Updated GWP Spaghetti Produced by FMRL Co. LTD

STEP 1: DURUM WHEAT PRODUCTION UNIT RAW AMOUNT
Input
Wheat seeds kg 300
Atrazine (C8H14ClN5) kg/ kg wheat seeds 1.5
Fertilizer (N) ammonic nitrate kg/ kg wheat seeds 500
Fertilizer (P) biammonic phosphate 18-46([NH4] kg/ kg wheat seeds 150
Diesel (trasnporting seeds at 15 km distance) MJ/tkmkg wheat seeds 3.6495
Output
Durum wheat kg/ kg wheat seeds 10890
STEP 2: CLEANING/SEPARATION OF WHEAT UNIT RAW AMOUNT

Input
Durum wheat kg 10890
Electricity MJ/ kg durum wheat 1500
Natural gas MJ/ kg durum wheat 22.2
Output
Clean durum wheat kg/kg durum wheat 10302
Bran (by-product) kg/kg durum wheat 395
durum wheat losses kg/kg durum wheat 5
Efficiency 94.60%
STEP 3: MILLING (SEMOLINA PRODUCTION) UNIT RAW AMOUNT

Input
Clean durum wheat kg 10302
Electricity MWh/ kg clean durum wheat 2220
Diesel (transporting clean durum wheat at 5km) MJ/tkmkg clean durum wheat 41.77461
Natural gas MJ/ kg clean durum wheat 473.6
Output
Semolina kg/ kg clean durum wheat 10300
clean durum wheat losses kg/ kg clean durum wheat 2
Efficiency 99.98%
STEP 4: PASTA PRODUCTION (Formulation

and drying) & PACKAGING UNIT RAW AMOUNT
Input
Semolina kg 10,300
Water litres/ kg semolina 2148
Plastic package kg/ kg semolina 210
Electricity MWh/ kg semolina 5.8
Natural gas MJ/ kg semolina 780
Diesel (transporting semolina at 5km) MJ/tkmkg semolina 41.7665
Output/Emissions
Packaged pasta (net weight) kg/ kg semolina 10000
Efficiency 97.09%
STEP 5: DISTRIBUTION AND CONSUMER PHAUNIT RAW AMOUNT

Input
Packaged Pasta (net weight) kg 10000
Water litres/ kg Packaged Pasta (NW) 80
Salt kg/ kg Packaged Pasta (NW) 0.6
Natural Gas MJ/ kg Packaged Pasta (NW) 48
Diesel (transporting packaged pasta at 15km) MJ/tkmkg Packaged Pasta (NW) 121.65
FU Conversion factor for 0.5kg of Pasta 5E-05

if 10000kg pasta = X, then 0.5kg pasta =? X*(0.5/10000)
LCI TABLE (FU = 0.5 Kg Plastic Packaged Pasta)
STEP 1 AMOUNT/FU UNIT
Input
Wheat seeds 1.46E-02 kg
Diesel (trasnporting seeds at 15 km distance) 7.28E-05 MJ/tkmkg wheat seeds
Output/Emissions
Durum wheat 5.29E-01 kg
CO2 (direct diesel emission) 5.39E-03 g/MJ fuel
CH4 (direct diesel emission) 3.02E-07 g/MJ fuel
N2O (direct diesel emission) 2.08E-07 g/MJ fuel

Input
Durum wheat 5.29E-01 kg
Electricity 7.28E-02 MJ/ kg durum wheat
Natural gas 1.08E-03 MJ/ kg durum wheat
Output/Emissions
Clean durum wheat 5.00E-01 kg/kg durum wheat
Bran (by-product) 1.92E-02 kg/kg durum wheat
durum wheat losses 2.43E-04 kg/kg durum wheat
CO2 (direct natural gas emission) 6.05E-02 g/MJ fuel
CH4 (direct natural gas emission) 1.08E-06 g/MJ fuel
N2O (direct natural gas emission) 1.08E-07 g/MJ fuel
Clean durum wheat 5.15E-01 kg

Electricity 1.11E-01 MWh/ kg clean durum wheat
Diesel 2.09E-03 MJ/tkmkg clean durum wheat
Diesel (transporting clean durum wheat at 5km)2.37E-02 MJ/ kg clean durum wheat
Output/Emissions
Semolina 5.15E-01 kg/ kg clean durum wheat
clean durum wheat losses 1.00E-04 kg/ kg clean durum wheat
CO2 (direct natural gas emission) 1.33E+00 g/MJ fuel

