CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

This chapter is basically chapter of methods. There are some aspects which

relate to process of conducting this research and those aspects can be named as:

Research Subject, Research Design, Research Setting, Research Scope, Research

Instrument, Procedure of Data Collector, and Procedure of Data Analysis.

It is claimed that research needs to be conducted after designing a method of

research. As it is stated as a method, it is then indicated in general that method

include a plan of steps and how a research can be done systematically in real

contextual situation. Further, another general concept also claims that a method as a

master plan of a research which involves what, where, when and how. In details, what

will be noticed or observed is related to the subject of a research, where and when is

mainly about the setting of research, and how is specifically about the way of

collecting the data to be analyzed in a research. Further, it needs to be concerned that

there are two different terms which are normally claimed as the same, those are

research methods and research methodology. Based on Rajasekar in 2013, it is

defined that research method and research methodology are different in terms of their

definition and function. In specific, it is defined by Rajasekar that research methods

involves various procedures, steps, schemes and algorithms in research, or on the

other words it can be stated that all methods which are involved by researcher in

doing research is belonged into research method. However, when it is about research

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methodology, it is claimed by Rajasekar that research methodology is a systematic

ways which are used by researcher in order to solve problem, or in simple words it

can be defined that research methodology is the way researcher do their research, the

way of researcher to explain and predict any phenomena during the research.

It needs to be stated that a research method is claimed to be designed based on

the objective of research, therefore in designing this methodology there must be a

correlation between research objective, research purpose and also the underlying

concept of theories in a research in order to make a research is built as one unity.

Moreover, in this research methodology, there will be some points of step which are

arranged in systematical order, basically those points are related to; a research

approach, population and sample, unit of analysis, method of collecting the data,

method of analyzing the data and method of presenting the data.

3.1. Research Subject

In term of research subject, it was defined that research subject was

something of phenomena which could be observed and identified in order to

get data to be investigated or analyzed based on the objectives of research.

Further, it could be mentioned that the subject of this study is XI grade

students of Sekolah Menengah Atas Negeri 1 Abiansemal. Considering that

there were three categories of class in XI grade, those are social class, science

class, and language class, then it was decided that the language class was

chosen as it was claimed that the use of English was better and more focused

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on linguistics learning rather than other classes, moreover according to the

information from one of English teacher who taught the language class at

Sekolah Menengah Atas Negeri 1 Abiansemal, it was indicated that the

language class were claimed to have more confident in doing speaking in

English subject, and also the progress of their English skills which included

writing, listening and reading were developed well since they were practiced

to be able to understand language in linguistics deeper and also could

communicate by using good, simple and appropriate language. Therefore, it

was believed that in language class the activity of speaking particularly the

one which used speech acts and politeness have high frequency to happen

during English class. Moreover, as there was one class which exist in

language class at Sekolah Menengah Atas Negeri 1 Abiansemal it was decided

to set that class as the class to gather and collect the data of the research.

Further, it was also needed to do prior observation to the language class in

order to prove through observation that the class had good intensity of

speaking which also included activity of interacting and communicating

during English class.

3.2. Research Design

Generally, this research designed was claimed to be defined as prove

that the data or evidence which were found during the research could be

optimized in order to provide answer in real, clear and no ambiguity toward

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the questions which existed in a research. Further, related to the function of

research design was claimed to be used in order to test the theory which was

used as fundamental aspect in the research in which the theory was claimed as

new and gave influence in certain aspects of education. Other function of

research design was indicated as evaluation to the program which was

designed before or during the research in which this program was claimed as

specific important steps which could support the researcher to find out and

explore the research field in order to find appropriate and valid data or

evidence. Moreover, it was also claimed that a research design was able to

clarify some phenomenon which were claimed related to the research in order

to be more accurate and specific to be identified, observed and explored by

the researcher.

In theoretical aspect, it was claimed by Labaree in 2013 that research

design was aimed on providing answers to the questions of a research which

related to who, what, when, where and how. It was also claimed by Labaree

that every aspects of those questions were answered as different in research

design, particularly term why which was indicated had more scope of

explanation in which every evidences or data gained in the research must be

correlated and analyzed in order to answer that term. Further, it was indicated

that by programming this research design, it was strongly claimed that a

research would be well organized in term of the clarity of answering the

questions of research in which what are going to be find out in a research, and

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also by applying a clear and understandable research design, it was claimed

that the research has been doing 70% of a good research and just need to

complete the rest which was gained from data analysis and answering

research questions.

