Curve Tracing ing of curves : In this chapter wa i i 1 Tred ations are given in pi ef ne deal with the tracing of ‘quati following forms :— ian Equations : Thes oe 1g forms : eee 2 gee Cduations involve x and y. rox =a XY =x +1, ce polar Equations : a “quations involve r and 6 (the polar For example P=a ©05 26,7" = a sin nd, etc lons x and y are functions of a ‘er. For example x = a cos ¢. 7 » (Eliminatin,, ¢ y’ =a? which is the standard 031 Or nan ane parametric Equations : In such equati oriable 6 (say) which is called parame hil ging are the parametric equations of the circle, a s these"two equations we have x2 4 et jan equation of a circle. ott’ 2, Procedure for tracing curves given in Cartesian Form : The following points should be remembered for tracing of ~artesian symmetry. (a) If all the powers of y occuring in the equation are even ther there ammetry about x-axis 1e., the shape of the curve atove and below the asi of «is symmettical. For example the parabola y* = fax or the eltipse at Oa (b) ff all the powers of x Occuring in the equation are even then there symmetry about y-axis. For example Pada tyad@itsytegd?, (c) Ifx and y can be interchanged without any ckange in the equation of the curve, then there is symmesry about the line y=x, (ie. the line passing through the origin and making an angle of 45° with the positive direction of x-axis). For example ay = a’. (d) If by putting —x for x and -y for y, the equation of the curve remains unaltered, then there is symmetry in the opposite quadrants. For eample x + y* = a2,xy = a etc. IL Origin and Tangents at the origin. See whether the curve passes through the origin or not, ie. (0, 0) Sdlisfies the equation of the curve or not. If the curve passes through the origin, find the equations. of the tangents or the equation of the tangent at the origin by equating the lowest degree terms or term’ to zero. For ample the curve x3 + y? = 3cxy passes through the origin. The lowest eee erm in this equation is _3ary. Equating this term to zero we have * equation of the tangents at the origin as xy = O orx = O and y = 0. a pier in the equation ay" = x" (a? — 1°) we find that the tangents vo Tgin are given by a4? — atx? = 0 or a? (? — 1°) = 0 or y? = 2? ora Differential/Integral Calculus a double point, we Shall obtain equations Ordinarily if these tan t the origin and if these ¢ cal ar inet, 7 node at the origin and if these are imaginary the origin is an Wolsteg tk IIL. Points of intersection with the aves. ; hy Putting 0 in the equation we can find points where the crosses the yavis, For example :)?(a +2) =x° Ba ~2). Putting y <5 get x? (3a—1) =Oorn=0 and x = 3a. The Curve Crosses the axis ats (0, 0) and (3a, 0). Similarly putting x = 0 in the the curve crosses the axis of y. i When such points are known we should shiff the Origin 10 these one by one and find the tangents at these new origins by equating lowest degree terms to zero. For example : In the curve Say” = x ¢y _ : we find puiting y = 0 that the curve crosses © at (0, 0) and (30,0) shifting the origin to (34, 0), we should put. + 34a for and y +0 fory the given curve to obtain-the new equation of the curve referred ig Ge, 4) as the new origin. ‘Thus the new equation of the curve becomes, 9a (y + 0) = (e+ 3a) (e+ 3a— 3a)" or My" =KHF) <. Equating the lowest degree terms in (1) to zero the tangent at ti, new origin is Say” = 3ax? = 0, / 2 Y If the origin tangents at the or there will be cusp un, 4 uation we can find the’ poiny, | is ie, 3P-x2=00ry = or y Sopra + (an 30%), ie. tangents at (3,0) are inclined to x-axis at £30", (See Fig. 1). IV, Regions where the curve does not exist. Solve for y (or x as the case may bé) and find out those values of x lying in a region, say values Of x between a and b for which y is imaginary, then the curve does not exist in the region bounded by lines x = a and x = b, For example : In the curve a°y* = x (x — a) (2a — x) we find that for all values of « less than a,y’ is negative i. y is imaginary. +. The curve does not exist for values of x > a. Similarly for values o x> 2a, the curve does not exist. Hence the curve exists only for values of*| lying between a and 2a. V. Observe how y varies as x increases from zero to infinity and 254) decreases from zero to ~,Curve Tracing (Cartesian) : ,,_asymptotes. Find out the asymptotes to the curve if any. For VE Fes parallel t0 the axes we should observe the following method. som? asymptotes parallel t0 x-axis, equate the coefficient of the highest ro erm OF 1 10 ZELO, iF iC is not constant If it is constant, then there I a ote parallel 10 axis, Similan ve if the coefficient of the iighest perm in y 1S nol constant, equating the coefficient to zero we Can get def aptotes parallel to y-axis, tera f inflexi atin OV (. yu Point of inlexion. Equating > Jor“) tg zero and solving th de ay? ation 80 obtained, the points of inflexion can be found. {Remember 2 Hie f 3 (ord ridy") should not be equal to zer0 for such points} recejed Example on Tracing of Curves (Cartesian). jx. 1 (a) ‘Trace the curve y = x (Semi-cubical parabola). gol. 1. As only even power of y occurs, so there is symmetry about the rans 2. Curve passes through the origin, Equating the lowest degree term y” ig et0, We find the tangents at the origin are y* = 0, i Oandy =Oie. aus is the tangent at the origin and the tangents being coincident a cusp iseapected at the origin. 3, Putting y = 0 or x = 0 we do not get any new point but the origin. 4, For negative values of x,y? is negative ic. y is imaginary or the curve does not exist for negative values of x, y 5, As x increases from 0 to @, y also increases from 00 2 6, No asymptotes For x=Ly=1 For x1=2,y = 2V2 =28 nearly. Plot the points. xo : (1, 1) and (2, 2.8). These points are on the curve, With the above data the shape of the curve is as shown in Fig. 2. : Ex. 1 (b). Trace the curve ay” = x°. (Meerut 96 P) (Fig. 2) Sol. Do as Ex. 1 (a) above. : *Ex. 2, Trace the curve y = x° (Cubical parabola). Sol. 1. Changing y to -y and x to —x the equation of the curve does Tot change. Hence there is symmetry in the opposite quadrants. in 2. The curve passes through the origin, The tangent at origin is y = 0, “ating the lowest degree term to zero. ; The curve crosses the axes only at the origin. ASx increases form 0 to e, y also increases front 0 to «. |, Find out the co-ordinates of some points on the curve if a‘al Cale! pitterential/inteB Calcules 5. No asymntotes yy ye8. 6 Por x= Lys h for an dese Plot the points (1, !) and (2, ints are on the curve. ave is 8 With the above data the curv’ : a in agion® Fig. 7 the curve x axe. Meerut 93) yee Symmetry im the opposite rants. oe The curve passes through ae origin. Equating the lowest degree a y to zero, the equation of the tangent 4 (Fig. 3 origin is ytx=0 3, Putting y = 0, we get = 0,-1 nN y 1. ie, the curve crosses x-axis at (0, 0). (-1,0), and (1, 0)- Shifting the origin to (1, 0): the equation of the curve becomes yee D(@tlP- I x or yet iQ + 2 or yet 3+ x | The tangent at the new origin Is y=2. Shifting the’ origin to (-1, 0), the y equation of the curve as above reduces to (Fig. 4 (a)) yeP-3P +2. ©. The tangent at the new origin in y = 2x. 4, Asx increases from 1 to ©, y increases from 0 to ». ‘Asx decreases from -1 to —, y decreases from 0 to —@. 5. No asymptc‘es. 6. Forx = 1/2,y = —3/8; Forx = 2,y = 6; Forx = 3,y = 24; Forx = -1/2;y = 38. 7. Equating d°y/dx” to zero we get x = 0, Also aylde # 0. So there is point of inflexion at (0, 0). With the above data the shape of the curve is as shown in Fig 4 above. *Ex, 3 (b). Trace the curve y = x? — 3ax”, Sol. 1. No symmetry. ; 2. The curve passes thro igi i ! the origin isy = ie cae ugh the origin. The equation of the ranges! 3. Putting y = 0 we find that x? - ax? = 0 ox = 0 and 34.Curve Tracing ( Cartesiany The curve Crosses the x-axis ) .T™ \4 (CaO). Shitting the i (Ga,0) the equation of the oe pecomes wh ye 0=@ +30)? X {e+ 3a - 3g} y= (Qt 3a)?x, the equation of the tangent x new origin (3a, 0) is y yoting the lowest degree terms » ero) be. the tangent at (3a, 0) is ‘0 ged to x-axis at an angle whose tis 9a" 4, The equation of the curve on te written as y = 47 — 3a) : ee we conclude that y is [Fig. 4 (b)] we for values Of x < 3a and positive for values of x.> 3a. : - 2 ed P= Be ~ bar -. $= 0 when 3x? = Gar = 0 ie. when x =0 and y= When x = 0,y = 0 and when x = 2a,y = 43 At (0, 0) and (2a, ~4a%) tangents to the curve-are parallel to the rats 6. No asymptotes. 1. As x increases from 3a, to ©,y increases from 0 to « and as x decreases from 0 to —o», y also decreases from 0 to —0. The shape of the curve is as shown in Fig. 4 (b) above. *Ex, 4, Trace the curve x°y — x— 1 = 0. Sol. 1. No symmetry. : 2. The curve does not pass through the origin. : 3.Putting y = 0,x = —1. So the curve crosses x-axis at (—1, 0). Shifting the origin to (-1, 0), i the equation of the curve changes ~ © @-1Sy-@-1)-1=0 or *e-y-x=0, le The equatior of the tangent ere Origin is y + x = 0 (equating. fe west degree terms to zero) i.e. ie langent at (-1, 0) is inclined to ee at an angle of 135°. ordi =0 and y=Oie. thee a axes are the asymptotes a. (Fig. 5)ntial/Integral Calculus Differe 6 aye t D- 5, solving for y.we Bety = © SG -» ox + and asy see he Rip. § Asy ape of the curve is aS shown sa c¢ Fig. 5, Pages. | . The shape © 22 at (xt ty), 5, (a). Trace the curve x aa (Meena Sol 1 Symmetry about both the axes. . % 20 ne the equation of the cure. Tangent at La sents. SO (0,0) is a conjugate 2) & 24 y2 “hich give imaginary tangents: TiUgate po, x? +y? = 0, which gi T eross the axes Poin, 3. The curve does no 4. Equating 10 coefficient of highest powe zero the rs Of X 1 and y, we find that xeta and y=+a are the asymptotes. / \ 5. Solving for y, We get “fea 2 2 71x? — a). wo Ifx? a. oo ~. The shape of the curve is as shown in the Fig. 6 above. "Ex. 5 (b). Trace (x ~'a?) (y? — b?) = ab? (Rohilkhand 8 Sol. The given curve is e- a) (2 6%) = a? or 8h — 02 gh = or AP HAP y gh? 4. Symmetry about both the axes. 2. (0, 0) satisfies equatio: )) n of the oe ‘Tangents at the origin are ay +b*2 = 0, which give imaginary tangents. So (0, 0) is Conjugate point. : ' 3. - Curve does not cross 4. E highest ‘quating the coefficient of Powers of x and y to zeroCurve Tracing (Cartesian) inate 74 and y = +h are the asymptotes, find 2. be g saving OEY WE BEY = x2 Ly is positive and for values of x hing between 0 and 1,y is negative). © shape of the curve is as Fig. 8) 4 in adjoining Fig. 8. 