4 INTRODUCTION TO MICROCONTROLLER INTRODUCTION The microcontroller is a integrated circuit. Generally buil chip redu complete microprocessor system built on a single Iding a complete microprocessor system on single i ces the cost of building simple products using microprocessor. When microprocessor system is implemented with a single chip microcontroller, it is also called microprocessor as all the major parts are in the IC. It is generally used for control function so it is termed as microcontroller. Generally microcontroller must include a full implementation of a standard microprocessor, ROM, RAM, Parallel /O port timers and.a clock. Single chip 4-bit microcontrollers were available shortly after mid 1970's. Texas instruments introduced TM S-1000 series of single chip 4 bit microcontrollers in mid 1970's and at the same time Fairchild introduced 8 bit two chip system. 8 bit microcontrollers become available after 1977 and 1978. 4.1 ADVANTAGES OF MICROCONTROLLER 1. Since the microcontroller is a single chip microcomputer it can be used for dedicated functions. oo 2. Itcan be used as independent controllers in various machines. 3. It includes all the essentials of a computer on a single chip like CPU, RWW memory, ROM it can be used as a microcomputer 4. It reduces the cost of a system than microprocessor based system. So it can be used in low cost products like toys. 4.2 APPLICATIONS OF MICROCONTROLLER 1. Most personal computer keyboards are implemented with a microcontroller, Tt replaces scanning, debounce matrix decoding and serial transmission circuits, 2. Generally in low cost products, such as toys, electric drills, microwave ovens, ve jicrocontrollers are used. ; 3. Mioscontlirs are used as machine tools, chemical processors and in medical in . . ; 4. It Re mechanism of electronic systems, music system, home security In than chepter we will study a brief overview of 8051 microcontrollers, bhON 266 Introduction to Mi eToCOntay, MICROC ROLLER 8051 A 5 it mi ler. The first Intel's 3.4, The 8051 is a second generation 8-bit microcontroll 7 it microcontroller was the 8048.The 8051 provide a more powerful architecture, a more Powerful instruction set, a full serial port. Main Features Of 8051 Microcontroller 1) An8 bit ALU 2) 4K x8 ROM (OR EPROM) 2) 128x8RAM 4) Dual 16 bit timer event counter 5) 32 VO lines 6) Addresses of 64 Kbytes of program memory 7) Addresses of 64 Kbytes of data memory 8) Powerful 111 instruction set 9) Full featured serial port 10) Up to 12 MHz. clock 11) Two external interrupts [Port 2 drives] Port 2 latch Stack Pointer PCONTSCONTTMODT THO Tu SUBF| fl fl fl fl ! Hl ! ! 1 1 Interrupt, serial — i Port and timer blocks : fl Hl H i ' ' 1 1 1 q P1.0-P1.7 P3.0-P3,7 Fig, (4.1) An architectural block diagram of 8051yatroduction to Microcontrolier 267 sional pins provide power ana at?, the four 8:bt bi-directional VO ports. Eight jming and control signals, nnect to a clock crystal and also provide _ The Mee which make up a microprocessor, are in the center of the eo one es the ALU, accumulator, stack pointer, a block of registers and general purpose registers. All of these devices are connected to 8051 internal 8-bit Each V/O port is also connected to the 8 bit internal data bus through a series of register. These registers hold data during /O es Oar sso having ROM and RAM. luring V/O transfers.and control /O ports. It is 051 Memory Register Map : Generally 8051 addresses two memory spaces. It uses one memory space for soring programs and the other for storing variable data. The program memory space isa read only memory space. You can read program instructions from this space but the processor cannot write data or read data from these memory locations. The 8051 internal ROM is in program memory space. All instructions fetches are from program memory space. FFFF| 00FB [Special function] 0080] resisters 007F| 128 bytes RAM Program Memory Data Memory Fig.