𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑗𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑜𝑔𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙: 1,0,2 , −2,0,1 , (0,1,0)

1,0,2 ∙ −2,0,1 = 0
1,0,2 ∙ (0,1,0) = 0
−2,0,1 ∙ (0,1,0) = 0
1 2 2 1
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑗𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙: , 0, , − , 0, , (0,1,0)
5 5 5 5
𝐸𝑗𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑜 𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑜𝑔𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙, 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑠𝑜𝑛 𝑙. 𝑖.

1 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 2
𝐸𝑗𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑜 , , , − , ,− , , ,− 𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙, 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑠𝑜𝑛 𝑙. 𝑖.
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
 𝐸𝑗𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑜 1,0, 2 , −2, 0,1 , (0,1,0) 𝑠𝑜𝑛 3 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑜𝑔𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑒 𝑅3

𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑛 𝑢𝑛𝑎 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑜𝑔𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑒 𝑅3

1 2 2 1
𝐸𝑗𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑜 , 0, , − , 0, , (0,1,0) 𝑠𝑜𝑛 3 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑒 𝑅3
5 5 5 5
𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑛 𝑢𝑛𝑎 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑒 𝑅3
𝐸𝑗𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑜
 1 2 4 2 1 3
2, −3,1 ∙ , 0, = 2, −3,1 ∙ − , 0, =−
5 5 5 5 5 5
2, −3,1 ∙ 0,1,0 = −3

𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑢𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑎:

4 1 2 3 2 1
2, −3,1 = , 0, − − , 0, − 3 0,1,0
5 5 5 5 5 5
 𝑣 ∙ 𝑢1 𝑣 ∙ 𝑢2 𝑣 ∙ 𝑢𝑛
𝑣= 𝑢1 + 𝑢2 + ⋯ . + 𝑢𝑛
𝑢1 ∙ 𝑢1 𝑢2 ∙ 𝑢2 𝑢𝑛 ∙ 𝑢𝑛

𝑣 = 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑦𝑢1 𝑣 + 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑦𝑢2 𝑣 + ⋯ . +𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑦𝑢𝑛 𝑣

𝐸𝑗𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑜
𝑢1 , 𝑢1 , 𝑢1 , 𝑢1 = 1,0, 2 , 𝑢2 = −2, 0,1 , 𝑢3 = (0,1,0)
𝐸𝑠 𝑢𝑛𝑎 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑜𝑔𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑒 𝑅3 . 𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑎𝑟 𝑣 = −5,0,0
𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑜 𝑢𝑛𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑟
𝑣 = 𝑐1 1,0, 2 , +𝑐2 −2, 0,1 + 𝑐3 (0,1,0)
 𝐸𝑗𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑜 𝑢1 , 𝑢1 , 𝑢1 , 𝑢1 = 1,0, 2 , 𝑢2 = −2, 0,1 , 𝑢3 = (0,1,0)
𝐸𝑠 𝑢𝑛𝑎 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑜𝑔𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑒 𝑅3 . 𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑎𝑟 𝑣 = −5,0,0
𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑜 𝑢𝑛𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑟
𝑣 = 𝑐1 1,0, 2 , +𝑐2 −2, 0,1 + 𝑐3 (0,1,0)
𝑣 ∙ 𝑢1 −5,0,0 ∙ 1,0, 2 −5
𝑐1 1,0, 2 = 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑦𝑢1 𝑣 = 𝑢1 = 1,0, 2 = 1,0, 2 = − 1,0, 2
𝑢1 ∙ 𝑢1 1,0, 2 ∙ 1,0, 2 5
𝑣 ∙ 𝑢2 −5,0,0 ∙ −2, 0,1 10
𝑐2 1,0, 2 = 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑦𝑢2 𝑣 = 𝑢2 = −2, 0,1 = −2, 0,1 = 2 −2, 0,1
𝑢2 ∙ 𝑢2 −2, 0,1 ∙ −2, 0,1 5
𝑣 ∙ 𝑢3 −5,0,0 ∙ 0,1,0 0
𝑐3 1,0, 2 = 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑦𝑢3 𝑣 = 𝑢 = 0,1,0 = 0,1,0 = 0 −2, 0,1
𝑢3 ∙ 𝑢3 3 0,1,0 ∙ 0,1,0 1
𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑢𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑎:
𝑣 = − 1,0, 2 , +2 −2, 0,1 + 0 (0,1,0)