and an appropsiate choice of 1-8 og S118, Another approsc to teroftee regions vi sieve methods has {1} Toninieny compat, nar ne nage of applying othe wider region discussed in 3817-61 and + (A/log lead othe ower bound One may ale obtain score rains frm a recut of Montgomery (0; Theor 112] om the proliferation of aeron Lat mh) denote the number of re 9 Enpheret=Bh Spore pie facies 1 <3 ogy)-& Then there a sme Fwith 861 for which ng. nenennne cin, m oughly epsking thn cae hat i in mall, shere ant be many ther sero near ether 111 oF 14217. Montgomery gives @ more precise version of this principle, as do Ratpachendee (1) and Balandbramenian and wu AND DE LA VALLE povasis ° OAO4T!"og 7, To IHh4% ‘which follows trom Theorem 41, lands to Murpdrne ste Petoe! aes (On choosing 5 Gop 7/7 comparaen of (2.183) and (2.382) Produces Those 8 again, ne can slo use the Lien setafunetion of 6218 and the ‘Maas Sobor formule (389) vo prove the nonvanishing of) for em ¥or tft jr itand (a) = tes) =, then WG +9 = ind 2) = #19801 -2) = 16c4 +198 = bo the functional equation (2381, Thus (2189) yale ff Be. AE for any w #4,1—8. Thin of course, may be extend to He 6 or ing =} it~ 3 we obtain [foment ‘otha Be, ) must bo idontially aro Thishoweverisingomit since (he fuser content for m= Vie seri, see ‘according to 2383), and thie doce not vanish identialy. The above ‘contradiction sows that (2a) #0. On cn get quantitative etinates lby auch methods, but only rather weak ones It seme thet the ov tiven here bu origin in unpublished work of Selbere {810. Lemma 3:12 in «version of Perron’ formula is sometimes fl to hav a fra of thin in which the err is Bounded a + Meer Under the hypotheses of Lemma 3.12 one has Boba | toro olreticn] Tes 1 0f0228 82) of yor nin ran) ‘hie follows at once fom Lemane 8:2 unlee — 1 * PaGre- Tetons efoto) = O(HUNN anu he rel Solio. = Okz/P) Inthe " APPROXIMATE FORMULAE 4:1 [thin chapter we sl prove a amber of approximate formelee end a tris def Wo il gy Fog 42. Lasous 4.2. Tet Be) be eal frente fanction sch tht Pp) te montoni, and F(a} 3m > 0, Pie) =m <0 heap ‘he interal 0,0), Then |feneae| ct won Suppose, for example, tnt Fe) apie iacening, Than by the second mean rain orem fon a= f Peet ae J ec) the modula of thie dost nt enced jm A simi angunnt ‘plies to the imainary put and to rl follows, 43, More general, we have spa 4.3. Zee) ad) be el factions, ae) monte, and Foye) > m > 0,0 Sm 0. Thon Hane e§ ‘he ro nat tha of the pi vale af sah ies omy oh 4 tn 4, ZL 9b nin, ie it, nd Mee) 91> 0 er Fa) “ 0, |< 2ez}0, when C ie a given estas rar ta We have, by (3.82), awe fei! Hayy ofgt}roarn. (etn ‘Thesom ie of th fm coined in the shoe ems, ith ar Mabing +0, te roa follows 1 May ant Laden 9) eee eaets ‘Saat ang sea velo of ith above formulae. he Bem ‘pak Casares setae oc) me eee een Egnentewets Se a ig . gone gant, ri~— aie res Z nd pig 8, Hy iw oa Ret Siena Mim “Eee {Now the fnetonal equation in i) = ek vee so) = echo Teany Std apa cr Bante , Darter) +i Hogs)-ae degen of!) (a8) vimse Toten meticinermedtenfisof, ce xo IP ehiso§ Mens he love lation age aan) St Sa "Th forme threore get tha, ome tae err em, Aaato Dat wr) ‘here Seay = Hh Acolyte rl that w= > Saxm> SHO NEO) (Ee for 0 << 1, ‘This in known whe approsintefmainel uation + 4.13, Tupom £13. fie pov constant, hn Gayo h ESAS O y>ROG, wo TH ean ge oeeetgneomnee (8 ‘hs ining fo ofthe prone uo eatin a ti ofc og spa Ino ft Otome; bt fo mat Purp sql eco Th open ae pepe Tifa Thenen 22'toud oe pre seedy ed send te ave orotate tegen wen, at 0 By lomo