22 Fy 2 =0. { sat 7 (a). Trace the curve x° - xy" + a(x +Y) : ya: Symmetry about x-axis. but the tangents at the “i 0) satisfies the equation of the curve aint of the cue { Sriin are x2 y¥ = Oi. the origin is a conjugate Pr » \Puttingy = Owe get f Pratsg or P@ta)=0 Shown,Wiliciential/ iegial Calculus or x=0,-a. fe. the curve crosses the x-axis at (~a, 0) besides origin. Shifting the origin to (-a,0) the equation of the curve becomes (=~ ay ~(e— ayy? tal@e-ay+yy = or x3 = 2a + xa? yr + 2ay? =0. ©. Tangent at the new origin is x= Oie. new y-axis. 4. Solving for y we get iP +a) . OH a)” (Fig. 9) For values of x lying between ~a and +a, the curve does not exist as, is negative ie. y is imaginary. 5. Equating the coefficient of highest power of y to zero ¥ geta—x=Oorx=aas the asymptote, 42 2 6. Porx= -20,)? =D. 3 ory= MB 9 = 2120. 2 = ~3a,y? = 94° (-2a)_9 2 ate te Forx = ~3a,y "Cay T70 Oy=ta= +210 2 = 4a, y? = 1602-34) 48 2 a gy Forx = fay = Sa = 37 ory = 31a Le. ASx > —0,y?-» 0, 2, Also torx = 2a,y? = G0) 12a? or x= +2V3a = 43,5a, 2. 90° (4a) (2a) For x= 3a,y' = 18a or y = +3V2a = +420. | = 34,2 — 947 (Said = +2 V5q= For x=5 ya OF y= £5 V5a = 3.30. ‘The shape of the curve is as shown in Fig. 9 above, Ex.7 (b), Trace the curve y°x = a2 (x — a), , | Sol. 1. Symmetry about x-axis 2. Curve does not Pass through the origin. 3. Putting y = 0, we getx =aie. Curve crosses x-axis at (a, 0). Shifting the origin to (a, 0), the €quation of the curve becomes P+a)=a%.Curve Tracing (Cartesian) 9 nt at the new origin is x = Ore. new y-axis (equating the lowest 0 Ol . Tange ‘ 7 to zero) i.e. a line through (a, 0) parallel to old y-axis _q122 0M ng the coefficients of hi de8ly "equating ne Of highest powers of x andy tu zero, we get gandy 7 Oie.y = £a as the asymptotes. 17 . ‘* i" 4 ’ y 7 (Fig. 10) : § solving for y, we get y° = a? (x — a)x. For values of x lying:beryeen } (and, ai)? is negative ie.y is imaginary. ie, the curve does notSexist tetween the lines x = O and x = a. the Garver 6, Equating ayia? to zero, we get x= 3a/4 which does nat giverany, real value of j. Hence no point of inflexion on the curve. 7 Asx 0,y? > @ and asx > @,y >a. - :. The shape of the curve is as shown in Fig. 10 above." *¥Ex, 8 (a). Trace the curve y* (2a ~ x) = x. (Cissoid). | vi (Kanpur 96; Kumaun 92, Meefut Sol.J. Symmetry about x-axis. y 2 The curve passes through the origin. The tangents.at the origin are y* = 0 or y= 0 and y= ie. there is a cusp at the origin. _ 3. The curve crosses the axes only at the Origins: 4.x = 2a is the asymptote. 3, The equation of the curve can be written ,. Gx which shows that for values of * 7 2.24. ¥.i8 imaginary i.e. the curve does not dat {or values of x > 2a. Similarly the cure Tot exist for negative values of x. S0aS x a,y > ow. ¥ (Fig. 11y10 Differential/Integral Calculus ‘The shape of the curve is as shown in the Fig. 11 Page 9. | Ex 8 (b). ‘Trace the curve y? (a — x) = x3, (Kanpur | Sol. Do as Fx. 8 (a) above i *EN 9 Trace the curve y (x? + da?) = Ba3, (Rohitkhand 94, | | Sol. 1. Symmetry about x-axis. 2. The curve does not pass through the origin. 3. Putting x=0, we get Vs 2avie, the curve crosses. the y-axis at (0, 2a), Shifting the origin to (0,2a) the equation of the curve becomes (+ 2a) {x7 + da2} = 803 or yx? + day + 2ar?-= 0. The tangent to the new origin is y = 0 or the new x-axis ie ; the line through (0,2a) and _ parallel to the old x-axis. 4. Equating to zero the coefficient of the highest degree term of x, we have y = 0 or x-axis as the asymptote. 5. The equation of the curve can be written as x? This shows that for negative values of y,x? is negative iex & imaginary. Hence the curve does not exist for y <0. Similarly the cune does not exist for y > 2a. . As y decreases from 2a to 0,x increases from 0 to ©, The shape of the curve is as shown in Fig. 12 above. **Ex. 10 (a). Trace the curve xy? = 4a” (2a — x), (Witch of Agensi) y (Gorakhpur 91) Sol. 1. Symmetry about x-axis. } 2. The curve does riot pass through the origin. 3. Putting 0, we get 2a-x=0 orx=2a. «. The curve crosses the x-axis at (2a, 0), Shifting the origin to (2a,0) the equation * Of the curve reduces to (c+ 2a) y? = 4a” (2a ~ x - 2a) or ye + ay? + dae = 0, So that the tangent at the new origin is x = Oe. the new y-axis, i.e, a straight line through (2a, 0) Parallel to y-axis. y : (Fig. 13)Curve Tracing (Cartesian) u 4 Tre given equation of the curve peda’ (24 =e. can be written as - 2 ‘This Shows that for. x >.2a,y* is negative or y is imaginary. The curve does not exist for values of x > 2a. Similarly for negative qalues of ¥ OF for x < 0, the curve does not exist, 5.1 = Dor y-axis is the asymptote to the given curve. b 4, Asx decreases from 2a to 0,y increases from 0 to », The shape of the curve is as shown in the Fig. 13 Page 10. efx. 10 (b). Trace the curve x (y? + 4a’) = 8a3, sol. The given curve is.3x5? = 4a (2a - x) Sow proceed as in Ex.°10 (a) above. Fx. 11. ‘trace the curve'y? (x? — 1) =x. Sol. 1. Symmetry about x-axis. 2. Curve passes through the origin. The tangent at the origin js = c ie y-axis (Obtained by equating the lowest degree term to zero). 2. Curve crosses the as only at (0, 0). 4 Equating the coefficient of highest degree terms of x ang y to zero We find that y=0 and P-1=0 ie. x= +1 are X———— the asymptotes of the given curve, 5. Solving for y, we get per@?-1). This shows that for 4 1<-1,y" is negative ie.y is (Fig. 14) imaginary. ~. The curve does not exist for x < —1. : nar Similarly for values of x lying between and 1, y” is negative Le. Curve does not eyist. 6. Asx 0,y? > ow, and asx * y+ 0. 7. No point of inflexion. 5 + The shape of the curve is aS shown in Fig. 14 above. 2 2 (aX): (Rohilkhand 98) **Ex. 12 (a). ‘Tracé the curve ay’ = * (@ Sol. 1. Symmetry about x-axis. 2. The curve passes through the origin. “1 Xe:fe Differential/Integral Calculus The tangents at the { origin are ay? — aang (equating the lowest degree terms to zero) or y? — 2 = 0 Or y= +x. These tangents being real and distinct, node 'S expected at the origin. 7 Patting y = 0, we pet Dand a, The curve crosses the “axis at (0,0) and (a, 0). Shifting the origin to (a, 0) the equation of the curve becomes, (Fig. 15 (a)] ay = (& +a)? (@~x~a) or ay? = —x(? + 2ax + a), Whence the quation of the tangent at the new Origin is obtained as x = 0 he. the new y-axis ie, a line through (a, ©) parallel to y-axis. 4. From the equation of the curve, we observe, that for values of x > a, y° is negative Ory is imaginary. Hence the curve does not exist for values of x>a Also as x decreases from 0 to —e, y increases from 0 to «. 5. No asymptotes. EB The shape of the curve is as shown in Fig: 15 (a) above. Ex. 12 (b). Trace the curve ay” = x? (x — a), (Gorakhpur 96) | Sol. 1. Symmetry about x-axis, 2. The curve passes through the origin. The tangents at the Origin are given by @G* +x4) =0 ie. imaginary tangents. So origin is an isolated point. 3. Putting y= 0, we get x=0, a ie. the curve crosses the x-axis at (0, 0) and (2,0). Shifting the origin to (a,0), the equation of the curve becomes a = ata? eta—a) or a =x(e ta)’, “. The tangent at the new origin is Oi. new y-axis, (Fig. 15 (b)] al 4. From the given equation of the curve it is evident that for negative values of x (i.e.x < 0), y? is Negative. i.e.y is imaginary. Hence the cure does not exist for values of x < 0. 5. Asx increases from a to ~,y? increases from O'to . . 6. No asymptotes, 7. Forx = 2a, ay* = 4a%(a) ory = +2a. . | xCurve i © Tracing (Cartesian) = 3a, ay’ = 992 # por * » AY" a"(2a) ory = ‘phe shape of the curve is 2 sows nee 5 84za, een 13 (a). Trace the curve day? 15 (b sol. 1. Symmetry about X-axis, 2. The curve passes through igi The tangent at the origins es one term t0 2270). : fea 3, Putting y = 0, we getx = Q ang 0, 0) and (3,0). Shitting the 3a, ie, the curve crosses the x-axis a: origin 10 (3,0), we get the equation of the curve as Yay" = @ + 3a) (x + 3a ~ 39)? of ST Et Bar. The taugents at the new origin are given by ) Page +2, =X(x= Say Cquating the lowest degree gay” — ax" = O ory = or y= + (V3) whose inclinations to the x-axis an + tan” (1V3) ie. £26 » Y ig. 16) 4. From the given equation of the curve, it is evident that for negative values of x (i.e. < 0), y* is negative i.e. y is imaginary. Hence the curve does not exist for values of x < 0. from 3a to »,y increases from 0 to «. 5. No asymptotes. ae The shape of the curve is as shown in Fig. 16 above.’ Ex. 13 (b). Trace the curve day” = x (x — 2a). Sol. Do as Ex. 13 (a) above. Ex. 14, Trace the curve a’y? = x° (2a - x). Sol. 1. Symmetry about x-axis. 2. Curve passes through the origin y and the tangents at origin are y“=0 ie. y= 0,y=0. So a cusp is expected at the origin, x 3. Putting y= 0 we get xr=0 and 2a and so the curve crosses the x-axis, at (0, 0) and (2a, 0). y , Shifting the origin t0 (24,0) we (Fig. 17) Sel the equation of the curve aw re (e+ 2a)? (2a -x — 2a) ~ Tangent at the new origin is x= 0) parallel to the old y-axis. 5. No asymptot ae 6. The curve is v4 = 7 (20 — 1 ‘Also as x increases (Lucknow 90) 0 (2a,0) saxty O ie. new y-axis ie. a line through Qa,14 Differential/Integral Calculus Shows that for.x > 2a,y? is negative ie. y is imaginary, *: The curve does not exist for values of 1. 