Input
Semolina 5.15E-01 kg
Water 1.07E-01 litres/ kg semolina
Plastic package 1.05E-02 kg/ kg semolina
Electricity 2.90E-04 MWh/ kg semolina
Natural gas 3.90E-02 MJ/ kg semolina
Diesel (transporting semolina at 5km) 2.09E-03 MJ/tkmkg semolina
Output/Emissions
Packaged pasta (net weight) 5.00E-01 kg/ kg semolina

Input
Packaged Pasta (net weight) 5.00E-01 kg
Water 4.00E-03 litres/ kg Packaged Pasta (NW)
Salt 3.00E-05 kg/ kg Packaged Pasta (NW)
Natural Gas 2.40E-03 MJ/ kg Packaged Pasta (NW)
Diesel (transporting packaged pasta at 15km) 6.08E-03 MJ/tkmkg Packaged Pasta (NW)
Emissions
* Semolina is produced (step 3 output) and consumed (step 4 input) within this system boundary, so
it can be deleted from the LCI table. The same applies to durum wheat and clean durum wheat
Stationary sources
Source: IPCC (International Panel on Climate
Change) CARBON CONTENT
CARBON CONTENT
kg Carbon / kg of
kg Carbon / GJ
FUEL fuel
Coal 0.70 26
Gasoline 0.84 19
Diesel 0.87 20.2
Liquified Petroleum Gas 0.81 17.2
Natural Gas 0.73 15.3
Since CO2 emissions are independent on

combustion technology and CH4 and N2O (other
emitted substances) strongly dependent on the
combustion technology IPCC gives coefficients for N2O and CH4 for different sectors (different con
Mobile sources
Offroad vehicles
Source: IPCC (International Panel on Climate
Change) CARBON CONTENT
CARBON CONTENT
kg Carbon / kg of
kg Carbon / GJ
FUEL fuel
Diesel 0.87 20.2
ALL SECTORS MANUFACTURING/INDUSTRY
NET CALORIFIC VALUSPECIFIC CO2 EMISSI SPECIFIC CO2 EMISSIOCH4 EMISSION

MJ/kg fuel g CH4 / MJ
kg CO2 / kg fuel g CO2 / MJ fuel
(MJ/m3 for NG) fuel
27.00 2.57 95.3 0.0010
44.30 3.09 69.7 0.0030
43.00 3.18 74.1 0.0030
47.30 2.98 63.1 0.0010
48.00 2.69 56.1 0.0010
and CH4 for different sectors (different conversion technologies)
NET CALORIFIC VALUSPECIFIC CO2 EMISSI SPECIFIC CO2 EMISSIOCH4 EMISSION

g CH4 / MJ
MJ/kg fuel kg CO2 / kg fuel g CO2 / MJ fuel
fuel
43.00 3.18 74.1 0.0042
UFACTURING/INDUSTRY AGRICULTURE/FORESTRY/RESIDENTIAL
N2O EMISSION CH4 EMISSION N2O EMISSION

g N2O / MJ fuel g CH4 / MJ fuel g N2O / MJ fuel
0.0015 0.3000 0.0015
0.0006 0.0100 0.0006
0.0006 0.0100 0.0006
0.0001 0.0050 0.0001
0.0001 0.0050 0.0001
N2O EMISSION
g N2O / MJ fuel
0.0029
Characterization factors taken from LCA databases (Ecoinvent and others) for specific case studies carried
Materials Unit
Conventional wheat seed (Nemecek and Kagi, 2007; Ecoinvent Database) kg
Spaghetti Pasta (Ruini and Marino, 2009) kg spaghetti pasta
Water liter water
Whole Durum wheat (Ruini and Marino, 2009) kg
Semolina (Ruini and Marino, 2009) kg
Clean durum wheat (EPD, 2019) kg
Bran (EPD, 2019) kg
Salt kg
Cottonseed oil kg
N fertilizer kg
P2O5 fertilizer kg
K2O fertilizer kg
Insecticide kg active ingredient
Erbicide kg active ingredient
Fungicide kg active ingredient
Concrete m3
Cleaner kg
Lubricating oil kg
Wood m3
Steel kg
Rubber kg
Glass kg
Polyethilene hd kg
extrusion plastic kg
yeast (dry) kg
Sulphur dioxide kg
Pectolitic enzymes kg
ascorbic acid
Liquid Nitrogen kg
Benthonite kg
Gelatine kg
Fossil flours kg
Cork kg
Cardboard kg
Paper kg
Glass bottles kg
Energy
Natural gas (https://www.convert-me.com) MJ
Electricity (Italian mix) MWh
Electricity (EU mix) MJ
Electricity (Malaysia) MJ
Liquified petroleum gas kg
Diesel MJ
Waste Management
Landfilling kg
Sanitary landfilling kg
Incineration kg
Substances
CO2 g
CH4 g
N2O g
Human labor
Often not considered. Sometimes the impact is estimated based on workers transportation
km*person
How to estimate direct emissions

