Professional Documents
Culture Documents
ropoay
H~K)-J?O~~.
lcyda A npuexana e noucKax cYacmbA
u zde Hatuna ezo e n u y e
606a, ~ X U M M U , Heda u M3pu.
3 m a KHuza HanucaHa u d n HLLX~ moxe
YAK 711.4
FEK 85.118
A40
YAK 711.4
EFK 85.118
[ 8 1 llpeducnoeue K U B ~ ~ H U 1993
K ) soda
KOHe9HbIMH qeJIRMH: COeAHHHTb MaCCHBbI C HOPMaJIbHbIM rOPOACKHM OKPY- ~ O C T ~ O ~ H aHn o~n Iy o~ c ~T p o s e A h - 0 4 - A o r 3 , B p a f i o ~ eG~IBIIIHX AOKOB, qe-
X e H H e M IIOCpeACTBOM IIpOKJIaAKH B HHX MHOr09FTCneHHbIX HOBbIX CBR3Y- HOG yHHgTOXeHkLR C O O ~ U J ~ C TMB~~c T H ~ I x X H T ~KOTOPbIe J ~ ~ ~ , 6 e 3 3 a ~ e nH)-
~~0
KJUHX YJIHq; H OAHOBPeMeHHO I I p e B p a T H T b C a M H MaCCHBbI B IIOJVIHHHO r0- 6 ~ CBOH) n C~K P O M H ~ Ocpegy 0 6 m a ~ m .
pOACKHe 3OHb1, A O ~ ~ B HBBA O n b 3THX AOIIOnHHTenbHbIX Y n H q p a 3 n H s H b I e B o 3 ~ p a w a R c bK OXOTe 3a C O K p O B H I I J a M a , KOTOpaff H a s a n a c b
HOBbIe 3 a B e A e H H f f (facilities). BCR IIITYKa, K O H e s H O , B TOM, 9 T O 3TM HOBbIe c YJIHII H B e n a M e w OT OAHOrO OTKPbITHR K A P Y O M Y , C K a X y , T O B ~ a ~ 0 f i - T O
K O M M e p s e C K H e 3aBeAeHMR AOJIXHbI CTaTb ~ ~ H T ~ ~ ~ J I3KOHOMM9eCKM,
~ H ~ I M M T o q K e IIyTH R IIOHHJIa, T O BBH3aJlaCb B MCCJIeAOBaHHe 3KOnOrHM 6 0 n b u ~ x rO-
TO IIOCTIYXHIIO 6 b 1 n o ~ a 3 a ~ e MX n e~~O J V I M H H O a~ ~H,e M H M M O I~I~O ~ ~ ~ H O C T M . pOAOB. Y H ~ a ~ e M
nOb X e T IIOAyMaTb, W O ff HMeIO B B H A Y y Y e T TaKHX O ~ C T O R -
P a s o s a p o ~ b ~ ~ sa e~~6onee o
, s e M 3a T P M A q a T b n e T nocne B ~ I X O - TenbCTB, K a K ~ a 6 e r M
M w y l l l M X I I p O I I H T a H H R eHOTOB H a I'OpOACKHe CaAMKH
ga KHMrM n o g o 6 ~ o ep a A k i K a n b H o e n e p e y c ~ p o f i c ~M~a coc M s a HM pa3y, H a - H MYCOPHbIe 6 a ~ ~ (B
k 1r O p O A e , rAe R X M B y , -Arne B AenOBOM q e H T p e -3TO
CKO~~K RO
~H~IH O e, 6 b m o n p e q n p k i w I T o . Eieaycno~~o, c K ~ ~ H OI B ~MI Mge- n p ~ H ~ w~I H~B 0~3 MH ~ O e) CHWKeHMe YHCTIa rony6efi CpeAH H ~ ~ O C K ~ ~ ~ O B
OXH
cRTMneTMeM p e a J l M 3 a q H R 3 T O r O I I p e A n O X e H H R 6yAe~ B b I r l l R A e T b BCe 60nee no B H H e R C T ~ ~ ~ HO O B rOpOACKaR
. 3KOJIOrEIFI 0 3 H a r I a e T &W M e w HeYTO OTIIMY-
TPY~O~MKO
~ ~P ~M. Y M HB ~TOM, YTO MaCCHBbI, IIOCTpOeHHbIe IIO a H T H r O P O A - H o e OT I I P M P O A H O ~ 3~K O n O r H H , K a K ee IIOHHMaIOT MCCJIeAOBaTenM P a C T H T e n b -
CKMM IIpMHqMIIaM, O C O ~ ~ H HKOP P H b I e rOCYAaPCTBeHHbIe X W I b I e MaCCMBbI, HOrO M XMBOTHOrO M H p a , -OTnHYHOe H BMeCTe C T e M CXOAHOe. n p M p 0 f i ~ a R
KaK IIpaBwIO, C I I O C O ~ C T B ~A
I ~e T
r p a f i a q H H CBOerO r O p O A C K O r 0 O K P Y X e H H R , 3KOCHCTeMa IIO OIIpeA€YTeHHIo <(COCTOIITH 3 4 ~ 3 ~ ~ 0 - X M M H K O - ~ H o ~ o ~ M Y ~ c K H x
T a K YTO Y e M 6 0 n b m e IIPOXOAMT B p e M e H H , T e M M e H b I I I e OCTaeTcR I I P w I e r a l o - n p O q e C C O B , IIpOHCXOflRILlMX B H J T P H I I P O C T P ~ H C T B ~ H H O - B P I~I pM
OM~ eH- H ~
WHX K MaCCHBY 3AOPOBbIX V a C T K O B , C KOTOPbIMH er0 CTOwIO 6 b 1 CBR3aTb. XJTKa ~ R3KOCHCTeMa COCTOHT H 3 4
111060fiB e l I H W i H b I ~ ) ~. o ~ o , ~ T c KXe ~3~~0-
Ho, Arne HeCMOTPR H a 3 T 0 , XOPOIIIHe BO3MOXHOCTW &W npeo6- 3KOHOMHKO-3TMYeCKkiX IIpOqeCCOB, I I P O M C X O m w H X B A a ~ ~ b IIIPOMeXJTOK
f i
Pa30BaHHR MaCCHBOB B I I O n H O q e H H b I e rOpOACKMe YYaCTKM BCe ewe CyrrleCT- BpeMeHH B rOpOAe H er0 6nmmwix OKPeCTHOCTRX. R C ~ O P M Y J I H P O B ~3JT~0~OII-
B F T . H a ~ a CTIe,L(OBaJIO
~ b 6 b 1 C OTHOCHTenbHO n e r K H X C T I F a e B , MMeR B B W Y ,
peneneme c a M a -no a a a n o r k i a .
YTO TO XOPOILI~R yqe6a, a Bpe6e p 6onee n p o c T o r o
a 3 y ~ ~ Be c ee r o HATH OT Y AByX B W O B 3KOCHCTeM -COTBOpeHHbIX I I p W p 0 ~ 0 f W i CO3AaH-
K 6onee UIOXHOMY. n p a 6 n ~ m a e B~ pce ~m , K O r A a MbI 6 y ~ OCTpO
e ~ HYWaTb- HbIX JIIOAbMH -HMeIOTCR 0 6 w ~ ~e ~ H A ~ M ~ H T IIpHHqMIIbI. ~ J I ~ H ~ IB ~YaCTHOC-
CFI B IIpMMeHeHMM P e 3 Y n b T a T O B 3 ~ 0 fyi ~ e 6 b 1K H e H M O B e p H O paCIIOJI3IIIMMCR TH, AJIR C B O e r O CYweCTBOBaHHR 3KOCHCTeMbI 0 6 0 BHAOB ~ ~ ( e ~ n k iOHM H e
I I p M r O p O ~ a M ,a60 PaCILIHPRTb HX 6e3 K O H q a H e B 0 3 M O X H O . H ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ K T H B H ~ R 3 ~ 0 0 6 p a 3B~o6oax
6 e c r v 1 o A ~ b 1 ) q w , a a w T c R B ~ O ~ ~ I I I pOaM ~ . U I ~ ~ Rpasao- X
-
p a c T p a T a B H e p r H k i , ~ ~ 4 p a c ~ p y m y p 3b 1e , m
~ CTIHILIKOMB ~ I C O K ~qeaa.
H Ho o6pasae p a 3 ~ a ~ a ceT ~e sce m ~ e M B p e M e H H o p r a a a s e c K k i , M p a 3 n ~ ~ ~ ero
b 1 e
JVIR T o r 0 Y T O ~ YIIJlOTHHTb
~ I HbIHeIIIHHe p a 3 p e X e H H b I e IIPHrOPOAbI B q e n R X KOMIIOHeHTbI HaXO.lWTCFI B C T I O M I O ~ ~B3aHM03aBHCHMOCTH. q e 6 0~n b m e HMIII
6 0 J I e e 3KOHOMHOrO PaCXOAa PeCypCOB, MbI A O n X H b I B H a Y a J l e HaYYHTbCR A e - I I p ~ O C T a B m e T3KOCHCTeMa T o r 0 w I H A P Y O r O B W a &TM p a 3 ~ 0 0 6 p a 3 ~ bX 1H~3 -
n a T b HOBbIe C B R 3 ) W w H e 3 B e H b R H pJI0THHH)IIJkIe BCTaBKH IIpHBJIeKaTWIbHbI- M C p W C T B K cyuTeCTBOBaHHIO, T e M 6on~ruafi
HeHHbIX ~ O P M o 6 a e X~H 3 H H O H a
MH, IIPEIFITHbIMH, ~ ~ ~ O I I ~ C H H~ AOArOBeYHbIMH
I M E I -K a K m IIeILIeXOAOB, T a K CIIOCO~H
IIPOIIYCKaTb
~ Yepe3 c e 6 ~B. 3KOCHCTeMaX 0 6 0 B~W O~ B M H O r H e M a -
H ,L(llR ~ B T O M O ~ E Z I I U C T O B . JIeHbKHe, H e 3 a M e T H b I e KOMIIOHeHTbI, KOTOPbIe JIerKO IIpOrrrqrIeTb I I p H IIOBepX-
Bpem OT B p e M e H H K H H r a YAOCTaHBaJlaCb IIOXBaJI 3a TO, YTO RKO- HOCTHOM H ~ ~ ~ I O A ~ HMH OH T, H M e T b X W 3 H e H H O B a X H O e 3 H a Y e H H e ,L(llR qe-
6 b 1 C I I O C O ~ C T B O B ~OCTaHOBKe
JI~ IIpOrpaMM ~ O ~ O A C K O ~ ~
PeKOHCTPYKqHH H PaC- n O r 0 , COBepIIIeHHO H e I I p O I I O p q H O H a J l b H O e MX KPOXOTHOMY p a 3 M e p y H n H
YHCTKH ~ p y r r l 0 6 .EI 6 b 1 n a 6b1 C 9 a C T n H B a , 6 y ~ 3bT H IIOXBaJlbI 3aCTI)'XeHHbIMH. COBOKYIIHOMY 0 6 a e ~ yB. IIpEip0,iIHbIX 3KOCHCTeMaX ~ ~ H A ~ M ~ H T ~ Jq ~e H~ - H Y I C ~
HO R H e M O r Y HX I I P H H R T b . ~ T I IHP O r p a M M b I , IIPOAOlIXaBILIHeCR M H O r O J l e T HOCTb I I P e A C T a B m I O T ~ ~ H o ~ o H J B
( ~rOPOACKkM
I . -BHAbI TPYAa; 6onee TOrO,
IIOCTIe n y 6 n ~ ~ 3a~ q ~i ~
0 fKHHI'H, CKOHYaJlHCb H 3 - 3 a C O ~ C T B ~ H H IIpOBaJlOB
~IX B W b I TPYAa H e TOnbKO BOCIIpOH3BOAHT c e 6 B~3aHOBO B 0 3 H H K a I o w H X , ~ ~ I C T P O
H C O ~ C T B ~ H HHeCOCTORTeJbHOCTH.
O~~ Arne cefisac ~ a 6 l I I O n a I o ~ caRx PeuWAH- p a c T y r q H x o 6 p a 3 0 ~ a ~ mHO x ,ewe a (POPMHPWT r M 6 p W b 1 H A r n e M~THPYIOT,
B ~- I T a M , r A e H e XOTRT HH o Y e M I I O M H H T ~ , r A e n p H H H M a I o T X e n a e M o e 3a I I p e B p a w a H C b B H e s T O H e B W a H H O e P a H e e . M o6a B W a 3KOCHCTeM H 3 - 3 a IIPH-
A ~ ~ ~ C T B H TH ~r A~e , ~K H
p OO
M e~ TOrO, AOCTaTOYHO KaTaKJIH3MHYeCKHX A e H e r c y r r l e f i H M C T I O X H O ~B3aHM03aBHCHMOCTH
~ KOMIIOHeHTOB X p P K W H YR3BHMb1,
JVIR KPeAFiTOBaHEIFI ~ ~ c T P o ~ ~ I I J H K oAOCTaTOYHO
B, IIOJlHTHYeCKOI'O BbICOKOMe- HX n e r K O IIOBpeAHTb H yHEIYTOXHTb.
P H R H rOCYAaPCTBeHHbIX c y6c~~H i e p -r ~ a ~ J ( M 0 3 ~ b 1HO
~ fei~. a ~ ~ IkI pi Hf M fi, OAH~KO , OHM I I O B p e W e H b I H e C M e p T e n b H O , O H a I I p O R B r n -
eCTIH
~ ~~c oR J ~ H ~ o B ~ I H
o~~HK~oTHBIIIHM I OH A~OIH~C ~
K E I ~MaCCHB
~ Ka~apH-YoP~, H)T J'IIOPCTBO H X H B F e C T b . M K O r A a HX IIpOqeCCbI H,4yT XOPOIIIO, 3KOCMCTeMbI
d o ~ e d a e ~ eszpoe ~ e ~ u n q u u udosod
il s nonb3y qusunusaquu, ~ ~ ~ o i l
npuxodun MHe hay^, noMuo cnenozo npuxmux ycmpoilcmsa sceneii-
HOG,cocmom 8 mom, limo quounu3aqux npouasena Ha csem xydom~u-
~ anosma,
, $unoco$a uqueHozo. Ho menepb R dy~alo,limo 3mo eye
He cmoe senulcoe. JIcliumam c a b m eenulcm mo, limo n p m o Kaca-
emuz Kamdozo u3 H ~ K C o. z d a ~ zoeopRm,
~e limo, samrnb~edo6bloa-
HUeM cpedcms K J K U ~ H U ,M ~ npe~eGpezae~
L X U ~ H ~ KK )~ ma~osoil,
K
R Omsellalo, llm0 EUJlcyula8HyHJqeHHOCmb qU8~U3aqUU8 mOM, vm0
oHa denaem cpedcmsa K X U ~ H UGonee U I O J K H ~ U M Ulimo , oHa mpe6yem
yXe H e npOCmbLX upa306~yeHHb01,a OlieHb GOA~UILUC U COBMeCmHbLX
U H ~ ~ ~ K ~ ~ U dJLU J ~m020,
~ vrn06b~
H ~ KA K ~) ~ CCK ( L~ R MU~ C 6bLXl
~C ~
06ecnelie~anuyeil, odemdoil, xunbeM u cpedcmsau nepedsuxe~m.
~ ~ O ~ O limo
M Y6onee U L O 3 C H b l e U HallpRXeHHble UHmeJlJleKmyUJlbHble
ycunm 03~aliamm6onee nomym, Gonee f f p ~ y X m L W HOHU ~ . 03~alia-
mm, limo m u a ~ ucmaHosumuz Gonbtue.) K u ~ Hc ~a o q e ~ ~uacmoum ,
nu OHa mozo, limoGb~ee nponcumb, onpedmemuz od~uM:docmamov-
H O nu ee y sac
AoGasnlo mOAbK0 d8a UIOsa.Mbl ace O l i e H b 6nu3~uK OmWAHUK).3a-
4UmHClA HaCblnb, He n0380nUK)U((LReZO BOAHUM 3(ImOnUmbHUC, no-
CmpOeHa U 3 H~demdbl,U.3 8epbl8 H ~ O G E R C4eHHOCmb H ~ ~ U HeCOMHeH-
~blilpe3ynbmarn ycunull, a maKme u3 ulyGo~ozonodco3~amenb~ozo
3 ~ KaH H r a -a T a K a H a HbIHeIIIHIoH) rPElAOCTPOHTeJIbHYIO CHCTe-
MY. K p o ~ TOrO,
e H rJIaBHbIM 0 6 p a s o ~3,T 0 IIOIIbITKa BbIABHHYTb HOBbIe IIPHH-
IJHIIbI IIpOeKTMpOBaHHR H PeKOHCTPYKIJMH KPYIIHbIX rOPOAOB, H e TOnbKO
OTIlHsHbIe OT I I p e X H H X , HO A a X e IIpOTHBOIIOnOXHbIe TOMY, 9 T O CerOAHR BHY-
N a I o T J I I o m M IIOBCIoAy - OT IIIKOJI aPXHTeKTYPb1 H rPa,4OCTPOHT€!lIbCTBa A0
BOCKpeCHbIX r a 3 e T H b I X ~ P K I I O X ~ HI?MX~e H C K H X X Y P H m O B . C y ~ MO&
b aTaKH
H e B MenKHX IIpHAHpKaX K MeTOAaM P e K O H C T P y K ~ H H ,K TOHKOCTRM T e X HJIH
MHbIX 3CTeTH9eCKHX B ~ H H H H
~ .~ T3,T 0 a T a K a H a C a M H IIPHHIJHIlbI H IJeJIH,
c @ o ~ M H ~ o B ~ B I I OpTOAOKC&JIbHOe
IH~ rpa,4OCTpOHTeJIbCTBO HaluLlX AH&.
O ~ O C H O B ~I IIeB
p e~
XORA K HOBbIM I I p H H q H I I a M , R 6 y ~ Iyl H C a T b
rJIaBHbIM 0 6 p a 3 0 ~0 IIOBCeAHeBHbIX, o ~ ~ I A ~ H H ~ I x K a K H e rOpOACKHe
BeIll,aX:
ynkiqb1 6onee o n a c a b 1 , K a m e M e H e e ; noseivy OAHM r o p o A c K H e n a p m se-
JIHKOJIeIIHbI, a A p y r H e I I p e A C T a B m I o T co6oii KaIIKaHbI I l O p O K a H CMePTH; IIO-
Y e M y OAHH T P Y ~ O 0CTaH)TCR ~ ~ I T P Y W O ~ ~ M Ha, A P Y r H e BO3pOX,4aIoTCR
H 0 X H B a H ) T AaXe B O n p e K H @ H H ~ H C O B O M I3 ~~ M H H H C T p a T H B H O M Yn p O T H -
B O A ~ G C T B L IYTOI ~ ; 3aCTaBIIReT I I e p e M e m a T b C R IJeHTPbI aKTHBHOCTM B A e n O -
B~IX r o p o A c K H x paiio~ax;s ~ Toa K o e o ~ p y r a B 6 o n b l u o ropoae
~ (ecn~ oHa
C ~ ~ C T B H~ K~a KTH e) @ ~ H K I J H HO H a B b I n O n H R e T (eCJIH B ~ I I I o J I H R ~ T )K . o~o-
s e rOBOPR, R YAY n H C a T b 0 TOM, K a K 6 0 n b m ~ er O p O A a A~I%cTB)TOTB P e a J I b -
HOG m 3 H H , IIOTOMY s T 0 TOnbKO T a K MOXHO nOHRTb, KaKMe IIpHHIJPinbI IIPO-
e K T H P O B a H H R H c n o c 0 6 b 1 PeKOHCTPYKIJHH Y B e J I H 9 H B a I o T COIJHaJIbHYIo
H 3KOHOMH9eCKYH) X H B Y q e C T b rOPOACKHX T ~ P P H T O P H ~a~ K
, ame, H ~ O ~ O ~ O T ,
I I a p a l l H 3 y I o T HX C ~ e C T B O B a H H e .
C o r n a c ~ o~ ~ I T ~ I O I I J ~TOCIUIHBOMY
MY MH@Y, emu 6 b 1 M ~ pacno- I
narann , q o c ~ a ~ o s ~CoYIM%M O ~( 0~ 6 b 1 9 ~ 0r o B o p R T o c T a M H n n H a p A a x Aonna-
POB), MbI 6 b 1 3 a AeCRTb JIeT paC9HCTKIIM BCe T P Y ~ O ~I I~p eI K, p a T K I I H 3 a r ~ x -
B a H H e Ei 0 6 e c n e . r I~I p~O~ I J B e T a H H e O r p O M H b I X YHbIJIbIX < < C e p b I xIIORCOB,)
( s s e p a l u ~ a xa n o 3 a n s e p a l u ~ n~ px a r o p o ~ o ~n )o ,c T a B m a H a R K o p b 6-a-
IO~HG C~WHEIGwracc H 6nyxqarnlq~eH a n o r o s b I e n o a y m e H m OT H e r o ; 803- He Y ~ x a r o EnI M
~ ~ J IB BWY MOB, K o r g a r o B o p m : a M e m nepeAsEi-
MOXHO, MbI Arne PeILIwIH 661T p a H C n O p T H p n p o 6 n e ~ y . ElIoT.. .~ ~ A H CTaJlKMBaIoT
~ I X C AOpOrH, BCe YHMql9KeHHble 3eMnPi
HOnOCMOTpHTe, YTO MbI COTBOpwIH H a n e p B b I e HeCKOnbKO M w I - .