2a jhe foray < 0,y* is negative re, the curve doce not exist, Hence the curve exists only for values of « lying between 0, and 2a. 7. No point of inflexion ©. The shape of the curve is as shown in Fig. 17 above. “*Ex. 15 (a). Trace the curve Y(a+x =x (a—x),a>0, i (Bundelkhand 96, 94; Gorakhpur 99, Kanpur 95; Kumaun 95 Lucknow 91; Rohilkhand 97,95) x(x + y?) = a(x? — Sol. 1. Symmetry about x-axis, 2. The curve passes through the origin. The tangents at the origin are siven by ay” — ax? =O ory?— 229 ory = #r 3. Putting y 0, we get x = 0 and 4, Le. the curve crosses x-axis at (0, 0) and (a, 0). Shifting the origin to (4,0) the equation of the curve becomes y" (a +x +a) = (x +a)? (a—x— 4) ory* Qa +x) = whénce the tangent to the new origin is Straight line through (a, 0) parallel to y-axis, 4. The given equation of the curve 2 E@-2) this @txy Shows that for values of x>a,y* is negative or y is imaginary. The curve d not exist for values of x >a. nilarly for values of x<-a, the, curve does not exist. Also as x decreases from 0 to —a,y increases from 0 to , 3. x+a=0 or x=~-a is an asymptote. The shape of the curve is as shown in adjoining Fig. 18. ort “Ex.. 15 (b),. Trace the curve (Fig, 18), ¥ (+x) =x? Ga- x). (Avadh 93; Garkwal 96, 91; Gorakhpur 92; Purvanchal 1) Sel. De as "Ex. 15 (a) above. Ex. 16, Trace the curve y” (x ~ a) = x? (x +a). (Kanpur 8) Sol. 1. Symmetry about x-axis, A 2. (0, 0) satisfies the curve, The tangents at the origin are x? +’ =0, which gives two imaginary tangents ~- (0, 0) is a conjugate point, is at 3. Putting y =O we get x=0,—a,ie. the Curve crosses the x-axi (~a, 0) [(0, 0) having been considered above]. or Ye (Gorakhpur 93) =x (x tay’, =Oie. the new y-axis ie, 4 can be written as y? =Curve Traci ing (Cartesian) 2 siting the origin to the point ) the equation of the curve (Or oye - 2a) = (ta), ming the lowest degree term in Eu equation to zeru, We get he “tnt at the origin as x= je, ed yanis ie, a line through i 6) parallel to old y-axis. : (""p equating the coefficient of epree term of y to zero we =0 or x=a as the Solving for y, we get ver (rt a)i(x — a). This shows qhat for values of x lying between (Fig. 19) _ and @,y is imaginary, that is the curve does not exist. The curve exists for > @ andx < —a,y" is +ve for such values. 6. Asn > @,y?> and asx> ~0,y? > 7, No point of inflexion. 8, When x = 2a,y = +2av3 = +3.4 and when x= —2a, y= + 2alV3 1laie.,(2a, +3.4a) and (—2a, + 1.1a) are points on the curve. Hence the shape of the curve is as sown in Fig. 19 above. (Not is minimum when x = a(l + ¥5)/2, putting dy/dx equal to zero. Ex, 17. Trace the curve P(a-x)=7 (atx). (Bundetkhand 92; Garhwal 97) r Sol. 1. Symmetry about x-axis. x: 2. Passes through (0, 0), the ents thereat are y* =x" or y = 2X. gents being real and distinct, node is expected at the origin. 3. ‘Curve crosses the x-axis at - y ,0) and (0, 0). Shifting the origin i ‘ (~a,0) and equating the lowest (Fig. 20) a degree terms to zero, we get new y-axis as the tangent at the new origin as in te last example. Boe te cane does not exist. Similarly for x > a, the curve does not exis, 7 ; i 6. Asx ayer oo. ‘ | 7. No point of inflexion. 4 : i hape of the curve is as shown in Fig. 20 above.16 Differential/Integral Calculus T2RBICT), t **Ex. 18. ‘trace the curve x? + y? = 3axy. Folium of Descartes (Kumaun.93; Meerut 91, 94; Purvanchalgy | Sol. |. Interchanging x and y we ) find that the equation of the curve termains unaliered, hence there is symmetry about the line y = x. 2. The curve passes through the origin and the tangents at the origin are given by w=0, ie.x=0 and » y = Ove. the coordinate axes. 3. Solviny the equation of the curve and y =.» we find that the line y =x meets the curve in (0, 0) and (3a/2, 3a’2). 4. The equation of the curve. is 3 vty? = Bary, Differentiating with respect to x, : we get : P (Fig. 21) +s | a ae 2 ax {3a Gun) = Ga/2)? _ V2" 2)" (3a/2)? = Ba/2) a gent to the curve at [(3a/2), (3a/2)] is —1 ie. the | inclined to the x-axis at an angle of 135° iptote parallel to the axes, But x + y +a =0 is an oblique asympiote. The shape of the curve is as shown in Fig, 21 above. Ex. 18 (a). Trace the curve x} + y? = 3xy. Sol. Do as Ex. 18 above, A ‘a’ Ex. 19. Trace the curve a4y? = ax! — x, { Sol. 1. Symmetry about both the axes. 2. The curve passes through the origin. The tangents at the origin are y= 0,i.e.y = Oandy = 0, i.e. the two tangents are real and coincident. Hen Pett gndy = Oi 3. Putting y = 0 we get a*x4 — x= 0 or x! (a? -x 2) 20 or x= 0,27 =a orx = 0, +a. The curve crosses the x-axis at (0, 0), (a,0) and (~a, 0). Shifting the origi# to (a, 0) the equation of the curve y (Fin. 29)Curve Traci st 2 ing (Cartesian) a 22 (xta)* x a2 + x2 — 2ar] ; ~(r 4a) ate the tangent at the naa meet ape & he : ve gin isx =O, ie. the new y-axis. app equation of the ¢ 4. The od urve can be written as y? 2 @=2) From ’ conclude that for values of nce ye Curve does not exist for value He! mre values of x as the curve is symmet 08 No asymptote. with the above data the shape of the curve i eis i soy 20. Trace the curve x2(y2 4. y2) = g2 asshown in Fig, 22 Page 16. ade xt) = xX2(a? — x Fale -y). gol 1. Symmetry about the axes, (Agra 92; Meerut 96) a aa trae through the origin. The tangents at the origin are = tx. These tangents being real and distinct, node is expected 2. » Y” is negative or y is imaginary. 7 of x>a. [We need not take ical about both the axes]. nicl ir (rig. 23)” 3. Putting y = 0, we get x = 0, +a, ie. the curve crosses x-axis at (0, 0) (@,0) and (—a, 0). Shifting the origin to (a, 0), we get U 8 yar + (et ay} =eta) [or ye + dar + 202) = + 2)" ( Equating the lowest degree term to 2¢f0, langent at the new origin.as x = Ode. new y aus: : : [We need not shift the origin to (—a,0) as the curve is symmetrical ‘bout y-axis). aco 4.Solving fory, we gety?=27 (@? —¥ J *¥ ): This shows that for values of x numerical greater than u,y" is Aepatve ithe curve does not exist. Hence for * >a or for x< —a, the hi does not exist. No asymptotes or point of inflexion Hence the Shape or Pe curve is as shown it FB: 23 above. ex (a-*): x 21. Trace the curve 8 Sol. 1. symmetry about both the axes: he equation of the curve 2 (a? — (x + a)"} x? — ar). we get the equation of the18 Differential/Integral Calculus 2. The curve passes through the ovgin. The tangents at the origin are given by a’y?— a’? =0 or y'-x°=0 or y= +r, These two, tangeats being real and distinct, node is expected at the origin. 3. Putting x=0 we get v= 0, 4a, ie.the curve crosses the x-axis at (0, 0), (a,0) and (—a, 0). Shifting the origin to (a,0), the equation of the curve becomes ~ (Fig. 24) a = ( + a)? (a? — (+ a)" or ay? = (x + a)? [24a — 22}, -. The tangent at the new origin is x = 0 (equating the lowest deg, terms to zero) Le. the new y-axis. 4. When x > a,y? is negative or y is imaginary. “. The curve does not exist for values of x > a. 5. No asymptotes. “. The shape of the curve is shown in the Fig. 24 above *Ex, 22, Trace the curve y® (x2 + y*) + a? (x? — y)=0. (Meerut 91 S; Rohilkhand 96) Sol. 1. Symmetry about both the axes. 2. The curve passes through the origin. ¥ The tangents at the origin are x - y? = 0 or y= +x. These two ‘tangents being real and distinct, node is expected at the origin. 3. Putting x = 0, we have x ye a? ory? y= a) =0 or y =0,a,-a. <. The curve crosses the y-axis at (0, 0), (0,a)and (0, —a). Shifting the origin to (0,a) we have the equation of the curve as - 28) ta) p+ y+) +a? p? - y +a] =0. «. The tangent at the new origin is y = 0, i.e. the new x-axis. 4. The equation of the:curve can be written as 2624 a4) = a4? yor Pay (a —yyya? + y%, hi «. For values of y > a,x” is negative or x is imaginary. | ie. the curve does not exist for values of y>a. 5. No asymptotes. : ‘The shape of the curve is as shown in Fig. 25 above. **Ex. 23 (a). Trace the curve y? = a2x — x3, 199) . (Agra 94; Bundelkhand 95; Garhwal 98; Lucknow 92; Purvanchng Sot. 1. If —x is put for.x and —y is put for y, the equation of the remains unaltered, so there is symmetry in the opposite quadrants. iCurve ‘Tracing (Cartesiany ” curve passes. through th, Koya) 2 sangent thereat being r= 0,40, x \ orisi™ \ vit putting y = 0, we ge \ Me) =0ier = 0, 2a, x can SYN 29 a the CUTVE CTOSSES X-AXis at ((), 0), mA \ pyand (4 0) : \ (ining the origin t (4,0), the \ n of the curve becomes, yatiol y ¥ Bea? (xa) ~ (e+ ay? (Fig. 26) 3. aya — 2xa?, s0 the ts e aye 3 » SO the tangent at the new origin is x = 0, be. anis be. fine parallel t0 y-axis through (a, 0). 0 is an asymptote to the curve, exists for all values of x 6. ASX Oy —@ and as x -» Byrom, 7, fiquating dyide to Zero, we can find that x = -ta/V3 which gives max. and min. Valucs of y. 8, Points of inflexion arex = 0, a, ~4, by equating d°y/dx” = 0. . ‘The shape of the curve is as shown in Fig. 26 above. «*}:x. 23 (b). Trace the curve y* = x — x3, (Agra 96, 90; Avadh 95; Garhwal 90; Kanpur 90; Meerut 98) Sol. Do as Ex. 23 (a) above. Here a = 1. *sfix. 24, Trace the curve x° + y> = Sa’2y, Sol. 1. If x and y be changed to —x and -y respectively, the equation of the curve remains unchanged. Hence there is symmetry in the opposite quadrants. 