‘TYPE AND INSTALLATION OF WIRING SYSTEMS BS Hi} Hi ih YH} Hi Illustration of surface conduit wiring Fig. 3.10 There are two types of conduits used for wiring. One is known asclose joint or open seam conduits or brazed conduitsand thesecond type of conduits are solid drawn seamless or welded. The conduits can either be buried under plaster or can be supported over the wall by means of saddles or pipe hooks. The wiring with conduit on the surface of the wall is known as surface conduit wiring and whereas wiring with conduit buried under plaster is known as recessed conduit wiring. The mainadvantages of conduit wiring are: (1) It provides protection against fire due to short circuits etc. (2) It provides protection against mechanical injury to the VLR. wires used. (3) It provides protection against moisture of the atmosphere since the conduits can be made water-tight. (4) It provides an easy way of replacing the damaged wires. (5) Such a system is most suitable for workshops. The conduits are generally erected first and wiring is. done later. There are three methods by means of which the wiring of the con- duits can be done. They are: (a) Threading through. (6) Pushing in. (ec) Drawing in. The first. method of threading through is suitable when the wiring is done before the conduits are erected which is somewhat laborious and takes more time. This is useful only for making extensions.56 WIRING, ESTIMATING AND COSTING The method of pushing in is possible only when the erected lengths of the conduit are small and straight. The drawing in method of wiring the conduit is most commonly adopted. First the wires are inserted in the conduits and later V.I.R. conductors are pulled through by means of steel wires. In order that the wires may be easily pulled they are sometimes rubbed with French Chalk. Inspection boxes and bends are provided at frequent intervals to facilitate drawing in of the wires. While drawing, care must be taken that wires are in no case to be twisted round one another. It will reduce the capacity of the conduit and it will become difficult to change the wire if necessity arises some time later. The following arc the chief points which should be cared for in the adoption of conduit wiring : (1) The main drawback for conduit wiring is that there is a considerable condensation in the conduits in places where there occurs appreciable change in temperature. In order to avoid con- densation of water, the conduits must be well ventilated to allow free air circulation. When a conduit is run horizontally, it should be given a fall and care should be taken that no pocket is formed where the condensation may rest. (2) Much care should be taken in cutting the conduit lengths so that burns etc. may not be formed which will tear offtheinsulation from the wires when drawing in. It is always advisable to cut the conduits with a fine blade having 32 teeth per inch. (3) Correct measurements should be taken to make satisfac- tory joints. (4) The oil used for threading the conduits must be wiped off as it is injurious to the rubber insulation. (5) The threads should be coated with aluminium paint and not with red lead as it may act as an insulator (6) Forchenge of direction, the conduit must be bent round cold in a press and the radius of the bend should not be less than 8 cm. (7) Whenever the conduits are buried under plaster, the con- duits must be screwed to the wall behind first so that it may not become loose later. (8) The conduit must be well painted even if it is galvanized before burying it under plaster. (9) Wooden or ebonite bushes should be used whenever the wires enter or leave the conduit, while brass bushings may be used when leading into the building from overhead lines.TYPE AND INSTALLATION OF WIRING SYSTEMS 57 (16) Ifthe current is alternating, conductors of opposite polarity should be bunched together so that the sum of current through that length of the conduit will be zero at any instant, otherwise eddy currents may be induced in the conduits which will heat them up. (11) It is always advisable to use only one size of conduits even if the parts of run of conduits be duplicated or if the conduit is to carry much less number of wires than its carrying capacity. (12) The conduit must be electrically continues and effectively connected to earth. (13) Contact of the conduits with the metal work should be avoided and conduits should be kept away from gas and water pipes. 8. Installation of Conduit Wiring. The conduit wiring is undoubtedly the best wiring system. It has attained much impor- tance for interior wiring installations. The conduits used may either be non-metallic (such a fibre, plastic or alkathine etc.) or metallic. The metallic conduits may further be subdivided into ferrous or mon-ferrous. The non-ferrous conduits may either be of aluminium er of copper. The ferrous conduits are made of mild steel ; in its appearance it is similar to that of a water pipe, but they differ from %@ in the sense that conduits are annealed to permit easy bending. They are specially treated during manufacture so as to have high degree of corrosion resistance. In general the conduits can be classified as : (a) Thin wall conduits. (6) Rigid conduits. (c) Flexible conduits. 