I I P H H m e H b I CKpbIBaTbCA.. XHYT OHW H a IIOJIe H e CBOeM.. .B r0pOAe
n H a p A o B . ) K w r b ~ e MaCCHBbI pJE3 M ~ J I o o ~ ~ c I I ~ Y ~ H CTaBILIHe
H~Ix, XmILIHMH pac- JIIoAPi CTOHYT, Pi AylIIa y 6 P i ~ a e M b BOIIEIT..
1~ n?.
C w H H K a M H nPeC'lyIIHOCTH, BaHAmEI3Ma H 06wefi coL(HaJIbH0fi 6 e 3 ~ w e x ~ o c -
n?, s e M ~ p m 0 6 b 1 ,KOTOpbIe OHH ~ 0 6 0 35a M e H w I H . )KI.ZIIbE MaCCHBbI p,JHJIIO&e% C T a K H M Xe YCIIeXOM O H MOi? H M e T b B BHAy H b K ) - R o p K , @ w ~ a -
CO CPeAHHMH AOXOAaMH -IlO&lIHHHbIe O ~ ~ ~ ~ YCKYkCPi
H K H PerJIaMeHTaUHH, A a b ( $ ~ I O ,~ O C T O HB
, ~IUHH~TOH
C ,~ H T - ~ Y ~ C
IC~H
, -@P~HL(HCKO
H ApJTEIe r O p 0 -
H a ~ X J X O3aKpbITbIe OT BCerO 6o~poro
H XHBOrO, YTO H M e e T m B ~ O ~ O A C K
MO3~- ~ Aa. ~ K O H O M H Z I ~ C KKOO~ ~ O C H O B ~ H H~ b~1>H, e U I H e f Pi e K O H C T P m H H rOPOAOB -
HH. P O C K O L UXMJIbIe
H ~ I ~ MaCCHBbI, rIbITaIOwHeCR KOMneHCHPOBaTb 6ecco~ep~a- yHCToe H w p a T e n b C T B O . ~ K O H O M H K 3~~ 0Pge K O H C T p y K I J H H 3 ~ e TOTHIOAb ~
TenbHOCTb ~ ~ ~ B K Y CBYJIbraPHOCTbIO.
H O ~ ~ K y J I b T p H b 1 e VeHTPbI, H ~ C ~ O C O ~ H ~ I ~ H e TOnbKO H a <(IIPOYHOMMHBeCTHUHOHHOM ( $ ~ H A ~ M ~ H rOCyflapCTBeHHOr0
T~,)
OKyIIHTb C m e C T B O B a H H e I I p w I H Y H O r O K H W H O r O M a r a 3 H H a . O~W~CTB~HH~I~ H R HaJIOrOBbIX ~ O C W ~ H M ~KBK
C y 6 ~ m H p ~ ~ a3 a~ CYeT ~ , 3aflBmIOT ee T e O p e -
UeHTPbI, I I O C e U a e M b I e TOnbKO 6 e 3 a e n b H u x a ~ HH 3 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ J I ~ HKOTOPbIM
H K O B , THKH, HO Pi H a rpOMa,4HbIX H ~ A O ~ P O B O ~ ~C H
Y ~~CIWXA U F I X
OT ~ ~ C ~ O M O ~ H ~ I X
COBCeM YH( HeKYAa IIoGTH. T o p r o ~ b UeHTpbI,
~ e IIpeACTaBJIFIIOwHe ~060fi
TJTK- X e p T B IIpHHyflHTeJIbHOrO OTYYX@?HHR C O ~ C T B ~ H H O C THMa PeKOHCTpYHpYe-
nbIe 110~06m
C T a m a P T H b I X IIpHrOpO,L(HbIX CeTeBbIX Mara3HHOB. npo~eHwb1, MbIX TepPEITOPHRX. A POCT HaJIOI'OBbIX I I o c ~ y I I n e H H f OT
i TaKHX T ~ P P H T O P H ~ ~
KOTOpbIe BeAyT H 3 HHOTKyfla B HHKYaa EI r A e HHKTO H e COBepLuaeT IIpOMeHaFlOB. B r o p o ~ C K 0 f6
i 1 0 m eB
~p e 3 y n b T a T e 3THX ( < H H B ~ c T H ~ H-
~ >OAHa
) JIHLLIb B m H -
C K O P O C T HMarHCTp&TH,
~I~ KOTOpbIe BbIXOnawHBaIOT 6 0 n b m ~ reO p O A a . H ~ T , M O C T ~ IIYCTbILIIKa
, Ha OH^ BCe B03paCTaIOwHX 0 6 ' b e ~ orOcyAapCTBeHHbIXAe-
~
3 T 0 H e PeKOHCTPYKIpLFI rOpOaOB. TO HX p a 3 r p a 6 n e ~ ~ e . H e r , H ~ O ~ X O A H M &JIR
~ I X 60pb6b1 C~ e 3 H ~ ~ e r p a u H H
e g
~ C T ~ ~ E L X ~ H O CKO-
T~IO,
E c n K~O B b I P H Y b Y Y b my6xe, 3 T H <<aOCTHXeHHR>> IIO C Y H OKa- T O p b I e I I O p O m a e T r O p O A , I I o ~ ~ e p r I I I k i f i cX
R~ C T O K O~
BCTPRCKe. CP~~CTB~,
X P C F I ewe 6onee XaJIKEIMH, Y e M HX X a J I ~ x f ($a~a,4.
i OHHP e a K O OKa3bIBalOT KOTOpbIMEI OCmeCTBJLHeTCFI IIJIaHOBafl rOpOACKaR PeKOHCTPJXIJHtI, CTOJIb Xe
n o n o x m e n b H o e B n m H H e H a o K p y x a m q H e ropoucme T e p p H T o p m i , K a K o e H e x o p o u r E i , KaK H ee qentl.
B TeOPEIH AOJIXHbI 6 6 ~ 1 1 4661OKa3bIBaTb. Ha 3THX aMnyTHpOBaHHbIX TePPHTO- Memy T e M H H K a K O e HCKYCCTBO ~ p a , 4 0 C T P O H T e l I b C T B aI? HHKa-
pesx, xax n p a B w r o , ~ ~ ~ B H B ~ ranormpymwax
~ T C F I r a H r p e H a . 9~06b1 pacce- K a R r p a A O C T p O H T e n b H a R H a y K a H e MOrYT B O C n P e n t I T C T B O B a T b r H H e H H I O
J M T b n I O ~ e f iTaKHM IIJIaHOBbIM C ~ O C O ~ O H
Ma, rPJTIIIb1 r O p O X a H HaBeIJIHBaWT B a~B~c eT6onee
(Pi anaTHEI, KOTOpafl e M y I I ~ ~ U I ~ C T H ) O ~ L U H P H ~ TOpOACKHX
IX
UeHHHKH, H M e m y 3THMH rpJTIIIaMH H 0KpY)KaIOwHM rOPOAOM H a P a C T a I O T npOCTpaHCTBaX. kl HHKaK HeJlb3R YCIIOKOHTenbHO 0 6 ' b ~ ~ H k 3l ~T 0b r H H e H H e
n O A 0 3 P H T e n b H O C T b EI H a I I p R X e H H O C T b . K o r ~ a6 0 0~6 0 C~O C m e C T B y T o T ABa H ~ X B ~ T K
B O ~~ M O X H O C T&'IR
~ ~ TOrO, ~ ~ 0 6I 6
I P1
H M e H H T b HCKj'CCTBO rOPOA-
H n H 6 o n b m e TaKHX B3aHMHO ~ p a x ~ e 6 ~ OCTpOBa,
b 1 x pe3yJlbTaT Ha3bIBaIOT CKOrO n p O e K T H p O B a H H R . ~ ~ H M ~ H
O H~0 w o H e T -H e HMeeT, Gym no BCe-
HI H
~ O B ~ H HM~O
~ ~ C ~ ~ J I ~ H C R yrIaCTKOM>). I H
MO ~O~~~CTH
T OY
p r~
OBCbK
Ie H
U e~H T p b I MY, 6 0 n b ~ u o r o3 H a Y e H m . B 0 3 b ~ e ~ , n , W I n p H M e p a H ~ I O - ~ ~ O ~ K~ C~K GE ~MOP-
o ~H~
H MOHJIMeHTaTIbHbIe KYnbTYPHbIe L(eHTPb1 IIPHKPbIBaIOT I I ~ o ~ ~ ~ ~ H A H c T c K o ~ ~ H E I H ~ c ~ ~ ~ A - X ~CGOT~CJ.I ~ C HTO
e O P H H rPa,40CTPOHTenbCTBa, 3AeCb ~ o o 6 w eH e
T ~ ~ C K O T H ~ ~ ~K a K T O p r O B n H , T a K H KYIIbTyPbI E13 H ~ @ O P M ~ T I ~ H O ~ ~ ,
H3'bRTHe BOJDKHO 6 b l ~ n
b p o 6 n e ~P. a f i 0 H k i 3 0 6 ~ ~ 1 yIIapKOBbIMH
e~ T e p p H T O p W I M H , KaM-
H ~ ~ ~ H H ~ ? K A X~ HH3 H
HHOr O~p~O A a . IIyCaMH, EIrpOBbIMH K I I O w w K a M H H A P F H M H He3aCTpOeHHbIMH yrIaCTKaMH.
PZI,Q4 3THX rPa,4OCTPOEITenbHbIX YyAeC JIIOAefi, H a KOTOPbIX rpa- B H e M MHOrO TPaBbI. OH3 a H H M a e T npEIRTHOe BO3BbIlLIeHHOe MeCTO C B e n H r e -
AOCTpOHTeJIH n O C T a B H n H CBOIo B e A b M H H C K p I I e Y a T b , TPeTHPYIOT, 06e3~0- CTBeHHbIMH PeYHbIMH BHAaMH. 3 ~ e C Pb a C H O n O X e H 3 H a ~ e H H ~ b 1o6pa3o~a-
fi
JIHBaIOT, CrOHRIOT C H a C H X e H H b I X MeCT, KaK 3 a B O e B a H H b I e HapOAbI. T~ICRYH i n p e K p a C H b I M H Y Y ~ ~ H ~ I3aBeAeHEIRMH
~ e ~ l b ~U eb H~T fp C M U -KOIIYM~H~~CKLIM
H TbICFIYH MenKklX ~ K ~ H ~ CYHHYTOXaIOTUI,
O B HX BJla,4eJIbUbI Pa30pRIOTCFI, H e YHHBePCHTeTOM, O ~ ' ~ ~ ~ E I HT~~ Ho JHI oO~ H
# Y ~ c KC o~~ M
~ M H ~ ~&
HK~y %
l I b, R p ~ -
coo6wec~~a
n o n y r I a R c n p a B e A n m o r o B O ~ M ~ W ~ H H4 eRn. b 1 e Y e n o B e z r e c K u e C K OM
~~y 3 b 1 ~ a T I b H 0 f iU I K O I I O ~H~ I I o ~ Y ~ K ) X H H O #
A P F H X , BeCbMa H BeCbMa PeC-
~~~A~O~JLRK
H IIIyCKaIOTCFI
TCR no B e T p y , KaK C e M e H a , a YpoXafi, ~ 0 6 k i p a e ~ b 1 # IIe~~a6eJIbHblB
x . p a f i 0 H e XOpOIlIHe 6 0 n b ~ H q b 1 , UePKBH. ~ ~ O M ~ I ~ I ~ ~ H H ~ I
-
n O U e 3 T O r 0 <<IIOCeBa>), L(HHH3M, o6wa Pi OTsEiRHHe, KOTOPbIe Ha,40 BEIAeTb n p e ~ I I p H R ~ l lHf ie T . YnHIJb1 6 o n b m e f i YaCTbIO 3 a I U H W e H b l 3 0 H H P O B a H H e M OT
H CJIbILUaTb, ~ ~ 0 6IIOBepMTb
61 B HX BO3MOXHOCTb. r p y I I I I a CBRweHHOCJTyxtH- <<HeCOBMeCTHMbIXC ~ O C O ~ O
HCnOJIb30BaHHX>>,
B KOTOPbIe MOrJIH 6b1 BTOP-b-
i Y ~ ~ a rnop H, p p B yxac OT n n o ~ rmaao~ofi
~ e n e f133 o~ P e K o H c T p y w p m ropo- (3B M H P COJIHJ(HbIX 3flaHHfi C IIPOCTOPHbIMH KBaPTHPaMH, I I P a H a 3 H a ' I e H H b I -
Aa, c n p a r u m a e T : MM AJIR C p e A H e r O KlIaCCa H BbILUe. kl T e M H e M e H e e K H a r a T I y 1 9 5 0 - X rOAOB
p a f i 0 ~CTaJI T a K C T p e M H T e J I b H O I I p e B P a q a T b C R B Y r p I o M b I e T P Y ~ O ~ rAe
~ I , ~a~ p y r mc T o p o H a ~arrrekBKOHOMHKM H H a m e r o 0 6 w e c ~ H~ ea n o q s e p r a -
J I I o m M CTpaLIIHO XOAHTb IIO YJIHUaM, 4TO y ~ e 6 ~ b 31a eB e A e H H R COYJIH CEITya- nacb H a npoTRxeHaEi qenofi Y e T s e p T n s e K a T a K o M y U e n e H a n p a s n e H H o M y
q H I o K P H ~ M C H O ~~~ ~
. ' ~ ~ A HYCELTIEIR
H H B C rOpOACKHMH IIPOeKTHPYIOIIJHMH O p - p y q H O M Y B O ~ A ~ ~ ~ C T BC H
I IK
PM) q e n O M H M e H H O H a TOT p e 3 Y n b T a T , YTO MbI Ce-
r a H a M n , OHEI B H O B ~n p ~ 3 s a nH a~ n o M o w b r p a A o c T p o n T e n b H y I o T e o p m o ; 6 ~e ,c
r o A H R H M e e M . q ~ 0 6 b 1AOCTHYb T a K O r O YpOBHR O A H O O ~ P ~ B nno~~~
yYacTKH, n p H m e n I u n e B ~ a ~ 6 o n b mynmo~,
~ f i 6 ~ m paa c s a q e a b 1 , H TaM ~ 0 3 - ByJIbrapHOCTH, CO CTOPOHbI rOCYAapCTBa n o ~ p e 6 0 ~ m ~ ec ob6 b 1 ~ a i i ~ b 1 e
B e n H ~ 0 0 I I e p a ~ P i B ~ bx1 H
f i ~ I o MaCCHB
~ C TOPrOBbIM U e H T P O M &JIR JIlOfiefi CO @ H H ~ H c O B BnEIBaHEFFI.
~I~ A ~ C R T H J I ~ T E IYCTHbIX
FI H IIHCbMeHHbIX ~ ~ o I I o B ~ A ~ ~
CPeAHHM JJpOBHeM AOXOAOB H ~ O C Y ~ ~ ~ P C T B
XH~ JH
I 0H ~ I ~ ~ Anfi MZUIO-
f i MaCCHB n p ~ 3 b I B o BCO CTOpOHbI 3KCIJepTOB yLIIJIH H a y 6 e x q e ~ u e
O ~ I I J ~ C TEiB3~a ~ o -
06ecne~e~~bK ~ o
1 xp. y r o - 6 m ~ ~e o conaqa H K p a c H s b I x BU-
a ~ y x cas e, T a , n o ~ o 6 ~ MeCHBO
H o , q a ~ e J I e sB TOM, YTO oe -HMeHHO TO, YTO H a M H W O , eCJIH
AOB.C ~ e n a ~ ~~ ao s eb ~ s Ba e n u~K o n e n H b r M o 6 p a 3 q o ~T o r o , K a K MOXHO o ~ 3 oa C m e H O ~ p a B 0 f i .
cnacm KYCOK ropona. K ~ 3Kn o ~ e e B OTBeTCTBeHHbIX
, 3a 6e~b1 HaLIIHX 6 o n b r u a x rOpOAOB
n 0 c J I e 3TOTO p a f i 0 ~M o p H ~ ~ r c a f i f l - X a f iIIOKaTHJICR
~c BHH3 n3a BCH) T w e T y H HeyAaYEI r p ~ O C T p O H T a b C T B a OYeHb , Y A O ~ H O6 b m 0 aamefi-
ewe 6 b 1 c ~ p e e . I U HX p a 3 p y L I I E I T a b H O e ~ 0 3 , i l e i i ~ ~ B E-
M M T ~ B T O M O ~ E L T HO I e H e CTOJIbKO n p H -
p B ~ 0 e fM
n p H ~ e HM i e p e H e RBILReTCR JIYKaBbIM W H HeTHIIHY- YHHa, CKOnbKO CJIeACTBHe ~aIIIefi ~ ~ ~ A o c T ~ o H H Te C
~ O~C THO oH T~~ b~H O C T H .
HbIM. B OAHOM ~ O ~ ~ I I I rOO M
p O A e 3 a ApJTHM rHHH)T H M e H H O T e 3OHb1, KOTO- T p y ~ YAHBJIRTbW
~o TOM),' YTO IIPOeKTHPOBI4EIKH, B TOM 4 H W I e CTpOHT€!JIH a B -
PbIM, IIO TeOPEIH ~PZlZJOCTPOHTeJIbCTBa, r H H T b H e IIOJIOXeHO. I/I YTO CTOIIb Xe T o ~ a r H ~ ~ p Z U Ipea6C,I I 0 J I a r a H ) w H e ~ ~ C H O C ~ O B H ~AIeM
H bHT a M H H KOJIOcCZUIb-
BaxHo, X O T ~H H e TaX 6 p o c a e ~ B c ~rna3a: B OAHOM 6 0 n b m 0 ~ropoAe 3a ~ p y - H ~ I M HB03MOXHOCTRMH, H e M O W IIOHRTb, KaK C A e n a T b ~BTOMO~ELTIH
H 60116-
r H M UMeHHO T e 30Hb1, KOTOPbIM IIO TeOpEIH rpaAOCTpOHTeJlbCTBa IIOJlOXeHO U H e r O p O A a COBMeCTHMbIMH APYr C ApyrOM. OHMIIOTOMY H e 3HaIOT, YTO
r H H T b , OTKa3bIBaH)TCH 3 T 0 AeJIaTb. A€!JIaTb C ~ B T O M O ~ ~ L WBMGOJI~LUMX
H rOpOAaX, YTO H e yMelOT IIpOeKTHpOBaTb
E o n b r u ~ eropoAa - na6opa~op~ npo6
~1
TO r H r a H T c m e X H ~ H ~ C I I O C O ~aHp~aI6~0 ~ o c n o c o 6 ~ b 61 e0 n b m ~ eropoga ~ o o 6 4-
e c amo-
H OILIH~OK,YCneXOB H H e y A a Y B l?paJ(OCTpOHT€!JIbCTBe B 3TEIX H apXHTeKTJJpe. M O ~ ~ R M
m HH 6e3 HHX.
na6opa~opmxrOpOACKOr0 IIpOeKTHpOBaHHR C n e q H a J I H C T a M CJIeAOBFinO 661 ~ P O C T H)DK4bI
~ I ~ a ~ ~ o ~ o 6 JmI e reYge IIOHRTb H YAOBJIeTBOpHTb,
COBepUIeHCTBOBaTbcR, BbIABHraTb EI IIPOBePRTb TeOpHH. O A H ~ KIIPaKTEiKM
O YeM CJIOXHbIe HY)fCAbI K p F H b I X TOPOAOB, H BCe 6 o n b m e ~ YHCJIY
y rpaAOCTp0-
H TeOPeTEIKH 3 ~ 0 fAHCqHIIJIHHbI
i (eCJIH ee MOXHO T a K ~ a 3 ~ a H~ e bH3JTaH)T
) H ~ e J I e iH
i a Y H H a e T Ka3aTbCR, YTO, P e l l I H B TpaHCIIOpTHJTkO np06ne~y,OHH T e M
OIIbITa YAaY H H e y A a Y B p e Z U I b ~ 0 f XH3HEI,
i H e HHTePeCJTkOTCR IIPEIYHHaMH H e - CaMbIM peILIaT r l I a B H y I o n p o 6 n e ~ yKPJTIHOrO rOpOAa. O A H ~ K~ O
BTOMO~ELTI~-
OXPiAaHHbIX YCneXOB; BMeCTO 3 T O r 0 OHH PYKOBOACTBYIOTCR IIPHHIJHIIaMEI, OC- Hb16 T p a H C I I O p T -JIHIlIb ~ e 6 0 n b m mYaCTb MHO~OCJIOXHO~
COBOKYTIHOCTH
R0
HOBaHHbIMH H a @ ~ ' H K ~ H o H ~ o B ~ H H H 6 n ~ MaJIbIX
~ e rOPOAOB, IIpHrOPO&OB, r0pO~CKEIX Pi 3a60~.
