Existence and Concentration of Solution For A Non-Local Regional Schrödinger Equation With Competing Potentials

EXISTENCE AND CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTION
FOR A NON-LOCAL REGIONAL SCHRÖDINGER

EQUATION WITH COMPETING POTENTIALS
César Enrique Torres Ledesma
ÁREA CIENTÍFICA DE CÁLCULO FRACCIONARIO
DEPARTAMENTO DE MATEMÁTICAS
UNIVERSISDAD NACIONAL DE TRUJILLO
II SEMINARIO INTERNACIONAL DE ANÁLISIS NO LINEAL
TRUJILLO - PERÚ
2019
(joint work with Claudianor O. Alves, Universidad Federal de Campina Grande, Brasil
Paper published in Glasgow Mathematical Journal )
César Torres (UNT) NRO July 19, 2019 1 / 40

Index
1 Motivation
2 Problem
3 Preliminary Results: Function Spaces and the Operator (−∆)α

ρ
4 Main Result
5 Concentration of the solutions u

Index
1 Motivation
2 Problem

ρ
4 Main Result

Non Linear Schrödinger Equation
Rabinowitz 1992:
− 2 ∆u + b(x)u = f (x, u), x ∈ Rn ,

(1)
u ∈ H 1 (Rn )
By assuming that
(b1 ) b ∈ C 1 (Rn , R) and
lim inf b(x) > b0 = inf b(x) > 0.
|x|→∞ Rn
(AR) There is µ > 2, such that
0 < µF (x, z) ≤ zf (x, z), ∀x ∈ Rn , z ∈ R \ {0}
and other suitable conditions, Rabinowitz showed that there is 0 > 0 such that, for all
∈ (0, 0 ), problem (1) has at least one nontrivial weak solution u , by using mountain pass
and comparison arguments .
Wang 1993:
N +2
He considered f (x, u) = up where p ∈ (1, N −2
), then by assuming (b1 ), Wang showed the
existence of a sequence k → 0 and a local maximum xk ∈ Rn of uk = uk such that
b(xk ) → inf b(x) as k → ∞

x∈Rn
and M
uk (x) ≤ Ce−
|x−xk |
,

Non Linear Fractional Schrödinger Equation
Felmer, Quaas and Tan 2012: Let α ∈ (0, 1) and n > 2α.
(−∆)α u + u = f (x, u), x ∈ Rn ,

(2)
u ∈ H α (Rn )
where (−∆)α u is the fractional Laplacian defined as

Z
u(x + z) − u(x)
(−∆)α u(x) = v.p dz,
Rn
|z|n+2α
and f : Rn × R → R is a Caratheodory function which satisfies (AR) and

N +2α

(f2 ) There is p ∈ 1, N −2α
such that
|f (x, ξ)| ≤ C(1 + |ξ|)p ∀ξ ∈ R and a.e. x ∈ Rn
(f3 ) There are f ∈ C(R) and a ∈ C(Rn ) such that f satisfies (AR), (f2 ) and
0 ≤ f (x, ξ) − f (ξ) ≤ a(x)(|ξ| + |ξ|p ) ∀ξ ∈ R and a.e. x ∈ Rn ,

lim|x|→∞ a(x) = 0
and
m{x ∈ Rn / f (x, ξ) > f (ξ) for all ξ > 0} > 0.
Then, by using mountain pass and comparison argument, Felmer et all. showed the existence
of a positive ground state of (2).
Fractional Schrödinger Equation with Competing Potential Functions
Shang and Zhang 2016:
2α (−∆)α u + V (x)u = K(x)|u|p−2 u + Q(x)|u|q−2 u, x ∈ Rn

(3)
u ∈ H α (Rn )
2s
where 2 < q < p < 2∗s = n−2s
and
(H1 ) V ∈ C(Rn ), inf x∈Rn V (x) = V0 > 0, K, Q ∈ C(Rn ) ∩ L∞ (Rn ), K(x) > 0 and Q(x) is
allowed to change sign.
(H2 ) There are V∞ , K∞ , Q∞ such that 0 < V0 < V∞ < ∞, K∞ > 0 and
V∞ = lim V (x), K∞ = lim K(x), Q∞ = lim Q(x)

|x|→∞ |x|→∞ |x|→∞
Under this conditions the authors showed the following result: If
inf G(ξ) < c∞

ξ∈Rn
then for > 0 small enough, equation (3) has a nontrivial nonnegative ground state solution,
where for any ξ ∈ Rn , G(ξ) be the ground state level associated to the problem
(−∆)α u + V (ξ)u = K(ξ)|u|p−2 u + Q(ξ)|u|q−2 u, x ∈ Rn ,
and c∞ be the ground state level associated to the problem
(−∆)α u + V∞ u = K∞ |u|p−2 u + Q∞ |u|q−2 u, x ∈ Rn .