(4.2) Memory Map of 8051 ‘The data memory space is read-write memory space. The processor can read tata from this memory space and can write data to this memory space. But it cannot Siete program instructions from this memory space. The 8051 internal RAM is in m the 128 bytes of internal RAM provide general read-write data storage. Part Of this memory space is often referred to as general purpose registers. _ The 8051 also has 22 special function registers which are not part of 128 bytes intemal RAM. They occupy memory Space from 80H to F8H. If more pro} memory is needed the internal 4 Kbytes memory can be panded by an additional 60 Kbytes. So 8051 has now a full 64 Kbytes program—= 268 : Introduction to Mlcrocontay, Temory space. If 8051 pin is connected to ground, it does not use the intemal 4 ROM. If user needs more RAM, external data memory can be added. It is of gy Kbytes. Generally 8051 operates with separate program memory and data memory Space but in some applications it is desirable to have these work as common memo, In that case 8051 has 64 Kbytes of total external memory. In this configuration 8051 can input a block of data through seri communication port, load data into memory and then execute that data as a program, This is called downloaded program. Other Microcontrollers In The 8051 Family 8048 is the first Intel Microcontroller. Itis similar to 8051. |. The architectural block diagram of 8048, 8049, 8050 all have similar architecture but memory size is different. It doubles in each case. 8048 supports 1 KB of internal memory 8049 support 2 KB and 8050 supports 4 KB. ; . These three (8048, 8049, 8050) are very popular as they are inexpensive, 8052 is simple expansion of 8051. 8050 has 8 Kbytes of on board ROM and 256 bytes of on board RAM. 8052 costs more than 8051. It has also one extra 16-bit counter timer, which gives Programmer more flexibility. 8051 and 8052 has on board ROM, which must be Programmed by device manufacturer. They are used generally in high volume applications, which can afford the cost of semiconductor operation. For low volume and prototyping applications 8751 and 8752 are used, They uses on board EPROM. Using EPROM memory can be erased with ultraviolet light and that memory can reprogram. Two alternate versions of 8051 and 8052 are 8031 and 8032. These devices do not have on board ROM so external ROM (OR EPROM) has to be used for program memory. Another form of 8052 is 8052 AHBASIC. This special 8052 has BASIC programming language in ROM. Using BASIC, programmer can write instruction for 8052. Comparison with microprocessor ‘Microprocessor 8085 Microcontroller 8051 | | a) Itis an 8-bit up. a) Itisa8-bit microcontroller. b) Address bus is 16-bit, hence can access |b) 64KB memory. 6) It provides seven 8-bit registers A, B, |<) It provides 34 BI registers — A, Bat) H... 32 general purpose Tegisters. d) 8-bit of data bus but ports are not | d) ithas four coat PO-P3 for vo available. €) Flag register is 8-bit and contains Five |e) Flag registers Ebi aod conan flags. - flags. f) Peripheral chips are required £) Peripheral chips are not required a ——rr troduction to Microcontroller 269 . QUESTIONS » select the correct alternative and rewrite the following: ‘The 8051 microcontroller has an instruction set of. instructions. 5) 99, i) 111, iii) 120, iv) 110 (Mar. 2002,05) 4), 1n8051 size of internal ROM is . i) 4KB, i) 2 KB, iii) 8 KB, iv) 16 KB In microcontroller onboard EPROM is used. i) 8751, ii) 8048, iii) 8082, iv) None of these 4 8051 is bit microcontroller. i) 4 bit, ii) 8 bit, iii) 16 bit, iv) 32 bit is a microcontroller chip. (Specimen Paper) ) 8051, iv) Pentium )__-is not a characteristic feature of 8051 microcontroller. (Mar. 2004) i) 4kbyte of internal RAM, ii) 4 kbyte of internal ROM iii)4 parallel bidirectional I/O port iv)Full featured serial port )The 8051 microcontroller has an ALU of bit capacity. (Oct.03) 4) 8, ii) 16, iii) 32, iv) 64 » IC consists internal RAM. (Mar. 2006) a)8080 —_b) 8085.c) 8051 4) 8086 ‘)Among following is the latest 8-bit single chip microcontroller. 2)8048 —_b) 8051 c) 8096 d) 8044 (Mar. 2007) d. is a Microcontroller. (Mar. 2016) a) 8086 b) 8051 c) 8088 d) 80286 1) Differentiate between Micro-controller and Microprocessor. (Mar. 2016) 2) Define microcontroller. State any four advantages of the same over microproc« ssor-based system. (Specimen Paper Mar.2002,05) wuitable diagram. (Mar. 2016) 3) Explain memory register map of 8051 with as 4) Explain various applications of microcontroller. (Mar. 2002,10) 5) Discuss the micro-controllers in 8051 family. (Mar.2016) 6) What are other microcontrollers available in 8051 family. Explain it. (Mar.2010) 1) What is Microcontroller? State three features of 8052 over 8051 microcontroller. (Mar. 2004) ) List any six major features of 8051 microcontroller. (Mar.2004,07,0ct.2003) 8) Explain in how 8051 microcontroller addresses two separate memory spaces.(Mar.05) 9) Write any two features of microcontrollers: i) 8084 ji) 8052 fil) 8031 iv) 8050 7 (Mar.2017) ‘Ds we @u Tec ()8052 (d)8-bit(e)80: {8051 @ gost 5 1(f) 4kbyte of internal RAM (g) 8 (h) 8051 Q0Qa