O T K ~BbI
AM ~O X e T e 3HaTb, KaK 6 b 1 ~ bC TpaHCIIOpTOM,
~ ' 6 e p K y J I e 3 ~CaHaTOpHeB,
b1~ BbICTaBOK H ~ 0 0 6 p a X a e ~ b IrOpOAOB
x H 3 CHOBH- eCJIH BbI H e I I O H H M a e T e , K a K @ Y H K ~ E I O H E I P Y 6~ T
0 n b ~ ~ 0 rOpO,L(
ii H B YeM ewe
A e ~ H f-
i CJIOBOM, Y e r O JTOAHO, K p O M e 6on~rulutrOpOAOB KaK TaKOBbIX. maH)TCH er0 yJIPiqbI? H H O T K YH,e~M~O X e T e .
Ecnn O K ~ ~ ~ I B ~ ~YTO T Cn eRp ,e c T p o e H H b I e ropoacrcae T e p p m o -
P H H H H e C K O H Y a e M b I e yYaCTKH HOBO^ ~ ~ C T P O ~ KPaCIIPOCTPaHRIoIIJHeCR
M , B O ~ H H KI ~I o~AT0 3 p e ~ ~ YTO
e , MbI K a K H a p O A CTZUIEI HaCTOJIbKO ~ ~ C ~ O M O I I J H ~ I
BOKPJT 6 0 n b m ~ xrOPOAOB, I I p e B p a w a I o T Pl kiX, H 3arOPOAHYIO MeCTHOCTb B On- kl HepaAHBbI, YTO HaC Y)Ke H e H H T e p e C y e T , KaK @ ) W K ~ E I O H E I P Y ~YTO-JIH60,
T HH-
HY CIIlIOLUHyIO MFiJIOIIHTaTeJIbHyIO pa3Ma3HH), HHYWO CTPaHHOrO B 3TOM HeT. T e p e c y e T TOJI~KOM r H o B e H H o e , n e r K o B e c H o e B H e m H e e B n e q a T n e H M e . ECJIHTaK,
Bce 3 T 0 OAHO H TO x e n o n y Y e H H o e E I nepmx,
~ B T O P ~ I X ,T p e T m x ELTIHsemep- TO HaILIH 6 0 n b I L I ~ l erOpOjJa, KaK, BePORTHO, H MHOI'Oe ApJTOe B HaIIIeM o6wec~-
TbIX pYK HHTenJIeKTyZUIbHOe MeCHBO, B KOTOPOM CBOGCTB~, H m b I , IIpeHMY- HOfi BCe Xe H e I I p w e p X H B a I o C b TaKOrO MHeHklR.
Be, B H J ' I I I m T MZUIO H w w b I .
IIJeCTBa H O C O ~ ~ H H O C T@
M) W K ~ H O H H P O B ~ H HKPjTlHbIX
R rOPOAOB IIOJIHOCTbH) B YaCTHOCTEI, B c@eperpaAOCTpOHTenbCTBa TPYAHTW MHOrO XO-
I I e p e M e I U a H b I CO C B O ~ C T B ~ M H ,M a M H , I I P e H M m e C T B a M H M O C O ~ ~ H H O C T R - POJIIHX H 4 e ~ ~ ~ b I ~ n
KOTOPbIX
~ e f i H
, C K p e H H e 3 2 3 6 0 HOBOe
~ ~ ~ CTPOHTeJIbCTBO
MH @JWICUEZOHEIPOB~HELFI
APJTHX, 6onee H H e p ~ H O H H b I XTHIIOB P a C C e n e H m . H r O P O A C K m peKOHCTpYKqHR. H~CMOTPR
H a OTAeJIbHbIe Wl)WaH KOPPJTIqHH
3 a r ~ n s a ~c ~T aipeb I x 6onm1ax r o p o , q o B H c s e x e ~ c n e ~ e ~ ~ b ~ f i H H e CTOJIb flp e A K H e IIOIIbITKH a X a T b H a IIOJIe H e CBOeM),, H a M e p e H E H , C KO-
YIIaAOK HOBO^^ H ~ J J ~ ~ ~ H E I C T H Y p ~6C aK ~O ~~~1 3Hae Oq ~~Y~W I O B ~ H ~H HK~a I- TOPbIMH JIH)AEi CTpRIIaIoT IIPeUIOBJJTOe MeCHBO, It0 6 0 n b r u e f i YaCTH 6eaynpes-
O ~ ~C O ~ H ~ J I ~ HHO~GH ~ ~ ~ X H O C THao6op0~,
~ 0 f~iK O H O M E I Y ~ C KELTIH ~ H ) . HHKa- HbI. ~ ~ ~ A O C T ~ O H T ~ J~I X
E IH, T ~ K T O P M - A H ~ ~ ~
H BCe I I p~OH
s H~e ,~ KOrO
~ I OHH
) ~O 3 H a T e n b H O H ~ O ~ X O A H M O C T ~ I O
0 6 p a T H n ~B CBOK) B e p Y , H e I I p e ~ e 6 p e r a K C 3 ~ a X ( a MH a K B a P T H P b I , H A e U e B b I e M H O I ' O K B a P T H P H b I e A O M a B Y e T b I p e - I I F I T b
p a 3 6 H p a T b ~ F IB ~ ~ H ~ ~ ~ O H H P OTOI'O,
B ~ CH9 H
e M~ HIM e H ) T AeJIO. H ~ ~ ~ o T OHM
HB, 3Taxefi, I I O C T p O e H H b I e , 9 ~ 0 6 6P1a 3 M e C T H T b IIOTOK M M M H r P a H T O B BHaYFlJIe
IIOTPaTELiIH M H O r O CHJI H a T O , Y T O ~ M~3 IY q M T b C m e H H F I CBFITbIX H M Y A P e 4 0 B I?3 M p n a H A H H , I I O T O M H 3 B O C T O Y H OE~B~P O I I ~HI , H a K O H e I J , H 3 C H ~ E L T I H-
H,
C O B p e M e H H O r O O p T O A O K C ~ b H O r Or p a O C T p O H T e l I b C T B a 0 T O M , K a K donw~bl 6 ~ C T pna L L I~H O n e p e H a c e n e H h 1 , H C O 3 A a J I O C b o6qee B n e Y a T n e H H e , s ~ o
+ Y H K ~ H O H H P O B ~ T6 0~ n b u H e r O p O A a H T O donmi0 6 b l ~ IbI O n e 3 H O AJIX H X X H - p a a o n~O A B e p I ' a e T C R X e C T O K O M y $ H ~ H Y ~ c K o M~ ~ 3 6 ~ H ,e C a ~M O ~ 0 6m0 f i ,
~ e n e fH K
i I l p e A I I p k f F I ~ H f i . 3 T H M CyX,L(eH&WM OHM OTHOCRTCR C T a W M n M e T e T O M , y p e s ~ b ~ s a f i6~ Oe ~ e ~ .
Y T O , K O r A a B T O p I ' a e T C R Y I I p R M a R A ~ ~ ~ C T B E I T ~ J I ~ HTp03FI
O C T I~I ,e p e Y e p K H y T b HX B 1 9 5 9 r O A y , K O I ' A a SI C H O B a no6b1saaB H o ~ T - 3 ~R 6~b e1 n, a no-
H e A e I I I e B O ~ 0 6 b 1 T b 1 eI I 0 3 H a H H F I , O H H r O T O B b I O T B e P r H y T b A ~ ~ ~ C T B M T W I ~ H O C T ~ . p H e H a n p o ~ a o m e ~ m e nf ei p e ~ e ~ o fB i~ .C H T K E H I A e c R T K H AOMOB 6 b m o~T p e -
P ~ C C M O T P HQ,RR
M npkiMepa ~ T O A O K C ~ J I ~ Hrpwo-
p e a ~ u ~O m ~IX M ~ H T H P O B ~ H MB. M ~ C TMO
a T p a C O B , 3aMeHFIBIIIHX ~ b 1 6 H ~ b C
1 Te e K J I a , FI Y B P i A e -
C T ~ O H T H~a A
c y f~l b~6 b~1 ~ O C T O H C K O ~p O
afi0Ha H o ~ T - ~ w " . TO c T a p b 1 f i p a f i 0 ~ a, n o n ' b e M H b I e X a n m 3 H EI C B e X y I O K p a C K y H a C T e H a X . BO M H O r H X M a e H b K H X
C ~ 1 1 3 ~ 0K%B ~ P T H P H Om ~a ~~ o f i n, e p e x 0 ~ q H f Bi I I ~ H ~ ~ ~ IXI pH
O M~b IKI l W
I eH- n e p e o 6 0 p y ~ ~ A~O aM a~X ~T ebn ~e p~b o 6 ~ ~ a OnAaH a C e M b R HJIH A B e B M e C T O
H y I O 3 0 H Y , H OH O ~ H I ~ E U I ~n PHHO3 H a H B M e C T W I H I l J e M H a H X Y A I I I H X B ~ O C T O H ~ npeXHPiX Tpex-YeTbIpeX. H ~ K O T OC e~M~b HI , ~X W B I I I H e B A e I I I e B b I X M H O T O K B a P -
~py1q06a n o a o p o ~ropona. OH B o n n o U a e T B ce6e B c e T O , Y T O n p o c s e 4 e H - T H P H ~ I X A O M ~ IX I, O w m H 6 0 n b I I I e I I P O C T O P a , C O W H H H B A B e K B a p T H p b I B O A H y
H b l e JIIOAH C Y ~ ~ ~ ~ H H O CCY HT T a~ K H
) T A) Y P H b I M , I I O T O M Y 9 T O 3 T 0 H a 3 B a n H 0 6 o p y ~ o B Ta a~M B a H H y I O , H O B y I o K Y X H H ) H T O M y I I O A O ~ H O( ~R BbIHCHHJIa 3 T 0
A Y P H b I M M H O r H e ~ B T O P H T ~ T H ~ ~ C~ I LI e LQ H
I aHJ I~H C T b I . Man0 TOrO, YTO Ho~T- no3xe, n o 6 b 1 ~ya n~m n e f i A O M ~ ) R
. aarn~~yn
BYa ~ K nHe p~e y n o K , ~ y ~ aYTO
x,
3~ B m O T H P I I p H M b I K a e T K n p O M b I U I J I e H H b I M IIpeAIIpHFITkfFIM, -B H e M C a - n o ~ p a f i ~ eMf ie p e T a M y ~ l D K Y c r a p b I f i ,H ~ O ~ P R T H
H O~ PI T~- ~ -
3 ~ 4 , H oIIIH6nacb:
M O M XELIIbIe I I O M e Q e H H H C I T O X H ~ ~ ~ I I I 0H 6Mp a 3 0 ~
C O C y 4 e C T B J W T CO B C e B O 3 - O I m T b a K K y p a T H 0 P a C I I I H T m W P I I H Y H m mZl,L(Ka, H O B b I e >KanlO3H H IIOTOK My-
M O X H b I M H P ~ ~ O Y W MMHe C T a M H H T O P r O B b I M H T O Y K a M H . 3 A e ~ bH a H B b I C I I I a R 3HKI.I H 3 BHe3FlIIHO O T K P ~ I B I I I ~ ~ACBR ~ ~ ~Ho . H C T H H3 ~T 0 A0 CHX n O p e A H H C T B e H -
BO B C e M ~ O C T O H O
~ A H a H 3 HaHBbICIIIEIX B a M e P H K a H C K H X K p F H b I X r O p O A a X ~ b ~H af ~i 0 e f I iI a M R T H p a f i 0 ~K p Y I I H O r O r O p O A a , rAe ~ O K O B C~T eIH~b I 3 ~ a ~ H f i
rUIOTHOCTb X W I b I X e A H H H 4 H a Y q a C T K a X , HCIIOJIb3YeMbIX IIOA X H J I b e . 3 ~ e ~ b B O K p Y r I I a P K O B O Y H b I X K J I O q a A O K H e 6b1JIk1 O C T a B J I e H b I H ~ O ~ ~ ~ ~ O T ~ H H ~ I M H
M a 0 IIapKOB H CKBepOB. A ~ T HHr p a I o T I I p R M O H a Y J I H U a X . 3Aecb H e T HH C B e p X - H KaK 6b1a M r Q T C H P O B a H H b I M H , -HX I I O A H O B w I H EI BbIKPaCkIJIEI, K a K H Y q a C T K I I ,
KPJTIHbIX, HH Arne C p a B H H T e n b H O KPJTIHbIX KBapTaJIOB -B C e K B a p T a J I b I M W I - HaXOAf34HeCH H a CaMOM B W y . M e w XkZ)TbIMH A O M a M H H M e J l O C b H e B e p O F I T -
K H e ; n O n b 3 y R C b X B P T O H O M r p Z l , L ( ~ ~ ~ p o H ~ e J Ipe af if i 0 <
~ < p a C T O Y H T W I b H OH 3 p e - H o e KOnHYeCTBO npeBOCXOAHbIX npOAOBOJIbCTBeHHbIX MaTa3HHOB H TaKMX
3 a H H e H Y X H b I M H Y I I H U a M H > ) .~ A F ~ H HCRT a p b I e . C J I O B O M , Y T O H H BOBbMEI, B C e I I p e A I I p l u ~ ~ k i iKi a, K M a C T e p C K M e IIO O ~ H B ~K e ~6 e n Hno
, M ~ T ~ I I J I o o ~ ~ ~ ~no o T K ~ ,
B H o ~ T - ~ Hwe T~a K . B C H C T e M e B 3 r W O B O p T O A O K C a l I b H O r O r p w O C T p O H T W I b - n e p e ~ o o 6 p a 6 0 ~K~a Ke ,I I H I l J e B b I e IIpe,4IIpkfFITHR. HayJIr?LlaXWnWIaX@i3~b: Ae-
C T B a 3 T 0 T P ~ X M ~ P y Hq e~6 I~ b~ 1~f 0i 6 p a 3 Y H ~( ( M e r a n O r I O n H C a ) )B n 0 C I T e ~ ~ eCf Ti a - T I ? ~ r p aB3pOCITbIe ~ , A e n a n H IIOKYIIM, r y i r m k i , 6ece~osana. ECJIM6b1H e RH-
AHH HCIIOP9eHHOCTH. H ~ Y ~ ~ L I B W T Y~ T~OIHOPT-
~ H O , HA C T a n IIOCTOFIHHbIM ~ a p c K M f Xi O n O A , H a B e p H F I K a H e K O T O p b I e CPiAeJIH 6b1I I O A O T K P b I T b I M H ~ ~ O M .
3 a a H H e M JlJlR C T Y A e H T O B M a c c a ~ y c e ~ c ~ T
oerXoH O J I O r H Y e C K O r O H H C T M T Y T a LTap~swmH a ynauax o 6 4 m a ~ ~ o c + e pX aH ~ H ~ ~ ~ , ~ O C T H O C T H ,
H ~ ~ P B ~ P A C KY O
HH~ BOe p C H T e T a , H 3 y r I a I o q H X a p X H T e K T y p y H r p a A O C T p O H - ~ p p e n m 6 mH 3 A O P O B b R 6bma T a K 3 a p a 3 H T e J I b H a , Y T O FI H a Y a J I a C n p a U H B a T b
T e J I b C T B O ; C H O B a M C H O B a I I O A Pj'KOBOACTBOM n e A a r O r O B O H H H a 6 p a r e npe- Y I I P O X O X H X , K a K ~ P O ~ ~ BT TEOIEZiIIl M H O e M e C T O , IIPOCTO p m H Y A O B O J l b C T B E l R
BpaUJa£OT er0 B C O B O K J T I H O C T bY K P p H e H H b I X ( < C Y I I e p K B a p T a J I O B ) H) IIapKOBbIX OT paaro~opac H H M H . 3a npeAbwywae Asa ~mR nosmana B ~ MH
O C T O H ~ O-
3 0 H , IIHKBHAHPYH)T H e I I O A X O A R 4 H e BHAbI A e R T e n b H O C T H , n p e 0 6 p a 3 y m ~ TO Y e r O , 6 o n b m e f i YaCTbIo BeCbMaYApYqaIOIlJeI'O, H HOPT- HA H a 3 T O M OH^
p a f i 0 ~B o6paseq n O p H A K a , 3 J l e r a H T H O C T H H IIPOCTOTbI, B H e 9 T O T a K O e , Y T O BbI3BaJI Y M e m 0 6 n e r ~ e ~IIOKa3aBLLIHCb
~e, CaMbIM 3&0POBbIM MeCTOM B ropo-
M O X H O B b I r P a B H P O B a T b H a ~ Y A ~ B O Y HT O
O n~O ~B K e . Ae. H O SI H e M O r l I a nOHFITb, O T K y A a RBHJlHCb A e H b r H H a B C e 3 T 0 06~0~ne-
A B ~ uJIeT ~ HTa a~m , K O r A a FI B I I e p B b I e y l 3 H A e n a Ho~T- HA, e I ' O HHe, -B e A b c e f i Y a c I I O Y T H H e B O 3 M O X H O I I O J I f l H T b C K O ~ ~ K O - H H ~CYmAe ~C T -
3AaHkfFI -T a Y H X a Y C b I p a 3 ~ 0 0 6 p a 3 ~ bB lm~O B H P a s M e p O B , p a 3 A e n e H H b I e IIO BeHHyK) CYMMY IIOA 3 a n O r HeABHXRMOCTH B 6 0 n b m o ~a M e p H K a H C K O M
K B~ ~~ P T H P H O G
r o p O A e , e U I M T O n b K O A O M H e H a X O A H T C R B p a f i 0 ~ eC B ~ I C O K O
r I J I a ~ 0 f iH Z H B paGo~e,H M H T H p Y I O m e M I I p H r O p O A . q ~ 0 6 bB13 T O M p a 3 0 6 p a ~ b -
CR, FI 3 a I U J I a B p e C T O p a H C 6
a p o ~rAe , IIIWI o X H B J I ~ H H p~aI3~r O~ B O p npo p b 1 6 a J I -
KY,H I I 0 3 B O H H J I a 3HaKOMOMJ' ~ O C T O H C K O M YTPZl,L(OCTPOHTeIIIO.
- 0 rocnoaa, K a K TO B a c T y a a s a ~ e c n o ?-YAHBHJICR OH. - ,O B p e M n A e n p e c c H M T a M 6 b m 0 OYeHb MHOrO W y c I a e B JIHIueHHR n p a B BbIKY-
OTKj'Aa y HHX A e H b r ~ ? ?Aa HHKTO TYAa H e B K X a b I B a e T HEI A e H e r , HM TPYAOB! na 3 a n o x e ~ ~H e~AfB iE I m M O C T H . rbI0xX-I p e n y T a L l H R > ) . (np0 3 T 0 R T O X e YC-
T ~ HMH Y e r O H e IIPOHCXOAHT ~oo61qe.K O ~ A ~ - H E IH~aY HAe ~T IIPOMCXOAHTb, nena y 3 H a T b , KaK H IlPO TO, 9TO CeMbH 3 a T e M KOIIWrH A e H b r H H CKJIZlAbIBaJIHCb,
HO H e cefi~ac. 3 ~ ~op y q o 6 a ! y T ~ 6 bBbIKJTlHTb
~ H e K O T O p b I e H 3 C T P O ~ H M nepeIIIeALUHX
~~, B CO~CTB~HHOCT~
- H e T , H O P T - ~ HHAe K a X e T m M H e T P Y W O ~ O - ~ ~ ~o3pa3ma
, ff. 3anoroAep~a~eneii.)
- Aa G p o c b ~ e H! o ~ T - ~ H-~CaMaR , CKBepHaFI ~ p y r r l o 6 aropona. Ha n p o T c I x e H m Y e T s e p T H s e K a nocne B e n H K o i i Aenpeccm ca-
A B ~ C TCeMbAeCRT
M n R T b X m b I X e A H H H l I H a a K p XEIJIofi ~ ~ C T P O ~ ~OK Y H !~ H ~ Mbrfi 6 0 n b ~ ~ op f ai 3 ~ e sp a f i ~ nao A sanor H e A B H x k i M o c T H , K O T O P M ~MOXHO ~
HenPkiRTHO n P H 3 H a B a T b , YTO B ~ O C T O H
T a~K O e eCTb, HO 3 T 0 @KT. 66~~10 r r o n y c r ~ ~B bTOM p a j i o ~ e c H a c e n e H H e M n p H M e p H o B 15 000 Y e n o B e K ,
- A ewe ~ y p~b I Y
a m e - ~ ~ q6H @ b BaC H M ~ J O T C R ? c o c T a B n a n , no CJIOBaM 6 a ~ ~ ~3000 p a A, o m a p o B , < < n p r ? s e MTaKEix c n y q a e B
- Aa.. . CTpaHHaFI luryxa. YPOBEHIIpeCTyIIHOCTPi, 3a6one~ae.. 6 b m o ~ p a f i MaJIO),.