2. The curve passes through the origin. The tangents at the origin are given by xy=0-or x=0, r= (andy =0, In order to discuss the Fi form of the curve near the . Origin neglect x° and consider ig. 27) : Y= sary or y* = Sa%?, :. x= 0 is a tangent to this branch at the origin. is bran itten as y= +VSax, iz. like two parabolas on cither Siar oe jee ath ag ie vertices and x-axis as the axes of the Parabolas, . Again neglecting y> the equation of the curve becomes . — 5a*x4y=0- OF = Sa’y.20° Differential/Integral Calculus Sy v0 i8 a ‘angent to this branch. Also for this branch, ie, yak Sa 2 ‘ a i 5 tind that “2 = 0 gives x =0, ie. (0, 0) is a point of inflexion for ae J branch. Also this branch x = Sa’y is a cubical parabola. (See Ex. 2 Pag of this chapter) 3.x +y = (is an asymptote to the curve. : 4 Solving the equation of the curve and y=x we find that Crosses y = x at (0, 0), [V(5/2)a, v(S/2)a] and [—/(5/2)a, -V(5/2)a}. Ang can find that tite value of dy/dr at [V(5/2)a, V(5/2)a] is -1, Le. the tange, of the curve at {¥(5/2)a, ¥(5/2)a] is inclined to the x-axis at an angle, 1358 With the atove data, the shape of the curve is as shown in the Fig - on Page 19, ‘Trace the curve x6 + y6 = ay, Sol. 1. Symmetry about both the axes. %. The « “urve passes through the origin. The tangents at the origin ¢ i022 OF : crosses the line » = x at (0,2), A leg) aa : eo The value of dyldx at (aNV2, ajV2) can de found to ‘ be 1, ie. the cangent to the (Fig. 28) Curve at (a/v2, @/V2) is ittclined to the x-axis at an angle 135°, 4. No asymptote. With the above data, the shape of the curve is as shown in the Fig2! above, Ex. 26. Trace the curve (x/a)? + (y/b)®3 = 1, (Hypocycloia). Sol. The equation of the curve can be re-written as (710)! + (y2p2)13 1. The above form shows syrametry about both the axes. 2..The curve does not Pass through the origin. 2 & Putting y=0, we got (4a%)3 1 or Za2we 1 or Peas Sve a Et. the Curve crosses the x-axis at (a,C) and (—a, 0). Similarly * CUIVE Crosses the y-axis at (0,6) and (0, ~b).Curve Tracing (Cartesian) a4 uation (i) of the curve we find that 7/0%)) = 2 7 2 ys 1B 1 aii” ye have in : end tae rg __= Negative, ie. y is negative oF Y is Se eet exist for values of x > a. Similarly the curve jot exist [0 how the y 7 b [due to symmetry about both the axes ¥€ e curve behaves for negative values of x ory]: : rom the ¢q Mit? 50 " go got obser oN o asymptotes. : y (Fig. 29) For the given curve dyldx = p83 (qx), : At (a,0), We nave dy/dx = O i.e. tangent at (a, 0) is along x-axis. An (0,b) we have dylde = —@ = tan (— 4n) ie, the tangent at (0,0) is alright angles to x-axis. With the above data thy.27. Trace the curve 7 + ¥ Sol. The equation of the curve can be re-written as ala)? + gla)" = 1 the shape of the curve is as shown above. 213 - 3, (astroid) — (Meerut.91 8) or (a)! + (a?y'F = 1.) 1. The above form shows that aa there is symmetry about both the axes, 2 The curve does not pass tough the origin. . Putting y =-0 we get (i)! # from (i) 0 7 orx= +a. ph ( the curve crosses the x-axis at 0) and (a, 0). i Peed the curve ergsses the y-axis at (0,) and (0, a). ch From the equation (i), we ind that, . . (7a?) = 1- (1a’y'?. iDilierential integral Caiculus * Hwa) > Lie z >a, we have Ya? < ie. ¥ «. Similatly the cue doX, nas i, ¥> a. Duc to ssmmety the cune does not exist for x < ~q My ¥<-a ang | 5. No asymptotes . For the given curve dy/dx = =r). “At (a, 0), dyidr ie. tangent at (a, 0) is along x-axis, Also at (0.2), dy os tan (-fayie. the tangent Make, angle (~ 4.2) with y-axis at (0,a). With the above data the shape of the curve is as shown in Fig. x, Page 21, ‘ Ex. 22. Trace the curve wy sat? _ 2), Sol. 1. Symmetry about both the axes, 2. The curve Passes through the origin and the tengents at the Origin are yr =Oiey= +x, 3. Thie curve crosses the axes only for y we get 0222 — 42) or ys a2i(q? -x) This form shows that the curve does not exist for values of x? > a? ie. y forx >a andx < ~a. (Fig. 31) 6. Asx +a,y?» @ and asx» —a,y? + @.: 7. Point of inflexion at x = 0. ake 8. Forr= fa,y= tafya? - 4a’) = ja ie. ¥ = +(@N3) = +(0.58a). ; With the above data the shape of the curve is as shown above. Exereises on Curve Tracing (Cartesian Form) Trace the following curves :-— Ex. Lay? = 2? @~ a), Fx.2. ~=2(r-1), Ex. 3. 3a? =x (x - a)? Ex. 4.37 = x(x -3)%, Ex. 5. (7 +)? = a? + p42, Ex.6y'(3-2) =7 342), Ex 7.942) 220-2), Ex. 8.17" = a"(a-x), Ex.9.a%x = y> (2a ~y). Ex.10.37 =~ 42 — (Kumaun 94) Ex. LL af? =35 (29 — x), Fy 1 22 = 2 _ 2Curve Tracing (Polar) B 2,2 px Y= AE a) Oy ~ 399, 1 vert] Pad x Fx 1S. + Dy = Or B 6977, Ex. AD? (a2s 2) 922 fel Days arr, yy ae . Ex. 19.07 4 4 = oe t= ~ 2a, po pe easy 3 Yd (Purvanchal 91) CTY) ~ AO + Wy 4 1672-9 “N= (a4+x), By 24 2 . 2 a’) Pera a Wade lnzy 2) 2,0) + 4). (Purvanchal 93) )~ ah (ye ~ x4), a + ya — 2), Co-ordinates, fixed point and OA any fixed through O. The position of any pon this plane can be given by its vance from the fixed point O and the Gryqation & Of OP to the fixed straight line oe tpen r and 8 are called the polar coordigates of P,r is called the radius vector, (Fig. 32) free vecorial angle, OA the initial line and O the pole. ; is taken aS positive if measured B sos from O along the line bounding the econal angle and is taken as negative if Piles) ured if the direction opposite to the ° sitive when measured ise direction and asured in the clockwise in the anti ive when ion. The signs of ry and @ will be clear fom the adjoining figure. The’ polar co-ordinates of P3 can also be taken as (,2+6), since the angle made by OP3 ‘ith OA in the anti-clockwise direction is a + @. . "*§ 4, Procedure for Tracing curves given in Polar Form. 1. Symmetry. (2) If by changing @ into — 6, the equation of the curve remains ‘waltered, then there is symmetry about the initial line. For example r = a (1 + c0s 6), 7 = a” cos 28 etc. . : () If by changing @ into x —@, the equation of the curve remains ‘altered, then there is symmetry about the line through the pole and icular to the initial line. For example, r = a sin 36. rene There is symmetry about the pole if the equation of the curve Mts unaltered by changing r into —r- Pyne) Pc) e (Fig. 33)viiierenual/ Integral Calculus 2. Plotting of Points. | Solve the equation for r and consider how r varies as 8 varies ftom @ or 0 to —«. Form a table of corresponding values of r ang 91; would give, a number of points. Plot these points. This is Sufficien, tracing of the curve. (Here we should observe those values of @ for Whi f is-zero or attains a minimum or maximum value). ‘eh, *3, Asymptote, If for a particular value of 8 say a we find that r+, >a then the straight line 6 = a is not necessarily the asymptote to ,* The asymptote should be found by the method given in Chapter * Asymptotes. 4. Region. If there are certain values of 8 for which r? is negative or r is imaginary then the curve does not exist for those values’ of 8. Solved Examples on Tracing of Curves at (Polar) :-— Ex. L. Trace the curve r = a. (Circle). Sol. The given equation shows that r is equal to a for ali values of @ as it is independent of 6 yee) the curve from the soe i a. Hence ihis :s « circle with pole as centre and rad (See Fig. 34) Ex. 2. Tra: curve r= a6. al of Archimedes) (Garhwal 94) Sol. 1. The equation of the curve remains unaltered when 6 is changed to ~@ and r is changed to =r. Hence there is a symmetry about the line @ = 37, ie. OY in the y figure. (Fig. 35) 2. As @ inczeases from 0 to o,r also increases from 0 to o. Similarly: @ decreases from 0 to —o,r increases from 0 to ©. Some of tt corresponding values of @ and r are given below : 6=0 jx GA) x Qn 0 jax ax = (3f2)an— 2a ie. r=0 16a 3.1a 47a 6.2a With the above data shape of the curve is as shown in Fig. 35. (pat! the curve for negative values of r is shown in dotted line). Ex. 3. Trace the curve r6 = a. (Hyperbolic SpitCurve Tracing (Polar) * 1 1 The equation oj 50° unaltered when @ is ¢ aims Mehanged 10 —r, f the curve hanged to <9 ina there is ry about the line 9 = Sate. OF in gael gure i the fg The equation of the Curve can he x as r= @6. From this form we get rae when 80 also as Gsm.) ot w age =r. mee sin? =a OF y= i 3. rsin @ (changing to (Fig. 36) cartesian) is the asymptote (See chapter on asymptotes), with the above data, the pe of the curve is as shown in een? ove. (Part of the curve negative values or r is. shown line). Ex 4. Trace the cune “he ae? i Sol. 1. No symmetry about I line. 2 ASO+%, r+ andr is always positive. 3. Corresponding values of 6 andr are given below : (Fig. 37) 4=0 ja, 7, — G2)x, 2a r=a, aga ae, ge, ac With the above data the shape of the curve is as shown in the Fig. 37 above. “Ex. 5. Trace the curve r = a (1 + cos 6). (Cardioid) (Agra 96; Gorakhpur 94; Lucknow 9 Meerut 98, 95; Rohillhand 99, 93) Sol. 1. Substituting —@ for 6 we (3ar2, 60°) observe that the unaltered. Hence about the initial line. 2 Putting r = 0 we get 6 =x. Hence 7 is the tangent to the curve. 3. As @ increases from 0 to x,r eit**Ses from 2a to 0, as is evident Ponte tresponding values of r and 8 oor ea ra 8) 180° GR)a a 3a 0. curve remains (2,907) there is symmetry 212,120") x (0,180°) (2a,0)26 Differential/Integral Calculus Plot the above points. The shape of the curve is as shown in Rj above. (3a2, 120) » 8% 'x. 6. ‘Trace the curve r= a(1~cos@). Sol. 1. Substituting —@ for 6, we find that the equation of the curve renrains (2a, 120°) unaltered. Hence there is symmetry about the initial line, 2. Putting r=0,1—cos?=0 or @ = (is tangent to the curve. 3. As @ increases from () to 2,7 also increases from 0 to 2a as is evident from (Fig. 39) the corresponding values of r and @ given below : @=0) 60° wr 120° 180° r=0 ; a a (3/2)a 2a With the above data the shape of the curve is as shown in Fig. 39 above. **Ex, 7, Trace the curve r? = a? cos 28. (Lemniscate of Bernoulli) (Gorakhpur 99; Lucknow 91; Meerut 94, Purvanchal 90; * Rohilkhand 92) Sol. 1. Symmetry about the initial line. 2. When r = 0, cos 29 = 0 L 1 (Fig. 40) or = +50 ord = +47. Hence the straight lines @ = 47x are the tangents to the curve at th pole. 3. As @ varies from 6 to x,r varies as given below : =0 “30° 4° ‘90° 135° - = 150° 180° 2_ A 12 ~ a2 12 2 rea 74 0 a 0 34 a’ or r=+a +4 0 imaginary 0 +4 ta ” “v2 v2 ‘The above data shows that curve does not exist for values of 8 lyitg between 45° and 135°. With the above data the shape of the.curve is as shown in Fig 4 above. *Ex. 8. Trace the curve r* cos 28 = a”. (Hyperbob) Sol. 1. Symmetry about pole and about the line @ = (See § 4 Page 23 of the Chapter). 