J SPecroermenoey Oe) = Otereg ~ (3) “hit ponies orepndag to yy << fot, bylamma ss, 1" { steed = Of sree A =e erenc ney ‘Finslly we can replace » < y—y by v << y with error ofl) “rears = ote XU0)= ein oe FL) srt octogn fee, Ao for t> 0 ene SE otra = Geman ence the rel follows on taking lage enowgh is pole to prove the fll eat by tfnment of the nove suet "We sll et give the deta bar, soos the seals wil be rained Wy anoter mete, angen on cone tet, 4.14, Complex-varlable methods. An extremely powerflinethod of obtaining apposimate formals fr [so expres)» ontoue Integral, and then more the ean ato peton where tenn he ‘italy det wich ‘Tho following a ample exam “Ateratce poo of Pharos ttt, We my suppers without lo of emcality tha = abt an ed integer, inert Inte in the ‘hich might be affect by the metition, a Ole), ado ia the ‘Pole variation fn 20) Suppose fat that o> 1. Then sinpleappliation ofthe theorem ‘ook ede Sonera Beta ong [tore oeracg Petes "Tha al ortla al, by the theory of enlyti continuation fo ll ‘alunite the ato integra oo unlfornly comes ia iy Anite wg, Inthe end nepal we pat ==, ao tat letersi <2 aed fem lebron gnome ence th neu of this term doce not exe Ase rst to forthe oes itera, andthe there Slims {els pomible to prove the appronimatofatinel equation by an extension of tia angiment re may rile Seite ees) 041M > 4s. fo compare all iy vn, and we pref aber prot, which wil be There sea or fre develope of i cron a] {Li8. Torney 1.1, Th apesinal ft eatin 4.12 halsfwotene ewhotrg shot Tis et the mt ny mip —F 0 < Ey ght catngol in pnt Yorr>? a= Sh ‘Traafrming the integral into «oop intega inf 24, we obain whee exces th tro of 1 other than all value of «exept posits integers ett 0 and 2 < yan thats = fy), Lobe mel ym tite. amy ya any Wo deform the conto ito the wal lin CC Cy 0, cining o, extinltbe) —en inl, ~ey—(24 + eo, wher nah ance ty aan Iino, «el indentation mee ‘in. Where ther tarot ge CEES [ff oesee fone) - cert out 08 6 $3 brtarctin: So bebe wher A > 0, inn sesame ft fe fits [ates Hone wea Oop iethctaoy « oppicabeen wnt a Hae |] = esa, On, Jer—2} > deh, Hence whew = ofl -ta ctu otro, rr teRB T= = teheartens ts = de slaw fr 90.1 Hence + 0tyre-rm = Olena Fooly consider C. Here iy} Al™, whe Ae ra vey se exer ey HAP ~earfe—nftietingns Sete} Neve of2}] lem = ei “lve the part with jl > din Pole] = off mea) — ope olism pm rn a lS > ‘ft upp, for example, that tbe Contour gos ico near linha abe = Bp Baltvund annceteee serene Oni cle, en pete trie eb oto tli) Stent tt 0 tne av, ave itt mee carts Tectia he ow fae cacpccntaty oS Lan Sch abnesyrtaey ‘The Oren are OW av ol(iy | ofe he 010-9 404 ‘This prove the thorn nthe cs omic ‘To duce the case 2 3 y, chang tnt 14 in the eat aleady bttined. Then 1-9 =F haat-o D2 400-9, = Oe) Multiplying by 0), sed asing the functional equation aad veh = Le soma Fe ey Tterchanging © and y, thin give i theorem with = > y 416, Farther approximations A closer examinsion of the spore aml. tguhon with « owed ft formula $31, ‘replaced iy an arympttisrian cach ter of which cola gon ‘evel fnetinn and power oft nly teem t= move fi noe wo write oom vee aes) sof —niai 3} seen) sy Yow ae eb Smet snd the couticionts a ae determined in suonesion by the rourence ecila (NM age fonts 8 ‘his being tre for n= 4,8 = 1 ho if me write a4 4.4 = 0, The mek eth wa letent Ie foiows shat a= oe tsa cas) (ot ior inn); for thi tue up bm, then tea = OF haar 4. OyeHe-nstinted = Opeth, once (4.1.1) ell fr all» by indetion Ten n= f BE 3 te, “hese es sags) — oe 3) erst = ness) ose GH