Fractional p−Laplacian equation (Ishii and Nakamura 2010)
M [u](x) = f (x) x ∈ Ω, (4)

u(x) = g(x) x ∈ ∂Ω
where Ω ⊂ Rn be a bounded domain, f ∈ C(Ω) and g ∈ C(∂Ω) and M is the singular integral
Z
|u(x + z) − u(x)|p−2 (u(x + z) − u(x))
M [u](x) = v.p. (p − σ) dz,
B(0,ρ(x))
|z|n+σ
where 1 < p < ∞, σ < p and ρ ∈ C(Ω) satisfies the following condition
∃ λ ∈ (0, 1) such that λdist(x, ∂Ω) ≤ ρ(x) ≤ dist(x, ∂Ω)
By using the theory of viscosity solution the authors showed the existence of solution uσ for
problem (4). Furthermore, they showed that, uσ converge uniformly in Ω to the solution of
the Dirichlet problem
µ∆p u = f (x), x ∈ Ω (5)

u(x) = g(x), x ∈ ∂Ω.
as σ → p, where µ is a positive constant.

Nonlinear Schrödinger Equation With Non-local Regional Diffusion
Felmer and Torres 2015: For > 0
2α (−∆)α
ρ u + u = f (u) in Rn , u ∈ H α (Rn ). (6)
The operator (−∆)α ρ is a non-local regional laplacian, with range of scope determined by the
positive function ρ ∈ C(Rn , R+ ) and defined by
Z Z Z
[u(x + z) − u(x)][v(x + z) − v(x)]
(−∆)α
ρ uvdx = dzdx.
Rn Rn B(0,ρ(x))
|z|n+2α
Moreover ρ satisfies
(ρ1 ) There are numbers 0 < ρ0 < ρ∞ ≤ ∞ such that
ρ0 ≤ ρ(x) < ρ∞ ∀x ∈ Rn and lim ρ(x) = ρ∞

|x|→∞
(ρ2 ) In case ρ∞ = ∞ we further assume that there exists a ∈ (0, 1) such that
ρ(x)
lim sup ≤ a.
|x|→∞ |x|

Theorem
Assume = 1, 0 < α < 1 and n ≥ 2. If f satisfies
(f1 ) f (t) ≥ 0 if t ≥ 0 and f (t) = 0 if t ≤ 0.
f (t) f (t)
(f2 ) The function t → t
is increasing for t > 0 and limt→0 t
= 0.
(f3 ) ∃ θ > 2 such that ∀t > 0
Z t
0 < θF (t) ≤ tf (t), where F (t) = f (ξ)dξ.
0
n+2α
(f4 ) ∃ C > 0 such that; |f (t)| ≤ C(1 + |t|p ), 1 < p < n−2α
,
and ρ satisfies (ρ1 ) − (ρ2 ). Then (6) possesses at least one nontrivial weak solution.
Moreover this solution satisfies u(x) ≥ 0 a.e. for all x ∈ Rn .

Concentration Behavior
We are interested in the concentration behavior of weak solutions for the equation
2α (−∆)α p
ρu+u = u , in Rn , u ∈ H α (Rn ), (7)
when → 0.
Remark
The scope function ρ, that describes the size of the ball of the influential region of the
non-local operator, plays a key role in deciding the concentration point of ground states of
the equation. Even though, at a first sight, the minimum point of ρ seems to be the
concentration point, there is a non-local effect that needs to be taken in account. This
non-local effect is governed by the concentration function H defined by
Z Z
|S n−1 | 1 1 1 dy 1 dy

H(x) = − − 2α + − ,
2α ρ(x)2α ρ∞ 2 C + (x)
|y|n+2α 2 C − (x)
|y|n+2α
where the sets C + (x) and C − (x) are defined as follows
C − (x) = {y ∈ Rn : ρ(x + y) < |y| < ρ(x)}
and
C + (x) = {y ∈ Rn : ρ(x) < |y| < ρ(x + y)}.
Here we interpret the quotient 1/ρ2α
∞ as zero, when ρ∞ = ∞.

We consider the following condition on ρ
(ρ3 ) For any x0 ∈ Rn , the equation
|x| = ρ(x + x0 ), x ∈ Rn ,
defines an (n − 1)-dimensional surface of class C 1 in Rn

Again by using mountain pass theorem and comparison argument we prove
Theorem
n+2α
Let 0 < α < 1, n ≥ 2. Suppose that ρ satisfies (ρ1 )-(ρ3 ) and 1 < p < n−2α . Then for each
sequence m → 0, there exists a subsequence such that for every m, there is a non-negative
solution um = um of (7) that concentrates around a global minimum point x0 of H, as
m → 0. In more precise terms, for every δ > 0 there exists R > 0 and 0 > 0 such that if
< 0 we have
Z Z
u2m (x)dx ≤ n
m δ, and u2m (x)dx ≥ n
m C, ∀m ≤ 0 ,
B c (x0 ,m R) B(x0 ,m R)
with C a constant independent of δ and m.