2. Changing to cartesian the equation becomes vay aCurve Tracing (Polar) 27 The equation of the spoes arey= tror6= 41) sy polar asymptotes. — (Note) s Por =0Q p22 when 0= 0,77 = q sa ie. the points (a,0) ang 0) lie On the curve, (Here (dinates | cf the points are avn co-ordinates), pony Solving for r we get Pe aricos 20. This shows that as @ welt 3 L . ncreases {10M O10 77,7 increases o-ane fant if . : froma to ©. (Fig. 41) 5, For values of 6 lying between dx and 3a,7 is negative ie.r is imaginary. So the curve does not exist for @=nl2 Lee 6 < 4% With the above data the shape of the curve is aS Shown in Fig. 41 above, *Ex. 9. Trace the curve r = a cos 2. Sol. 1. Symmetry about the initial line. 2 Putting r=0,cos29=0 or x or 0= tn are the tangents to the curve at the pole, 3, Corresponding values of @ and r toa : gi te. the straight are given belo Fig. 42) 45° 60° 90" 120", 135" 150° 180° ix 1 1 0 ja -a = ga 0 jaa Plot these points and due to symmetry about the initial line the other portion can be traced, (Note : This curve is of the form T= 008 n@ and in such case, there will be 1 0F 2n equal loops according as n is odd or rea), (Purvanchal 98) “EX. 10. Trace the curve r = 8 COS 30. (Avadh 34; Gorakhpur 95; Meerut 90) Sol. 1. Symmetry about the initial line, & bel? onan 2. Putting r = 0; we get cos 30 = 0 : Wa thn, 32, tia (Note) thal 43 : 7 whith gg oe te : 8ive the tangents at the pole. (Fig. 43)ay Vullerential integral Calculus —@ sin 39, eae Equating dg '© 20, we get sin 30 =0, . nt, 2x, 3u. 4x Which give the maxi wit = : &ive the maximum value Of r which is a . Values of 6 and are given below oe ba x -a 0 0 a ieee Points and with the above data T= asin 26. (4grq 95. tthe linea = Ly. 2. Putting = O.sin 26 = 9 or 2=9, x 2, an ae 1 oO 2 bx which are the tangents at the Pole. dr 3.5 = 2a cos 28. ’ - Equatingdrid@ odero, we get cos 26 = 0 lessee 7 7 8 = 33,5, Iq ? 27 3% 3%, 57, (Fig. 44) =1737 5,7 or 9 = gm opm ln, which give the maximum values of r and which is equal to asin 2(42) = asin aaa. 4. Corresponding values of @ and r are given below 1 1 @= qe ja nia r=0 a 0 a O a Plot the above points and with the above data the shape of the curve is as shown in Fig. 44 above, Ex. 12. Trace the curve r = a sin 36. (Avadh 93; Bundelkhand 95; Garhwal 95, Gorakhpur 97; Meerut 91) Sol. 1. No. symmetry about the initial line. ~ 2. Putting r = 0, sin 36 = 0 or 30 = 0,2, 2x, 3x, 4x, Sx Lee 4a 5 Or 8 = 0, 5m, 57,1, 57 5H,Curve Tracing (Polar) . pare ents of the curve at the pot nie dd = 3a COs W. i : Fquating drid) WO 720TO, We yet COS W = 0 L 3 9 4 ) = 15H € s i ' "a " sn 7 w 5 Mm ty yy Mage “ 9, : a Sit Mn oe Also “3 asin Wand for = 7 and we find tha’ 5% ae: oo ay ve. Hence for these values of 6,7 i maximum and ity maximus value | sind (.) = 8 4, Corresponding values of @ and rare given below : am nm mM Sa In An Bn Sam SMH a mS 7 2 an eee 2 oo ge a 8 | pe er Page test ae tee dee te rte Vee te ee 0 Plot the above points and with the above data the shape of the curve 15 asshown in Fig. 43 above . [Note = In the curve given by the equation of th there will be n OF 2n loops according asm is odd or even.] Ex. Li Trace the curve r = a sin 48, sol. 1. Symmetry about the line form r= a sin nf gota. 2, Putting r = 0, sin 40 = 0 or 40 = 0,2, 21, 311, Be eae - = 0,40, 40, 20,20, 520/430 x or 9=0,in,h0, S937, 5a/4,32/2, be Inld, 21, which are tangents at the pole. In fact 6 = 0, in, hx, 3/4 are the 9-51 four tangents at the pole to the curve, others are just extensions of these. 3. drid@ = 4a cos 40. (Fig. 46) 1 Equating dr/d0 to zero, we get cos 48= 0. or 49=47,3n/2,5x/2,... oF @= 7/8, 32/8, 5/8... which give the maximum value of 7. And the max. value of r is asin 4 (7/8) = a sin }x =a. Corresponding values of @ and r are given below: G=x/8, 3n/8, Sx/8,, Tn/8, 97/8, 1x8, 13/8, 1528 i -a, 4 -4 a, -a 4 ape of the curve is as shown in Fig. 46 cag With the above data the shi _ Above, _ TEX. 14, ‘Trace the curve r = 2a cos@. (Circle) “Sol. The equation of the curve can be written as -? = arcs, | multiplying both sides by r.30 Difterential/Integral Calculus Changing lo cartesian we have ¥ x4? = 2a, Pox ty and x =rcosd ~The equation of the curve is x+y? 2dr 0 which is a circle x4 whose centre ‘s (a,0) and the radius is a, Hence the shape of curve is as shown in adjoining Fig. 47, *Ex. 15. Trace the curve r cos Sol. The equation of the curve is asin?9 22 ar sinte or P= ersin 6 cos 8 7 eos 8 or tye ary ging to cartesian pe say ory a says or yaya - x). For the tracing of iis cave we have the following data : 1. Symmetry about x-axis, 2. The cutve passes through the origin and the | tangents thereat are y” | is expected at the origin. | 3. The curve crosses the axes only at tie origin. 4.a—x=Oorx =ais the asymptote. ly 5. For values of x > a, the curve does not exist, (Fig. 48) since y becomes negative or y becomes imaginary for values of x > a. Similarly for negative values of x, the curve does not exist. 6. As x increases from 0 to 4,y increases from 0 to 00. With the above data the shape of the curve is shown in Fig. 48 above. *Ex. 16. Trace the curve r = a + bcos 6, when a > b. (Limacon) (Gorakhpur 96; Rohilkhand 95) Sol. 1. Symmetry about the initial line. or + “3 0, ie. y=0,y =Oie. cusp =. @ 2. Corrésponding values of @ and r are given below : 1 : = a ty 2, 6=0 3% 27 Bu a r=atb a+(Zb) a a-(b) a-b All the above values of r are Positive as a > b (given). Plot the above points and the shape of an the enren ic ag chown inCurve Tracing (Polar) 7 apy. 17. Trace the curve r= gol. 1. Symmetry about the initia line. > Corresponding Values of @ and r 2 1 9 + bcos 0, when a < b, (Limacon). (Meerut 96 P) are piven below : geo a 3% tn QB). (B/4)a # ath a+ (WN2) a+ (lp) ; @ a~(5b) a~(bv2) a~b Let @> 55 then r is positive for alf sof @ from 0 to Re but ris when 9=3 value’ negative HOF rier is positive i the above data upto bn and : : negative from 5 < onwards. Hence r must h somewhere between 9 = fi and S,,Let@ =< (ving between 27 and 3x) 3 for which r= 0. Then @=a is the (Fig. 50) siraight line which is tangent to the curve at the pole and for values of 6 lying between @ and z,r is negative and points corresponding to such sans of 6 will be marked in the opposite direction on these lines as r is negative for them, Thus in this case @ 2a,y? Is negative. Hence the curve does not exist for values of x > 2a. Similarly for all values of x < a (both positive ang negative), the curve does not exist. 6. Asx increases from a to 2a,y decreases from © to 0. With the above data the shape of the curveis as shown in the Fig. 51 above. Exercises on Tracing of Curves (Polar Form) Trace the following curves : Ex. Lr (1+ cos) = a2, Ex. 2.77 cos 6 = a’ sin? 4, Ex. 3.r = 2(1—2sin). Ex. 4.7 6? — cos 6) = 6 + cos, (Avadh 92) S. Parametric equations. The equation in which and y are expressed in terms of a new variable say @ which is called parameter are called parametric equations eg. x=acos¢ and y =asin@ are the parsmetric “quations of a circle; x = at, y.= 2at, where ¢ is the parameter ate the parametric equations of a parabola. : 6. Tracing of the curve whose parametric equations are given. Method I. Eliminating the Parameter if possible we shall get the cartesian equation of the curve wh'ch can be traced as explained in § 2 Pages 1-2 of this chapter. Solved examples on Parametric Equations (Method 1) (Meerut 92 P) (Hint : Change to cartesian) 1, Trace the curve x = acos $, y = asin ¢. (Circle) Sol. Eliminating ¢, we get P+ y= a? cos’ + atsin?g = a2 or xt yy ag? which is the standard equation of a circle with (0, 0) as centre and aa radius and can be drawn easily. Ex. 2. Trace the curve x = at”, y = 2at. (Parabols) Sol. Eliminating 1, we get x= at’ =a (yay, “y= at ore = ya or x=a(day or ? = dar, which is the standard equation of parabola and ts shape being well know can be traced casily, Ex. 3. Trace the curve x = Sol. Eliminating 4, we get (lay? + (iby? = cos? p+ sin? g = 1 or “xa? + vip? ean be traced easily acosd, y = bsing, (Bitips?) ips? 1, which being the standard equation of the «lipsze Tracing (Parametric) 33 x=tyyot- 1,2 -39=G0G-") Eee : a squaring both sides A) GB=x*. pie Rot er(e- 3 por acing of this curve see Ex, 13 (a) Page 13 of this chapter in which a= 2 _g Trace the curve x= 4=4 yt let? 140 2 By Bern )ece (lest) atidte: 14 at+e? 2 wea? sh) or ea: tar OF 21 or += L+r'y Lee sa circle, whose centre is (0, 0) and radius = 1 and hence can be cian &2 3 e-py. 6. Trace the curve x = asin? t,y = asin, Cissoid) 2 3 ala), (lay since sin? ¢ = xla I~ xa)’ y? =x°/(a — 2) is the cartesian equation of the given curve. For tracing of this curve See Ex. 8 (b)-on Page 10 of this chapter. Fx. 7. Trace the curve x = a cos’ 6, y = b sin’. ae (cos? ay = a? cos? 6 23 =a 08 (sin? 6) = b 23 Sat va = cos? + sin? = 1 or (xla)”? + (yo)? = 1. g is given in Ex. 26 Pages 20-21 of this Sol. 2 ant ye sin’ 6. 