Regarding to those explanations above, this research could be

categorized into qualitative research which mixed with survey method.

Further, related the research design it could be defined that qualitative

research was type of research in which describing and analyzing were

becoming the main activities to be conducted by the researcher toward the

social science phenomena, particularly in EFL (English ad Foreign Language)

teaching and learning process which becomes main focus in a research

(Golafshani, 2003). Moreover, it was emphasized by Golafshani that the

phenomena in qualitative research involves social phenomena which related

to the people behavior, attitude, character or even people development toward

the time, and also related to this research, the qualitative research could

analyze educational phenomena which happen in teaching and learning

process in certain levels of education. Moreover as it was stated that this

qualitative was mixed with survey method, in order to give both description

and explanation about single sample in specific ways. Further, this survey

method was laid on describing information which is collected from the subject

which could be in form of social facts, beliefs and also attitudes. In term of

describing data, in survey method, the data was gathered systematically from

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sample of population, and before the data was described and analyzed, the

data was collected based on verbal and written communications which were

done by every individual of research subject (Mathiyazhagan and Nandan,

2010).

It could be stated in detail that this qualitative research was aimed on

finding out through survey about any types of speech acts and politeness used,

the error committed and also the source of errors committed by XI grade

students in language class at Sekolah Menengah Atas Negeri 1 Abiansemal.

Basically, this survey research was involving asking questions or giving

instructions in order to collect information from small group as the

representative of larger number of people (Alford, 2011).

3.3. Research Setting

In defining term of research setting, it could be stated that research

setting was the place where a research was fully conducted since the

researcher believed that a phenomena was happening in continuing period. It

could be stated that this setting was not randomly chosen by the researcher,

but there must be some scientific reason why a setting was chosen in order to

conduct a research. Regarding to the research setting of this research, it could

be stated that the setting was at Sekolah Menengah Atas Negeri 1 Abiansemal,

which specifically located at Abiansemal, district of Badung. This school was

chosen as the setting because there were some information which were given

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from the teachers of English subject at the school and also from other

researcher who conducted research at the school, it was claimed that this

school was having good achievement in English particularly the students were

claimed could communication in English as fluent and appropriate.

Academically, this Sekolah Menengah Atas Negeri 1 Abiansemal was chosen

because tthis school still applied KTSP curriculum which was appropriate and

meet the objective and the problem statement of this research. Actually, the

prior-observation was conducted in order to notice specifically how every

student communicate in English during English subject, and it was found that

there were good intensity and quality of communication and speaking, and

also it was claimed that there were some terms of speech acts and politeness

which were used in order to support the communication and interaction

among the students.

In more detail, it could be stated that the setting of Sekolah Menengah

Atas Negeri 1 Abiansemal could be more specified in order to focus the data

gathering process, therefore the language class of eleventh grade at Sekolah

Menengah Atas Negeri 1 Abiansemal which was chosen as the main

observational areas in order to explore and find out the use of speech acts,

politeness, errors committed and also sources of error committed by the

students.

3.4. Research Scope

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 The research was conducted in academic year of 2015/ 2016. In details

about the way the research was conducted is that, the students of the language

class of Sekolah Menengah Atas Negeri 1 Abiansemal were observed in

speaking class of English subject that they had. The observation was focused

on recording the speaking activity of students when they needed to say in

good and simple English some sentences of locutionary acts that they made

based on their understanding. Moreover, related to the locutionary acts that

they needed to make sentences from, the locutionary acts are terms which

already taught to the students and it was believed by the English teacher of

language class that the students were able to make sentences from that

locutionary acts.

The sentences which were spoken orally by students were recorded

and become the data of the research to be analyzed in some ways of analysis

which could be noticed at the next chapter. As the analysis conducted, they

were designed to show the data and description based on the research problem

of this research which aimed on mapping the speech acts categories used,

locutionary acts in terms of politeness, the errors committed, and also the

sources of error committed.