9. Thin Wall Conduits. Such conduits are further subdi- wided into: (a) Close joint conduits. These are made out of light gauge steel strips, bent so as to form a tube. There is no mechanical adhesion ‘Getween its two edges. It is the cheapest form of conduit, and pro- wedes only mechanical protection and covers risk against fire. Such ‘eeduits are not recommended for quality work. (6) Brazed conduits. Such conduits are also made similar to ‘Sat of close-joint conduits, but the ends of the steel tubing are ‘Srezed together which makes the conduits damp-proof. If has the ‘Pestest disadvantages that the brazing material is left projecting “Wide the tube which makes drawing in of the wires impossible. 10. Rigid Conduits. Such conduits are made out of a heavy steel and the tube edges are electrically welded. so they are as heavy gauge welded conduits.58 WIRING, ESTIMATING AND COSTING There is another form of rigid conduit called as Solid drawn conduit. Such conduits are drawn from solids and have no joint throughoutits section. They are the heaviest and the best, although a bit costlier. These are available in about 3-metre lengths and are threaded at the two ends. The threads are usually tapered and are provided with a coupling on one side similar to that of plumbing pipe coupling. They can be joined together to form one continuous run. The rigid conduit is shown in Fig. 3.11. : Rigid Conduit Fig. 3.11 While manufacturing conduits, care is taken to remove all burrs, scale and other rough spots from inside of the conduit to avoid damage to the insulation on the wires. This also makes pulling in of the wires and cables easier. There are two general types of finishes in which conduits are available. They are: (a) black enamelled. (b) galvanized. The black enamelled conduits have a coating of black enamel, baked in a heating furnace, so that it may not peal offeasily. The “galvanized conduits” have a coating of zine which is usually applied by hot dipping process. The black enamelled conduits should be used only in doors. Their use should be avoided where the location is damp and where they are liable to face acid fumes, and salt sea water atmosphere. Table 3.3 gives the maximum number of wires which can be accommodated in different sizes of conduits. 11. Flexible Conduits. The flexible conduits are made from galvanized steel strips, specially wound upon each other. There are three types of flexible conduit : (a) Concaved double strip. It consists of concave-shaped steei strips spirally wound one upon the other as shown in Fig. 3.12 (a). To make the conduit moisture-proof a gasket is provided in between the strips. (6) Flat double strip. The construction of this type of flexible conduit is similar to that in (a) except that the strips are flat as shown in Fig. 3.12 (b).60 WIRING, ESTIMATING AND COSTING Fibrous Gasket @ CONCAVED DOUBLE STRIP Fibrous Gosket (b) FLAT DOUBLE STRIP Round Gasket Strip (ce) SINGLE STRIP Flexible Conduits Fig. 3.12 (c) Single strip. This type of flexible conduit is made from a single galvanized steel strip. Such strips are interlocked as shown in Fig. 3.12 (c). These conduits may also be gasketed. Usually the double strip conduits are preferred to single strip conduits since : (1) they are more flexible ; (2) they are smoother from inside. The flexible conduits are available in lengths up to 250 metres, so no couplings are required and hence no threading. Since the conduits are flexible and are easily bent, no elbows are required. The flexible conduits have advantageous application in installations where a certain amount of flexibility is required, i.e. with motors having sliding bases. However, the flexible conduit is costlier than the rigid conduit. Moreover it is not satisfactory in damp places as the moisture is liable to enter into the conduit. So embedding of such conduits into the concrete is avoided. 12. The Conduit Accessories. The general accessories required for the conduit installations are given in the following articles. 13. Couplings. Since the conduits are available in smaller lengths, so to obtain a continuous length of the conduit the two are coupled together by mear:s of coupling. For the three types of conduit (thin, rigid and flexible) different type of couplings are required. (i) Thin wall conduit coupling. The thin wall conduits cannot have threads, 30 coupling cennot be done in an ordinaryTable 3.3 Maximum Capacity of Conduits for the Drawing in of V.LR. Cables lin 38.1 mm. | 2in. 50.4 mm, | 21 in. 63.5 mm. No. and dia in mm. SWGLSAS ONIULM JO NOLLVTIVISNI GN¥Y