23 t which is hypo-cycloid and its uacin} chaptr. Note: Here 6 is parameter and not vectorial angle. oe 3at at? **Ex. 9, Trace the curve x= 7" a ree 3 2 sous? 4y? = [30] 4 22} = a rea] free] [eee \ 3, 2 2108P _3at_, 3 = 3a, (Note) eae : 7 a+ey ate) ate) uation of the Folium of Descartes. oe ys y= Bary, which is the eq] For tracing of this curve See Ex. 18 on Pages 15-16 of this chapter.Differential/Integral Ca Exercise on Tracing of Curves (Parametric **Ex. Truce the curve x = a cos t, y = a sir, § 7. Method II (For tracing curves given ins This method is used when the parameter c. from the given parametric equations. In this. ca. adopted is :—. i e value of 2%, remembering oc . (i) Find the value of a remembering that a dear. parameter. (ii) Giving differegt values to the parameter find corresponding va of xy and the Slope of the tangent viz. dyidx. Plot these points (wt Cartesian co-ordinates are known to us) and we also know the slope of tangent at these points, Solved Examples on Parametcic Equations (Methua Ip. **Ex. 1, Tracing of Cycloid, By The evcloid is generally given in one of the following forms : @) r=aetsing, ysa(lt cos 1). (b) x (t — sing), a (1 +.cos 8), ©) x=a(e+sindy =a 61 — vosn). @) x=ace- int), y=a(L — COs £). Sol. (a) x= a(t + sin), ya (i + cos t). Lx a(msing and = a (1 +000) dy _dyidt __a(-sint) Y “ake deldt ~ 2 (1+ cost) ~2sin 5t cos 3 2 cos? ie ] Sot oF dylde = ~tan de, (Fig.s2 2. Corresponding values of x,y and dyidx for differect calues ofte given below : ' =S 1 1 t=-x mo O in a (Not x= -an -adx+1) 0 aQn+1) ax i y=0 a 2a a 0 : dyidx = © 0 -1 = 1 From the above data we find that ( where the slope of the tangent is © ie. th an angle y « ~az,0) is a point on the oo e tangent is inclined to the ass! [+ dyide = tan y, see chapter'on Tangents}: Similarly" find that at-the points [-« (i + 1).a},0 2a), [e («+ 1)4] . (az, 0) the tangents to the cu tangents are 1, 6, -1 and Ae : wht ve are inclined to the x-axis at angie as! —© respectively i.e the tangents make a!or Ex. 5. i Sot. Integration of Rational Functions 35 xtdx (xt+at “Gttat)e) = gy wr (: Ex. 6 Evaluate ie (tan 6) 46, ° Integrate x°/(x*-4-a!), " (Lt a?) 4 (lata) ay. (2-+a"/x?) dd, see Ex. 4 above, (xt fey dividing num, and aenom., by %* eos (Note) = x > +E) ecauasy i: x at av) says los (325 aevita)* 1 Ams. Abo whea 6=0, “ FF fl t 1 ck viene) dom f t . dt Ir ae: (Meerut 85 P, Soger-E4) Put tan 6=1, so that sec? @ d0=2r dt 2rdr edt 2t dt sect@ I+tan?o~ (1 " {; Md. + "Jog Leet de) » dividing rum. and denom, by 12 fC : a (f+1/e) (Note) (eeu -{é d(t—I/t) die i. & (HT I 2 wal Jem WA [lve (aya ee ] aga tae i log eat ~it tate | viet ibe tH £ YY, ETe—2 1 (ate) =, (t4+1/t=2) ve ay taal oe ETD 4 Ae d(t+l{y—- {rant O-—tan-? (a0) an [oe ( av 2te I 14 V2HT > log 1=0) oe eltee te So dntegial Calculus omg Sol. Put cot 0=/?; so that —cos¢c' @ d0=2¢ dt _ 20 2t ot dt 2edr or d= — secre =~ Teoh = 40) Also when @=0, t==00 and when 0=2/4, (=1, fon itshal L fut-9 yt oa == [ tans =o i ~F[H8 (Hey as in last exainple 1_y2 . Syl O-tan-t eo} 51 rz i a 4 (Notey — vl 5] ~ aval (e434) 1] “2-1 = ya ayes (Yaqr)- Hx, 8. Integrate (2+ D)/(x4+x2-11). ae { Q@*4Dde _ [ (4x) dx "J GSE) J ORT+T) ” dividing num, and denom. by x, Put x— +. =1.s0 tne (4 x) dxadt ind B+ 2 +I= el 43=043. EDS laity - dro (dz) a som foo] f3h= rhe Ee: Ex.9 (a), Integrate (x*—D/(xt+x?+). (—1) dx ={ Ges on j Care +l), | GHIA) * dividing num, and denom. by x". Put x-+ 4 =t, so that (- ip) dxdt Ans. i . (81) dx Ch ee tel - | Gea -\ yt hoe (a) x+l/. = x41 =} log [Ener] =} toe(55 244) . Ans:Curve Tracing (Parametric) ing the above points and observing the inclinations of the tangents ints the shape of the curve in Ei point ie caree is as shown in Fig, 56 on Page 36 L 2 acost + 7a log tan’ (>t), y = asint. (Tractrix) dr 2 tan (Lt) sec? (Ly - Gz wasing + S. ana GO*a . tan” (5) dee ne a Z aint 7 = ~asine + ° 2sin <1 00s <1 sint a : 2 = (1 = sin? = S28 ¢ sint ‘sine & _ dyidt _acostsint de" ded aoost; 7 ate rresponding values of x,y and dy/dx for different values of ¢ are relow : : 1 zt 9 0 - -a 0 —« 0 ¢ above data we conclude 1 = —7, the corresponding . (~,0) ie. a point at infinity -¢ positive direction of x-axis and ‘ope of tangent at that point is 0, xaxs is tangent at the point. ce from the definition of smptote x-axis is asymptote to the Similarly we can plot other pints and bearing in mind the slope # the tangents at these points the tape of the curve is as shown in joining Fig. 57. Miscellaneous Solved Examples on Tracing of Curves. Ex. 1. Trace the curve a2 = y° (2a — ¥)- Sol. 1. Symmetry about y-axis. eee 2. The curve passes through origin. Tangent at the origin are x7 = 0 ie. x= 0 and x=. These being real and coincident, cusp 16 Spected at the origin. : the 2 Putting x =0, we get y= 0 and 2a, ie. x * curve crosses y-axis at (0, 0) and (0, 2a). Y, (0,28) Fig. 58)1 Shifting " origin to (0, 2a), the equation of the curve ax? = (y + 22) (-y). Hence equating the lowest degree ter bee equation to zero we find that the tangent is Ss iy x-axis je. line through (0, 2a) paralt 7 Vig 4. Whea y > 2a ory < 0,2? Curve does not exist for values ¢ Negative No asymptote or point of inflexion, ith the above data the Shape of the curve is as shown in the 5, on Page 37. * at the new Origin lel to X-axis. is negative 1.x is imagina.y. Hg, OLY greater than 2a oF less than Rt SEX, 2. Trace the curve y? (1 — x2 Sol. 1. Symmetry about both the axes. 2. The curve Passes through the Origin. Tangents at origin are y? — 7 = G ory= +r 2 +x), (Meera, 3. The curve crosses the axes only at the origin. 4. Equating the coefficient of highest degree term of y to zero we get x? = 1 ory * = +1 as the asymptotes of the curve. 5. For values of x*>1. ie. for numerical values of x-> 1, y is negative ory is imaginary. *. The curve does not exist. for numerical values of x > 1 (ie. x > 1 and : x<-1). ‘ (Fig. 59) 6. Asx increases from 0 to 1, y increases from 0 16 0». 7. Origin is the only point of inflexion as dy/dx? = 0 and a°y the origin. =e Hence the shape of the curve is as shown in Fig. 59. “Ex. 3. Trace the curve (a7/x*) — (b%/y?) = 1. Sol. The equation of the curve can be re-written as x2? = a4? — 52,2, 1. Symmetry about both the axes. 2. Curve passes through the origin. Tangents at the origin are a4y*— p42 = 0 ory = +(b/a)r. 3. Curve crosses the axes only at the origin. 4. Equating the coefficient of highest degree terms of y to zero, we get x? — a? =Oorx= +a are the asymptotes to the curve.Curve Tracing 39 «< solving for y, we get TO P= (a? — x2), gris shows that for numerical values of x > ay? j ative ie.y the ne does not exist for numerical va eo eee it lues of x > a, 6, Asx increases from 0 to a,y increases from 0 tu &, 7. Origin is the only point of inflexion as @y/dx® = 0) and dyids? # 0 at ape origi. 7 Hence the shape of the curve ©, y > O and asx + —i,y> @, 7.No point of inflexion. : Hence the shape of the curve is as shown in Fig. 61 above. *Ex. 5. Trace the curve x*y* = (a + y)* (a? - y’). as Sol. 1. Symmetry about y-axis. : 2. The curve does not pass through the origin. 7 3. Putting x = 0, we get y= + aie. the curve crosses y-axis at (0, a) ‘aad (0, -a). Shifting the origin to (0,4), the equation of the curve ‘becomes 2 (y +a) = (2a ty) {a — (y+ a)" or 2 yy +a)? = (2a ty) {-2ay - 7}, ; whence we find that the tangent at the new origin is y =Oie the Tew x-axis ie, a line through (0,4) Parallel to x-axis, o, Agtin shifting the origin to ,~a), the equation of the curve becomes x2 Vat ay 2 ~ G0) or 2 y-a)? Y" Qay ~ y?) y’), whence we find thatus f 40 Differential/Integral Calculus the tangent at the new origin are x? = 0 ie. x= 0 and x =O ie, y and coincident tangents. Hence a cusp is expected at (0, —a) with the tangent to the curve at (0, —a). 0 is the asymptote : 6. Solving for'x, we get x? = (a + y)* (a? - y*yh’. This shows that for y? > a? ies for numerical values of y greatey, a, x? is negative ie. the curve does not cxist 6. AS x increases from 0 to ©, y?,varies from a? to zero. 7. No point of inflexion. Hence the shape of the curve is as shown in Fig, 62 on Page 39. 6. Trace the curve xy? = (1 + y)? (4—y’). (Meerut, mmetry about y-axis. 2. Curve does not pass through the origin. 3. Putting x = 0 we get y = —1, *2,ie. the curve crosses the y-an three points viz. (0, 2), (0, -2) and (0, —1). Shifting the origin to (0, 2) we get the equation of the cune 2 +2) = (y+ 3)" (4- y+ 2)} = (y+ 3)? (—4y — 9), Whence wes that the tangent at the new origin is y = 0 ie. new x-axis iea line through (0, 2) parallel to x-axis. yy (0.2) Similarly shifting the origin to (0, —2) we can find that a line through (0, -2) parallel to x-axis is a tangent lo : to the curve. WB areae Again shifting the origin to (0, 1), we get the equation ay of the curve asx" (y — 1)? = y* _ 2 T. 4-9 -1=) GB +3 -y) whence equating the lowest (Fig. 63) degree terms to zero, we find that the equation to the tangents at (0, -li x = 3 ory’ = x? ory = #(1V3).x i.e. two lines through (0, -1) inclit angle of 30° and 150° with the positive direction of x-axis. (Note) 4.y = Ode. x-axis is the asymptote. 5. Solving for x, we get x” = (1 + y)* (4 — yyy? . This shows that for y*> 4ie, for numerical values of yrds negative ie. the curve does not exist. : _ 6. As y decreases from 2 to 0, x increases from 0 to and! increases from -1 to 0, x increases from 0 to ©. Also for values‘ between -2 and -1, xis Positive i.e. x has two values one positive #! other negative. 7..No point of inflexion.Curve Tracing 41 Hence the shape of the curve is as Shown in Fig. 63 above. +Bx. 7. Trace the curve (a? 4 ?)y = wy z Sol. 1. Symmetry in the 5 opposite quadrants, since by iting —* and —y for x ang y respectively te equation of the curve remains unaltered 2. The curve passes through origin. The tangent at (0, 0) is y=. ’ 3. The curve crosses the axes only at the origin, 4.y =0 is the asymptote to the curve. 5. Solving for y we gety LD _@+hyae— a @epy ax (a? + x2), 22) _@(@?-2’) (@ + 2 . Equating dye to zero, we gelx = +a and theny = tha +. The points of maxima and minima are @, 4a) and (-a, — da). 