Exercises 2.8 1 Asn — 00, unlz) > 5 — 5) 5. Identify 20 = 0, yo = 0, and f(t. ya—1(6)) = -vd_2(¢). Picard’s formula is ya(2) = - fatwa for n = 1, 2,3, .... Iterating we find ys(x) = yo(2) = ya(2) = ya(z) = 0. Asin — 00, yal) + 0. 6. Identify zp = 0, yp = 1, and f(t, yn1(t)) = 2et ~ ur~i(t)- Picard’s formule is ff iat wale) = 2e form =1, 2,3, ... . Iterating we find vilz) =e" —1—2 ‘us(z) = 2e — = he? = Jy? g Lys ylz} Lhe pe yal(x) Ltat oe + er + Asn 00, un(z) + €* 7. (a) Identify xo = 0, yo = 0, and f(t, yn-1(t)) = 1+ y2_1{2). Picard’s formula is ane) <2 PR alede form =1,2,8,.... Tereting we find u(r) 2 ayers tats 2eb4 Let wie)=2ti, wla)ert iets Zot Let (b) From dy = {1+ 4) dr and y(0) = 0 we use separation of variables to obtain y= tan. 25,0 (c) ‘The Maclaurin series for tan is «+ Js 2a 4 FE aT 4 for lal < a/2. 3° tas? * 36 8. (a) If yo =k then the iterants are & times the iterants given in Problem 3. (b) If yo(x) = # then aoe 24 454 87 la) = 2+ 52+ Gee? + aoe Zap 4s, 87, 16 aeae tie + ie” * 58” Chapter 2 Review Exercises - _ 1. For f(y) = (25 2% y2)" we obtain fy, 9) = 2y (25 — 2% — 4%) 00 there will be o unique solution for any point (79, yo) in the region 2? +4? < 25 or z?+y? > 25, 2 yao 48Chapter 2 Review Exercises 3. False; since y = 0 is a solution, 4, ‘True; since f(x,y) = (y — 1) and f,(e, 7) = 3(y — 1)? are continuous everywhere in the plane. 5. (a) linear in & (b) linear in y, homogeneous, exact (c) Clairaut (A) Bernoalli in (e} separable (£) separable, Ricatti (g) linear in x (h) homogeneous (i) Bernoulli G) homogeneous, exact, Bernoulli (&) linear in x and y, exact, separable, homogeneous (1) exact, linear in y (m} homogeneous (a) separable (0) Clairaut {p) Ricesti 6. Separating variables we obtain cos? de = yaw = fet faints = pial? + 1) +e => 2e+sinde=2in(y?+1) +6. 7. Separating variables we obtain ylnydy = rede — pti! - w mre? 4e. VW y(l) = 1, c= —1/4. The eolution ie 2y?In [yl — y? = 4re* — 40% —1. 8. Write the differential equation in the form yln= de = (=m ; -») dy. This is & homogeneous equation, 60 let x = uy. Then dz = udy + ydu and the differential équation becomes vinu(udy + ydu) = (uylnu—y)dy or ylnudu=—dy. Separating variables we obtain dy Inudu => uln|ul— Inlylt+o => 7 a|_ 2) = _iniyl+e aly wl tn |y| + cy. 9. ‘The equation is homogeneous, so let y = uz. Then dy = wdr + 2du and the differential equation decomes uz'{ude+2du) = (3u2x?+27)de or urdu = (2u?41)de. Separating variables we obtain = xlne- Ing} a l 2 = 2 Seat dun qi (20! +1)sing+e => 2415 ey2' ve ‘ 6 = tied! = a+ eas. Resi H y(—1) = 2 then ¢; = 9 and the solution of the initial-value problem is 2y? + 2? = 928,4 1. 12. 13. 14. as. 0. The eet equin 5 Chapter 2 Review Exercises 2 eri is Bernoulli, Using w = y! we obtain Geer du, 6 9s? de Gr+1 6x41" d ‘An integrating factor is 6x + 1, s0 3a5 © = (rt ly! =-s28 +6 Zier + te) = 92? w= Geri Gri (Nate: The differential equation is also exact.) Let w= zy so thet 2 2 Phe differential equation becomes = 3 ) ae = 12y? arty ey Yay dt 2 . . or ef ‘ay 12y?, Separating variables we obtain edu = 12y'dy => ce = 4? +o =e eH = 4y* +0, If y(0) = —1 then c = 5 and the solution of the initial-value problem is ¢*¥ = 4y8 +5. Let u = zy 60 thot du — rdy+ydz, The differential equation becomes 2z)de=0 o ae eat or, - _2 du—ydr + (uty—z! = ‘An integrating factor is e*, s0 Brera = (8 +20) = fuser tc => ton i dy 8c in te (od a)! Write the equation in the form 52 + op gu = aq An integrating factor is (x? +4)", 90 1 4 Stee sy) 20 (+4? — 4d ya Leta te ms y= belted) 4 Hf y(0) = -1 then 820 und y = 7 — 320 (2? 44) dz ‘Write the equation in the form 9 — 2 = y- An integrating fuctar is ¢-™, 80 d 1 aay hy =- 3 eo Fete mee 2M ‘The differential equation is Bernoulli. Using dw 4s 4 du 4 28. amin a zg -r*. An integrating factor is z~*, so y-) we obtain zy? 2 + 4y = 24? or 3 feta]e ke tue bate ae va stn tat oy & If y(1) =1 then ¢= 1 and y= (24~24Inz) + afin) 50Chapter 2 Review Exercises 16. Writing the differential equation in the form y = zy'+ (2/ + 1}? we soe that it is a Clairaut equation 17. 18. 19. swith f(2) = (t+ 1)?. A family of solutions is y = or + (e+ 1), If y(0) = 0 then ¢ = —1 and the solution of the initial-vaiue problem is y = —z 1 dy ‘ 1(.1\ aioe _ du Wie the equation inde fom 3 (oom J) SL = 0 an et u = ia the differential equation bocomes —5 (cos oF S +2=0. Separating variables we obtain 1 copudu= 2rd => sinu=a? +0 —> sin = at +e Let w= y so that w = y", The equation becomes u! = is , 80 uoru'+u=z. An integrating factor Siem neh = Pune Fee yf rl tee =y Identify x = 0, yp = 1, and f(t, a—s{t)) = 2 +92_(0). Picard’s formula is ante) =a bet Fo ff ae for n = 1, 2,3, .... Iterating we find nG) ited det 2 1 2 1 = awtatt ocd 4 ah 4 ae" wfa)e tates oo + pat t pea’ + oe From dy = (4 — 2y) dz and y(0) = 3 we obtain y = 2 +e-™*, Picard's formula is ala) = 34 ta ~2 fy alae for n= 1, 2, 3, wz) =3-22 <0 that w(t) = 3-22 +207 tole) <3 - 224227 So ya(z) =3- ae te? — Bat + feta 24/1 ax)? (2x) | (az)! a ae and ga(z) —+ 2 +e-™ ag n =v 00,