Index
1 Motivation
2 Problem

ρ
4 Main Result

Let α ∈ (0, 1) and n ≥ 2α. Consider the following problem
2α (−∆)α
ρ u + Q(x)u = K(x)|u|
p−1 u in Rn ,
(P )
u ∈ H α (Rn ),
n+2α
where p ∈ (1, n−2α ), the operator (−∆)α
ρ is a variational version of the non-local regional
Laplacian, with range of scope determined by the positive function ρ ∈ C(Rn , R+ ) defined as
Z Z Z
[u(x + z) − u(x)][v(x + z) − v(x)]
(−∆)α
ρ uvdx = dzdx. (8)
Rn Rn B(0,ρ(x))
|z|n+2α
ρ, Q, K are competing functions.

Index
1 Motivation
2 Problem

ρ
4 Main Result

Fractional Sobolev Space
Let 0 < α < 1. The fractional Sobolev space of order α is defined by

Z Z
|u(x) − u(y)|2
H α (Rn ) = u ∈ L2 (Rn )/ dydx < ∞
Rn Rn
|x − y|n+2α
p
endowed with the norm kukα = hu, uiα where h·, ·iα is the inner product
Z Z Z
[u(x + z) − u(x)][v(x + z) − v(x)]
hu, viα = u(x)v(x)dx + dzdx.
Rn Rn Rn
|z|n+2α
Now for ρ ∈ C(Rn , R+ ), we introduce the regional fractional Sobolev space Hρα (Rn ) by
Z Z
|u(x + z) − u(x)|
Hρα (Rn ) = 2 n
u ∈ L (R )/ dzdx < +∞
Rn B(0,ρ(x))
|z|n+2α
p
endowed with the norm kukα = hu, uiρ and inner product
Z Z Z
[u(x + z) − u(x)][v(x + z) − v(x)]
hu, viρ = u(x)v(x)dx + dzdx
Rn Rn B(0,ρ(x))
|z|n+2α

Proposition 1
Suppose that ρ satisfies (ρ1 ). Then, there exists a constant C = C(n, α, ρ0 ) > 0 such that
kukα ≤ Ckukρ
Remark-Embedding
(1) By Proposition 1 we have the continuous embedding Hρα (Rn ) ,→ H α (Rn ) and since th
embedding H α (Rn ) ,→ Lq (Rn ) is continuous for all q ∈ [2, 2∗α ] and locally compact for all
2n
q ∈ [2, 2∗α ), where 2∗α = n−2α is the fractional critical exponent, then we obtain
◦ Hρα (Rn ) ,→ Lq (Rn ) continuously for any q ∈ [2, 2∗α ].
◦ Hρα (Rn ) ,→ Lqloc (Rn ) compactly for any q ∈ [2, 2∗α ).
(2) Since kukρ ≤ kukα and by Proposition 1, kukα ≤ Ckukρ , then k · kρ and k · kα are
equivalent norms in H α (Rn ).

The Operator (−∆)α
ρ
Since the spaces H α (Rn ) and Hρα (Rn ) are Hilbert spaces, then by the Lax-Milgran
representation theorem we can find a unique bijective linear map Mρ : H α (Rn ) → H α (Rn )
such that
hu, viρ = hMρ u, viα
Z
= ((−∆)α Mρ u + Mρ u)(x)v(x)dx ∀u, v ∈ H α (Rn ).
Rn
Therefore, we define the operator (−∆)α α n −α (Rn ) by

ρ : H (R ) → H
(−∆)α α
ρ = (−∆) ◦ Mρ + Mρ − I, (9)
where I is the natural injection from H α (Rn ) to H −α (Rn ) and H −α (Rn ) denotes the dual
space of H α (Rn ). Moreover we have that for all u, v ∈ H α (Rn )
Z Z Z
[u(x + z) − u(x)][v(x + z) − v(x)]
(−∆)α
ρ uvdx = dzdx. (10)
Rn Rn B(0,ρ(x))
|z|n+2α

Proposition 2
If ρ satisfies (ρ1 )-(ρ2 ), then the operator (−∆)α
ρ is regional, in the sense that given
u ∈ H α (Rn ) with compact support, there exists R > 0 so that for all ϕ ∈ H α (Rn ) such that:
supp(ϕ) ∩ B(0, R) = φ
then
Z
(−∆)α
ρ u(x)ϕ(x)dx = 0.
Rn

Index
1 Motivation
2 Problem

ρ
4 Main Result

(H0 ) There are positive real numbers Q∞ , K∞ such that
Q∞ = lim Q(ξ) and K∞ = lim K(ξ).

|ξ|→+∞ |ξ|→+∞
(H1 ) Q, K : Rn → R are continuous function satisfying
0 < a1 ≤ Q(ξ), K(ξ) ≤ a2 ∀ξ ∈ Rn
for some constants a1 , a2 .