6. As x increases from a to », y decreases from 2a to 0. 7.x=0 and tav3 give the points of inflexion (which can be obtained by equating d°yidx* to zero and d'yide? x 0), Hence the shape of the curve is as shown in Fig. 64 above. “*Ex. 8. Trace the curve y” = (x ~ a) (x — b)* for a b. It is assumed that a and b are both positive. Sol. For the given curve, we have 1. Symmetry about x-axis. 2. The curve does not pass through the origin. 3, Putting y = 0, we get x =a, bie. the curve passes through (a, 0) and Shifting the origin to (a, 0) the quation of the curve reduces to Y=x @+a—b), whence the tangent at the new origin is x = 0 te new y-axis ie. a line x through (a, 0) parallel to y-axis. Case Ia a, Hence there is node al (b,0) iach. ca Also as x increases from b to %,y *—4 ee also increases from 0 to @ and for X and (a, 0) an (b, 0) coincide Shifting the origin to (b, 0) we find as in Case I above that the tangen: at the new origin are given by y* = (b — a) x® which reduce to y = 0, whe, Ae He. we have two real and coincident tangents at (b,0) ie. (a, 0) sing 5 =a. Hence there is a cusp at (a, 0) in this case. : Also for x < a,y” is negative ie, the curve does not exist forx b. Here on shifting the origin to (6, 0) we have as in Case I above that the tangents dt (b,0) are given by ? = (b—a)x?, which represent two imaginary tangents when a > b. (Note) Hence (b,0) is a conjugate point on the curve. Also for x as x -» © i.e. curve ultimately is parallel to y-axis. There is no point of inflexion or asymptote. . Hence the shape of the curve in this case (i.e. a > b) is as shown int Fig. 67 above. **Ex. 9. Trace the curve x = (y ~ 1) (y — 2) (y— 3). (Bundelkhand 9) Sol. 1. No symmetry. 2. The curve does not Pass through the origin.Curve Tracing ae 4, Putting x = 0, We get y = 1,2,3, ie, the curve crosses the y-axis 0,1), (0.2) and (0, 3). Also putting y = 0 we get r= 76, 8° the cure (hoses X-anis a (- 6,0). 7 0S ae (Fig. 68) shiftizg the origin to (0, 1), the equation of the curve reduce: ° r=y(v— 1) (’ — 2), whence equating the lowest degree terms to Zero. ¥= find that the tangent at the new origin is r=2y, ie. y= 4x U2 @ line ‘rough (0, 1) making an angle tan™* @ with x-axis. Similarly shifting the origin to (0, 2) the equation Of the curve rec tox=(y + l)y (y= 1), whence equating the lowest degree terms to zer’ we find that the tangent at the new origin is x= -y or y= —x ie. a line through (0, 2) making an angle of 135° with x -axis. : Shifting the origin to (0, 3), the equation of the curve reduces \ x= (y + 2) (y— 1)y, whence equating the lowest degree therms to zero. we find that the tangent at the new origin is x= 2yie y= 5x Le. a line through (0, 3) making an angle tan™ (3) with x-axis. Shifting the origin to (- 6, 0) the equation of the curve reduces to 1-6=(y--1)y-2) (—3) = y- 6F + Llly- 6 orr=y - 6 + Ly, whence equating the lowest degree terms to zero, we find that the tangent at the new origin is x= lly or y=(I/1l)x ie. a line through (- 6, 0) making an angle tan” (1/11) with x-axis. 4. No asymptote. 5. The given equation of the curve can be re-written as xray 6 + lly-6 J. daly = By? — dy + 11; Paldy? = 6 ~ 12 Equating di/dy to zero we get 3y” — 12y + 11= 0 ory = (1/6) (12 ev {144 — 132}] = (16) [12 + 2V3] = 2 = (AN) = 2% (13) = 2+ 3 (1.732) = 2# 06 = 26,14. From (i) when y = 2.6. we get x = —0.4 nearly. and when y = 1.4, we get x = 0.4 nearly.44 Differential/Integral Calculus 6, a@xidy* = +ve and when y= 14, diay? S 1.4 and min. when y = 2.6. *, © (0, 2) 1 a pone g Also when y= Hence x is max. when 6. Equating dria? to zero we get y inflexion. 7. When y = when y when y when y These show that as y > + 00,2 -* +00; asy + — 00,1 > 00, With the above data the shape of the curve is as shown in Fig. 68 on Page 43. *Ex. 10. Trace the curve ? = (x — a) (x—b)(x- 0), wherea>b>c. (Meerut 92) Sol. 1. Symmetry about x-axis. 2. Curve does not pass through the origin Hi 3. Putting y = 0, we get x= a,b,c ie. the curve crosses the x-axis at (a, 0), (b, 0) and (c, 0) Shifting the origin to (a,0), the equation of the curve reduces to yo =x +a—b) (x +a—c), whence equating the lowest degree term to vero we find that the tangent at the new origin is x = 0 /e, new y-axis Le. a line through (a, 0) parallel to x-axis. Similarly the tangents at (b,0) and (c,0) are also lines through them parallel to x=0 ie. new praxis. 4. No asympototes. 5. From the given it is evident (i) When x <¢ factors xX-a,x—b and x—c are all’ negative, hence for y< 0 ie. the curve does not exist. (ii) Atr=cy =0. (iil) When x lies between ¢ and 6 (where b>), factors (x — a) and (Fig. 69) (« — 6) are negative whereas {x — c) is positive, hence y? is positive. (iv) When x ) The results (ii) to (iv) above show that there is a loop between x =¢ andx=b, | (¥) When x lies bétween & and a (where a > b), factors (x - 6) and (* ~ ¢) are positive, whereas (x ~ a) is negative hence y” is negative ie. curve does not exist between x = b and x =a.Curve Tracing pi Ay =O. (vit) Wheax > a, all the factors are positive hence y” is positive Also we find that asx -> ,y?-» 40 7, From dyidx we find that as x» 0, (dyldx) > @ ie. the curs at ecomes parallel to y-axis, ultimately bee ) s, No point of inflexion, Hence the shape of the curve is as shown in Fig. 69 on Page 4 Ey. HL Trace the curve x4 = y4 + yy = 0, Sol. 4. Symmetry in the opposite quadrants since by substituung — and -¥ fof x and y the equation of the curve remains unaltered 2 The curve passes through the ongin. The tangents at the origin are ) and y= 0 (obtained by equating the lowest degree term to 7010 3, The curve crosses the axes only at the origin. 4.y-x=0 and y+x=0 are the two asymptotes of the curve. (Find these). Also the curve lies below y =x. 5. Origin is the point of inflexion. Hence the shape of the curve is : as shown in the adjoining Fig. 70. (vig. 70) *Ex. 12. Trace the curve y’ = x? (2a — x), a > 0. Sol. 1. No symmetry. 2. The curve passes through the origin. Equating the lowest degree terms to zero we get the Pr tangents at the origin as x2 =0 Ne ie.x=0,x = 0. Hence a cusp is expected at the origin. 3. The curve crosses the raxis ie. y=O at (0, 0) and (24,0). Shifting the origi to (2a, 0) We get the equation of the curve ® y'5 + 2a)? (2a ~x—22) Sty" = =x (x + 2a), origin The tangent at the new : S*'=Oie. the new y-axis. 4: For negative values of x, Y>Vieyso, —46 Differential/Antegral Calculus For positive values of x less than 2a,y*>0 ie, y>0 where, ‘aS fy t r>2ayP<0 or <0, 6 Asvmptote iy ty = 2a aK Tt : Fores Jay's ta? lay = (3/8)a3 or y= 0.76 For ore 2 3 @ (a) =a ory (914)a? (Sa) = (9/8)a* or y = a For v= (3/2)a, avs 3 Fore = (11/10)a,y? = (121/100)a2 { 24) 1089a" 5 CM1Oa,y" = (121/100)a2 |= To0g OT = 1.020. For 0 or y=0 And for x * =a? (3a) = 303 or For x = —2a,y? = da? (4a) = 1623 or For x= —3a,y* = 9a" (Sa) = 45a3 or Also forx = 3a,y> = 9a*(-a) = —9a? or Torx = 4a,y> = 16a? (-2a) = -32a3 or y = -3.2a With the above data the shape of the curve is as shown in Fig, 71 Page 45. Ex. 13. the curve x° + y? = 3ax’, a > 0. [Hint + Do as Ex. 12 above]. Ex, 14. Trace the curve y* Sol. 1. No symmetry. 2. The curve passes through the origin. The tangents at the origin are te. x = 0,x = 0 Le. cusp is expected at the origin. 3. Putting y=0 we get + ar? =0 or 2 (+a) =0ie. the curve crosses x-axis at (0, 0) and (—a, 0). Shifting the origin to (—a, 0), the equation of the curve becomes yY=(e-ayPtaw@—ay ory =x — 2a - ae The tangent at the new origin is x = Oie. new y-axis ie. a line through (—a,0) parallel to y-axis. (Fig. 72) 4.y-x= ta is asymptote to the given curve. 5, Solving for y, we get y* =x? (x + a). This shows that forx < -a,y* 0, we find y 0, 3 BASE ~ Oyo ory. 7 © Ory ow, 7. (~@.0) is a point of intl and seeing that d vide? 5 0 the S$. Equar 3 and asx +00, y" lexion. (Obtained by Te), ing dyde to Zero, we get 32 Hence ¢ shape of the Ex. LS. Trace the Sol. 1. Symme initial line. equating d’y/dx" to zero + lw =Oory= 2 54.0. aS shown in Fig, 72 Page 46, ; (Meerur 90 S, Curve is curve r= a £08 4 + cos 36) Uy about the 3.cos 6) + which give the tangents to the curve, 3. The corresponding values of 6 and are given below : (Fig. 73) 5 0 values between 4a values between ia” values between Oand 2/3 x/3and 2/2 . 1/2 and (23) r 3a° positive and 0 Negative 0 POsitive decreasing 6 22 values between x (2/3) and 0 negative negative From the above data we observe € that r decreases from 3a to 0 as 6 “aries from 0 to £ 3; the curve does not exist between ja and 32 (as ris "egative in this region); a loop exists between 6 = Positve in this region and finally the curve does Not cxist in the region between @ = (2/3) and @ = x (as r is negative in this region). Shape of the “Ne is as shown in Fig. 73 above. Be 16. Trace the curve Say” ol. da and @ = 25 as r is x — 2a) (x — Sa)”, 2a, Sa ie. the curve crosses x-axis at (2a, 0) ©). Putting x = 0,y? = negative ie. y is imaginary so the curve does POL ETOSS ya, :48 Differential/Integral Calculus TBIC Ly Shifting the origin to (2a,0) the equation of the curve reduces bay? =x (x ~ 3a)2, whence equating the lowest degree terms to zer0 find that v = U ie. new y-axis is the tangent at the new origin. We Shitting the origin to (5a,0). the equation of the curve reduces to Say? = (x + a)x*, whence equating the lowest degree terms. to zero we find that Quy? = 3a’ yet? : or ys £(1NV3)r are the Langents at the new origin ie. two lines through (5a, 0) whose inclination to x-axis are stan”! (1/3) ie. (20/6). 3. For values of x < 2a, the curve does not exist and it exists for all values of x > Sa or (Fig. 74) 4. Asx > +0, > +0, 5. No assymptotes. 6.When x= 3a,y?= (4/90? ory = #(2/3)a5 when x=4a,y?