3.5. Research Instrument

In term of definition, instrument was claimed as media in which data

were gathered from and also this media was indicated as the starter where data

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was firstly gained through as research. Further, as it was called as instrument,

it meant that there was shape or real form of instrument which could be

applied by the researcher in order to record the data in oral or written form.

Related to this research, it needed to be mentioned that the instrument was

used in order to assess (1) The use of speech acts by the students of eleventh

grade at Sekolah Menengah Atas Negeri 1 Abiansemal (2) the locutionary acts

in terms of politeness used by students of eleventh grade at Sekolah

Menengah Atas Negeri 1 Abiansemal, (3) speaking errors are committed by

the students of eleventh grade at Sekolah Menengah Atas Negeri 1

Abiansemal in terms of pronunciation, grammar, and content, and (4) sources

of speaking errors are committed by the students of the eleventh grade at

Sekolah Menengah Atas Negeri 1 Abiansemal.

The instrument which was aimed for collecting the data was validated

using two experts in order to insure the reliability between two judges.

Further, for the instrument could be noticed as below.

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 Basic Speaking Speech Acts
Competency Performative
No Competency Competency Category
Standard Assessment
Indicators
9 Mengungkapkan Mengungkapkan Pronunciation Assertives Say in five Good
makna dalam teks makna dalam Content and simple
percakapan percakapan Grammar sentences how
transaksional dan transaksional (to you say about
1.

interpersonal get things done) something to

resmi dan dan interpersonal someone.
berlanjut (bersosialisasi)
(sustained) dalam resmi dan
konteks berlanjut
kehidupan sehari- (sustained)
hari dengan
menggunakan
ragam bahasa

2. Recorders.
lisan secara
akurat, lancar dan
berterima dalam
konteks
kehidupan sehari-
hari dan
melibatkan tindak
tutur: menyatakan
sikap terhadap
sesuatu,
menyatakan
perasaan cinta,
Performance Assessment

dan menyatakan
perasaan sedih Directive

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Say in five Good
and simple
sentences how
you ask someone
to do something.
Commisive Say in five Good
and simple
sentences how
you say that you
do or do not do
something to
someone.

Expressive Say in five Good

and simple
sentences how
you say about
your feeling to
someone.

Declarative

Say in five Good

and simple
sentences how
you say what on
your mind to
someone.

It was defined generally that recorder was a media which technology-

based in which this media was used to record oral data in form of
 voices of the students when they spoke orally the locutionary acts

which had been included into sentences. In specific, the recording

process was conducted to every student in order to get clear

pronunciation of students when their voices were recorded.

3. Field note.

In term definition, this field note was a note which was taken related to

any important terms, definition, or phenomena during the process of

conducting the research at Sekolah Menengah Atas Negeri 1

Abiansemal. This filed note was claimed to be important in order to

record any additional aspects which happened during the observation

of getting supporting data for the main data, and also field record was

indicated as one of the way in order to make a research becomes more

valid and reliable.

3.6. Procedure of Data Collection

Related to procedure of collecting data in a research, it was specified

by Satori and Komariah (2012) that data which was collected during a

research was data which was related to the research and support the way of

answering the questions of the research. Further, it was mentioned that in

qualitative research the data could be collected in any setting of sources and

ways since it was claimed that qualitative research was focused on analyzing

phenomena which could happen in any aspects of social, education or any

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certain important aspect. Moreover, it was also stated by Satori and Komariah

that there were two types of sources in which a data could be collected in a

research. There were primer and seconder sources, in which the different

between both of them was the way of source gives the data. In primer source,

it was claimed that the data was given directly to the researcher, however in

seconder source the data was not directly gathered by the research in which

there was other process to be done.

Related to this research, the source was primer source in which the

data of speech acts and politeness used by the students. Moreover, there were

some points to be mentioned related to the arrangement of conducting a

research in term of collecting the data at science class of XI grade at Sekolah

Menengah Atas Negeri 1 Abiansemal and for the detail steps could be noticed

as follow:

1) Observing

As it was stated by Trochim in 2006 that in qualitative research

there were two types of observation, namely; direct observation and

participant observation. Shortly, direct observation was observing as

outsider who focuses on research object, meanwhile participant

observation was an observation which was done as participant and

being involved contextually. Further, this research was conducted as

direct research which focused on research objective by using the form

of observation which was designed in speech acts types table form,

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 locutinary acts in terms of politeness categories table form, speaking

errors types table form and also sources of speaking errors table form.