~e M3pe~KaflaBaJIH~ 3 abf i M b l B 1 0 0 0 12 2 0 0 0 AOIUIapOB. 0 6 -
MOCTH H A ~ T C K CMePTHOCTH
O~~ T a M OAHH 113 CaMbIX HH3KHX B rOpOAe. Ewe - H o B n e H H e ~ I O Y T HB c e u e n o B e n o c b 3 a c 4 e T 6 ~ 3 ~ e Hc AOXOAOB a OT xmoG H e -
OTHOIUeHMe KBaPTIJJIaTbI K AOXOAY. Y M ~ J O TXe
H a H M e H b L U e e H a BeCb ~ O C T O H ~ ~ B ~ H M O CB T HH , T a m e 3 a c s e T 6 e 3 g e ~ e m o r 0o 6 ~ e m~aa-
~ T P Hp a i i o ~ aa
n I o A H HaXOAHTb BbIrOAHbIe B ~ P H ~ H T ~ oI ~! J I R A H A
M ~ b l u e . . KOJlHqeCTBO. Ae- n ~ @ ~ q a p o ~ apa6o~ofi ~ ~ o i ic p e m ero x ~ ~ e n eaf~x i poncrseHHmoB.
Tefi - C p e A H e e no rOpOfiy, T I o T e J l b K a B TIoTeJlbKy. C M ~ ~ T H O CH HT 3~K a R - K TOMY B p e M e H H ff p e 3 H a J I a , 9 T O 3 T a H e B 0 3 M O X H O C T b nOJIY-
8,8 H a TMCRYY n p E I c p e ~ ~ eno
f ir O p O A y II,2. C M ~ P T H O COTT ~~ y 6 e p ~ y n e 3 a Y a T b 3 a f i M b l p H O ~ H O B ~ ~ H I3IA
FaIH H f i 6b111a ,DJIR X H T e J I e f i H O P T - ~ W O~Y e H b
O Y e H b HH3KaH, MeHbLUe OAHOFO CJlflaR H a AeCHTb TbICR9, HEiYerO H e n O H H - C m b ~ ~~ fOi ~ O B H n b~~ 0~, KaK H TO, q T O HOBOe CTpOHTenbCTBO B 3TOM
6 0O pafio-
MaIo, 3 T 0 J I F L U e A r n e , YeM B E p p a i i H e . P a H b l u e Ho~T- HA 6 b m CaMbIM TY- ac e r o s
H e n p a c T a B m o c b M ~ I U I H M ~ I TMO J I ~ K Oq e ~ o ipi a s r p o ~ B ~ e m ~ eco-
ro
6 e p K j ' n e 3 ~ b l Mp a f i 0 ~ ~0 O~C T O H HO
~ , T e I I e p b , OKa3bIBaeTcfl, BCe H e TaK. Kpen- 0 6 w e c ~ B~AyXe a CTyAeHYeCIulX M e 9 T a H H i t 06 HAeaJIbHOM ropoqe. n o ~ 0 6 ~ a F I
.
K H e AIoAH, AOnXHO 6 b 1 ~ b . . T a K W r H H H a Y e , 3 T 0 X F K a ~ p y r r l o 6 a . c y f l b 6 a BH,L(enaCb nIoARM OTHIoAb H e B TeOPeTHYeCKOM CBeTe: Y HHX H a rna-
- n o 6 o n b r r r e 6b1 TaKHX T - m-
P ~ O ~ 3, a ~ e ~ R. a TonbKo He 3 a x p a c n o n o x e ~ ~ bn~oi 6
i n ~ 3 o 14
c~ b 6onee 06-
c x~o n ~ b ~cfoiq a a J I b H o , x o ~ H
rOBOPMTe M H e , YTO HMt2H)TC.H IIJlaHbI BCe 3 T 0 CHeCTH. ~ ~ H p ~ b@lEfI ~i H Y ~ c K HY~cT- HA 6 b m TaKHM 0 6 p a 3 0 ~IlOnHOCTbIo YHH9TOXeH.
- R n o H m v a I o sami O U y q e H m , -C K ~ ~ OH.
~ J -R
I H c a M Yac- 0 6 k i ~ a T e n HH o P T - ~ H ~n O
~M~H
, M 0 IIPOYeI'O, IlOHHMaJIH, 9 T O P e M O H T H n a T a -
TeHbKO T W a 3 a e 3 X a I o - IIPOCTO IIOXOAHTb no YJIHLJaM, IIPOHHKHYTbCR TOG H u e npopex H e M o m p E I ~ b m
~~CKOH~YHO.
Y y A e c ~ o f i ,IIpHBeTJIHB0fi yJIEIYH0fi a T M o c @ e p o f i . B a M CTOHJIO 661JETOM T a M - MMeeTJIH HOPT- HA K ~ K E I ~ - H L I ~LuaHCbI
Y A ~ H a 3afiMb1 ,IlJR HO-
no6blsa~-
b BOT K o r A a y HHX H a c T o R I q e e s e c e n b e ! f l e ~ yosac
~ r o n o B a 6b1 BOrO C T P O L I T ~ ~ ~ C T-
B CIIpOCWIa
~? H 6 a ~ ~ ~ p a .
~ p y r nomna.
o ~ Ho, p a s y ~ e e ~ m p a ,H o ma ~ O ~ A H M O~ 3Ia TOT p a f i o ~
~03b- -HMK~KH
~X~ c o ~ I ~-
T OTBeTWr
H o ! OH, p a 3 ~ p Z G K e H H b l f iMO&
MeMCR. H a 0 y 6 ~ p a n~I obA e f i C ~ J I H ~ . WOCTbK). - 3 ~ 0~ p y r r l o 6 a !
3 a 6 a ~ ~H0e ,rIp~paBAanH?MHCTHHKTHBHOM0fi 3 H ~ M b 1 frIyBCTB0- i E a H K H p b l , K a K H rpaAOCTpOHTeJIH, A ~ ~ ~ C T B Y IBO ~T O ~ ~ L ro- U H X
B a n , 9TO HOPT-Elm XOpOLuee MeCTO, H COuHaJIbHaFI CTaTHCTEIKa 3 T 0 IIOATBepX- ponax H a o c H o s a H m o n p e A e n e H H b I x ~ e o p ~ 3f i~. kTie o p H E i OHH n o n ~ 113
m ~
Ama. HOBCe YCBOeHHOe HM KaK PPaOCTpOHTeneM-npaKTHKOM I I 0 EOBOAy TO- T e X X e , YTO H rpaAOCTPOHTeJlH, HHTeJlJIeKTyWlbHbIX HCT09HHKOB. & ~ H K E I P ~ I
r0, YTO XOPOLUO H YTO IJJIOXO W YOpOACKMX ~ ~ I % O H O H B HX 0 6 ~ ~ a T e n e f BCe,
i, H rOpOACKHe YHHOBHHKH, r a p a H T H P Y I O q H e 3 U O I ' H , H e IIPHAYMbIBaIoT CaMH
YTO @?JIaJIO er0 CneqHaJIHCTOM, r O B O p H A 0 eMY: H o ~ T -- 3 3~T 0 ILJIOXO. HH rpaffOCTpOHTenbHbIX T ~ O P E I HH,
~ ~ , YTO YAHBHTeAbHO, AaXe 3KOHOMHYe-
B e ~ y r r l ~~iOi C T O H C K H~ ~~~H K H YenOBeK
P, <<AaJIeKOH e n o c n e A H H f i CKHX AOKTPHH, KaCaH)qHXCR 6 0 n b m ~ xr O p o A o B . OHHc e f i ~ anIoAEI
c npocse-
BO BAaCTHbIX K p p a X > > ,K K O T O P O M ~ M O3 ~ a~ K 0 M b l f iMeHff a p e C O B W l , 9 ~ 0 6 b 1 4 e ~ ~ b PI1 Ye e p n a I o T kiAeH y w e a n H c T o B , 3 a n 0 3 g a ~H a n o K o n e m e . n o c ~ o n b -
R CIIpOCHAa er0 0 @ H H ~ H C H P O B ~ H H EIIOATBePAEUI
I, TO, YTO M H e H TaK CTaJIO RC- KY T e O p e T H Y e C K O e r p a A O C T p O H T e n b C T B 0 H e IIpOH3BeJIO H a CBeT HOBbIX
HO H 3 P a 3 r O B O P O B C KHTejZ3MH H O P T - 3 ~A ~eaH.b r H HBWrHCb H e IIO MWrOCTH KPYIIH~IX nnefi 3 a speim c y r q e c T s e H H o 6 o n b r u e e , Y e M OAHO n o K o n e H k i e , rpa-
B V I H K o f i ~ M ~ ~ M K ~ H~ ~CHKK O O B~ C~K CHCTeMbI,
OG KOTOPitg ceG9ac 3 H a e T 0 rpa- AocTpOHTenH-TeOpeTHKH, (PHH~HCEICT~I
H 9MHOBHHKki C e r O ~ H RHaXOARTCR
AOCTpOkiTenbCTBe AOCTaTOYHO, 9 ~ 0 6 b 1H e X W e r p ~ 0 ~ T p 0 H T e n epfaiC n O 3 H a - n p H M e p H 0 H a OAHOM YPOBHe.
B a T b T P ~ O ~ < ~< K
I P. ~ A H T O B ~ T ~ HOPT- HA H e T HHKaKOrO CMbICJIa, -C K a 3 a n ~ a TO% x e m a -
ECllki r 0 B O P H T b IIpRMO, BCe OHH HbIHe n p e 6 b r s a m H
6aHKkip. - TO ~ p m 0 6 aTyga
! A 0 CHX nop e A y T H M M H I ' ~ ~ H T ~KI !TOMY Xe AHH E I 3 0 4 P e H H O r O JWeHOrO CYeBePEI.9, H a K a K 0 f i MeAHlJHHCKaFI H a y K a CTOKlIa
B H a Y a J l e IIPOUJJIOTO B e K a , K O r A a B p a Y M 6 e 3 3 a ~ e ~ H
BepMJIM
o B KpOBOIIyCKa- C ~ p ~ H T V I b C T BHaW ( $ M ~ M ~ H T O M , COCTaBneHHbIM H 3 YeIIyXM, BbICRTCR rOAbI
HMe, R K O ~ M~ 3 6 a ~ n ~ m Onp T~a H ~ H ~-
e He 3 M OT ~ O J I ~ ~ H ~ T B OCOKOB I Xa I Y M 0 - y q e H m HrOpa ~ T O H Y ~ H H O
~ C~ J~I,O X H ~ H HAOTMaTMKM.
O~~ T e x ~ M ~ e c m
c p ee g -
pOB>). H ~ H01.1b6 O j T H T b C R rOAbI H TOAM, Y T O ~ M
3 H a T b , I I p H KaKMX CHMIITO- c T B a H e y W I O H H O C O B e P L U e H C T B y T C R . H ~ Y ~ H B M T ~ J I ~YTO
H o ,IIPOXOAHT B p e -
M a x K a K H e MMeHHO B e H b I KaKHM 0 6 p a 3 0 ~H p H O BCKPbIBaTb. H ~ C T P O ~ ~ K ~ -H BOJIeBbIe, C I I O C O ~ H H~ IyBSIeYeHHbIe
~ EiAMHHHCTpaTOpbI, IIPHHRB H a B e -
TeXHHYeCKknr C J I o X H o c ~ e f6i b m a B03ABHTHyTa B TaKkM I I O , L ~ O ~ H O C T RHXH a T a - py MCXOAHbIe ~ ~ ~ J I ~ W ~ P
Ha C
Hn R
O J,I a r a R BO3MOXHOCTRMM H A O B e p M e M
~ n am e p a T y p a H ceronm YMTaeTcx K a K H e Y T o n o Y m n p a B -
KOM c e p b e s e , YTO 3 0 6 m e a ~ e H H O C T H ,BIIOJIHe JIOrHYeCKH AOX0,LLHT A 0 CaMbIX T ~ ~ H T € ! J I ~ H~~pI xa f i -
,qono,qo6~oe.B n p o ~ en~o c,K o n b K y n m A M , game Kor,qa OHM c rono~ofinorpy- H o ~ ~ eOT ~ e M m o c e p g k i e HX ygepma-
f iK, O T O P ~ I XB IIPOUJJIOM 6 ~ 1 a r o p a 3 y ~m~
X e H b I B OIIHCaHMH A ~ ~ ~ c T B H T ~ J I ~ H o cHMeIOLIJMe
TH, C 3 ~ 0 fAi ~ ~ ~ C T B M T € ! J I ~ H O C T ~ I O no 6b1. K ~ O B O I I Y C K ~ HMOrJIO
H~ IIOMOYb TOJIbKO C J I j T a f i H 0 m H B O n p e K H npa-
M U 0 06qer0, p e g K O 6 b 1 s a m ~IIOJIHOCTbIo JIMIIIeHbI c n o c o 6 ~ o ~c a~6~n m g a ~ b B m a M , M T a K 6 b m o A 0 T e X IIOp, IIOKa OT H e r 0 H e OTKa3aJlHCb p w H T P Y A H O ~ ~ ,
M CaMOCTORTeJIbHO MbICJIHTb, H a y K a KpOBOIIyCKaHMH H a I I P O T R X e H H H 6 0 ~ 1 b - 1 c60py, MCnOJIb3OBaHMKJ
K p o n o ~ n ~ p~ao6 foi~ b no R nposepKe, mar 3 a maroiv,
mefi YaCTH CBO& ~ 0 J I r 0 f HCTOPHH i O ~ M Y H OC M R r Y a J l a C b H ~ K O T O P O8 ~0 J~I e f i noAJrHHHbIX O I I M C ~ H R,L&cTBHT€!JI~HocTH,
~~ MCTOYHHKOM KOTOpbIX H B m e T C R
3 ~ p a ~ ocrMob I c n a . T o ~ ~ ec m e r,Y Z i J I a c b no T e x nop, n o K a H e A o c T k i r n a omenti- , (<KaKO H 0 e C T b H a CaMOM AVIe)). n c e ~ , q o H a y K arpwo-
H e <<KaKAOJIXHo6 b 1 ~ b ) ) a
T€!JIbHbIX TeXHEiYeCKHX BePIIIMH -rAe 6 b 1 Bb~nyMZiJIki?B IoHbIX C O ~ A H H ~ H H ~ I X CTPOHTVI~CTB efi MCKyCCTBO rOPOACKOr0 ~ M 3 a f i H aeLIJe H e
H~C O n y T C T B y L I J e e
L U T ~ T ~ KX ~. o B o I I ~ c K ~ HTjT,
H ~ M O X H O CKa3aTb, I I O W O Bpa3HOC. O H 0 HaUJJIO pacnpOmZiJIHCb c O ~ M ~ H Y M B ~KOM($OPTOM
IM 6 n a r ~ noxenaa~fi,
x ~PMB~IYH~IX
~ p e 3 ~ b ~ aBJIMHTVI~HOTO
f i ~ o ~ H T Y ~ M B ~n C~ T q~ Aeo K T o p a E e H g x a ~ Pama, ~~a npe,qpaCCyAKOB, ~ B e p ~ p o m e H HHf a
i 6 c ~ p a w ~HfHi e O T I I p a B w I H C b B n o n H o e
,qoHbIHe n o m T a e M o r o K a K ~ e n afimerom s p a ~ a - n o n ap~e B~o~n ma q M o H H o r o n p ~ m m ~ eHCCJIe,4OBaT€!JIbCKOe
~~fi n y T e m e c T s H e no p e a n b H o M y MMPY.
H ( $ e ~ e p a J I b H ~IIepHOAOB,
r~ E H M R M e A H q H H C K O r O aAMMHHCTpHPOBaHkiR.
AOKTOPPam e m k i 6 p a m 3 a , q e n o , ero go K o H q a .
TO ,qo~o,qm ,qw,3a KO-
Cpe,q~ A p a 3 TaK, TO B 3 ~ 0K6H M E M M C a M H OTIIPaBHMCR B n o ~ o 6 ~ IIyTeIIIeCTBMe,oe
T o p b I e OH B ~ ~ (B H YkiCne X O P O ~ H XH ~ O J I ~ ~ H ~ 6I bXm) o, p a c n p o c T p a a e -
C TOM r r y a b game H ~ e 6 o n b m o e q. ~ 0 6 b 1IIOHHTb, KaK O ~ C T O H TA V I a B TaMHCTBeHHOM
HMe O ~ M KpOBOIIYCKaHHR
Y ~ H a C n j T a H , B KOTOpbIXAO ~ 0 fniO p b I 6 n a r o p a 3 y - H ~ 3 s p a m e H H O MH a B W M H p e 6 o n b m ~ rOpOAOB,
x H w O , M H e KaXeTCR, IIpH-
MMe WIH M m o c e p , q H e n p e , q n k i c b I B a n o B p a Y a M OT H e r o B O ~ A ~ P X H B ~ T ~Pam
CR. a Z i J I b H 0 IIPHCMOTPeTbCR, MCnbITbIBaFI n p H 3TOM K a K MOXHO MeHbLUe I I p w B a -
H er0 j T e H H K H IIyCKZiJIH KPOBb O Y e H b MZiJIeHbKHM AeTRM, YaXOTOYHbIM, T.JIy- pHTenbHbIX O X H ~ ~ H H ~ ~ ,
K CaMbIM ~ Y ~ ~ H H Y HC~q eI H
Ma M CO~MTMHM, no-
~ O K H MC T a p H K a M - CJIOBOM, IIOYTH BCeM, KOMy BbIIIZiJIO HeCYaCTbe 3 a 6 0 n e ~ b nbITaTbCR IIOHRTb, YTO OHH 0 3 H a Y a I O T H H e n P 0 C M a T p H B a H ) T C R JIM B R X ryILTe
B 3 0 H e er0 BJIMHHHR. K ~ ~ ~ ~ H eTO
O CIIpaKTHKH
TH BbI3BZiJIH Y e B p 0 I I e f i c ~ M xB p a - K ~ K I ? ~ - H H ~ 3Ya KAO~H O M e P H O C T H . M M ~ H H O3TMM R I l O C T a p a I O C b 3 a H R T b C R
Y e f i , IIPHMeHRBrUHX KPOBOIIyCKaHMe, T P e B O r Y H Y X a C . T ~ HMe M e H e e AaXe B nep~ofiY a c m K H H ~ M .
B 1851r O A y KOMHTeT, 0 6 p a 3 0 B a H H b 1 f i 3aKOHOAaTeJIRMM I I I T a T a H ~ I O - ~ O P K , O A H3aKOHOMePHOCTb
~ IlpOCMaTPMBaeTCR IIOBCeMeCTHO H n p H -
o ( $ H ~ H Z ~ J I ~ HoO~
o 6 p O~l ynJ I b H O e HCIIOJIb3OBaHHe KPOBOIIYCKaHHR. OH eAKO H H M a e T T a K H e M H O r O Y H C n e H H b I e M CJIOXHbIe ( $ O P M ~ I , YTO R IIOCBRTHJIa ee
B b I C M e m H OCYAHJI B p a Y a Y W I ~ R M Tep~epa,
~ K O T O P ~H
I ~M~V I OIIPOMeTZIHBOCTb IIpkipOAe B T O P F YaCTb KHMTH -YaCTb, COCTaBXXIO- RAP0 ~ 0 e faip I Y M e H -
H3AaTb ~POLUIOPY,K P H T H K Y I O L I J y AOKTpHHbI AOKTOpa P a I I I a , H H a 3 B a T b B H e f i TauMH. 3 ~ IIOBCeMeCTHaFI
a 3aKOHOMePHOCTb -~ O T ~ ~ ~ H 6 0On bCmT~ ~xr O p 0 -
< < ~ P O T H B H3ApaBOMY
I I p a K T H K y KpOBOIIyCKaHMH 6 0 J I b H b 1 ~ O~~ CMbICJIY, ~ce06- AOB B Y P ~ ~ B ~ I YCJIOXHOM ~ ~ H O T e c H o n e p e n n e T e H H o M p a 3 ~ 0 0 6 p a cno-
3~~
LIJeMy OnbITY, IIpOCBeLIJeHHOMy p a 3 y M y M O Y e B W H b I M 3 a K O H a M ~ O X ~ C T B ~ H H O - C O ~ O BM C n O J I b 3 0 B a H H R C p e A b I , n O C T O R H H 0 nOAAePXMBaIOLIJHX APYr ApYra
r0 n p o B ~ e H I ? s I > > . H ~ HyKperyIFITb
O 6 o n b a o f i OPTaHH3M, a H e BbIKaYHBaTb M3 3KOHOMHYeCKH H COqHaJlbHO. C O C T ~ B YaCTH
H ~ I ~3 T O r 0 p a 3 ~ 0 0 6 p a 3M ~ O~ T
H e r o K P O B ~ ,c ~ a 3 a n AOKTOP T e p ~ e p3, a YTO H n o m a T m a . OYeHb CEIIIbHO p a 3 n R Y a T b C R M e m y co6ofi, HO OHH AOJIXHbI AOIIOJIHHTb A P P
M e g k i q ~ ~ c ~akHi aen o r m , n p M M e m e M b I e K C O ~ M ~ ~ opra-
H ~ I M ApPa OIIpeAeJIeHHbIMH KOHKpeTHbIMM C ~ O C O ~ ~ M H .