Rog Hoe | —1I + init, aia eto eae minima (ENN p = Bh < Bed Tease Pcie Ct cn ho a vse off J)] efor) eras ov sah tg sl as 2, hn I = fom eereraene soc et +f erst a let > Aon Gy te at intel an th provost, ole Ye “{" 7 ome ey om. a = ofr v4)" rare coment") for < At Theat where the contour poet nar ple give aime resulta the provions sin. rm rolac C, by the infinite eight lie “Fs vera nopyng fy cans ofrrset fesse ma A a Since m1 ln te hn eleonfemteal} arma) fd he sion factor stacy decreasing for A> 2m. au 90 ‘houghout the interval of inegeation fw < twit eral enough. The whale crm is thee ofr resem" — ortega = off)" = ofyrtete 5 (e)") Also a “ono the atl err is ofS gar) Now nj morose sealy upto m= Qe, and wo ifm At where Ae ie ite son, Henee if < At, wth A smal enough, the oo teom ie Otero “he negra mayb eel a — feel get smes—tts esis) wee ‘who is linen the dein rg = fy, ping between O an "Tie nn ies the eoetiint of in exp e-t mi —in + + Betts —in) met het tome oft) felt -ani dA, = ~tor(t anata) = “+stame—n) (37d) soeiat =a), where Me attrac ee excipient a noe we obtain iret — Ine racing the Ist sam by Sy, we have the following ret ‘Taromen 410. 1/091, m= [yd]. and N < At whee A fa mfiety smal cota, Lag S Le jictmaeateeeomtrmafieofl4™)") 6-9) 4.17. Seca cane In be peo fcsona ogetin It = and soy lite “hen (4128 gre Ge Ze aH Ztepord. Gata) ‘This can lo be put into another fort which i sometimes sf we aatinathin woos xin) = Lt 2 =) = jars, otha bio 6 te Ho = orca = GUHOrtEe. (arta) Sine Gti = wohavenio 2) = ante BH furs) The function 2) thon fren ad 20 ~ BF) Maitpiing (417.1) by &, we obtln 24) = 8 Sabet Sher) = 2Z wboon tog) +010, cans) ‘Agua, in Thee 4.16, et Y= 8. Then an) 08-4 — Ni io, sd th O-term goes, a term OAH), Ta the eae @ = | we Obtain, on multiplying by and posoing oboe, 1 401g) iy — 2 eae ayes) ote Nano te) n sem HINA 18 oy, (aan 4.18, A iteont type of approrimate farmsla has bon obtained by [Meviegbeld.t Tanaad of tne faite peril more af the oneal ‘Dirksen we can approximata to io by some of to fem ta, ‘where fs) deceeton om 1 to Oa winorenen fom 0 to 1. Thin eden somsidecably the onder of tho ero ters. The simplest retlt of thi op t= 2S Ewe Yh an in leah Gor = 5 4) 20 5 hace O< 9 1, ay = (ns 2 BAS 0, y Bo 8, The prow of Corey NOTES FOR CHAPTER 4 4.30, Lemmas 42 and 4.4con be generalize by taking Ftobe tines Alerentabe, and antiying [F™ (2) > i> 0 throughout [6,5]. By emi ¢2, one Bn that ‘which is uevally sharper in applications. To do this one "Artin the prot I then eens how thet fetter nae cis aan Mf hse a continuous first derivative and satisten /(2)<295-%, mt ane 48) 388-%. More we have writen 3 = 4 P(e) and 10) = Fe+9- Fob Pe, 195 Gi) * then (410.9 be sma Oterwiee we have Poo foe Domingos hes sume f «an ‘eretuired Silay the arr trm Oa) 15} n Thorean ¢may ' eoluced by Of(8 =), For further eatimats along hee lines ee Vinoeradey 0m 58) ss reat-trown (21; Lammas 6 and 10) These paps sho ths the ror term O(a) ;f1) can bo dropped entirely under autabe conditions 0 have the ollowng corollary, which ie sometinee oes 630, Lat f(b a ree dffereoblefcton on the interval [ssbb cP) be monotonic, and teed sta) 9c. Thon zeman, 430, Weighted approsimate fonction equation related to thowe (amme 1) 6; Lawn 3) Ae sor Bema (2)ox0r Fae ‘otrog esi" aon term rt > Hay = 7h 59> borage ine marge ns FP (gorneE M0222) seat esos | (aoTtetety weet oe esa, 0 ‘advantage of 431) he vr mal eo erm Mag ht an err ey, ee elite ce ee eanoe ti wo ow) won, 1 [rs0m. ofe(ied)few} @cwen snformly for 0< #1, 421. More accurate stints are however sible ()- ‘ad moves the in of ntoraton to a) = dd > max, ving F (oo attest ny ett Ene Mee ee (01-2), a! fs (do-¥igeeh corn) nertt “elo te = in cally nen tobe Of! og 2+ 216°) inthe Sntgral we sabetate 2, =~ (6/2897, and we apply the fascial equation (26.4). This ik 2 Torta 22 F (uo antl ass )ier dt - ~0r Ease w.