In what follow, we denote by C(ξ) the ground state level associated to the problem
(−∆)α u + Q(ξ)u = K(ξ)|u|p−1 u, x ∈ Rn , (11)
where ξ ∈ Rn is regard as a parameter instead of an independent variable.

Main Theorem
Assume (ρ1 ), (H0 ), (H1 ). Then, if
(C) inf C(ξ) < lim inf C(ξ),

ξ∈Rn |ξ|→+∞
problem (P ) has a ground state solution u ∈ Hρα (Rn ) for small enough. Moreover, for
each sequence m → 0, there is a subsequence such that for each m ∈ N, the solution um
concentrates around a minimum point ξ ∗ of the function C(ξ), in the following sense: given
δ > 0, there are 0 , R > 0 such that
Z Z
|um |2 dx ≤ n
mδ and |um |2 dx ≥ n
m C, ∀m ≤ 0 ,
B c (ξ∗ ,m R) B(ξ∗ ,m R)
where C is a constant independent of δ and m.
Remark
We would like to point out that the condition (C) is not empty, because it holds by
supposing that there is ξ0 ∈ Rn such that
p+1 p+1 n
n
− 2α p−1
− 2α
Q(ξ0 ) p−1 Q∞
2
< 2
.
K(ξ0 ) p−1 p−1
K∞

Now we want to study some properties involving the function
ξ 7→ C(ξ),
which is the mountain pass level of the functional Jξ : H α (Rn ) → R given by
Z
1 1
Jξ (u) = hu, uiξ − K(ξ)|u(x)|p+1 dx. . (12)
2 p+1 Rn
By using well known arguments, Jξ ∈ C 1 (H α (Rn ), R) and

Z
Jξ0 (u)v = hu, viξ − K(ξ)|u(x)|p−1 u(x)v(x)dx, ∀ v ∈ H α (Rn )
Rn
where
Z Z Z
[u(x + z) − u(x)][v(x + z) − v(x)]
hu, viξ = dzdx + Q(ξ)uvdx.
Rn Rn
|z|n+2α Rn
From this, it is clear that critical points of Jξ are weak solutions of
(−∆)α u + Q(ξ)u = K(ξ)|u|p−1 u, x ∈ Rn . (13)

It is easy to prove that
0 < C(ξ) = inf Jξ (u),
u∈Nξ
where Nξ is the Nehari manifold defined by

Nξ = {u ∈ H α (Rn ) \ {0} : Jξ0 (u)u = 0}.

Moreover, the characterization below also occur
C(ξ) = inf max Jξ (tv) = inf max Jξ (γ(t)),

v∈H α (Rn )\{0} t>0 γ∈Γξ t∈[0,1]
where
Γξ = {γ ∈ C([0, 1], H α (Rn )) : γ(0) = 0, Jξ (γ(1)) < 0}.
By problem (2), we know that (13) has a nontrivial nonnegative ground state solution, that
is, C(ξ) is the least critical value of Jξ .
Lemma 1
The function ξ → C(ξ) is continuous.
In the next lemma, D denotes the ground state level of the functional J : H α (Rn ) → R given
by
Z Z Z Z
1 |u(x) − u(z)|2 1
J(u) = dzdx + |u(x)|2 dx − |u|p+1 dx
2 Rn Rn
|x − z|n+2α Rn
p+1 Rn
Lemma 2
The function C(ξ) verifies the equality
p+1 n
− 2α
Q(ξ) p−1
C(ξ) = 2
D, ∀ξ ∈ Rn . (14)
K(ξ) p−1

As a consequence of the last Lemma, we have the following corollary
Corollary 1
By Lemma 2, if there is ξ0 ∈ Rn such that
p+1 p+1 n
n
− 2α p−1
− 2α
Q(ξ0 ) p−1 Q∞
2
< 2
,
K(ξ0 ) p−1 p−1
K∞
we have
inf C(ξ) < lim inf C(ξ) = C(∞),
ξ∈Rn |ξ|→+∞
where C(∞) is the mountain pass level of the functionals J∞ : H α (Rn ) → R given by
Z Z Z Z
1 |u(x) − u(z)|2 1
J∞ (u) = dzdx + Q∞ |u| dx 2
− K∞ |u|p+1 dx.
2 Rn Rn
|x − z|n+2α Rn
p+1 Rn

Now we are going to prove that Cρ is a critical level for Iρ for small enough, that is, there
is u ∈ H α (Rn ) satisfying
Iρ (u ) = Cρ and Iρ0 (u ) = 0.
The function u that verifies the above equality is called a ground state solution of (P ).
From now on, we are considering in H α (Rn ) the following norm
Z Z Z 12
|v(x + z) − v(x)|2
kvkρ = dzdx + Q(x)|v(x)|2 dx ,
Rn B(0,ρ (x))
|z|n+2α Rn
which is equivalent the usual norm of H α (Rn ). Moreover, we note that Iρ ∈ C 1 (H α (Rn ), R)
with Z
Iρ0 (u)v = hu, viρ − K(x)|u(x)|p−1 u(x)v(x)dx, ∀ v ∈ H α (Rn )
Rn
where
Z Z Z
[u(x + z) − u(x)][v(x + z) − v(x)]
hu, viρ = dzdx + Q(x)uvdx.
Rn B(0,ρ (x))
|z|n+2α Rn