HH3MaM, KaK I I p a B w I O , HaTRHYTbI, H ($H~HOJIOTI?II MneKOnEITaIOLIJkM H M e e T M a - R nonaram, YTO r o p o , q c K M e ~ e p p k i ~ o p k i k i - ~ e-
y ~TO a~~~~b~
JIO 061uero C TeM, YTO IIPOHCXOAHT B 6 0 n b m 0 ~r O p O A e . HO aHZiJIOrHH, K a C a I o - T e P P H T O p H H , r,qe no,406~mCJIOXHaFI B3aMMHaFI I I O M e P X K a p a 3 B H T a H e n o -
LIJMeCR TOTO, YTO nPOHCXOAHT B MO3TaX Y C e P b e 3 H b I X H j T e H b I X J I l O ~ e f i ,K O r A a CTaTOYHO, H YTO H a y K a r p w O C T P O H T V I b C T B a H MCKYCCTBO rOPOACKOr0 g H 3 a f i -
OHH CTZiJIKHBaIOTCR CO CJIOXHbIMH RBJIeHMHMH, KOTOPbIX H e IIOHHMaIOT BOBCe, H a , eCJIM O H H XOTRT 3 a H M M a T b C R p e a J I b H 0 f i X H 3 H b I O P e a J I b H b I X r O p O A O B ,
p H IIOMOLIJH IICeBAOHayKH, O Y e H b game npa-
M IIbITaIOTCR YWO-TO ~ 0 6 k i ~ b Cn R AOJIXHM CTaTb H a y ~ 0 fHi MCKYCCTBOM KaTZiJIH3aqMH H neCTOBaHEuT 3 T R X TeC-
BOMePHbI. K ~ BKIICeBAOHayKe KpOBOIIyCKaHI?sI, TaK H B nCeBAOHayKe rpw0- HO n e p e n n e T e H H b I x , p a 6 o ~ a m r q ~B x~ ~ H M O O T H O L U ~ HMM3 ~H~M. e m q M x c R
y MeHR AaHHbIXR BbIBeJIa Y e T b I p e 6 a 3 0 ~ b 1 YCnOBwI,
x H ~ O ~ X O A E I M &JH
~ I X I'eHe- me rasery K p E I T b m E I 3 a H R T b IIRTbAeCRT UeHTOB. HEIKO~O
H e EIHTepeCOBa-
p a u m nonea~orop a 3 ~ 0 0 6 p a 3 ~B1~~O J I ~ I Or Mo p o f l e . C o a ~ a ~ e n cnoco6-
b ~ o =TO H a M HWHO. A ceCiYac n p ~ e 3 ~ a 1 0 . r6 o n b r u a e LIIEILUKEI, CMOTPRT H a ~ T Y
CTBYII EIX BbIIIOnHeHEIIO, MOXHO nOBbILUaTb X E I 3 H e H H W 3HePl?EIH) r O p O A a ( y e - ~ p a B K EI
y rOBOpRT: ,,YYA~CHO! T e n e p b y 6 e g ~ b eCTb 1 ~ BC~!"),
r0 H e B COCTORHEIEI A O ~ E I T ~ CIIO
R OTAeJIbHOCTEI HEI TPa,4OCTPOEITeJlEI CO CBOEIMEI 3 ~ Xae H n p i H a c ~ a a m TO, a YTO M O ~ ~ H C r To B~ oI p m yxe T ~ I C R ~ E I
HpOeKTaMPi, HEI J ( E I 3 a f i ~ e p b 1CO CBOEIM A E I ~ ~ ~ ~ H O M ) . n e p B a F I YaCTb KHEIrEI
ECJIEI JI~T: H e no BHeILIHeMy B W y , a no AeJIaM. He BCe TO 30JIOT0, 9 T O ~ J I ~ c T E I T .
n p e w e B c e r o nocmqeaa C O ~ E I ~ ~ Hn oOB eMg e ~H H I o n m ~ e fBi ropoaax EI H e - OH^ c ~ a a a n a6 o n b r u e . E C TK~a Y e c T B o noxyxe, Y e M n p a M o e ypon-
o 6 x o ~ a AJIR~ a n o H m v a H w I n o c n e A y m q E I x p a c c m e ~ a f iTO
, BO B T O P O ~qac-
~ CTBO m E I He)TIOPmOYeHHOCTb, EI KaYeCTBO 3 T 0 -llXEIBaFI BEIAEIMOCTb n o p a -
TEI, r l l a ~ ~ oBfKHEIre,
i p e Y b B OCHOBHOM W e T 06 3KOHOMEI9eCKOM nOBeAeHEIEI Ka, AoCTEIraeMaFI Hl?HOpMpOBaHEIeM WIEI nOAaBneHEIeM n O p R 8 K a nOAJIEIHHOl'O,
6 o n b m a x rOpOAOB. K o T o p b ~ t i~ O ~ ~ T 3a
C CBOe
F I C m e C T B O B a H H e Pi YAOBJleTBOpeHEIe CBOEIX H M .
~ peO A a -MeCTa @ ~ H T ~ C T E I Y ~ C K
K p p ~ brO EI
AEIHaMEIYHbIe, H 3T0 C T ~ ~ MPR
a 3 5CR C
~H H T b B 3 ~ 0 fKHEIre,
i KaKOB OH, 3TOT C K P ~ I T ~ I ~ ~
b e~poH 0 B o T H o r u e H m EIX Y c n e m H b I x ~ a c ~ e fnpe-
npegenbao, n o p a 3 ~ 1 ~ e nB i, n o p m 0 K K p p H b I X r O P O A O B , R 6 0 n b m y m YaCTb nPEIMePOB 6epy B ~ b I O - f i 0 ~ -
AOCTaBJIFiIOIIJEIX nJIOA0pOAHyIO n O Y B y XEI3HeHHbIM n J I a H a M TbICRY n~ogefi. K e , n O T O M y 9 T O B 3TOM r O p O A e R XEIBy. HO ~ O J I ~ U I E I H C T BOCHOBHbIX
O EI~efi
B~ p e ~ b eYaCTEI
f i KHEITEIR EICCJIeAW HeKOTOPbIe aCneKTbI3arHEIBaHEIR EI B03- KHEIrEI n o p o w e H b 1 TeM, YTO R B n e p B b I e y B w e n a ~ E o s Ie M y m b I r u a n a B gpy-
P O w e H E I I I B CBeTe TOrO, KaK EICnOJIb3j?OTCR r O p O a a , KaK OHH EI MX XMTeJIEI B e - rEIX ropoaax. B q a c T H o c T M , MOM n e p B b I e c o o 6 p a m e ~o~~ 1 a~ x ~ op ot niH H e -
AyT ce6a B p e m b ~ o fXEI3HEI.
i KoTOpbIX BEIAOB rOPOACKHX @ Y H K L Z M O H ~ ~ HC~M
IX~ C & 3aPOAmEICb B ~EI'ITc-
B n 0 C J I e a ~ e f YaCTEI
i IIpeAJIOXeHbI HeKOTOpbIe EI3MeHeHEIR B r0- Gypre, M o a n e p B b I e Mb1CJI1406 Y J I L I Y H O ~~ ~ ~ O ~ ~ C H O-CB T@EE II n a ~ e n b @ ~ l k ~
POACKOM XEIJIEIIIJHOM X O ~ R ~ ~ C T pBa H
~ C, I l O p T e , f l E I 3 a f i ~ e ,npOeKTEIpOBaHEIEI B F a n ~ ~ ~ oMOEI p e ,n e p B b I e n p e A c T a B n e H E i R o 3 ~ 1 r 3 a r 0 0 6 p a 3 ~ ~0 p~ e f i @Aee -
I? a,4MEIHEICTPEIpOBaHEIEI EI IIOA KOHeLI 06cyXJ(ae~c;I BOIIPOC, KUKOZO poda 3 a - nOBblX GOH HOB -B ~ O C T O H MOEI ~, n e p B b I e C)QK&eHEIR 0 BbIXOAe ~ p m 0 H 63
AaYy c T a B a T nepea HaMH 6 0 n b m o f i ropoa: a a a ~ Oy ~ ~ ~ I I J ~ Hc oE pI rRa ~ a a o - T p y w 0 6 ~ ~COCTOIIHEIII
r0 -B Y I I K ~ ~0OY. e ~ MHOrO b MaTePEIma&JH BCeX 3TEIX
B ~ H H CnOXHOCTbIO.
O ~ p a 3 ~ b ~ I l L l e ~ EEIMenOCb
Ifi npRM0 y ~ 0 ' 2 % B X O ~ H ABepEI,
O ~ ~ HO, BePORTHO, TpYA-
BH~LIIHHG06nki~
~ e I I J e f i I? TO, KaK OHH @ ~ H K ~ E I O H E I P H
~ eTp,a 3 - H e 5 B I l e p B b I e yBEIAWb HeYTO C m e C T B e H H O e T a M , r A e TbI IIpEIHEIMaeUIb 3 T 0
PbIBHO CBR3aHbI M e w Y co6ofi, Pi B KPYIIHbIX r O p O A a X 3 T 0 B e p H 0 KaK HEIrAe. KaK AOJIXHOe. ~ J I ~ B HEIAeR
~ R -0 TOM, YTO H a 0 I l O n b I T a T b C R BHEIKHYTb
n p E I 3TOM JIIOAEI, KOTOPbIX EIHTepeCyeT TOJIbKO, K a K rOpOA <<AOJIXeH))BbIrJIR- B U I 0 l K ~ b 1 f iC O ~ E I Z I J I ~ H O - ~ K O H O M E I Y ~ C KnOpRAOK,
EI~~ C K P ~ I T HIIOA
~ ~ KaXyIIJEIM-
6 ~yT ~, pya 3~0 Y a p O B a H b I 3 ~ 0 fKHEI-
A e T b , EI H e EIHTepeCyeT, KaK OH A ~ ~ ~ C T B Y i ca 6 e c n o p ~ n ~ 6 0on ~
b l I I H ~rOpOAOB, - n p H H a A n e X E I T H e M H e , a YEIJI~R-
r0fi. F ~ C C M ~ I C J I ~ HnHp O e K T E I P O B a T b O ~ J I E I Kr O p O A a m E I TeOpeTEI3EIpOBaTb MY K e p ~ y m , a B e c o u a a n b a o r o y s p e H S q e H m ~ H E I O HC ~ T T ~ M B~ HH ~TI O -
0 TOM, KaK npki,QaTb M
€!y n p ~ ~ t l ~EI ~p b
0 p~ mf 0
i 9 e ~ ~ b lBj W
i , H e nOHEIMaFI IIpEI- f i o p ~ c BOCTOYHOM
~o~ I'apne~e,s e n o B e K y , K O T O P ~ I ~n~o, ~ a 3 M aH
~ e TOT
C m e r O e M y BHYTPeHHeTO, @ ~ H K ~ E I O H ~ T I ~nHOOP ~
mOK a . ~ ~ ~ O T E I T0~BHelII-
CFI p a f i o ~H, a y . I m M e w I IIPEIrJHAbIBaTbCR EI KAPJT'EIM X W I b I M EI AenOBbIM pafi0-
HOCTEI ~ e q e fKaK
i o n e p ~ ~ l r ~u eon fE ii ~ E r n aI B H o M EIcToYHEiKe m T e p e c a , 3@- HaM. K a m b 1 f i pa3 R C T a p m a C b CPaBHEITb YBMAeHHOe EI YCnbIIIIaHHOe B TOM
@ e ~-~3HaYEIT a H e CO3AaBaTb HEIYerO, K p O M e H ~ ~ ~ E I I I T H o c T ~ ~ ~ . WIEI BHOM r O p O A e HJIEI er0 YaCTEI C BneYaTneHEIRMEI OT A p y n ? X MeCT, nOHRTb,
B H~IO-EOPKCKOM BOCTOYHOMr a p n e ~ ee c T b m ~ n o f M i accaB HaCKOnbItO IIPEIMeHEIMbI YPOKEI, IlOJIy.I€!HHbIe 3AeCb ki c ~ G Y ~ c3a
, npeAenaMEI
C 6pocam1qki~ca B r J I a 3 a IIpRMOJT'OJIbHbIM r a 3 0 H O M , K O T O P ~ IC~T m AJIR XEI- AaHHOrO KOHKPeTHOrO CTIy.IaFI.
~eJIefiMaCCEIBa O ~ ~ ~ K THeHaBEICTEI. O M O A H COuEIaJIbHaFI
~ P~~OTHEIU IIOCTO-
~, SI c o c p e n o T o s M n a BHEiMaHEIe H a ~ O J I ~ I I I E I ropoAax
X a EIX BHYT-
RHHO n o c e w a B r u a F I M a c c m , 6 b m a n o p a x e H a TeM, KaK s a c T o T e M a r a a o ~ ~ a03- PeHHkiX, CTapbIX pafio~ax,HOTOM)' 9 T O 3 T 0 n p o 6 n e ~ a OT , K O T O P O ~r~p a o -
HEIKma B pasro~opax XEI~enefi0 , 6 b 1 9 ~ 06 e 3 n O H R T H O r O efi nOBOAa, Pi K a K K p o ~ TOrO,
CTpOEITeJIbHaR T e O p w I I I O C J I ~ O B a T e J I b H OYKJlOHRTIaCb.e R AyMaIO,
c m b ~ OHM o ero H e H a s H A e n n a x o T e n H ero nmswaumi. Korna o H a cnparua- 9TO CO B p e M e H e M c@epa,rAe MOM c o o 6 p a m e ~M~O1r~y T IIpEIHeCTEI n o n b a y ,
B m a : < < ~ o Y € ! M ~ ?-) ) 0 6 b 1 9 ~ b 1 f iOTBeT 6 b m : TO B H e M X O ~ O I I I ~ ~ OwIEI: ? ) ) (<KO- pacruMpEITCR, IIOTOMy YTO MHOrEIe YaCTEI TenepeLLlHEIX rOpOnOB, <<HenOCTEI-
MY OH H ~ x ~ H ? )H) ~ K OOAHa H ~X e~H I I J H H a , JIy.IIIIe ApyrEIX Y M e I O q a F I B b I p a - XEIM~IM),o 6 p a 3 0 ~
npsruegruae B nnasemoe C o c T o a H n e , euje H e T a K A a B -
X a T b CBOEI M~IUIEI,3 a ~ 1 ~ mcnenymqee: a e K o r ~B a c e 3 T 0 C T p o m M , HEIKTO ~e HO 6b1nl1 n p m o p o g a M H M n x B n o n H e 6 n a r o n o n y q ~ b 1 ~ ~TEIXMMEI
1, mHnbIMEI
cnpocm, Y e r o M ~ XOTHM. I H a r u ~A o M a c H e m n , H a c O T n p a B m n c w a , a H a - TePPEITOpEIIIMEI; P a H O wIEI nO3AHO MHOrEIe HbIHeIUHEIe HOBeHbKEIe IIpEIrOpO-
runx apy3efi o T n p a B m a ~ y ~ a - eqe. T O H ~ TM~ HTe r A e 9 a u I K y ~ o @Be~ I I I M T ~ , AbI kinki n o n y n p E ? r o p o g b I O K a X y T c R n o r n o 4 e ~ b 16 o n b r u a ~ k ir o p o A a M P i
H g 0 6 b I o ~ ycnexa
~ ~ 1 mki n0.reprn.r H e y g a s y B ~ ~ B H C H M O C TOT
H Toro, CMOI~T Ca~m B a X H m H H T b BnHRHHR TRHeTCR OT 3 6 e ~ ~ 3 e Xayap~a, p a
T a~9 e C T B e ~ O P O A C K H Xp a f i 0 ~ 0 ~ .
n H OHH IIOJIHOqeHHO C $ ~ H K ~ H O H R P O BB~ K a H r n ~ f ic y~ ~~e ~6 ~r o~preon o p T e p a , I I ~ H ~ B ~ HKHo T~ oMp o r o c ~ m nop o e m k i -
M H a K O H e q , YeCTHO rOBOpR, R n106n10 WIOTHO H a C e J I e H H b I e K P P H b I e r O p O A a , p o ~ a H p i reo p o A O B . Xayapg ~ a 6 n 1 o ~ 3aanTeM, B K a K a x y c n o ~ x ~ ~mx OH-~
Pi HX n p o 6 n e ~ b 1 3 a ~ ~ ~ M
a e1H0H~6 0 n b w e BCerO. AoHCKkle ~ ~ A H R KB R K O H q e XIX B e K a , H TO, YTO OH BPiAeJI, CJIbIIIIiWI H O ~ O H R ~ ,
R H w e I o C b I I p H 3TOM, YTO Y H T a T e n b H e CTaHeT I I P H M e H R T b MOH fMY, p a 3 y M e e T C R , H e H p a B m O C b . OH H e TOnbKO H e H a B H A e n O T p H I J a T e n b H b I e
BbIBOAbI K M a n b I M H C P e A H H M r O p O A a M H n H K T e M I I p H r O p O A a M , K O T O P b I e ~ A KaK T ~ K O B O
9 e p T b I K p y I I H O r O r O p O A a , OH H e H a B H A m K P ~ I I H r~OIp O H ~C9H-
~
OCTaIoTCR I I p H r O p O A a M K Bce 3TO -OPraHR3Mb1, COBePLUeHHO OTnHYHbIe OT T ~ CKOrUIeHHe
A T a K O r O M H O X e C T B a JIIoAefi B a r l I O M e p a q H H BOIIPifOqHM 3 n O M
6 o n b r u ~ rOpOAOB.
x M ~HI T a K HCIIbITbIBaeM C e P b e 3 H b I e HeIIPPiHTHOCTH H 3 - 3 a ~ b 1 3 0 B O MeCTeCTBy. Ero c I I a c H ~ e n b ~ b 1Pfeiq e I I T 3aKJIIoY&JICR B JlHKBHAaIJHH
IIOIIbITOK O ~ ~ R C H R
XHT 3~H b ~ O ~ ~ I I I LrOpOAOB
IX B T e p M H H a X Pf&JlbHOrO wIH ~ p y r l H b I rOPOAOB.
x
MHHMOrO +YHKIJHOHHPOB~HLIR rOPOAOB MiWIbIX. E U I H MbI T e I I e p b B A O ~ ~ B O K ~ ram, a M e n a q e n b I o
K l p o r p a ~ ~KaO, T O P ~ OOH B ~ I A B H HB ~1898
nonbITaeMm O ~ ~ R C H R
M aTn~b I e ropoga B T e p M m a x ~ O ~ ~ I I I HTOX ny-ramqa
, 0CTaHOBHTb pOCT OWO OH^ H 3aHOBO 3aCeJIHTb CeJIbCKyKl MeCTHOCTb, r A e A€!-
CTaHeT I I o J l ~ o f i . p e B H H IIpHXOAKnH B j T I w O K . 3 T O r 0 OH I I p e m O X L l n CO3AaTb H O B ~ THII
I ~ ~M a -
PaCCYHTbIBaIo, YTO K a w b ~ f Yi H T a T e n b 3 ~ 0 fKi H H ~ H ~ Y A
H e~- T nor0 r O p O A a - r o p 0 , 4 - ~ ar ~A ,e JIOHAOHCKaR 6 e ~ ~ CoM o~r naa 6 b 1 3 a X H T b
YKJIOHHO H CKeIITHYeCKH C p a B H H B a T b MOH Y T B e P W e H H R CO CBOHMH ~06- r 0 p 0 A a - c w a M O r n H aapa6a-
j K H 3 H b I O , 6 n H 3 ~ 0 f i K IIpHPOAe. Y T O ~O ~~ III T ~ T W H
CTBeHHbIMH I I p e A C T a B n e H H R M H 0 6 o n b m u x r O p O n a X H HX X H 3 H H . ECJIHR 6b1- TbIBaTb H a X H 3 H b , T a M AOJIXHbI 6 b 1 n A
~ ~ ~ ~ C T B OI I pBO~MT
bI~
LuneHHbIe IIpeA-
na HeTOYHa B K ~ K H X - n H~ 6~ 0~ J ~ I ~ A ~ HHn H R
0 ~x1 1 ~ 6 n a c bB K~KHX-mi60 ropona, Xayapn O T H H ) H~ ~e npemaran C T P O H T ~
~ p w I T E I R :o T s e p r a K p y n H b I e
YM03aKJIIOYeHHRX, H w e I o C b , 9 T O 3 T H O ~ O L U H O C T H6 ~ ~ ~ I8C T P~HOc n p a B n e - CnmbHbIe npHrOpOAbI. Ero 4 e T I b I o 6 b m o CO3AaHHe CaMOAOCTaTOYHbIX M.3JIbIX
H ~ IC
. a ~ o ren a B H o e -H a M O H ~OO ~ X O A H MFOH T ~ C R H M ~ AI O ~ X H ~ I
T ~ ~ H H ropoAOB -rOpOAOB A ~ ~ ~ C T B H TO Y
~ e~H b~ nPEIRTHbIX,
H O e U l H TOJIbKO BbI Y m O -
K a K MOXHO C K O p e e n P H M e H H T b H a I I p a K T H K e BCe H a I I I H AOCTOBepHbIe 3HaHEIR BeK I I o C J I ~ I I I H ~ IH~ e~ ,H M f e T e C O ~ C T B ~ H H ~
WII X
a H O B H COrJIaCHbI I I p O X H T b
0 K p y n ~ b roponax,
~ x c n o c o 6 ~ b r ne p H H e c T H n o n b 3 y . e m~ nmnefi, T a m e H e H M e I o q H x C O ~ C T B ~ H H n~ nI aXa o B .
