerations 910.1.1.° On supporting structures, pockets shall to receive the anchor bots, fone ado the postat salle 18 IRC : 83-1982 beyond the bearing plate. The pocket shall be filled with mortar Of'mix Isl'and the concrete bearing area also shall be finished. Tevel by a thin and stiff mortar pad of mix 1:1 (the thickness not exceeding 12 mm) just before placing of bearing assemblies or bottom plate on the concrete seat. 910.1.2. In case of precast girders a recess of 6 mm shalll be ovided on the underside with a level finish for housing the ing plate. A thin and stiff mortar pad-of mix 1:1 with thick- ness not exceeding 3mm shall be provided over the top plate before lowering the precast beam in position in order to ensure full and even pressure on the plate surface. 910.1.3. It shall be ensured that while placing the girders the bearings are in their exact positions as indicated on the approved drawing and not displaced therefrom. 910.2, Positioning of Bearings 910,2.1, During insiallation the bearings shall be pre-set with respect to the bearing axis to account for the moment due to the followin () Temperatare vacation between te ver : ‘at the time of installation and the meat Gi) Shrinkage, creep and elastic shortening, rmperatare prevailing femperatare, 910.2.2, For bridges in gradient the bearing plates shall be placed in a horizontal plane. 910.3. Precautions during Construction 910.31. In prestressed construction where launching, of girders is employed, inorder to avoid slipping or jumping of rollers jue to vibrations or jolts, itis suggested that the roller bearings be provided after launching operations or otherwise adequate measures Taken to ensure that the roller assembly is not disturbed. It is normal practice to provide rocker bearings on the launching end ‘and place the beam on the rocker end slightly in advance of plac- ing on the roller. 910.32, During concreting of girders, the bearings shall be held in -position securely by providing temporary connection between tke top and bottom plate incase of fixed ‘bearings, and between top plate, saddle plate and base plate in case of @ roller- cum-rocker Dearing or by any other suitable arrangement which prevents the relative displacement of the components. 9ARC : 83.1982 910.3.3. In pre-stressed pre-cast girders where recesses are left on the underside of girders fo receive'the anchor bolts, grout holes extending to the beam sides or to the deck level shall’ be provided, The grout shall have a mix of 1:1. S11, INSPECTION, MAINTENANCE AND REPLACEMENT OF BEARINGS 911.1, Suitable easy access to the bearing shall be provi for inspection and maintenance. * a of th, Pavision shal be made for jacking up the roller and fe superstructure s0 as to allow for adjustment’ repai 7 ment of rollers of the bearings. Senpeat repairirepace 911.3. Each bridge bearing assembly and the adjacent members in contact shall be. inspetted.at east once a year: to ascertain their actual condition and suitable remedial measures taken immediately if defects are noticed. However, the bearings shall also be examined carefully after “unusual occurences like heavy traffic damage, earthquakes, and batterings from debris. in hhigh floods. Necessary records of inspection shall be maintained. IRC: 83-1982 Appendix 1 [clause 903.4) ‘ZERO MOVEMENT POINT (Z.M.P_) (based on Paper *Volume Change Effect on Distribution of Horizontal Forces among Supports in Curved and Skewed Concrete Bridges’ Raina VKetal) * (The Bridge & Structural Engineer) December, 1972 Shrinkage creep and elastic shortening of concrete as well as temperature variation cause volume changes in a concrete bridge superstructure, resulting in its deformation in various directions, This effects both the distribution of horizontal forces among the bearings as well as the movements at the bearings. ‘The only significant deformations are in-plan movements. These are translatory (linear) in the case of straight bridges but translatory and rotatory (curvilinear) in the case of curved and skewed bridges. In straight bridge decks, the zero ‘movement point (Z.M.P.) involves only balancing the in-plan horizontal forces in two orthogonal directions. Inthe case of curved and skewed bridges, locating the ZMP. involves not only balancing the in-plan horizontal forces in two orthogonal directions but also balancing the in-plan moments set up by these forces and the in-plan deck ‘meander’ resulting from the imbalance in the shear- ratings inthe two orthogonal directions of the individual supports. ‘The resultant movement in a curved and skewed superstructure at any bearing takes place along the vector joining that bearing with the ZMP. provided the in-plan deck meander is zer0. ‘The equations for equilibrium of the in-plan horizontal forces inthe two orthogonal directions