Using well known arguments, it is possible to show that Iρ verifies the mountain pass
geometry. Then, there is a (P S)c sequence {uk } ⊂ H α (Rn ) such that
Iρ (uk ) → Cρ and Iρ0 (uk ) → 0 (15)
where Cρ is the mountain pass level given by
Cρ = inf sup Iρ (γ(t)) > 0

γ∈Γρ t∈[0,1]
with
Γρ = {γ ∈ C([0, 1], H α (Rn )) : γ(0) = 0, Iρ (γ(1)) < 0}.
In the sequel, Nρ denotes the Nehari manifold associated to the functional Iρ , that is,
Nρ = {u ∈ H α (Rn )\{0} : Iρ0 (u)u = 0}.
It is easy to see that all nontrivial solutions of (P ) belongs to Nρ . Moreover, by applying
standard arguments, it is possible to prove the equality below
Cρ = inf Iρ (u) (16)

u∈Nρ
and the existence of β > 0, which is independent of , such that
β ≤ kuk2ρ , ∀u ∈ H α (Rn ). (17)
From (16), if Cρ is a critical value of Iρ then it is the least energy critical value of Iρ .
Hereafter, we say that Cρ is the ground state level of Iρ .

Lemma 3
lim sup Cρ ≤ inf C(ξ). Hence, lim sup Cρ < C(∞).
→0 ξ∈Rn →0
Proof Fix ξ0 ∈ RN and w ∈ H α (Rn ) with

0
Jξ0 (w) = max Jξ0 (tw) = C(ξ0 ) and Jξ0 (w) = 0
t≥0
ξ0
Then, we take w (x) = w(x − ) and t > 0 satisfying Cρ ≤ Iρ (t w ) = maxt≥0 Iρ (tw ). The
ξ0
change of variable x̃ = x − gives
Z Z Z !
t2 |w(x̃ + z) − w(x̃)|2 2
Iρ (t w ) = dzdx̃ + Q(x̃ + ξ0 )w (x̃)dx̃
2 |z|n+2α
Rn B(0, 1 ρ(x̃+ξ0 )) Rn

Z
tp+1
p+1
− K(x̃ + ξ0 )|w| (x̃)dx̃.
p+1
Rn
Therefore, for any sequence n → 0, the equality Iρ0 (tn wn )(tn wn ) = 0 yields {tn } is
n
bounded. Thus, we can assume that tn → t∗ > 0, for some t∗ > 0. Thereby, taking the limit of
n → +∞, we can infer that
0
Jξ0 (t∗ w)(t∗ w) = 0.
On the other hand, we know that Jξ0 0 (w)(w) = 0, then we must have t∗ = 1. From this,
Iρn (tn wn ) → Jξ0 (w) = C(ξ0 ) as → 0.
As the point ξ0 ∈ Rn is arbitrary, the lemma is proved.

Main Theorem: Existence Result
For > 0 small enough, the problem (P ) has a ground state solution.
Proof. In what follows, {uk } ⊂ H α (RN ) is a sequence satisfying

0
Iρ (uk ) → Cρ and Iρ (uk ) → 0.
α N
If uk * 0 in H (R ), then
p n ∗
uk → 0 in Lloc (R ) for p ∈ [2, 2α ). (18)
By (H0 ), we can take δ, R > 0 such that
Q∞ − δ ≤ Q(x) ≤ Q∞ + δ and K∞ − δ ≤ K(x) ≤ K∞ + δ (19)
for all |x| ≥ R. Then, for all t ≥ 0,
Z
δ t2 2
Iρ (tuk ) ≥ I,∞ (tuk ) + [Q(x) − Q∞ + δ]|uk (x)| dx
2
B(0, R )

Z
tp+1 p+1
+ [K∞ + δ − K(x)]|uk (x)| dx,
p+1
B(0, R )

where
Z Z Z !
δ 1 |u(x + z) − u(x)|2 2
I,∞ (u) = dxdx + (Q∞ − δ)|u(x)| dx
2 |z|n+2α
Rn B(0, 1 ρ(x)) Rn

Z
1 p+1
− (K∞ + δ)|u(x)| dx.
p+1
Rn

In the sequel, we fix τk > 0 satisfying
δ ρ(x) δ
I,∞ (τk uk ) ≥ C( , Q∞ − δ, K∞ + δ) = inf sup I,∞ (tv).
v∈H α (Rn )\{0} t≥0
Thus,
Z
ρ(x) τ2
Cρ ≥ C( , Q∞ − δ, K∞ + δ) + k [Q(x) − Q∞ + δ]|uk (x)|2 dx
2 B(0, R )

