‫‪11‬‬

‫الجامعة التقنية الوسطى‬

‫الكلية التقنية الهندسية الكهربائية وااللكترونية‬

‫‪Torsion‬‬

‫اعداد الطالب‪ :‬احمد وليد اشرف‬

‫القسم‪ :‬القدرة الكهربائية‬
‫المرحلة ‪ :‬االولى‬
‫نوع الدراسة ‪ :‬المسائية‬

‫‪18‬‬
 TORSION
1- INTRODUCTION

Torque – moment that tends to twist a member about its longitudinal axis.
Shaft - simplest device for transmitting a torque from one plane to a parallel plane;
commonly used to connect an engine or a motor to a pump, compressor, axle, or
similar device.

Torsion problems – concerned with the determination of stresses in shaft and the
deformation of the shaft.

2- TORSIONAL SHEAR STRAIN

Total shearing deformation, 𝛅S = DE = ρθ

δ s ρθ
Shear strain, ϒ= =
L L

rθ
Maximum shear strain, ϒmax =
L
3- TORSIONAL SHEAR STRESS

Gρθ Gθ
From Hooke’s Law: τ = Gү =
L
=
L ( )
ρ where: ρ =variable radial distance

Gθ
L ( )
= constant
 τmax = ( GθL )r
τ max
Then, τ= ρ
r
4- More Torsional Formulas

Gθ
Applied torque, T = Tr , resisting torque = ∑M = ∫ ρdP = ∫ ρ ( τdA ) =
L ∫ ρ2 dA
Where: ∫ ρ2 dA=J = polar moment of inertia
Gθ
Thus, T= J
L

TL
Solving for angle of twist, θ: θ=
JG

Gθ T Tρ
Since = , then τ= J
L J ¿
¿
Tr
τmax =
J

Polar Moment of Inertia (also called polar second moment of area), J:

π 4 π 4
a) Solid circular shaft, J = r = D ; r = radius D = diameter
2 32
π π
b) Hollow circular shaft, J = ( R 4−r 4 ) = ( D4 −d 4 )
2 32
Where: R =outer radius D = outer diameter
r = inner radius d = inner diameter

5- Power Transmission

P = Tω where: P = power expressed in watts

ω = angular speed in radians per sec
P = T 2πf f = speed in revolutions /sec
T = torque in N-m
Thus, T = P /2πf
Ex. 3.1 A hollow circular steel shaft with an outside diameter of 1.50 in and a wall thickness of 0.125 in. is
subjected to a pure torque of 140 lb-ft. The shaft is 90 in. long. The shear modulus of the steel is G =
12,000psi. Determine (a) the max shear stress in the shaft (b) the magnitude of the angle of twist in the
shaft.

Ex. 3.2 A solid steel shaft 5 m long is stressed to 60 MPa when twisted through 4 0. Using G = 83
GPa, compute the shaft diameter. What power can be transmitted by the shaft at 20 r/s

6- Flanged Bolt Couplings

 Commonly used connection between two shafts; consists of flanges rigidly attached
to the ends of the shafts and bolted together.
 Torque is transmitted by the shearing force P created in t he bolts.

Torque resistance of one bolt, PR. For any number of bolts:

πd 2
T = PRn = τRn
4

For couplings with two concentric rows of bolts:

T = P 1R1n1 + P2R2n2
 Shearing strains are related by:
ϒ1 ϒ2
=
R1 R2
τ
Using Hooke’s Law: G = and A1 = A2 ; G1 = G2
ϒ

P1 P2
Then, =
R1 R2

Ex. 3.3 A flanged bolt coupling consists of six 10 mm diameter steel bolts on a bolt circle 300
mm in diameter, and four 10mm diameter steel bolts on a concentric bolt circle 200 mm in
diameter as shown. What torque can be applied without exceeding a shearing stress of 60 MPa
in the bolts?

7- Torsion of Thin-Walled Tubes: Shear Flow

 Considers noncircular section with a wall of variable thickness.
 shear flow, q:
- useful concept associated with analysis of thin-walled sections
- defined as internal shearing force per unit of length of the thin section

Fig. (a) Fig. (b) Fig. (c)

Figure (a) shows a tube of arbitrary shape with a variable thickness t. Consider an
enlarged free body of an element of length ΔL cut from this tube (Figure (b)),
F1 = F 2
Also, q1ΔL = q2 ΔL
Then, q1 = q2 (constant shear flow around the c-s of the tube)
 To relate the shear flow q to the applied torque T, consider Figure(c). The moment of
the torsional couple T = ∫ rq dL where ∫ r dL = 2 times area of shaded triangle. Thus,

T = 2Aq where: A = area enclosed within the boundary

of the tube wall centerline
Solving for q and dividing by t,
q T
τ= = where: τ = shearing stress across any
t 2 At
thickness t

Ex.3.4 A rectangular box section of aluminum alloy has outside dimensions of 100 mm by 50
mm. The plate thickness is 2 mm for the 50-mm sides and 3 mm for the 100-mm sides. If the
maximum shear stress must be limited to 95 MPa, determine the maximum torque T that can be
applied to the section.

8- Helical Springs

Consider a wire or round rod of diameter d wound into a helical spring of mean radius R
that is elongated by an axial load P. From the FBD of a portion and the magnified view:

16 PR 4 m−1 0.615
Max shearing stress, τ = (
πd 3 4 m−4
+
m )
 64 PR 3
Spring deflection, 𝛅= n where: P = applied axial load
Gd 4
R = radius of helix
d = diameter of wire would into a helix
n = number of coils
m = 2R/d

Ex. 3.5 What is the maximum elongation of a helical spring which is made of phosphor bronze
composed of 20 turns of 20 mm diameter wire on a mean radius of 80 mm when the spring is
stressed to 140 MN/m2, for which G = 42 GN/m2.

https://www.academia.edu/28077665/TORSION?