x and y, together with the in-plan movement-equilibriura = 0 o L+H, = 0 @ and EM =0 am ‘These equations canbe rewritten a follows EUR, + EV, (08,467, +0046) cos] 20 : oy 2IRC: 83-1982 EUR, +EV, [ty,- 5, + (ba) cost] =0 : 0) ERY +R x+ Dib +E Ry + TUR x=0 . ow Substituting forthe various terms inthe above equations and neglecting the second order terms, ast of tree simultaneous equations ofn-plan equilibrium for evaluating the coordinates x, andy, ofthe Z.M.P. andthe deck meander are arrived a. These three equations, which are rather lengthy, fortunately reduce to 4 simple set of only two simultanous equations for most practical bridge cases where @ equals zero. The two fina simultaneous equations for evaluating the ‘ZMP. coordinates x, and y, (when 6 equals zero) ae as follows sarge (2% py BEV, nem) =0 : wm and Z 1 sarin (2) FF y, cron up 8) For the particular case of a straight bridge with $=0 and only one coordinate axis viz, x-axis (which in such acase willbe same as -axis) and, and also equal to zero, equation (VID yields : UR HEV a ay, ‘which located the Z.M.P. in such a case, Notations ‘Type A support = support with a beating which produces UR type force ‘Type B suppor = support cither with a bearing which produces A? type force or a suppor whichis monolithic wth super-atractare ‘y= movement coefficient due to temperature change and shrinkage, ‘reep and elastic-sbonening of conere 'V, = shear rating of a “Type B suppor’. horizontal force reqiired to ‘move the top of a“Type B suppor’ through a unit distance, taking {nto account horizontal deformation of is beating, bending of piet shaft or column and rotation of ts foundation | & coefficient of fiction of a bearing used on “Type A suppor’ 2 IRC 83-1982 R = reaction on a support 4, = deck movements F = horizontal force caused at “Type B suppor’ {= torsion rating ofa support, twisting moment requiredto cause a tnt an it inthe spp 5 = any whitarychoten suppor, ascent of 0) coordina stem Serr ree which tbe cordnates (0) ofalltiersppors te Gown sy = coortinstes of ny sport wth expect poi of ro movement, = x and y being the coordinate axes through the point of zero- rt 11 Relationship between the Co-ordinate of suppo Mie 7 A th reference to support U & ZMP 2BIRC: 83.1982 NY, = coordinates of support U with re i | (along x andy ene U With spect to point of zer0 movement ¢ = inlan meaner ot apr tage been he ‘818 of coordinate ‘axes (a, b) and (x, y) as 3 M = in-plan moment IRC: $3.1982 Appendix 2 [Ctause 908.1) HORIZONTAL FORCES AT BEARING LEVEL ‘The design horizontal froces at the bearings shall be the ‘maximum of the following combination : CO Repalmay ported ble ith a aed and ve bearing (other han Feed Bearing (© Fe-we+ Ra) or (i) FI+u(Re+ Re) whichever is great Where : hm Braking or ssismie force * on the leoath of decki forthe bearing = ‘Rg = Reaction at th free end due to dead load ‘qm Reaction atthe free end due to live load = Cool. of friction at the movable bearings, which shall be ‘tstumed to have the following values: (a) For Steet Roller Bearings — 0,03 Free Bearing wRE+RQ) (@) For Siding Bearings: 1) Stel on Stel or cst ron ~ 0.5 onles otherwise proved © fy ent or otter supporag das) Bt on similar metal (i) srxenanite and Grey Iron Ci 40 In seismic areas, the fixed bearing shall also be checked for full seismic force, 2) Slab type beldges of span ies then 10 ‘Tho force‘at the bearing sball be Fh/2 oF we whichever Is greater, Where : : : Rg = Reaction due to Dead Load on the bearing 25IRC : 83-1982 ©) Contining Bridge with one fixed bearing and other free beariags (other | ‘shan elastomeric type on stiff supports) Fixed Bearing Case I (#R—aL) +ve and Fa acting in +ve direction @ If Fh>2 aR Fh(uR+-pl)————— (b) IFA <2uR AK orn (R—nL) +e and Fh acting in —ve direction © WFK>2—L FR-(@R+ pL)-—— O) Fa < 2b whichever is greater where : Free Bearing eRe we ‘1 oF ng —number of free bearings to the left or right of fixed bearings, respectively. ‘aL of pR=the total horizontal force developed at the free bearings to the eft or right of the fixed bearing respectively. developed at of the free bearings considered to the left or right of the fixed bearmgx. wRx =the net horizontal force 26 IRC: 83-1982 Appendix 3 [Cause 906.1] PERMISSIBLE STRESSES IN STEEL Descciption Mild Steel High Tensile Steel a @ ® 1. Parts in bending (teasile or comprestion) ‘on effective sectional area for extreme ‘bre stress (a) For Plates, Flats, Rounds, Square 160 MPa 200 MPa, ‘and Similar sections (b) For Pins 205 MPa 295 MPa 2, Parts in shear (@) Maximum shear stress on plates 105 MPa 140 MPa (©) Maximum shear stress for turned 100 MPa 0.43 fy where ‘ted bolts and pins fy isthe yield trees © Mn 8s MPa 031 3. Parts in Bearings (@) On fiat surface 185 MPa 240 MPa (b) Kauckle pin and black bolts 200 MPa 087 fy 2