τkp+1
Z
+ [K∞ + δ − K(x)]|uk (x)|p+1 dx.
p+1 B(0, R )

Taking the limit as k → ∞, and after δ → 0, we find
ρ(x)
Cρ ≥ C( , Q∞ , K ∞ ) (20)

ρ(x)
where C(
, Q∞ , K ∞ ) designates the mountain pass level of the functional
Z Z Z !
1 |u(x + z) − u(x)|2
0
I∞,ξ (u) = dzdx + Q∞ |u|2 dx −
2 Rn B(0, 1 ρ(x))
|z|n+2α Rn

Z
1
K∞ |u|p+1 dx.
p+1 Rn

A standard argument shows that
ρ(x)
lim inf C( , Q∞ , K∞ ) ≥ C(∞).
→0
Therefore, if there is sequence n → 0 such that the (P S)Cρ sequence has weak limit equal
n
to zero, we must have
ρ(n x)
Cρn ≥ C( , Q∞ , K∞ ), ∀n ∈ N,
n
leading to
lim inf Cρn ≥ C(∞),
n→+∞
which contradicts Lemma 3. This proves that the weak limit is nontrivial for > 0 small
enough and standard arguments show that its energy is equal to Cρ , showing the desired
result.

Index
1 Motivation
2 Problem

ρ
4 Main Result

Lemma C1
Let u the ground state solution of (P ). Then there exists a family {y } ⊂ Rn and positive
constants R and β1 such that
Z
lim inf |v |2 dx ≥ β1 > 0. (21)
→0+
B(y ,R)
Proof. Since, by (H1 ) and (H2 ), we have

Z Z Z
1 |v(x + z) − v(x)|2 2
Iρ (v) ≥ I∗ (v) = dzdx + a1 |v| dx
2 |z|n+2α
Rn B(0,ρ0 ) Rn
Z
1 p+1 α n
− a2 |u| dx, ∀v ∈ H (R ).
p+1
Rn
from where, we get

0 < C(ρ0 , a1 , a2 ) ≤ Iρ (u ) = Cρ . (22)
Now, arguing by contradiction, if (21) does not hold, it would exist a sequence uk = uk such that
Z
2
lim sup |uk | dx = 0.
k→∞ y∈Rn
B(y,R)
By Concentration-Compactness Lemma, uk → 0 in Lq (Rn ) for any 2 < q < 2∗

α . However, this is
impossible, because by (22)
Z
p−1 p+1
0 < C(ρ0 , a1 , a2 ) ≤ Cρ ≤ a2 |uk | dx → 0, as k → ∞.
k 2(p + 1)
Rn

From now on, we set
w (x) = v (x + y ) = u (x + y ). (23)
Then, by (21), Z
lim inf |w |2 dx ≥ β1 > 0. (24)
→0+
B(0,R)
To continue, we consider the rescaled scope function ρ defined by
1
ρ̄ (x) = ρ(x + y ).

Using this function, it follows that w is a solution of the equation
(−∆)ρα w (x) + Q(x + y )w (x) = K(x + y )|w (x)|p−1 w (x), in Rn . (25)

Lemma C2
The sequence {y } is bounded. Moreover, if m ym → ξ ∗ , then
C(ξ ∗ ) = inf C(ξ).

ξ∈Rn

Suppose by contradiction that |m ym | → ∞ and consider the function wm given in (23),
which satisfies (25). Since {Cρm } is bounded, the sequence {wm } is also bounded in
H α (Rn ). Then wm * w in H α (Rn ), and w 6= 0 by Lemma C1. Now, by (25), we have the
equality
Z Z
[wm (x + z) − wm (x)][w(x + z) − w(x)]
dzdx
Rn B(0, 1 ρ(m x+m ym ))
|z|n+2α
m
Z Z
+ Q(m x + m ym )wm wdx = K(m x + m ym )|wm |p−1 wm wdx.
Rn Rn
This equality combines with Fatou’s Lemma to give
Z Z Z Z
|w(x + z) − w(x)|2
dzdx + Q∞ |w|2 dx ≤ K∞ |w|p+1 dx (26)
Rn Rn
|z|n+2α Rn Rn
Let θ > 0 such that
J∞ (θw) = max J∞ (tw).
t≥0
From (26), θ ∈ (0, 1]. Thus,