= (29)? ory = tRav?; when x= 6a,y*= (4/90? or yy = #(2a/3), when x= Tay? = (209)a" or —-y = +(2a/3) V5 With the above data, the shape of the curve is as shown in Fig. 74 above, E race the curve (x — 2)? = y (y — 1)”. Sol. 1. No symmetry. 2. Putting y = 0, we get x = 2, ie. the curve crosses x-axis at (2, 0). Al putting x = 0, the equation of the curve reduces to yy? =4ory- 2 +y-4=0, which gives the ordinates of the points wheré the cuive crosses y-axis. But it is not easy to evaluate y from this y equation. Shifting the origin to (2, 0) the’ equation of the curve reduces to (42-2 =yy-1) or =yy-1)? wi) Putting x=0 in this equation we find that the curve crosses the new y-axis at y=0, y=lie. (0, 0) and (0, 1) ° referred to parallel axes through the new T (2.0) (Fig. 75)49 | ss | jn, Also from (i) equating the lowest degree term t0 Z€f0, we origityc at new-origin as y = Oi.e. new x-axis. ranbigo shifting the origin to (0, 1) the equation (i re + Dy Equating the lowest degree terms 10 2ef0 We BOY zy as the tangents to the new origin fie. at (0, 1) referred to or ¥gel axes through (2, 0)]. pat iso from (i) we find that the curve is symmetrical ab referred 10 parallel axes through (2, 0)). [refer peferred to equation (i) of the curve, we find that :— The curve does not exist for negative values of y. CTA Curve Tracing get the ) of the curve reduces 0 out new x-axis 4, Asy 2X > @. 5, No asymptote. 6. When y =xx= U8 or x= +1(V2) = £0.35 when y=2x°=2 0 or when y=0,x°=12 or x= +2V3 = 43.5. With the above data, the shape of the curve is as shown in Fig. 75 on Page 48. . Ex. 18. Trace the curve (x? + y*)? = x7 Sol. Changing the given equation to polar we get (Py? = P-c0s?@ ~ 7 sin? =r? (cos*@ = sin?) = 7? cos 28 - or 7 = cos 28. Now trace as in Ex. 7 on Page 26. Ex. 19, Trace the curve y = x° — x” — 2x. (Agra 95) Sol. 1. No symmetry. 2. The curve passes through the origin. The tangent at the origin is y = —2x (equating the lowest degree terms to zero) ie.y + 2x = 0. 3. Putting y = 0, we get p--2x=0 or x@?-x-2)=0 or x@@-2)@+1)=0. or x=0,2,-1 ie. The curve crosses the x-axis at (0,0), (2, 0) and (-1, 0). Shifting the origin to (2, 0) we get y=@et2— (+2)? 2 +2) or y =x? + 5x? + Gr. So the tangent at the new origin is y = 6x. Shifting the origin to (-1, 0) we get RG 1>-@-1)?-2@-1 ren 4x? + 3x. So the tangent at the new origin is y = 3x. fer increases from 2 to ,y increases from 0 to ». 5 Ne teases from —1 to %, y decreases from 0 to —«. ~ NO asymptotes. ory? (Fig. 77) lt — x,y decreases fromz- a 0. —2y=-4. above data, the shape of the curve is as shown in # above. Ex. 21 Trace the curve x= ap i(x +a). (Kanpur 94) metry about x-axis. Coes not pass through (0, G). 3. Putting y=O we getx=a te. the curve crosses x-axis at (4,0). Shifting the « ofigin to (a, 0), the equation of the curve becomes Ye + 2a) =x. So the tangent at fe : wanCurve Tracing 51 Poe e new Origin IS Y= O je, y= Oy =O ie : ha vig fe. at (a, 0). cusp is expected at the putting x = Owe get y? = _,2 0 the cu : =0i: , irve di S y-axis. 4.x += (is the asymptote to the given oe hot cross y-axis. : 5. For values of x Iying between — 2 ; curve does not exist. - @ and a,y* is negative and so the 6. Asx increases from ¢ to ®,y increases from 0 to w. 7. Given y = (x —a)P2 (y 4 4)" fory > 0 1213 : gy _ FF 91GB) @~- a7) ~@- ay?) iy ¢ qy12 fee a& (Fa) = €2 9? Bi ta-G- a) 2+ ap? = (x - a)'? (2 + dayr(e + a)? 2. O gives x = a and x = —2a, “2 can show that d?y.dx > 0 for x = ~2a ie.y is min. atx = ~2a, 8 Forx = ay? = (2a = a)3/(2a +a) = a'/3 ory = +aV3.= +0.6a. For x = 3a,y? = (3a ~ a)°/(3a + a) = 2a* ory = tay? = +140. Forx = ~3a/2,y” = ((-3/2)a — a’ (-3/2)a + a] = 1250714 ; = y= #(VS2)a = +56. Forx = -2a,y* = (—2a — a)3(-2a + a) = 210” y= #3V3a = 45.1. 5 2 3 = Met Forx = -3a,y? = (—3a — a)*/(-3a + a) = 320 nn ; >y = £4V2a = 45.7. With the above data the shape of the curve is as shown in Fig. 78 on Page 50, : Ex, 22. Trace the curve x= y? (x + 1)”. (Avadh 95) Sol. 1. Symmetry about x-axis. 2. Curve passes through the origin. tangents at the origin are given by =¥, equating the lowest degree terms '0 zero. i.e. y= +x are the tangents at the origin. 3. The given curve crosses the axes *° Only at the origin. re*, Y-1=0 and x41=0 ie. =~Ly=+hy=-1 are the “symptotes, >. Given equation can be re-written ay. Plex + 12,32 Differential/Integral Calculus Asx decreases from -1 to —%, ¥ decreases from : tol. = +02. 6. Forx = 0.5,y? = (0.5)'(1.5)" = (1/9) ory = #3 Forx = Ly? = (122)? > y = £0.5. For x = 2,y? = (23)? =y = +(2/3) = £0.66. For r= -05,y? = (-05)(-05 + 1)? =1ey= 21 ' For r= -0.75,y? = (-0.75)*(—0.75 + 1)? = (0.75/0.25)" = 9 >ys, Porn = -2,y*= (-2)'-2+ 1)? =4 ey = 22. Forx = —3,y?= (~3)'(-3 + 1) = 9/4 ey = #15. : With the above data, the shape of the curve 1s as shown in Fig. % Page SI *Ex, 23. Trace the curve x(y — x) = ay”. (Avad, Sol. 1. No symmetry. : 2. Curve passes through the origin. The tangents at the origin areg byy? = Oie.y = 0,y =0 ie. conicident tangents and so cusp is expec, the origin. : 3. Curve does not intersect the axes, except at the origin. 4.x — a = 0s an asymptote. 5. For. negative values of x,y” is negative, so the curve does not exist. — 6. For x = 3a, 3a(y — 3a)* ory= Forx Forx = 1.5a,y For x = 4,y = a/2 = 05a. For x= 3a/4,y = 0.34, ~4.8a. For x = a/2,y = 0.24, —1.2a. Forx = a/4,y = 0.1a, —0.25a. With the above data, the shape of the curve is as shown in Fig. 80 above. (Fig, 80) Ex. 24. ‘Irace the curve y = (x? + 1)/(x? — 1). (Age Sol. 1. No symmetry. 2. The curve does not pass through the origin. 3. Putting y = 0, we get x7 + 1 = 0 which gives no real values ol! the curves does not cross x-axis. Putting x = 0, we get y = —1, so the 5 pres ‘a i jt crosses y-axis at (0, -1). Shifting the origin to (0, — uation cose yas at ). ig, igin to (0, -1) the eq! , O-D)=@ +I =Norgy-Ne-1N=241 or ate te ~. The tangent at the new origin is y = 0 ie. new x-axis. 4.x= andy =Oare asymptotes to the curve.Curve Tracing 53 5, Forx =2,y =S/7 = Forx = 3,y = 10/26 E Forx = 4,y = 17/63 = 0,3, For x = 6,y = 37/215 = 0.17, Also for x = 0.2,y = ~1.05, Forx = 0.5, Forx = 0.8, Forx = 0.9, And forx = -0.1,y Forx = -0.2, Forx = Forx = -1,y : Forx = —2,y = -06; Forr = ~3,y = ~03; is, Forx = —5S,y = -0.2 etc, a With the about data the shape of the curve is as shown above in Fig 81 a : Ex. 25. Trace the curve y = 2%, 1 amiwval 94) Sol. 1. No symmetry. ane 2. The curve does not pass through the origin. : 3. Putting x = 0, we get y = 1. So the curve passes throygh (0, 1) Shifting the origin to (0, 1), we gety + 1= 2492283 tun x 2 = 1+ x log? + 54 og2y + ray 2 on expanding 2", remembering a* = 1 + x logea + on (log a)? +... . Equating the lowest degree terms to zero, we get the tangent at (0, 1) asy =x (log 2) ory = 0.7r, “+ loge 2 = 0.69315 4. As x increases from 0 to ©, y increases from 1 to ©, As x decreases from 0 to —%,y decreases from 1 to 0. 5. Forx = Ly =2. Forx = 2,y = 4etc. Also forx = -1,y =27' = 0.5. Forx = -2, Forx = ~3, With the above data, the shape of the Curve is as shown in Fig. 82 above. Ex. 26. Trace the curve y = a cosh (x/a). ‘| (Meerut 95 P) Sol. 1, Putting —x for x we find that the equation of the curve remains “nchanged, sO there is symmetry about y-axis. : ~ "he curve does not pass through the origin. (Fig. 82)Differential/Integral s4 = aeosh0 = aly (e+e) 3, Putting x = Owe gety © ‘The curve passes th yd ea cosh [(r + Oya] = a cosh (wa). oy or at the row origin. Aptores. : ation of the curve is cosh (x/a). a(t +e), Porr=ay=ya(elt e) or y =4a [2.7 + 0.4] = 1.62. face? +e) 8a etc. y= 4a[74 + Ol] = With the above data, the shape of the Ex. 27, Trace the curve y = | sinx | or Sol. 1, Putting —x forx the equation of th rough (0,4). Shifting the or st degree term to 770 We & Calculus cosh = (7 +e. igin tO (0,4) We py waft se | (Big. 83) ve is as shown in Fig. 53. xforsinx 20 x for sinx <0. curve remains unaltereds si the curve is symmetrical about y-axis. > For sin x>0 ie. x>0 we find that if y= 0, then sinx =0it % x = nut, where n is an integer. -. The curve crosses x-axis at” y= sin (7/6) y = sin (7/4) yeu y = sin (32/2) y= sin 20 y = sin (Sx/2) y=sin30AIVe Tracing 7 With the above data the shay below. fix. 28. Trace the curve x4 4 (Gorakhpur 93) Sol. 1. Symmetry about the line y = x, 4s on intechanging x andy, He u aitig + equation of the culve remains unaltered” Also there is symmetry in the ssite quadrants as the @ opposite quadrants as the equation dos change ing — oa -y fory. 4 loes not change on putting —r for 2. The curve passes through =the origin, Equating the — lowest degree term to zero, the tangents at the origin are * given by y=Oie. r=0 and y = 0 and so node is expected at the origin. Solving the given (vig. 84) PC Of the curve is as shown in Fig: 84 on y* = dady, equation of the cutve and y = x, we get Sa? 2” = dar or 2x7 (x? = 2a) =0 >x=0, tav2. The given. curve crosses the line y=x at (9, 0). (av?2, av2) and (-@v2, -av2). The value of dyidy at (av2, av2) can be found to be -1 Le. the tangent to the curve at (aV2,av2)_ is inclined to the x-axis at an angle 135°. t 4. No asymptote. (Fig. 85) ‘ With the above data, the shape of the curve is as shown in Fig. 85 above. : Miscellaneous Exercises on Curve Tracing Trace the following curves -— \ Ex. 1x3? = (a +y)? (07% y’), when b >a. ‘ (Hint : See Ex. 6. Page 40) Ex, 2. ay" = (x — a)° (x +b), discussing both the cases when @ > b and a 0. Ex. 14. y? (a? +.2°) = ae Ex. 15. x4 — y* Ex. 16, 9? (24 - x Ex. 17. ay x(x + a),a>0. Ex. 18. (7 +5") k ~@* =0,a>0. Ex. 19. y= (0-1) (x — 2) (x — 3). Ex. 20, Be, Ex. 21 or (a~2). (Rohilkhand 97, 95) Ex 22 x) (Kanpur 9) Ex 2% y oo xitat a>. (Gorakhpur 91, Be 2d. tal (Kumaun 9) Ex. 25, Le qumber of loops of the curve r = a cos 48. (Purvanchal 9) (Ring . See nie ni ae ené of Ex. 9. Page 27). Ans:8 go