~ K E Zc~p H K ~ HKBO
BCeXy?.OIIHRX, n p a B 0 H M e T b CBOH C K O ~ ~ K O - ~ HC6e yp b~e b3 H b I e W I a H b I OCTaB-
R yxe qenana ~ o e - K ~~ K e ~Ho ~6 p b s1 ea ~ e ~ 06a ~O ~m
T O A O K C ~ J I ~ rpwo-
HO~~ m ~ 3aoco6ofi
~ Te, KTO B O ~ ~ I I ~ Bnpoem.
~ R ~ T n p e ~ n o n a r a n o c bO K P ~ ~ H T ~ ro-
C T P O H T ~ J I ~ HTO
eO~ P~H H H C&?JIZlIO €!We, K O r A a IIpeACTaBHTCCI UIyYafi. B HaCTOR- p O A - C w C ~ ~ ~ C K O X O ~ R ~ ~ C TIIORCOM.
B ~ H H ~&II M
R IIPOMbIIXTeHHOCTH 6 h m a 3a-
Wee B p e M R 3 T H OPTOAOKC&lbHbIe H A e H -Y a C T b HaLIIerO C$oJIbKJIopa. O H H IIJIaHHpOBaHa n p O M b I r w I e H H a R 3 0 H a , LIIKOJI, X W I b I X AOMOB H JIJCKafK -
B p e A H b I TeM, YTO MbI I I p H H H M a e M HX KaKAOJIXHOe. Y T O ~IIOKa3aTb,
~I K a K OHH m m a o ~ aB; q e H T p e A O ~ U K H ~ I pacnonaraTbcFI T o p r o m e npegnpmm,
B03HHKJIH H K a K ma60 OHH O T p a X a I o T ~ ~ ~ ~ c T B H T ~ J I ~RHAoa M
c T3AeCb
~ , KpaT- 1u1y6b1 H K y n b T y p H b I e F p e W e H m , n o A q e p x H B a e M b I e 3a 0 6 q ~ fcYeT.
i B qe-
KHfi O Y e p K CaMbIX BJIHRTenbHbIX Ha&, BHeCLIIHX ~ a k 1 6 0 n b L I I H f i B K J I w B aKCH- JIOM rOPOAOK H 3eTIeHb1fi nORC A O n X H b I 6 b 1 . i HaXOAHTbCCI
~~ IIOA nOCTORHHbIM
OMbI C O B p e M e H H O r O OpTOAOKC&lbHOrO r p a A O C T p O H T e J I b C T B a H r O p O A C K O r 0 KOHTpOneM O ~ ~ ~ C T B ~ HO H
prO
a H~a ,OOTBeTCTBeHHOrO 3 a CO3AaHHe H p a 3 B H -
apXHTeKTypHOr0 ~ H 3 a f i ~ a " . me ropo~a-cwa.3 w a ~ 3 a ~ 0 r oop r a H a -n p e c e K a T b c n e K y m q H I o F a c T r c a -
MII H ~ e p a q k ~ o ~ a n b no ~ bero
~ eM , HeHam, nepeMeHbI B a e r n e n o n b a o ~ a ~ ~ ~ ,
* Y a ~ a ~ e nKaO,T O P ~ I MHyxHa xap- Unwin R. Nothing Gained by Overtcrow- a T a m e H e A o n y c K a T b p o c T a ~ O T H O C T HH a c e n e H m . K o p o ~ er o B o p R -cne-
THHa 6onee IlOAHaR a BMeCTe C TeM 60- ding. [London, I912 Pi gp.1; Le Corbusier. AHTb, 9~0661 rOpOAOK H e nPeBPaq&lCCI B 6onaruofi rOpOA. B H e M AOJIXHO 661-
nee cosyBcTseHHaR, qeM MOR,M O ~ V The City of Tomorrow and Its Planning. no X H T b H e 6onee TpPiAIJaTH TbICCIY Y m O B e K .
O~P~TMT~ KC IICT09HIIKaM,
R KOTOpbIe [London, 1929 a gp.]. ~ Y ~ I M K PG~ T K M ~ ~
OqeHb J I K J ~ O I I ~ I T H ~ oI , c o 6 e ~ ~Ho-
o: 0630p, K O T O P ~ IR~~ H ~ I H-)3, ~ 0 COBO- TOT n o A x o A xoporuo o x a p a ~ ~ e p a 3 0 ~Ha r~r T rnefisep ~ H B xyp-
ward E. Garden Cities of Tomorrow. KJTIHOCT~ BbUepxeK, OSarJIaBJICHHaR H m e Architectural Forum: ~ 3 o6pa3eq a 6 b m B3RT a ~ r n k ~ f i c ~ IkIiPfOi B H H q H a n b -
[London, 1902 a gp.]; Mumford L. The ~ ~ ~ s s u m ~ tand
i o nGoals
s of City Plan- ~ b 1 f rOpOAOK
i C T a p b I X B p e M e H , T O n b K O BMeCTO n O M e q H Y b e r 0 A O M a C nap-
Culture of Cities. [London, 1938 agp.]; n i n p a cogepxawaRcR B m a r e : KOM -O ~ W ~ C T B ~ U ~ AepeBbRMH C K P ~ I T~
~ 3a
H eHs T~p ,I H ~ Io e - ~ a m + ~e~ P H K H ,
Geddes P. Cities in Evolution. [London, Haar C.M. Land Use Planning: A Case-
Y T O ~ ~ I 6~b m
I 0~ r A
~ eM
3apa6a~b1~a~b),.
1915 a gp.]; Bauer C. Modem Housing. book on the Use, Misuse and Re-use
[Boston, 19341; Stein C. Toward New of Urban Land. [Boston, 1959 ki gp.]. C a ~ b ~6fnia 3 ~ a f~i M ~ P H K ~ H CaK~Ha ~
n ~o-
r B~PORTHO,~ e ~ ~ f i
Towns for America. [N.Y., 1957 a gp.]; 06pa3110~b1fi MOHOrOpOA, <(ropoA0 ~ ~ 0K Of Mi n a H H H ) ) C F a c T a e M p a 6 o s ~ x
[ 30 1 r. B e e d e ~ u e r. B e e b e ~ u e [ 31 1
B n p a 6 b m x H C POAHTenbCKO-IIeAarOrIIYeCKMMH aCCOUHaUWIMH, PYKOBOPP- HL?g. OH COBePLUeHHO H e A y M m 0 C 0 3 A a H H H Y C J I O B H ~AJIR ~ YKPeIIJIeHHR 3THX
pw~0fi
WHMH ~ ) ' T H H H o ~~, I I O J I H T W Z I ~ C KXH3HbH).
O~~ M 6 0 X a y a p ~H M e n B BH- + ~ H K ~ H C ~n ,o c K o n b K y ero n p o e K T B n 1 0 6 o ~
cnyqae H e n p e g ~ a 3 ~ a ~ AJIR
a n c ~
Ay H e TOJlbKO HOBYIO M a T e p H a n b H Y K ) CPeAY H O ~ H O B ~ ~ H HCO4HZlJIbHyK) ~ H , x a 3 H H T a K O r O poAa.
X H 3 H b , HO ewe H IIaT€!PHaAHCTCK)W IIOJIHTHKO-3KOHOMHYeCKyK) CHCTeMY. K ~ BKTOM, T O er0 3a60~m0,TaK H B TOM, H a Y T O OH H e 06pawm
T ~ HMe M e H e e , y ~ a 3 b 1 ~ rnefisep,
a e ~ ropo,q-ca 6b1n G ~ Y M ~ H ~ ~ H M a H k i fnpORBE3K)TCFI
l, OCMbICJIeHHOCTb n p e , 4 7 I o X e ~ H f i Xayap~a
B paMKaX
y y H P e L U e H H e er0 n p o 6 n e ~H
K a K m b T e p H a T H B a 6 o n b ~ ~ r 0o p~O A ; a 3TOM OC- era CHcTeMbI H IIOJIHaFI HX HeCOCTORTenbHOCTb B OTHOLUeHHH KpYnHbIX r O p O -
H O B b I B m a C b H OCHOBbIBaeTCfI KOJIOCCmbHaFI I I p H T R r a T e n b H a F I C w I a 3 ~ 0 frpa-
i gOB. O A H ~ K O~ ~ K T H Y ~ CBCe -
K HC O B p e M e H H O e l?PmOCTpOHTeJlbCTBO B HHX
A O C T ~ O H T ~ ~HAeH,,.
~ H O ~X ~a y a p ~ y y A i 3 J L O C bnOCTpOHTb A B a TaKHX r O p O A a - C a - 3 ~ X0m K H e B a p H a u H H H a 3aHMCTBOBaHHbIe Y H e r 0 TeMbI.
Aa -n e Y y 0 p ~
H Y ~ J I B E I H H,
, K P O M e TOrO, IIOCJle B ~ o p o fM
i H P O B O ~B~ O ~ ~ H ~ I B n m ~ a eXayapga H a aMepEiKaHcKoe r p a g o c T p o m e n b c T B o
B A~rnm
M~ B ~ ~ Eno n pIH H q H n y r o p o ~ a - c a ~
I E ~ a~ ICO3AaH
J I pm rOpOAOB- B ~ p y n H b I Xr O p O A a X IIIJIO 110 ABYM H a I I p a B n e H m M : BO-IIepBbIX, CO CTOPOHbI
CII)'THHKOB. B CmA YaCTHYHbIMH H M O A E I @ E I ~ I I P O B ~ H H ~BOIlJIOweHHRMH
IM~~ ~ p O e K T k i P O B ~ k i K OMaJIbIX
B rOPOAOB M PerHOHZSlbHbIX IIPOeKTHPOBwHKOB, BO-
3 ~ 0 fWi e H CTaJIH P 3 ~ 6 e BpIIITaTe
~ H b m - A X ~ P C HH IIOCTpOeHHbIe B rOAbI Aen- B T O P ~ I X ,CO CTOPOHbI aPXHTeKTOPOB. ~ O B O P RO IIepBOM H a I I p a B n e H H H , OTMe-
peccm npn @ M H ~ H C O B On o~ m ~ e p x K e rocyaapcma ropoga < o e n e ~ o rnoaca,) o capa n a ~ p t i remeca,
~a z u o T n a w c K o r o 6 ~ o n o rH
a @moco@a,y B w e s m e -
(@~KTIIY~CKH n p ~ r o p o ~ b HO
~ )B. n m m e Xayap~a, n o H H M a e M o e KaK 6 y ~ ~ m b - ro B H A e e T o ~ o A ~ - cH ~e TOnbKO
A~ ~ @ @ ~ K T H B HCpeACTBO
O~ IIPOTHB p O C T a
H o e EUIH OTYaCTH 6 y ~ ~ Z U l b @ ~H o e~ H Y ~ c KBOIlJIOUJeHHe
o~ er0 I I p O r p a M M b I , - ~ a c e n e H E . u rB 6 0 n b z u ~ xI'OpOAaX, HO H HCXOAHYIO TOYKy&JH YerO-TO H a M H O r O
HHYTO CpaBHeHHKJ C er0 BJlHRHHeM H a nOCTYJIaTb1, J l e X a w H e H b I H e B OC- Gonee M ~ c I L I T ~ ~ H o ~OH
o . pa3MbIIILTlHA 0 IIpOeKTHPOBaHHH 6 o n b m ~ rOpOAOB
x
HOBe BCerO a M e p H K a H C K O r 0 ~ p m O C T p O H T e J l b C T B a .~ ~ ~ o c T ~ o H T H~rOpOA-
J I H B KaTerOPHRX I I p O e K T H P O B a H m U e n b I X P e r H O H O B . B paMKaX PerHOHaJIbHOrO
c K a e A ~ a a f i ~ e p 6 1p,a 6 0 ~ a m w B
~ Ke P ~ H ~ ropoaax
I X H H e EiHTepecymqkiecR npOeKTHp0BaHkUI OH npf?,L(nOnarm, YTO r O P O A a - C a b 1 6 y ~ pa3YMHbIM
y ~ o6pa-
~ O ~ O A O M - C ~ , ~K O
a KMTaKOBbIM, B H H T e A J I e K T y m b H O M I I n a H e HaXOARTCR IIOA 3 0 M PaCCeRHbI no 6 0 n b L U t i ~TePPHTOPKHM C P e T O M HZUlHYm IIpHPOAHbM pe-
C E U I ~ H ~ ~ ~ I IBI H
OM~ A ~ ~ ~ C T er0
B H IIpHHuHIIOB.
~M CypCOB H H ~ O ~ X O A H M O C TYPZiBHOBelLIeHHOrO
H YepeAOBaHHR C ~ e J I b ~ ~ 0 ~ 0 3 R f i -
X a y a p ~IIYCTHJI B 0 6 0 ~ M0 O~w H b I e H p a 3 P Y L U H T e n b H b I e AJIR CTBeHHbIMH YI'OAbRMH HJIeCHbIMH MaCCHBaMH. Bce AOJIXHO 661~10
COCTaBJLFITb
6 o n ~ ~ r ao pxo g o B H A e H . OH nonaran, YTO c @YHKUHRMH r O p O A a C n e A y e T OAHO O ~ I I I M P H On ~o r H Y e c K o e uenoe.
0 6 0 f i ~ H c bTaK: p a 3 A e n H T b M e W y co6oii BCe OCHOBHbIe C I I O C O ~ ~HCIIOJIb30-
I MAeH Xayap~a H r e ~ ~ e 6cba1 n ~C 3HTY3Ha3MOM BOCIIpHHRTbI
B a H H R I'OPOACKO~~ C p e A b I H ~ a w b l f Oi P r a H H 3 0 B a T b 6onee EYrH M e H e e H e 3 a - B A M ~ ~ BH1 9K2 0~- e rOAbI H P a 3 B H T b I r p J T I n 0 f i H ~ o ~ ~ I Y ~ AGe RHToe n b H b I X
BHCHMO. U e ~ ~ p a n b ~npo6ne~ofi, o f i K O T O P O ~IIOAYHHeHO
~ BCe OCTalIbHOe, Pi yBJleYeHHbIX J l H , ~ e f i -~ ~ I ~ H C M O ~MM @ O ~ A K OJMI ~, ~ ~ H CCOTM~ ~ ~ H IIO-OM,
OH C Y H T m ~ ~ o ~ J I ~ M ~ ~ A XoK ~T IoH uBa ,oKOTOPOe, ~ o IIO er0 MHeHIIIO, AOJEUHO K O ~ H ~ I~M~ H P P ~H~ ~ T~o TMP , H 6aJG'p
H M APJTHMH. XOTR CaMM OHH CYHTallH
6bIJI0 COeAHHHTb B ce6e + ~ 3 k i Y e ~ K HKaYeCTBa e IIPHI'OPOAOB H CO4HZUlbHbIe - c e 6 perHOH&llbHbIMH
~ IIpOeKTHpOBlUHKaMH, ~ T P H H6aJG'p CPaBHHTWIbHO
MZUlbIX rOpOAOB. To~I'oBAK) OH I I O H H M m KaK IIpeAOCTaBJleHHe CTaHAapTHOrO, HeAaBHO H a 3 B m a 3TY r p p I I y A e u e H T p H C T a M H , H 3 T 0 6onee Y n a Y H O e H a 3 B a -
PYTRHHOrO ~ a 6 o p TaO B a p O B H 0 6 c n y X H ~ a ~ H3aMKHJJTOrO
e BHYTPM c e 6 ~ HHe, IIOTOMy ZIT0 OCHOBHbIM p e 3 y n b T a T O M P e r k I O H m b H O I ' O IIpOeKTHpOBaHkIH,
PbIHKa. X0p0Ulee r p a A O C T p O H T e n b C T B 0 OH I I O H H M a n K a K IIOCJleAOBaTenb- no PIX MHeHHK), AOJlXHa 6 b m a CTaTb a e u e H T p i W I k i 3 a u H R KpYIIHbIX rOpOAOB,
HOCTb CTaTHYeCKHX aKTOB; B K a W O M C J l y Y a e I I p O e K T A O J l X e H IIpeABOCXH- n p e a n p m ~ ~~3nrngei.i
p a 3 p e x e H t i e H a c e n e H m B HMX, p a c n p e A e n e H n e fi no ro-
W a T b BCe, YTO 6 y ~ He~ O~~ X O A H M OH ,IIoCJIe p e a J l H 3 a u M H 6 b 1 ~ b3 a w H w e H H b I M p o A a M M e H e e K P ~ H ~ IHMO T A W I ~ H ~ I ~ r gpyra, a ewe n y Y m e -no M a -
M p y o~
OT J I I O ~ M XM ~ M ~ H ~ K O M~e ,CaMbIX M e n K H X . OH I I O H H M a l l r p a A O C T P O H -
H pM n b I M r O p O A a M . B TO BPeMFI H a C W I e H H e C m A CTapWIO H yBWIHYHB&jlOCb M e n -
TeJlbCTBO 110 C W e C T B y B IIaTepHalIMCTCKOM, Y T O ~ H
~ eI C K a 3 a T b a B T O P H T a p - JleHHbIMM T e M I I a M H , H n p o 6 n e ~ aK , a K ee T O r A a BHAeJIH, 3 a K J I I o Y a l l a C b H e
HOM, AyXe. CTOPOH~I
~ O P O A C K OmLI3HkI,
~~ KOTOPbIe HWIb3R 6 b m 0 a 6 c ~ p a r H p 0 - B TOM, 9~0661 P ~ ~ M ~ C TG H b ~Tc ~~ p o p a c ~ y IHq ae ce e n e m e , a n n z u b B TOM, TO-
er0 yTOIIHIo, H e HHTepeCOB?UlH er0 BOBCe. B YaCTHOCTH,
B a T b H BKJIIOYHTb B 6b1 p a c n p e n e n m b H a c e n e m e 6onee ma M e H e e C T ~ ~ W I ~ H O ~ .
OH IIOIIPOCTY HrHOPkiPOBZUl CJI0XH)W H MHOrOnHKYIO K Y J I b W H Y I O X H 3 H b O r - K ~ MKB w a e c a M o r o Xayap~a,B n m m e 3 ~ 0 fri p p m COCTOR-
POMHOrO r O p O A a . Ero H e HHTepeCOBaJlH T a K H e CIOXeTbI, KaK I I O ~ A e p X a H H e JIO H e CTOnbKO B ~YKBCLJI~HOM IIPHHFITHH ee I I p O r p a M M b I ( K ~ KTaKOBaR O H a H e
IIOpRAKa B K P p H b I X rOpOAaX, H ~ y I I J t i f iB HHX O ~ M HAeRMH,
~ H HX IIOnHTHYe- Ama p e 3 y J l b ~ a ~ a )CKOAbKO
, B B O ~ A ~ ~ ~ C T HB aHIIPOeKTHPOBaHMe
M B KppHbIX
CKOe Y C T P O ~ ~ C T B OB03HHKHOBeHHe
, B HHX HOBbIX 3KOHOMHYeCKHX 06paso~a- r o p O A a X H 3 a K O H O A a T e n b C T B 0 , K a C a I O W e e C R X W J I H ~ H O I ' OCTPOHTeJIbCTBa,
XWIkiwHOI'O X O ~ H ~ ~ C
EI T B +~E I H ~ H C I ? P O B ~ H I . LC
EIX ~ .X ~ M06pa3q0~0fi
~I 3ac~p06- T e m b ~XElnH~HOrO CTpOHTWbCTBa, KOTOpbIe LIIIIH PYKa 06 pYKYC 3TkiMH
KM, p a 3 p a 6 0 ~ a ~ ~Cb T
I e~ EI P&TOM
~~H OM Pi p e a J I H 3 0 B a H H b I e UIaBHbIM 0 6 p a 3 0 ~ T p y A a M H ElnH I I p O H C T e K ~ HH 3 HHX, @ e ~ e p a J I b ~ 3aKOHOAaTenbCTBO
oe B toe-
B IIpHrOpOJ(aX W I H H a OKpaHHaX 6 o n b r u a x rOpOAOB, H a p W C TeKCTaMH, AHa- pe X H J ~ ~IIRero + H H ~ H C H P O B ~ H H RH, c n b I T a B m e e npnivoe s n H R H H e H O B ~ I X
r p a M M a M H , 3CKEI3aMH H +OTOCHHMK~MEI,I l p e A C T a B n e H H b I M H M~M+O~~OM n o A x o A o B , -BCe 3 T 0 H e H M e n O H k i 9 e r O 061qero H H C IIOHHMaHHeM 6 0 n b r u ~ x
EI 6ay3p, AeMOHCTpEIpOBalIEI EI IIOIIpHPH3HPOBaJIEI Wen, n o ~ o 6 ~ bCJIeAylO-
r e r o p o ~ o HM ~ , c X e n a H E I e M n o M o Y b EIM A O ~ H T ~ Cycnexa.