(2) ‘Anothr result ofthe same general nate ie KG ine = F demas bn tren) ¢ O6-%) amp eit o)e td). THGS01 FAT 7 tort san ey an vi er ee mwo-3 | LC This type of formula ee the advantage thatthe cross vrs which Would uae on aliding (4308) y He nea cjg ury a By moring the line of intagration fo is) = +} one Ends that ofetne(2)} ean and Wa) ~ O(4~ for 2 1. Again etter ation ae pone, The roan ssi to att 2.1), ane stra um te orale me # ES demdgorm bn 1H om) 1 Te LPGgsitra) rag-+9) ae | Pian reo) caeieenng—itrn fort 421, Wemay write the approxinetefanctional equation (18. in = Gye 6.214119" 90—8, 99.2 ‘The eatimate Ria) 1!" boon shown by Jat ee Iie (8; 142) tobe bet poste for shale fen ee oe Renate ogg (165) +6131" 069 tor 05.9. 1 and #2 19 1. {th correponng reas for x esa be Asdced from thin, vi he Functional equation) Fer the special ease /2eonemay aim mprove en (418°. Motohsei [2 [SLadin wor i the coure of publication, be sablisied some very precise ‘elf this direction Ta pariclar hos own that sa-nn(n a -($)ha( foun heh omnes era in the iit scr pobem oe {iz Jini werk ony ced eovn eve sector rst hi Infact forthe special cao = hth ol was oisied 0 years v THE ORDER OF {(s) IN THE CRITICAL STRIP Tm an ht ihr to aha hoi) 48 Coie ctl cage 2c Sy topn s plae Pt ee a lu te ii att ound aya Ss and Tet prt sn t= Ou) o> Mee
~.
"Thus in any ha paoe © > 0,
Wo) = UUM, Bo Hed.
0) le function of aio order in tho ams ofthe tony of Distt.
Tor each ¢ we dene x archer yo atthe loner bound of numbers €
sch that Heri) = one,
{Le fllowe fom the orl hoor of Diichles eis thats fenton
‘fe, po) i coatnaow, won naeasing. and conver dowererdsin the
feat that no re af the eurve y= lo} has amy pot above it hon
th nl) b never native.
Sine {in ound fro 3 18 (8 > 0), lows Ut
Helo (>t), wy
sod hen frm the fanstional atin that
we) i-e <0, on
‘Thaw eqtions alo old by contnnity foro ¥ and o = 0 rep
LST preter ‘The cord joining hm points 4} nd (1,0) tho curv y= fe)
iy Lihfe. it tpersiors has trom tn convoy Eropy Ss
bocite t ad it ie OW) elo
{nthe atsp, Hence by the PhragiénLindll theca fee
‘nto ep ie
° flo = Oop ogy)
2% Slose thin a ot tro fr < © < 1-9 4 follows that
The oa o
fe bce
aay
NOTES oR CHAPTER 6
2.8 Levonon (thas sharpened Taeorens8 XA) nd 890 to show
‘ha the moguls
(C0101 3 e oping +00)
nd
Farag * SS dontort—tortosiog +00
ch hod for arbitrary large & Theorem 812 has alo been eproved,
‘by Montgomery (3) He showed tht for any «inthe enge foe oe
bd for any real 8 there ar arbiteriy tng fuch ta
Rielogto io} > de Pog Hag)
Here log), 9 uaual, define by continuous variation slong Kinoe
Berle othe cel axis, ung the irchlet eres (219 for ie
followa in particular thee
sora sifery( SE gy cy
ser nlon( th eiens)} dean
tnd the sane for de+ig-* Fore} the bet remit is due to
Bolaubramanion and Ramachanirs (2) who showed thet
st ioe)
og TF < W «Tao T » Tb, where Siany positive constant. Tele
‘method isakin to hat of § 81 a that depmns on Tower Youed fora
‘ean ve off +40), uniform ik By eonatraat the athod ot
Montgomery [8] ses the formule
me ;
ff eemcesesin( 82) seo sora
whe
= 2c tthn (teat) ots. ues
. iv my ea an providing tet) 4 fer RQ) > ond
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