Z
1 1

C(∞) ≤ − K∞ |w(x)|p+1 dx
2 p+1 Rn
Z
1 1

≤ − lim inf K(m x + m ym )|wm (x)|p+1 dx = lim inf Cρn < C(∞),
2 p+1 m→∞
Rn
m→∞
which is a contradiction, showing that {y } is bounded. Hence, there exists a subsequence of
{y } such that m ym → ξ ∗ .
Repeating the above arguments for the function
wm (x) = vm (x + ym ) = um (m x + m ym ),
we have that this function satisfies the equation (25), and again {wm } is bounded in
H α (Rn ). Then wm * w in H α (Rn ) and w satisfies the equation below
(−∆)α w + Q(ξ ∗ )w = K(ξ ∗ )|w|p−1 w, x ∈ Rn , (27)
in the weak sense. Furthermore, associated to (27) we have the energy functional
Z Z Z
1 |u(x + z) − u(x)|2
Jξ∗ (u) = dzdx + Q(ξ ∗ )|u(x)|2 dx
2 Rn Rn
|z|n+2α Rn
Z
1
− K(ξ ∗ )|u(x)|p+1 dx.
p+1 Rn
Using w as a test function in (25) and taking the limit of m → +∞, we get
Z Z Z Z
|w(x + z) − w(x)|2
dzdx + Q(ξ ∗ )|w(x)|2 dx ≤ K(ξ ∗ )|w|p+1 dx,
Rn Rn
|z|n+2α Rn Rn
which implies that there exists θ ∈ (0, 1] such that
Jξ∗ (θw) = max Jξ∗ (tw).

t≥0

So, by Lemma,
Z
1 1

C(ξ ∗ ) ≤ Jξ∗ (θw) = − θp+1 K(ξ ∗ )|w(x)|p+1 dx
2 p+1 Rn
Z
1 1

≤ − lim inf K(m x + m ym )|wm (x)|p+1 dx
2 p+1 m→∞
Rn
= lim inf [Iρm (vm ) − Iρ0 m (vm )vm ]
m→∞
= lim inf Cρm ≤ lim sup Cρm ≤ inf C(ξ),
m→∞ m→∞ ξ∈Rn
showing that C(ξ ∗ ) = inf C(ξ).

ξ∈Rn

Lemma
For every sequence {m } there is a subsequence, we keep calling the same, so that
wm = wm → w in H α (Rn ).
Proof. Since w is a solution of (27), from Lemma 3,

1 0
inf C(ξ) = C(ξ ∗ ) ≤ Jξ∗ (w) = Jξ∗ (w) − J ∗ (w)w
ξ∈Rn 2 ξ
Z
1 1

= − K(ξ ∗ )|w|p+1 dx
2 p+1 Rn
Z
1 1

≤ − lim inf K(m x + m ym )|wm |p+1 (x)dx
2 p+1 m→∞
Rn
Z
1 1

≤ − lim sup K(m x + m ym )|wm |p+1 dx
2 p+1 m→∞ Rn
Z
1 1

= − lim sup K(m x)|vm |p+1 dx
2 p+1 m→∞ Rn
1

≤ lim sup Iρm (vm ) − I 0 (vm )vm = lim sup Cρ ≤ inf C(ξ).
m→∞ p + 1 ρm m→∞
m ξ∈Rn
The above estimates leads to

Z Z
lim K(m x + m ym )|wm |p+1 dx = K(ξ ∗ )|w|p+1 dx.
m→∞
Rn Rn

Consequently,
Z Z Z Z
|wm (x + z) − wm (x)|2 |w(x + z) − w(x)|2
(a) lim dzdx = dzdx
m→∞ n Rn
|z|n+2α Rn Rn
|z|n+2α
ZR Z
(b) lim Q(m x + m ym )|wm (x)|2 dx = Q(ξ ∗ )|w(x)|2 dx.
m→∞
Rn Rn
From (b), given δ > 0 there exists R > 0 such that

Z
Q(m x + m ym )|wm (x)|2 dx ≤ δ.
|x|≥R
Furthermore, using (H2 ), we obtain

Z
δ
|wm (x)|2 dx ≤ . (28)
|x|≥R
a1
On the other hand Z Z

lim |wm (x)|2 dx = |w(x)|2 dx. (29)
m→∞
|x|≤R |x|≤R
From (28) and (29), wm → w in L2 (Rn ). From this, given δ > 0 there are 0 , R > 0 such that
Z Z
|um |2 dx ≤ n
mδ and |um |2 dx ≥ n
m C, ∀m ≤ 0 ,
B c (x∗ ,m R) B(x∗ ,m R)
where C is a constant independent of δ and m, showing the concentration of the solutions

{un }.
MUCHAS GRACIAS
MUITO OBRIGADO


Existence and Concentration of Solution For A Non-Local Regional Schrödinger Equation With Competing Potentials

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Existence and Concentration of Solution For A Non-Local Regional Schrödinger Equation With Competing Potentials

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EXISTENCE AND CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTION

FOR A NON-LOCAL REGIONAL SCHRÖDINGER

César Enrique Torres Ledesma

ÁREA CIENTÍFICA DE CÁLCULO FRACCIONARIO

UNIVERSISDAD NACIONAL DE TRUJILLO

II SEMINARIO INTERNACIONAL DE ANÁLISIS NO LINEAL

César Torres (UNT) NRO July 19, 2019 1 / 40

3 Preliminary Results: Function Spaces and the Operator (−∆)α

5 Concentration of the solutions u

César Torres (UNT) NRO July 19, 2019 2 / 40

3 Preliminary Results: Function Spaces and the Operator (−∆)α

5 Concentration of the solutions u

César Torres (UNT) NRO July 19, 2019 3 / 40

− 2 ∆u + b(x)u = f (x, u), x ∈ Rn ,

(AR) There is µ > 2, such that

0 < µF (x, z) ≤ zf (x, z), ∀x ∈ Rn , z ∈ R \ {0}

b(xk ) → inf b(x) as k → ∞

César Torres (UNT) NRO July 19, 2019 4 / 40

(−∆)α u + u = f (x, u), x ∈ Rn ,

where (−∆)α u is the fractional Laplacian defined as

and f : Rn × R → R is a Caratheodory function which satisfies (AR) and

|f (x, ξ)| ≤ C(1 + |ξ|)p ∀ξ ∈ R and a.e. x ∈ Rn

0 ≤ f (x, ξ) − f (ξ) ≤ a(x)(|ξ| + |ξ|p ) ∀ξ ∈ R and a.e. x ∈ Rn ,

2α (−∆)α u + V (x)u = K(x)|u|p−2 u + Q(x)|u|q−2 u, x ∈ Rn

V∞ = lim V (x), K∞ = lim K(x), Q∞ = lim Q(x)

Under this conditions the authors showed the following result: If

inf G(ξ) < c∞

(−∆)α u + V (ξ)u = K(ξ)|u|p−2 u + Q(ξ)|u|q−2 u, x ∈ Rn ,

and c∞ be the ground state level associated to the problem

(−∆)α u + V∞ u = K∞ |u|p−2 u + Q∞ |u|q−2 u, x ∈ Rn .

César Torres (UNT) NRO July 19, 2019 6 / 40

M [u](x) = f (x) x ∈ Ω, (4)

∃ λ ∈ (0, 1) such that λdist(x, ∂Ω) ≤ ρ(x) ≤ dist(x, ∂Ω)

µ∆p u = f (x), x ∈ Ω (5)

as σ → p, where µ is a positive constant.

César Torres (UNT) NRO July 19, 2019 7 / 40

Felmer and Torres 2015: For  > 0

ρ0 ≤ ρ(x) < ρ∞ ∀x ∈ Rn and lim ρ(x) = ρ∞

César Torres (UNT) NRO July 19, 2019 8 / 40

César Torres (UNT) NRO July 19, 2019 9 / 40

where the sets C + (x) and C − (x) are defined as follows

C − (x) = {y ∈ Rn : ρ(x + y) < |y| < ρ(x)}

César Torres (UNT) NRO July 19, 2019 10 / 40

defines an (n − 1)-dimensional surface of class C 1 in Rn

with C a constant independent of δ and m.

César Torres (UNT) NRO July 19, 2019 11 / 40

3 Preliminary Results: Function Spaces and the Operator (−∆)α

5 Concentration of the solutions u

César Torres (UNT) NRO July 19, 2019 12 / 40

ρ, Q, K are competing functions.

César Torres (UNT) NRO July 19, 2019 13 / 40

3 Preliminary Results: Function Spaces and the Operator (−∆)α

5 Concentration of the solutions u

César Torres (UNT) NRO July 19, 2019 14 / 40

Let 0 < α < 1. The fractional Sobolev space of order α is defined by

César Torres (UNT) NRO July 19, 2019 15 / 40

César Torres (UNT) NRO July 19, 2019 16 / 40

Therefore, we define the operator (−∆)α α n −α (Rn ) by

César Torres (UNT) NRO July 19, 2019 17 / 40

César Torres (UNT) NRO July 19, 2019 18 / 40

3 Preliminary Results: Function Spaces and the Operator (−∆)α

5 Concentration of the solutions u

César Torres (UNT) NRO July 19, 2019 19 / 40

5 Concentration of the solutions u

5 Concentration of the solutions u

− 2 ∆u + b(x)u = f (x, u), x ∈ Rn ,

2α (−∆)α u + V (x)u = K(x)|u|p−2 u + Q(x)|u|q−2 u, x ∈ Rn

Felmer and Torres 2015: For > 0

5 Concentration of the solutions u

5 Concentration of the solutions u

5 Concentration of the solutions u

Iρ (u ) = Cρ and Iρ0 (u ) = 0.

Iρ (uk ) → Cρ and Iρ0 (uk ) → 0 (15)

where Cρ is the mountain pass level given by

Cρ = inf sup Iρ (γ(t)) > 0

Nρ = {u ∈ H α (Rn )\{0} : Iρ0 (u)u = 0}.

Cρ = inf Iρ (u) (16)

and the existence of β > 0, which is independent of , such that

β ≤ kuk2ρ , ∀u ∈ H α (Rn ). (17)

Iρn (tn wn ) → Jξ0 (w) = C(ξ0 ) as → 0.

5 Concentration of the solutions u

To continue, we consider the rescaled scope function ρ defined by

wm (x) = vm (x + ym ) = um (m x + m ym ),