different methodologies has been proposed by researchers or international bodies.
BELOW SOME EXAMPLES widely employed and accepted in LCA (taken mainly from IPCC)
Combustion emissions (important for GWP, AP, Human health, toxicity, etc.)
are calculated based on the elements contained in the fuel and the energy conversion technology
(CO2, N2O and CH4 are the most important for GWP, see related sheet, but also NOx, PM and others can be calculated, impo
Fertilizer emissions (important for GWP)

N2O emitted from managed soils due to N fertilizer application (see sheet)
Emissions from enteric fermentation and manure management (CH4 and N2O, important for GWP)
CH4 from enteric fermentation (sheet)
CH4 and N2O from manure management (sheet)
Pesticide emissions (important for ecotoxicity and human health)

Margni et al. 1997: 85% of the pesticide is emitted into the soil, 10% into the air compartment
) for specific case studies carried out on materials, energy sources and waste management practices
Climate change TRANSPORTATION (tkm) GHG EMISSION (Source: JRC 2014)

GWP
(kg CO2eq / unit) ROAD TRANSPORTATION
5.80E-01 Fuel consumption for a 40 t truck (26 t payload)
7.00E-01 I/O Unit Amount
5.78E-04 Diesel Input MJ/tkm 0.811
1.20E+00 Distance Output tkm 1
1.18E+00 CH4 Output g/tkm 0.0034
3.42E-02
3.45E-04 N2O Output g/tkm 0.0015
2.89E-01 The return voyage (empty) is taken into account in this value.
2.17E+00 This process is commonly used for the transportation of solids and liquids.
8.59E-03 The fuel consumption corresponds to 30.53 l/100 km.
1.19E-03 The fuel consumption and emissions are a weighted average of different E
6.69E-04
1.13E+01 MARITIME TRANSPORTATION
1.18E+01 Handysize bulk carrier (26,000 t payload)
1.38E+01 I/O Unit Amount
3.30E+02 Diesel Input MJ/tkm 0.2409
2.95E+00 for materials with bulk density 0.22 t/m3
1.54E+01
9.00E-01 I/O Unit Amount
4.56E+00 Diesel Input MJ/tkm 0.398
2.08E+00 for materials with bulk density 0.125 t/m3
5.45E-01
3.20E+00 Bulk carriers transport a variety of goods and over a variety of routes. Due
3.74E-01 such hauling, the ships inevitably travel for certain distances with an empty
1.92E+00 load. As a consequence an average capacity factor of 30% has been chos
8.77E-02
4.05E-02 Unit conversion factors
1.62E+00 from to
3.98E-02 cubic feets (ft3) cubic meters (m3)
1.75E-01 35.3 1
1.38E+00 liter diesel kg diesel
1.61E+00 1 0.84
1.16E+00 kWh MJ
1 3.6
liter LPG kg LPG
1.27E+01 1 0.513
5.28E-05 liter gasoline kg gasoline
1.56E-01 1 0.725
2.20E-01
7.32E-01 MWh MJ
1.48E-02 1 3600
if 1 MWh = 3600 MJ 5.28E-05

5.48E-01 ? 0.19MJ
5.73E-01
5.03E-01 If 1kg Diesel 0.637kg Co2 eq
43 MJ Diesel = 0.637kg Co2 eq
1 MJ =? 1.48E-02
1.00E+03
2.80E+04
2.65E+05
3.32E-01 average means of transport
PM and others can be calculated, important for other impact categories)
important for GWP)

ION (Source: JRC 2014)
t payload)
ount in this value.

portation of solids and liquids.
weighted average of different Euro classes based on the fleet composition in Europe
d over a variety of routes. Due to the logistics of

ertain distances with an empty or partial cargo
y factor of 30% has been chosen.
Climate Change (GWP) of 0.5 Kg Plastic Packaged Spaghetti
STEP 1: DURUM WHEAT PRODUCTION AMOUNT/FU UNIT
Input
Wheat seeds 1.46E-02 kg/ha
Output/Emissions
Whole durum wheat 5.29E-01 kg/ kg wheat seeds
STEP 2: WHEAT CLEANING/SEPARATION AMOUNT/FU UNIT