2) Recording

As mentioned before, that recording was conducted by using

voice recorder in order to gather any authentic data which could be

proved through voice recording related to the use of speech acts,

locutinary acts (politeness), speaking errors and sources of speaking

error at Sekolah Menengah Atas Negeri 1 Abiansemal, specifically XI

grade of language class.

3) Field Noting

Any notes of important terms happen during data collecting

were needed in order to get other data collector and it was claimed

could support the validity of research, because more than one

instrument was used to collect the data and the data collected were

related to one another.

4) Transcribing

Related to the data from recorder, further there was process of

transcribing the content of the record in order to notice the real data of

recorder in real form.

5) Coding.

As the final step of data collection was coding. This coding

was aimed on categorizing the utterances which had been transcribed

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 into some types of speech acts, locutionary acts in terms of politeness,

types of speaking error, and also sources of speaking error by using the

table form which was specially designed for the coding.

3.7. Procedure of Data Analysis

As it was mentioned by Padmadewi (2010) that process of analyzing

data in this qualitative research is Miles and Huberman types where the data

was analyzed at the same time when it was collected. Further, in order to get

the real data which was really needed, in Miles and Huberman type there were

some steps which need to be followed, namely; data reduction, data display,

and conclusion drawing/ verification. Related to those steps, then it could be

matched to this research of speech acts:

a. Data reduction.

Data reduction leaded into understanding that transcription from the

recorder was analyzed by coding them into speech acts categories in order

to limit the amount of data gathered into the data which was really needed

and related to this research.

b. Data Display

The data which had been coded, then the data was displayed into some

tables which based on the objective of research, and also there could be

added a diagram in order to give further information to support the data in

table.

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c. Conclusion or Verification.

As the final step in this data analysis there were explanation and

descriptions which leaded into a specific statement which represent all

terms in tables and diagram presented before.

3.8. Research Triangulation

As another support for a research to be appropriate and trusted

research, it was claimed by Bryman (2011) that process of gathering or

collecting the data in a research needs to be conducted in more than one

approach in order to support the findings of the research. Moreover, several

approaches which were used in gathering data are called as triangulation, and

this triangulation refers to series of triangles in investigating the areas of

research. Those triangles were divided into some types according to the

approach which was decided to be used in order to make the research to be

valid and trusted in term of the data gathered to support process of answering

the research problem of research. Further, the types of the research

triangulation could be noticed as follow:

a. Data Triangulation

This type of triangulation was focused on the use of several strategies

which were used to gather the data in to the same research subject of a

research. This type was aiming on how data could be varieties since

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 they come from some strategies which were related and appropriate to

the research.

b. Investigator Triangulation

The use of some researchers and experts were the main idea of this

investigator triangulation. In details, the data which were gathered

need to be investigated by some researchers who were qualified as

experts in the research conducted. Moreover, it was believed that the

experts who investigate the same data could support the validity and

reliability of the data in a research.

c. Theoretical Triangulation

In this third type, it was recommended that some theories were applied

as sources or fundamental concepts in a research. The variant of

theories are believed could interpret the data through some related

points of view in order to support the validity and make the data of

research trusted.

d. Methodological Triangulation

Different methods of research were suggested by this methodological

triangulation, in which the data was gathered or collected through

some related and supported method.

The types of the research triangulation above, it could be stated this research

of qualitative research was aimed on data triangulation. This data triangulation was

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conducted by recording the interaction and communication activities in the language

class of eleventh grade at Sekolah Menengah Atas Negeri 1 Abiansemal. This

recording data was used as the supporting data for the main recording before in order

to show that there were correlation between main data and supporting data in terms of

speech acts used, politeness, errors, and sources of error. The recording process was

conducted after the main recording was finished, and the supporting recording was

conducted at the same class (language class of eleventh grade).

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