R Ta~kixqenefi, co6-
WHM, nPEIHHMaeMbIM HbIHe B OPTOAOKCanbHOM I'PWOCTPOklTWbCTBe KaK HeYTO C T B ~ H H OH
, H e CTaBElnOCb. U W b 6 b m a -B b I K E I m b 6 o n b m ~ reO p O A a H a C B m -
c a M o co6ofip a 3 y ~ e m r q e e c ymqa-
~: rrnoxm cpeAa ~ r rYrW o B e K a ; A o M a om- w,pf ~ e q e H T p H C T b 13 T O r 0 H e C K p b I B m H .
HbI OTBePHJTbCR OT H e e H CMOTPeTb B A P y l y I O CTOPOHY, H a YKPOMHbIe 3 W e H b I e T ~ HMe M e H e e B LUKOnaX I'PaJOCTPOHTWbCTBa EI a p X H T e K r y p b 1 ,
JTOnKEI; 9 a C T a R C e T b YJlEIq He3KOHOMHYHa, T a M BbIEIrPbIBaIOT TOAbKO CIIeKy- B Ko~rpecce,B 3aKOHOAaTenbHbIX O p r a H a X IIITaTOB EI B I'OPOACKEIX COBeTaX
ILFIHTbI HeABHXkiMOCTbIO, H3MePRIOwEIe CTOHMOCTb ~ Y T ~ M @acWa;
EI 6a30~ofi rcpyrrHbIX rOpOAOB W e H A e q e H T p H C T O B MaJIO-nOM&Ty yTBepAElnHCb KaK py-
r o pqo Aec Kf o ri o a m a f i ~A
e ~ ~ ~ ~ a o m a 6 b 1 ~ Hb e ymqa, a K s a p T a n , B oco6e~- KOBO#IwEIe IIOCQ'JIaTbI ,4JIR KOHCTPyKTEIBHOrO n p e o 6 p a 3 0 ~ a ~CaMHX
m 3TEIX
HOCTH Y K P Y I I H ~ H H ~<<CYIIepKBapTann;
I~~ TOPrOBnR A O n X H a 6 b 1 ~ bOTAeJIeHa OT ~ p y l I H b 1 XrOPOAOB. BO B C ~ IGI e r ~ a n b ~nOBeCTH
~fi 3TO CaMOe n O p a 3 H T e n b H O e :
X W I b R EI 3 W e H b I X ~ a c a X j J e ~ E I fW
i; b I AaHHOrO I ' O p O ~ C K O r OyYaCTKa B TOBa- n m A H , KOTOPbIe EICKpeHHe XOTenH y K p e n H T b K P w H b I e r O p O A a , B K O H q e KOH-
pax M O X H O <<IIOACYHTaTbHayYHO)), H 3 T O 3HaYHT, YTO T O p r O B n e OTBOAHTCR QOB B 3 m H H a BOOPYH(eHHe P e q e n T b I , OTKPbITO n P e A H a 3 H a s e H H b I e ,4JIR TOrO,
CTOJIbKO-TO M e C T a H H e 6 o n b m e ; IIpHCJTCTBHe 6 0 n b ~ ~ o YEICJIa
r o IIOCTOPOH- Y T 0 6 b ~IIOAOpBaTb EIX 3KOHOMEIKY H YHEI9TOXHTb EIX.
HHX -B JIyYLUeM UlyWe H ~ O ~ X O A E I M3JI0,
O ~ EI XOpOIIIee rPWOCTPOEITelIbCTBO q e n o ~ e ~B~MBHHYBLUEIM
o~, ~ a x 6 o n e e~ + + ~ K T Hnpemome-
o ~
T p e M H T b a no ~ p a f i ~ eMfeip e K wlrr103~1u nparoponaoro y e , q m e H m .
~ o mCo me 0 TOM, KaK BHeAPEITb BCe 3 T 0 aHTEII'PWOCTPOEITWbCTB0 IIPRMO B TIpeCJIO-
A ~ ~ ~ H T P M KpOMe
C T ~ I TOrO,
, nOBTOpRnEI BCJIeA 3 a X a y a p J ( 0 ~ , YTO CnPOeKTHPO- BYTbIe U H T W W H HeCIIpaBell,jlHBOCTEI, 6 b m ~ B P O I I ~ ~ ~ aPXEITeKTOP C K H ~ ~ ne K0p-
B a H H a R TePPEITOPWr A O n X H a X H T b KaK aBTOHOMHaFI eAHHHIJa, 9 T O O H a A O m - 6 m 3 b e . B 1 9 2 0 - e r o A b I O H p a 3 p a 6 0 ~ a . nn p o e K T Aysesap~ororopoaa -
H a COnpOTEIBnRTbCH n 0 3 n ~ e f i L U E III~e p e M e H a M EI 9 T O KaXjJafI C Y U e C T B e H H a mpOAa-MeYTbI, COCTORIqerO H e E13 HH3KMX 3 ~ a ~ H frOPFI90
i , ~ K I ~ H MAeIJeHT-
~IX
A e T m b BHJTPH H e e AOruKHa C CaMOrO H a Y W I a 6 b 1 ~ bIIOAKOHTPOAbHa IIPOeKTH- pEICTaMEI, a, H ~ O ~ O ~ I'naBHbIM
O T , 0 6 p a 3 0 ~H 3 H ~ ~ O C K ~ p~a C~ n O nBO X
, eHHbIX
P O B w H K a M H BnOCJIWCTBHEI 6 e p e x ~ COXPaHRTbCR.
0 Kopoge rOBOpR, xoporuee B napKe. <<AO~YCTHM,
M ~ ~I ' b e 3 ~ BaropoA
e ~ sepea 6onbmoii n a p K , -n a r u e T
I'pWOCTpOEITelIbCTBO -3TO p a 6 o ~ ano XeCTKO 3 W a H H O M Y npOeKQ'. Kop6msbe. --Ham 6 b 1 ~ ~ p b I~f iB T O M O ~ HeCeTCR
E L ~ ~ n0 CneqEIaJIbHO npunon
q ~ 0 6 b 1p e 3 Y e n O g 9 e p K H y T b H ~ O ~ X O ~ E I M OB CHOBOM
T~ nOpqL(Ke TOG T p a c c e M e m y BenHYeCTBeHHbIMEI ~ e 6 o c ~ p e 6 a ~no k iM ; epe n p ~ 6 n ~ -
A e q e H T p H C T b I 0 6 p ~ l m H c bH a C K B ~ P H ~~ ~I a~p~b 16f0i n b ~ ~ 0 fr 0i p O A . 6 a R C H e e BbIpHCOBbIBaIOTCH H a OH^
X e H H R A B m I J a T b 9 e T b I p e ~ e 6 o c ~ p e BCe
Y c n e x H , AOCTHrHyTbIe B 6 0 n b ~ rOpOAaX,
~ ~ x EIX H e EIHTepeCOBaJIH. MX EIHTepe- ~ e 6 amesa
; H cnpasa OT H a c H a O K p a m a x K a X j J o r o o T A e n b H o r o yYacTrca H a -
COBmH HeyAa9H. H e y n a s ~ o6 b 1 n o B c e . K H M ~ Hn, o ~ o 6 ~ b <1 <e K y n b ~ y p6onb-
e XO#ITCR MYHHqEIIIaJIbHbIe H mMHHEICTPaTHBHbIe 3AaHHR; 3aMbIKaIOT npOCT-
IIIEiX rOPOAOB), M a M + o p ~ a ,60nbrrrefi 9aCTbIO n p e A C T a W E I ~060fi R3BHTWb- PaHCTBO M y 3 e H H yHEIBepCHTeTCKHe KOpIIyCa. B e c b r O p O A - 3TO 6 0 1 1 b ~ ~ o f i
H b I e H TeHAeHIJEI03HbIe KaTalIOI'H nOPOKOB. 6 0 n b I I I 0 f i rOPOA Ha3bIBanEI IIapK>). B BepTEIKaJIbHOM FOpOAe Ae Kop6103be WIOTHOCTb H a c e n e H n R CpeA-
M e r a J I o n o n E I c o ~ , T E I p a ~ o n o n E I c oH
~ ,~ K ~ o ~ o ~ E I c oYYAOBEIweM,
M, AeCIIOTOM, H e r 0 AOCTaTKa A O n X H a 6bma COCTaBnRTb I 2 0 0 Y e n O B e K H a a K p -+ ~ H T ~ C T H -
XWBbIM BOIIlIOIQeHEIeM CMePTEI. C H H M H ~ O ~ X O A W M661110
O pa3AenaTbCH. 9 e C K H MHOrO, HO H 3 - 3 a O Y e H b 60nb1110fi BbICOTbI 3 a a ~ P i G95% TePpHTOpEIEI
a C T b M ~ H X ~ TMTa ~ +Ho p
C ~ ~ A H I O IYO ~ AHa3Ba-n (<OTBepgeBLUHM XaOCOM>). H. e 6 o c ~ p e 6 aA O
MOlXEI OCTaBaTbCR C B O ~ O A H ~ I M H ~n X H O 661x0 XaaTEITb 5%
O ~ ~ ~ T EI~B HW 6onb111~x
H R rOpOAOB, IIO MHeHEIH, C ~ a f i ~- a ,H e 9 T O HHOe, 3eMJIH. JIIOaefi C BbICOKEIMEI A0XOAaME.I TIpeAyCMaTpHBaJIkiCb H e CTOnb BbI-
K a K <<XaOTEIYeCKaFIC J I y Y a f i ~ o c ~ .b..COBOKJ7IIHOCTb H ~ O ~ W ~ H H ~ nPOTkIB0- I X , COKkIe AOMa-nIOKC C BHYTPeHHHMEI ABOPaMH, n p H 3TOM C B O ~ O ~ ~ H ~ AOJIX-
IMII
p e s a w ~~x p y~r p y r ny p ~ x o ~ eMfHi o r t i x ~ ~ O ~ ~ H T P H Y ~H e~ 6I nXa, r o p a a y ~ ~ b 1 x HbI 6 b m OCTaBaTbCR
~ 85% TepPIITOPHEI. B p a 3 H b I X MeCTaX npeAn0naranocb
n a ~ ~ o c ~ e frio) p, .o ~ c ~ oqfeim p - < < a B a a c q e a a ,H a K O T O P O ~r ~n a B H b I e p o n H IIoCTpOHTb P e C T O p a H b l H T e a T p b I .
H r p a I o T IIIYM, r P R 3 b , I I o ~ P o L U ~ ~ ~ H H ~ ~ CTOPrOBILFI
TBO, CYBeHHPaMEI kI KPHIUIH- ne K o p 6 1 o s b e IIpOeKTkIpOBaJI H e TOnbKO M a T e p H a J I b H J W CpeAy.
B ~ F aI r p e c c n B H a R p e m a M a > >(6ay3p). OHp a 3 p a 6 a ~ b 1 ~ EI
a nH e m c o q ~ a n b ~yyToo n H I o . AIOAH,no ero W o s a M , om-
M KaK, C n p a l I I H B a e T C R , M O X e T H e Y T O CTOnb A y p H O e 6 b 1 ~ b
AO- HbI ~ ~ I J IIIOJIJTkfTb
H MaKCkiMJfM H H A H B ~ Y & T ~ HCO
BO~ ~OA~I, K O T O P O ~OH,
C T O ~ ~ HnOIIbITKH
O ~ O H M M ~ HT
~P~Y
RA ~I
? AeIJeHTPHCTOB, W e HB0 6 n a c apXEI-
~~ W K e T C R , IIOHHMaJI H e C K O ~ I ~ K O - H H
LUEIPOKYH)
~ Y ~ ~ CBO~OAY
AeRTenbHOCTkI,
a C B O ~ O AOT~ 0 6 b 1 4 ~ 0 f iOTBeTCTBeHHOCTE?. B er0 ~ Y X ! ~ ~ ~ rHO pOO M A e H e IIpeA- emeMoi? 9 a ~ ~ b CH B) O ~ G CXeMbI, I4 3 T a W e R B 1 9 2 0 - e I4 B HaWLTle 1 9 3 0 - X 6 b m a
IIOJIaranOCb, 9 T O KTO-na60 M O X e T 6 b 1 ~ bc(CT0pOXeM 6 p a ~ CBOeMy)). y HHKOM~ H O B ~ f~i ,o J I ~ p 4 e f OH i . BKnIOWUI B n p O e K T 6on~ruae CKOpOCTHbIe OAHOCTO-
H e H W O ~ O P O T ~ C3 R 8 P e a n k i 3 a q H H ) CBOLlX WIaHOB. HHKTO H M W M H e CTeCHeH. p o H H a e M a r H C T p U W . OH YMeHbIIIkLn KOJIM9eCTBO YJIkiq, IIOTOMY YTO < < I I e p e -
A e q e ~ ~ p a ac npyrae ~ b ~ n p e a a H H b I e C T O ~ O H H M K Hropona-ca- KpeCTOK - B p a r T p a H C n O p T a ) , . OH I I p e A n O X k m IIPOPbITb n O n 3 e M H b I e YnHUbI
na nparuna B yxac OT npemomeaaoro ne K o p G m 3 b e ropona ~ ~ I I nocpe- I ~ H p rpy30BkiKOB, ki, p a 3 y M e e T C H , n o 4 0 6 ~ 0IIpOeKTL?pOBLUkiKaM r O p o ~ a - c & 4 a ,
AH n a p K a I? A 0 CHX I I O p H e CMRFIHJIH C B O e r O K H e M y OTHOIIIeHHR. OHO661~10 O~ n O c T a p a n c f f y 6 p a ~ nb e u I e x o A o B c ynaq w y B e c T a HX B napaa. Ero ropon
W OCTaeTCR n P L ? M e P H O TaKkiM Xe, K a K Y I I e n a r O r O B AeTCKOrO C m a C < < I I p O r - 6m vAec~ofiM ~ x ~ H ~ ~ k i rX ! IC
pJT ~0K O~PXEIT~KTYPHOG
fi. C ~~ TOsKL? 3 p e H H H
PeCCkiBHbIM 0 6 ~ e ~ kK iK ae3 e~ H H~O M Y AeTCKOMY AOMY. MPOHEIH, OAHaKO, era ~ 0 H q e I I q k i E I6 b m a IIpkiCyIQa OCllenkiTeJIbHaH RCHOCTb, IIpOCTOTa ki r a p M 0 -
COCTOHT B TOM, TO A p e 3 a p ~ b 1 C ropoa i - n p m o e n p o A o n x e H k i e ropona- H ~ H O C T Bce
~ . T a K YIlOpFIAOseHHO, T a K 3PEIM0, T a K IIoHETHo! K ~ BK~ 0 p 0 ~ e i i
C m a . ne K o p 6 m a b e YCBOkm, n O B e p X H O C T H 0 no K p a G ~ e f iM e p e , ~ Y H A ~ M ~ H - pemaMe, o6pa3 yXBaTbIBaeTCR B O A a H Mkir. H a p a c o ~ a ~ ne ~ a KHo p 6 m a b e
~ a n b ~ b o6pa3
1 6 ropona-cma a npacnoco6~nero K B ~ I C O K H Mn n o T H o c m M K a p T H H a C ee ~ ~ O C K O C H~ M? B O J I H K O ~I ~
l O s T a HeOTPa3WMO I I O A ~ ~ ~ C T B OHBa~ J I ~
HaCeJIeHEiH. OH Ha3BZlll CBOe T B O p e H M e ~ O P O A O M - C W O M , I I p e B p a U e H H b I M n p o e K T k i p O B ~ H K O B ~, ~ o M o c T ~ o H T € Y I ,~i J~k~i,3 a f i ~ e p 0 ~,iJeBeTIOnepOB,
, 3afi~oaa-
B H e g T O p e a n H 3 y e M O e . < < ~ O ~ O A-
- CHenOCTEIXEIMaH
~ MesTa, - IIEiCaJI TeneG a MBPOB. OH^ o ~ a 3 a n a c sb p e a ~ b ~ a f ni p~ uo ~ n e ~ a ~ e n b ~ o af ni p o -
OH. - ~ P E I P O AT a~ e T IIOA HaTMCKOM A O P O r ki 3 ~ F l ~ H fHi ,0 6 e m a ~ ~ YenEi-
oe rpeCCEIBHbIX)> YIlOJIHOMOqeHHbIX IIO 30HHPOBaHEII0, KOTOPbIe IIEIllIYT n p a B k i -
H e m e y c T y n a e T M e m o r r n o ~ ~ o i uC yK o n n e H a m x a ~ e nti...
e P e r u e ~ a e- na, P a C C s W T a H H b I e H a TO, 9~06b11106~)llqa~b ~ ~ C T P O ~ ~ ~ E IpKa O
6 0B ~, a m 4 a x
, , ~ e p ~ k i K a J I b ~ bII'fO
i PO~-C~'')). BHe eAEiHOr0 n p O e K T a , IIyCTb B ~ a J I 0 f M 661
i e p e , HO O T P a K a T b MeYTy. C K O J I ~
n y u e 3 a p ~ b 1 f ropoA
i ne K o p 6 m a b e a B , q p y r o M C M b I c n e c T a n npo- HH 6m B y n b r a p e H ma H e y K J I I O X n k i 3 a g ~ CKOnb
, 661HW 6 ~ . m k 1y ~ b m ab 6ec-
~
aonxeHaeM ropoaa-caaa. 2 H M e m B B ~ ero Y c p a B H k i T e n b H o n e r ~ ~n iyin n o A e 3 H b I OTKpbITbIe IIpOCTpaHCTBa, CKOnb 6b1HE1 6bm 6 e 3 0 ~ p BW
~ e C~6na3-
K IIOIIYJSIPHOCTH. Pa3pa6o~sam IIpOeKTOB ropo~a-cma I? Ear BCe 6onee MHO- K o r o p a c C T o H H m , n O n p a m a H H e ne K o p 6 m a b e ~ p a s a KPHKOM:
T aBce rnHAaTe
r o s a c n e H H b I e n o c n e n o B a T e n k i a 3 sacna p e 4 o p ~ a ~ o ~p om~ ~ i a ~CTPOM- o r o H a M ~ H R ! , )K a K r p O M m H O e , 3 p H M O e 3 r 0 , O H O c 0 0 6 4 a e ~0 9 b e M - T O AOCTMCe-
TeJlbCTBa, CTWeHTOB Ei aPXUTeKTOPOB HeyCTaHHO I I p O n a I ' a y r l k i p O B a n H H a e H HWH. HOB TOM, 9 T O KaCaeTCH @~HKIJEIOHEIPOB~HL?R
60nb1110ro I'OpOAa, OHO,
YKpyIIHeHHOI'O ( < C y I I e p K B a p T a l I a > >CIIpOeKTkipOBaHHOI'O
, KaK e A H H 0 e UeJIOe KaK Pi ~ O P O A - C W , H e c006mae~HEI W O B a n p a B n b I .
MaCCEIBa B A ~ H E I HeM3MeHHOCTW
~~, 3aCTp0fiKk1 -Ei T p a B b I , TpaBbI, TpaBbI; 9TO XOTH n e q e H T p E I C T b 1 C HX IIPeAaHHOCTbIO IlneFIlIy ~ T H OX EH 3 -
e 4 e 6onee BZDKHO, OHH C YCnexOM B ~ w a n k oi ~ ~ ~ C T B ~ H H O C TO
T H BCe
, 3T0- Hki B M m e H b K O M r O p O A K e T a K Ei H e nPEIMEiPkmHCb C o 6 p a 3 a ~HapEiCOBaH-
~,
H~O~XOAHM ~I~
npPi3HaKEi r y M a H H O r 0 , C O q H m b H O OTBeTCTBeHHOI'O, ~ Y H K U E I - HMMH ne K o p G m a b e , HX )"-IeHEiKa B ~ O J I ~ I I I E I H C TCBOeM
B~ C ~ a M k ni p a ~ a p k i -
OHaJIbHOrO, EiHTeTIJIeKTyanbHOrO I'pmOCTpOkiTenbCTBa. ne K o p 6 m a b e IIO Cy- AHCb. C ~ ~ O IIpaKTEIseCKEi
~ H R BCe EiCKYIIIeHHbIe r O p O n C K H e ~ k i 3 a G ~ e p b 1
WeCTBy H e H W a~b ny6JIHKe, s T 0 er0 B ~ W ~ OT-
O 6 b ~ 1 0 f l 0 ~ a 3 b I ~llIPip0~0fi HH~ COrIeTaIoT n B e 3 T H KOHqenlJEIW B p a 3 ~ 0 0 6 p a 3 ~ bn 1p O
~ n O P ~ k i H XW B a p H a H T a X .