Input
Electricity 7.28E-02 MJ/ kg whole durum wheat
Natural gas 1.08E-03 MJ/ kg whole durum wheat
Output/Emissions
Clean durum wheat 5.00E-01 kg/kg whole durum wheat
Bran (by-product) 1.92E-02 kg/kg whole durum wheat
Whole durum wheat losses 2.43E-04 kg/kg whole durum wheat
STEP 3: MILLING (SEMOLINA PRODUCTION) AMOUNT/FU UNIT

Input
Diesel (transporting clean durum wheat at 5km) 2.09E-03 MJ/tkmkg clean durum wheat
Natural gas 2.37E-02 MJ/ kg clean durum wheat
Output/Emissions
STEP 4: PASTA PRODUCTION AMOUNT/FU UNIT

Input
Extrusion Plastic package 1.05E-02 kg/ kg semolina
Output/Emissions
STEP 5: DISTRIBUTION & CONSUMER PHASE AMOUNT/FU UNIT

Input
Packaged Pasta (net weight) 5.00E-01 kg/ kg semolina
Emissions
TOTAL GWP OF THE PRODUCTION OF 0.5kg PLASTIC PACKAGED PASTA (kg CO2eq / unit)
NOTES:
1. The biomasses transformed into the product [durum wheat (whole & clean) and semolina] are included
2. Pasta production stage had highest GWP contribution, followed by the milling stage.
GWP (kg CO2eq / unit) Total GWP % GWP CONTRIBUTION
8.44E-03
1.08E-06
6.10E+00 0.136%
6.34E-01
5.39E+00
8.46E-03
5.52E-02
6.34E-01
3.84E-06
1.37E-02
1.71E-02 6.12E+01 1.362%

6.62E-06
2.91E-04
6.05E+01
3.02E-02
2.86E-02
1.76E-02
5.86E-06
3.09E-05
3.01E-01
6.07E-01
1.49E+03 33.097%
3.42E-06
1.55E+02
2.43E-01
1.58E+00
1.33E+03
6.63E-01
6.28E-01
6.07E-01
6.21E-05
5.72E-03
1.53E-08
4.95E-01
3.09E-05
2.35E+03 52.254%
3.50E-01
2.19E+03
1.09E+00
1.03E+00
2.35E+03 52.254%
1.55E+02
2.43E-01
1.58E+00
3.50E-01
2.31E-06
8.67E-06
3.05E-02
9.01E-05
5.91E+02 13.152%
1.35E+02
6.72E-02
6.36E-02
4.51E+02
7.07E-01
4.61E+00
(kg CO2eq / unit) 4.49E+03
] are included
Climate Change (GWP) of 0.5 Kg Plastic Packaged Spaghetti
STEP 1: DURUM WHEAT PRODUCTION AMOUNT/FU UNIT
Input
Wheat seeds 1.46E-02 kg/ha
Output/Emissions
STEP 2: WHEAT CLEANING/SEPARATION AMOUNT/FU UNIT

Input
Electricity 7.28E-02 MJ/ kg whole durum wheat
Natural gas 1.08E-03 MJ/ kg whole durum wheat
Output/Emissions
Clean durum wheat 5.00E-01 kg/kg whole durum wheat
Bran (by-product) 1.92E-02 kg/kg whole durum wheat
Whole durum wheat losses 2.43E-04 kg/kg whole durum wheat
STEP 3: MILLING (SEMOLINA PRODUCTION) AMOUNT/FU UNIT

Input
Diesel (transporting clean durum wheat at 5km) 2.09E-03 MJ/tkmkg clean durum wheat
Natural gas 2.37E-02 MJ/ kg clean durum wheat
Output/Emissions
STEP 4: PASTA PRODUCTION AMOUNT/FU UNIT

Input
Extrusion Plastic package 1.05E-02 kg/ kg semolina
Output/Emissions
STEP 5: DISTRIBUTION & CONSUMER PHASE AMOUNT/FU UNIT

Input
Packaged Pasta (net weight) 5.00E-01 kg/ kg semolina
Emissions
TOTAL GWP OF THE PRODUCTION OF 0.5kg PLASTIC PACKAGED PASTA (kg CO2eq / unit)
NOTES:
1. The biomasses transformed into the product [durum wheat (whole & clean) and semolina] are excluded
2. Pasta production stage had highest GWP contribution, followed by the milling stage.
8.44E-03
1.08E-06
6.10E+00 0.136%
6.34E-01
5.39E+00
8.46E-03
5.52E-02
6.34E-01
3.84E-06
1.37E-02
1.71E-02 6.12E+01 1.362%

6.62E-06
2.91E-04
6.05E+01
3.02E-02
2.86E-02
1.76E-02
5.86E-06
3.09E-05
3.01E-01
6.07E-01
1.49E+03 33.097%
3.42E-06
1.55E+02
2.43E-01
1.58E+00
1.33E+03
6.63E-01
6.28E-01
6.07E-01
6.21E-05
5.72E-03
1.53E-08
4.95E-01
3.09E-05
2.35E+03 52.254%
3.50E-01
2.19E+03
1.09E+00
1.03E+00
2.35E+03 52.254%
1.55E+02
2.43E-01
1.58E+00
3.50E-01
2.31E-06
8.67E-06
3.05E-02
9.01E-05
5.91E+02 13.152%
1.35E+02
6.72E-02
6.36E-02
4.51E+02
7.07E-01
4.61E+00
(kg CO2eq / unit) 4.49E+03
] are excluded
STEP GWP (Kg CO2 eq)
Durum wheat cultivation 6.09848438268929
Cleaning & separation 61.1814427403722
Milling 1487.19445136674
Pasta production & packaging 2347.98361107802 Durum wheat
Cleaning &
Distribution &
cultivation
separation
Distribution & Consumption 590.978572737872 Consumption0% 1%
13%
Milling
33%
Pasta production
& packaging
52%
Durum wheat
Cleaning &
tribution &
cultivation
separation
nsumption0%1%
13%
Milling
33%
oduction
ging
%

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STEP 1: DURUM WHEAT PRODUCTION UNIT RAW AMOUNT

STEP 2: CLEANING/SEPARATION OF WHEAT UNIT RAW AMOUNT

STEP 3: MILLING (SEMOLINA PRODUCTION) UNIT RAW AMOUNT

STEP 4: PASTA PRODUCTION (Formulation

STEP 5: DISTRIBUTION AND CONSUMER PHAUNIT RAW AMOUNT

FU Conversion factor for 0.5kg of Pasta 5E-05

STEP 2 AMOUNT/FU UNIT

STEP 3 AMOUNT/FU UNIT

Clean durum wheat 5.15E-01 kg

STEP 4 AMOUNT/FU UNIT

STEP 5 AMOUNT/FU UNIT

Since CO2 emissions are independent on

NET CALORIFIC VALUSPECIFIC CO2 EMISSI SPECIFIC CO2 EMISSIOCH4 EMISSION

and CH4 for different sectors (different conversion technologies)

NET CALORIFIC VALUSPECIFIC CO2 EMISSI SPECIFIC CO2 EMISSIOCH4 EMISSION

N2O EMISSION CH4 EMISSION N2O EMISSION

How to estimate direct emissions

Fertilizer emissions (important for GWP)

Pesticide emissions (important for ecotoxicity and human health)

Climate change TRANSPORTATION (tkm) GHG EMISSION (Source: JRC 2014)

if 1 MWh = 3600 MJ 5.28E-05

3.32E-01 average means of transport

PM and others can be calculated, important for other impact categories)

important for GWP)

ount in this value.

d over a variety of routes. Due to the logistics of

STEP 2: WHEAT CLEANING/SEPARATION AMOUNT/FU UNIT

STEP 3: MILLING (SEMOLINA PRODUCTION) AMOUNT/FU UNIT

STEP 4: PASTA PRODUCTION AMOUNT/FU UNIT

STEP 5: DISTRIBUTION & CONSUMER PHASE AMOUNT/FU UNIT

GWP (kg CO2eq / unit) Total GWP % GWP CONTRIBUTION

1.71E-02 6.12E+01 1.362%

GWP (kg CO2eq / unit) Total GWP % GWP CONTRIBUTION

GWP (kg CO2eq / unit) Total GWP % GWP CONTRIBUTION

GWP (kg CO2eq / unit) Total GWP % GWP CONTRIBUTION

(kg CO2eq / unit) 4.49E+03

STEP 2: WHEAT CLEANING/SEPARATION AMOUNT/FU UNIT

STEP 3: MILLING (SEMOLINA PRODUCTION) AMOUNT/FU UNIT

STEP 4: PASTA PRODUCTION AMOUNT/FU UNIT

STEP 5: DISTRIBUTION & CONSUMER PHASE AMOUNT/FU UNIT

GWP (kg CO2eq / unit) Total GWP % GWP CONTRIBUTION

1.71E-02 6.12E+01 1.362%

GWP (kg CO2eq / unit) Total GWP % GWP CONTRIBUTION

GWP (kg CO2eq / unit) Total GWP % GWP CONTRIBUTION

GWP (kg CO2eq / unit) Total GWP % GWP CONTRIBUTION

(kg CO2eq / unit) 4.49E+03

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