B e s a e T T ~ ~ ~ O B ~ HI p H O C T H EI ~ O P O A C K O~~Y~H K U I ? O H & T ~ H O C T EI .~
Ml aRH M k i Cnoco6 n e p e c ~ p o i ? ~ E~ ?I ~, B ~ C T HIIOA
~ I GTaKMML? Ha3BaHEIRMH, KaK a a 3 6 a p a -
BeJIPiKm q e n b rpmOCTpOMTeJIbCTBa -A a T b Kpkic~04epyP O ~ E I HBO3MOX-
Y T e n b H O e y A U e H H e > ) ,~ < B H ~ O P O ~ H
3 a~MFe IH a ) ) , <<IIJlaHOBOeO ~ H O B ~ ~ H kmki
M ~ , ,
H O C T ~, q e n a T b n p b ~ r - c ~a
~ o T~p a B K e , TO s e i u nnox ne K o p G m a b e ? B o n n k i ne- a n n a H o B a R p e c T a B p a q a m ( O ~ H ~ ~ ~ I O U H MTO
E I ,n p a r u e ~ r u k i i ?B y n W o K ro-
LJeHTPHCTOB 0 MeXaHEI3aqklEI, Ka3eHWEIHe, CTEipaHEIH nEigHOCTEi MHOrHM K a - ponc~oiiF a C T O K H e CHOCHTCR ~ O A ~ H C T ~ I O- 3) ,~ 0 , no c y ~ nena,
u TPIOK, npa
32IJIWCb rJIYIlbIM CeKTaHTCTBOM. KOTOPOM C T a p b I e 3 n a H m COXPaHRIOTCFI B TaKOM M m O M KOJIHYeCTBe, 9~0661
r o p o n - ~ e s ne
~ a K o p 6 m 3 b e O K a 3 m O r p O M H O e BJIlvIHkie H a H a - V a C T O K T a K a n k i M H a s e M O r IIpeBpaTEiTbCFI B < < I I p k i e I W I e ~ b I f iB) )a p a a H T fly-
IIIEi K P W H b I e r O p O A a . Ero H a BCe n a b 1 paCXBarnlB&Tki apXFiTeKTOpb1, ki IIOCTe- seaap~oro r o p o n a - c ~ aY. n o n ~ o ~ o s e no~ ~3 bo ~ ~ ae p o ~ a ~ a 3a em menonb-
IIeHHO OH 6 b m PeaTIki30BaH B AecIITKaX IIpOeKTOB -OT I'OCynapCTBeHHbIX XEI- 3OBaHEII0, I I p O e K T k i P O B ~ k i K k~i Z l r F i c ~ p a J I e f3aKOHOnaTenI4,
i, IIpOeKTHpOBllJkI-
n b I X MaCCkiBOB AnH M ~ I I O O ~ ~ C I I ~ ~ A
~ 0HKOMIIneKCOB
H ~ I X O ~ M C H ~ 3I nXF l ~ F T f i . KI.I I I a p K O B Ei M e C T OTAbIXa (HHKTO I43 HHX H e X E I B e T B E I ~ e O I I O ~ W Y e C K O M
~OMEIMO
nepeBoAa, no ~ p a f i ~ eMt ei p e B n o s e p m o c T H o M B a p k i a H T e , n p a a q k i - B a ~ y y ~ neO)C T O H H H 0 EICIIOJIb3YIOT A B a 3 T H X MOWHMX o6paaa H Pix 6onee
n o B ropona-cma B n p a K T k i s e c K y I O n n o c ~ o c B~ yb c n o ~ m x rycToHaceneHHoro eHHbIe K O M ~ E I H B
~ K
~ aHs e~C T
~ B e XeCTKHX OPEleHTEIPOB. OHMMOrYT
6 o n b r u o r o ropoaa, M e s T a ne K o p G m a b e aa~nmsana B ce6e a Apyrae syneca. TbCR OT <<kineFlJlOB),,B y J l b I ' a p H 3 k i p O B a T b EiX, EInTEI H a KOMnPOMEIC-
OHIIOIIbITaJICR S q e n a T b I I l I a H H p O B a H l l e ~ B T O M O ~ ~ ~A H B MOXIe 'HO m HeOT%- CbI -HO TOYKH O T C q e T a PiMeHHO TaKOBbI.
[ 37 I
T e n e p b 6poc1.1~ ~ 3 r ~ e~a qe H
q a OAHJJ, H e c K o n b K o M e H e e ,B
- A p x k i ~ e ~ ~M
y po aH ~ M ~ H T ~ ~4 e~H H
T P~O B
I xBbILLLJIa Pi3 MOAbI, OA-
reHeaJIOrWIeCKyIo nkiHkiIo B OPTOAOKCaJIbHOM I ' p ~ O ~ O k i T W L C T B BO
e . MHOrOM HaKO CTORIIJaR 3a HkiMki W e R T a K ki H e 6 b m a IIOCTaBneHa IIOA BOIIPOC, Pi HkiKOr-
OHa H a W H a e T c ? C ~ a H A k i 0 3 ~ 0K
f iO J I ~ M ~ O B C K O ~ ~ C O C T O F I B I I I ~ ~ B~ CYki-
BbICTaBKEI, F~ ga o H a H e 6 b m a CTOnb CPUIbHa, K a K CerOAHH. BbIZIJleHeHkiR O n p e A e n e H -
Karo B 1893rony, TO e c T b n p k i M e p H o T o r A a xe, K o r A a X a y a p ~+ o p i w y n k i p o s a n H ~ I XKyAbTYpHbIX, O ~ ~ ~ C T B ~ HMllH
H ~aAMHHkiCTpaTkiBHbIX
I X +YHKL&~, MX
CBOM m e k i ropo~a-cwa.
Y k i ~ a r c ~ BbIcTaBKa
aR n p e ~ e 6 p e m ~ o~m be c ~n aoc b ((~ykillJeHHR))OT COCeACTBa C ~ O ~ O ~ C
O ~K~ I O
J W~H ~H O C T ~I IKP)e K p a C H O cornacy-
K B0JIHYIOllJefi C O B ~ ~ M ~ HapXkITeKTYPe,
H O ~ ~ KOTOPaR HaYaJIa IIOHBTLRTbCFi B YPi- eTcR c n p e A c T a B n e H k i e M o r o p o ~ e - c q e3. ~ k Ki o H q e n q P i k i r a p M o H k i Y e c K k i CO-
i I a H IICeB,L(OpeHeCCaHC. B BbICTaBOZIHOM
KarO, ki B 3 a M e H BbaBkiHYJIa H a I I e p B b ~ f W e p i H w I k i C b I I P H M e P H O T a K Xe, KaK B CJIyYae C ~ O P O , ~ O M - C ~kiOnM
y~e3apHb1M
I I a p K e OAHO 3a A P F W M OTKPbIBankiCb B 3 0 P Y TR?K€?JIOBeCHbIe M O H y M e H T a n b H b I e ropOAOM, ki n O n F P U I C R H ~ K W n$y~~ e 3 a p H b 1 L %
r O p O A - C q KpaCOTbI, I I p P i M e p O M
3AaHEIR, I I 0 ~ 0 6 H b 1 eTJla3kipOBaHHbIM KOH,piTePCKEIM R3AWEIRM H a IIOAHOCe. TO KOTOpOrO M O X e T UIJWHTb O ~ P O M H K
~OI~
M ~~ ~ K C ~ ~ H H K O J I L H - C KBB~ ~b PI C I - f i 0 ~ -
6 b m 0 q a b ki H e Y m p e M n e H H o e B B ~ I C VCTL
~, ki H e n k i m e H H o e y ~ p a r u e ~ k i fHO
i, Ke, ~ 0 H y M e H ~ a J I b H b 1KYJILTYPH~I?
fi U e H T p B AyXe r 0 p 0 ~ KPaCOTbI
a -3TO
B c e x e n p e A s e c T b e TOTO, YTO no 3 ~ ~npepgoxm
ee JIe K o p 6 1 o 3 b e , -c ~ o ~ ~ q k i x OAHH Pi3 P R A a I I P P i M b I K a I C I ~ k l XAPYr K APYrY XWAbIX, TOPrOBbIX ki Y Y ~ ~ H ~ I X
ps,qaMki B n a p I t e oAkiHaKosbIx G ~ L u ~ H
Y .k i ~ a r c ~ O
o per P i a a k i Y e c K o e C K o m e H k i e UeHTPOB B m e l I y ~ e 3 a p ~ o ropoAa
ro m k i f l y ~ e 3 a p ~ o ropona-cqa.
ro
M O H y M e H T m b H O C T H I4 ~ O ~ ~ T C
IIOpa3PVlO
T B ~ ~ 0 0 6 p a I K e ~ PK
i ea K r P w O C T p O k i - M IIO aHaJIOI'Hki KOHIJeIIlJkiR BLIZIIIeHeHkiH, K a K ki K O H q e I I 4 k i R
~enefi,T a K ki n y 6 n k i ~ k i .OHO~ a n Too n s O K , ~ B W K ~ H H I Qn, o n F k i B m e M y ~ a 3 ~ a - n o m e p x a H k i R nopRAKa nyTeM o a~n1o6oe n p o e K T a p o s a H k i e K p o M e
3anpe~H
KPaCOTbI)), kI H e U I j T a f i H 0 er0 n m e p O M CTaJI Y k i ~ a r ~ ~ kapXkiTeK-
Hkie ( < ~ O P O A ifi H c x o A m u e r o OT r n a B H b I x n p O e K T k i P O B ~ k i K O B ,6 b m a n e r K o p a c n p o c T p a H e H a
TOP A~HMW
~ P H ~ ~M0 3, r ~ a ~ k i ~ U IIpOeKTkipOBaHkie
IHfi BbICTaBKki. H a Bce npoqkie @~HKUMM 6 0 n b m o r o ropoaa. Ceroam r e a e p a n b a b ~ f ni n a H 3 e ~ -
UenbIQ, K K O T O P O ~CTPeMkiIICR
~ 0 6 0 6 ~ e H H b I f~
i O P OKpaCOTbI,
A n e n o n b a o s a ~ k Bi ~K~P ~ I I H O M ropoae BO M H o r o M CBOAP~TCRK n p e , q n o x e H k i R M
6 b 1 n o CTaTb M O H Y M ~ H T ~ ~ LrOpOAOM.
HLIM P a 3 p a 6 a ~ b 1 s a n k i c br p a H A H O 3 H b I e 0 pa3MellJeHkiI4, YaCTO B P R 3 K e C TPaHCIIOPTHbIMki BOnpOCaMki, M H O X e C T B a
IIJIaHbI CkiCTeM ~ Y J I L B ~ P O B3,a C T p O e H H b I X ~ ~ P O Y H ~ I M EI
3AaHHRMki (60nbUIefi BbIJeneHHbIX, ( ( O Y k i ~ e H H b I XKOMIIOHeHTOB.
)~
YaCTbIo OHki T a K Pi OCTaJIkiCb I I J I ~ H ~ M HP )e.a J I b H b 1 HaCTIeAkieM,
~ AOCTaBIIIPiMCFi C H a s m a AO KOHL@, OT Xayapaa ki E e p ~ e ,qo ~ anocnea~efino-
H a M OT 3 T O r 0 ABkiXeHHR, C T m 0 6 0 6 ~ e H H b I $ iM O H Y M ~ H T U~e H~T~p , H06-
~I~~ IIpaBKki K 3aKOHY 06 O ~ H O B J I ~ OHP ~O ~A C
~K~ O~~~~C T P O ~ ~BK
e CMb 3TOT
, ~ 0 ~ ~ e k l I b
pa3uOM KOTOPOI'O IIOCJlYXkiJIa YPiKarCKaR BbICTaBKa. B OAHOM GOJI~UIOM H e H M e n ki H e R M e e T HkiKaKOrO OTHOUIeHkiR K + ~ H ~ E I O H U P O B ~ H MKpyIIHbIX
IO
r O p O A e 3 a A P F k i M CTPOElnkiCb q M k i H k i C T p a T H B H b I e kinki KJVIbTYPHbIe QeHTPbI. r o p o A o B . H e k i c c n e a o s a ~ ~ b H~ ee y, A o c T o e H H b I e A o n m o r o p a c e H m , ropoAa
3,4aHHR n k i 6 o CTORnki B pm BAOJIb G y n b s a p a , K a K H a &Hp,lUa~kiH-@pa~K.JIkiH- BbICTyIIWIki B POJIki PkiT)JFIJIbHbIX X e P T B .
napqofi B @ m a ~ e n b + k i k i ,n k i 6 o c M o r p e n k i H a n p o r y n o ~ ~ y3mo ~ (MOJUI),
y KaK
nn60 r p a H k i Y w I k i C IIapKOM, K ~ K & -
n p a B k i ~ ~ b C T B e H H b 1Uf ie H v B K I I k i B n e w e ,
~ k i H k i ~ T p a ~ k i B H bU~e L
H%T p B C ~ H T - ~ W nCk i~6 o, IIepeMeXZlllkiCb C HPiM, K a K &-
~ k i ~ k i ~ ~ p a Q i P~ B~Cb~ ~
~ ekH T H -f @
i P ~ H ~ H CBKJ IO
I O. ~ O MCTIy'Iae C a M O e C N e C T -
B e H H O e 3AeCb, YTO 3AaHEIR-MOHYMeHTbI 6 b m k i OTAeneHbI OT O C T F U I ~ H OYaCTki
~~
ropoAa ki p a c n o n o x e H b I TaK, Y T O ~ A~oIc T k i r a n c R K a K MOXHO 6onee BenkiYecT-
B e H H b ~ f 3i 4 4 ~ 2 K~ O
~ .M ~ ~AOJIXeH
K C 6 b m npOki3BOAkiTb B I I e Y a T I I e H H e CaMO-
CTORTenbHOI'O, 3aKOHYeHHOrO q e J I O r 0 . '
r o p 0 ~ a H rOPAWIPiCL
e CBOkiMU U ~ H T ~ ~HO
M 0HIIOAIIkiHHOM
, MX
ycnexe r o B o p k i T b H e IIPHXOAHTCR. B o - n e p s b ~ x ,o K p y x a B m k i e k i x 0 6 b 1 ~ ~ b 1 e
1 e k i 3 M e H H O npkiXOAkyIH B W w O K BMeCTO T O r O , Y T O ~ ~ I
rOpOACKkie p a f i 0 ~ b H
C T p e M k i T e n b H O Pa3BkiBaTbCFi, ki B O K p F K W O I ' O U e H ~ p B03HklKanO
a ~ec006-
p a 3 H O e KOnblJO ki3 3aXyAallbIX TaTy-CmOHOB, MaTa3kiHOB CeKOH&-X3HJ(a ki BCe-
B03MOXHbIX I I p 0 ~ ~ 1 1 e H k i fCi e p O r O , y H b I n O r 0 3aTHkiBaHkiR. Bo-BTOPMX, IIIOAki
H e OZIeHb-TO I I O C e a a l I k i 3Tki U ~ H T P ~KI o. r ~ BbICTaBKa
a CTaHOBwIaCb YaCTbIo
I'OpOAa, O H a IIOYeMy-TO IIepeCTaB&Ta A ~ ~ ~ C T B OK aBK~BbICTaBKa.
T ~
Y ~ H ~ ~ I ~ O ~rOp0AOB
~IIIH HeXTOJlbKO 0 6 e c n e 9 ~ ~ aABHXeHHe
m~
TpaHcnopTa, a a x TpoTyaPbI -nemexoaHbIe Yacm y n ~- q He T O J I ~ K Oo6ec-
neq~samT.qBmeHHe nemexoAoB. M y n ~ q bH~TpoTyapbI
, HMemT M H o r o apy-
TpaHCnOpTa
I'EIX @YHqPifi,CBR3aHHbIX C L I H P K Y J I R ~ H~~~ H IleUleXOaOB, HO He
ToWeCTBeHHbIX efi, H KaKTaKOBbIe 3TH @J'HKIJHH no KpafiHefi Mepe CTOJIb Xe
cWeCTBeHHb1,ZT,nR ~ O P O A C K OXPi3HH.
~~
C ~ noM ce6e ropoficK0fi TpoTyap -HHYTO. A 6 c ~ p a ~ q m OH . no-
WaeT CMbICJI JIPiUb BO B ~ ~ H M O ~ ~ ~ ~ CO C T3fiaHHHMH
B H H H BCeM nP09PiM, 9TO
HaxonHTCH pHnOM C HHM C a p p I Z M H ~ J I ~ ~ ~ ~ IK IHeMy H M TpOTyapaMH.
H TO
x e caMoe MOXHO CKa3aTb 1106 YJIHqaX -BeAb OHH H e TOJIbKO 0 6 e c n e ~ ~ a -
IOT nepeMezqeHHe aBToTpaHcnopTa, HO H cnyXaT Apyrr?M qensrM. Y n ~ q b ~
u TpOTyaPbI-rJIaBHbIe I I Y ~ I I M Y H ~MeCTa
I~ 60nbmoro rOpOAa, H 3TO ~ ~ e f i -
b ~ eropoA -YTO nepBbIM npweT H a w ? Ero
mlie ero opraabl. n p e n c ~ a ~ ce6e
YJIHQbI. ECJIHYJlPiIJbI rOpOAa HHTepeCHbI Ha BHA, HHTepeCeH Ha BHp H C a M r O -
poa, ecmi C K ~ H- I cmeH.
~ OH
Eonee Toro (H T ~ MT ~ IIPHXOAHM
I K n e p ~ o fni p o 6 n e ~ e :) ecnH
YnHIJbIrOPOAa C B O ~ O . ~ H
OT~ BaPBaPCTBa
I H CTpaXa, TO H r O p O a 6onee WlH Me-
H HHX. ECJIHJIIoAH XZLJlyIoTCH, YTO rOp0.4 wIH 0npe~eJIeH~bIB
Hee C B O ~ O A ~OT
ero pacToK onacea, YTO TO axqmrnH, OHH n p e w e Bcero HMeIoT B ~ w TO, y
9TO OHH H e YpCTByIoT c e 6 B ~ 6 e 3 0 n a c ~ o Hc a~ero
~ TpoTyapax.
HO He CileAyeT AYMaTb, YTO TPOTyaPbI H Te, KT0 HX HCnOSIb3YeT,
IIaCCMBHO lIOJlb3yIoTCR 6lIara~H WDi RBSIFIIOTCR ~ ~ C I I O M O ~ H ~ I M H
6e30nac~ocm
xepTsaMki npecqmnemCi. TpoTyapb1, Bce, s ~ pacnonoxeao
o Baonb HHX H Bce
Te, KT0 HMH llOSIb3YeTCfI,-3T0 aKTHBHbIe paCTHHKEI A P ~ M ~ T H Y ~ C 60pb6b1
KO~~
Memy q H ~ ~ m H 3 a ~ HHeBapBapCTBOM
fi roponax. n 0 ~ e p X H ~ a ~ b
B 6onbru~x
- 3a,4aua rOpO,4CKHX YJIHIl
~ ~ ~ o I I ~ c H @)IHA~M~HTL~JI~H~M
ocT~ TPOTyaPOB.
3 ~ 3a,4aqa
a oYeHb C ~ ~ OTnkiYaeTm
H O OT Bcex @ y ~ ~ TPOTY-
q~fi
apoB a y n ~ Bq M ~ ~ ropoaax
I X ma no,ZT,nmHbIxnpHropoaax. l30nbmie ropo-
n o n b s o s a ~ u empomyapoo: 6 e 3 0 n a c ~ o c m b [ 47 1
6 e 3 0 n a c ~ o cB
~ IlOpRAKe
~ . m H ) C T p a q E I H P a C C K a X Y 0 CJIy%le B B ~ L U H H ~ T O H - no c He3HaKOMIJaMH H o ~ ~ c I I ~ Y H~B~ ~~ TO ~I I ~ C HKaK
O CMeCTHbIX
T ~ XH~eJleg,
X a y c e 3 -HbIO-~~OPKCKOM
rOCyAaPCTBeHHOM X m O M MaCCHBe. rpPnaN u b - TaK He3HaKOMUeB, AOJIXHbI 6 b 1 ~ ob 6 p a w e ~ b K
1 YJIHIJe. OHMH e M O I Y CTORTb
UOB, c o a ~ 0a6 ~% e ~ H H e H H eH C T p e m c b 3 a ~ ~ omce6e,
b nposena B c e p e A H H e He# C ~ H H W
O I~R U e n b I M 6 0 ~ H0JIMUIaTb
~ e€!3peHPiR.
~ e ~ a 6 p ~ 1r9o A5 a8H e K H e MepOIIpkiRTkIR n o A OTKpbITbIM H ~ ~ O ,DJH M , KOTOPbIX M,B-TPeTbEIX, H a T P O T Y a P e 6onee PUIH M e H e e nOCTORHH0 AOJIX-
n o c T a B m a TPR P o m e c T B e H c K H e enm. r n a ~ ~ k13m C ,T P O ~ H ~ F I
HHX, B ~ I C O K ~ R HN 6 b 1 ~ bHCnOJIb3YIOwHe er0 JIIoAH. TO B a X H O K a K ,4JIR yBeJIkiTIeHI?R 3a HX
H HaCTOJIbKO rPOM03AKaF17 YTO ee C TPYAOM I l P H B e 3 n H , 6b1na BOAPYXeHa H a CgeT qHClIa IIOJle3HbIX I X a 3 , TaK H Jl,JIR TOrO, 9 ~ 0 6 b Y 1 AOCTaT09HOrO KOJIHYe-
B H J ' T ~ ~ H <<YJIHqe)>
H ~ ~ MaCCMBa - B 6 n a r o y c ~ p o e ~ ~I JoetHi ~ p a J l b H o gT o p r o - cTsa n m ~ e fBi 3AaHEvTX BAOIIb YJIHqbI 6 b m CTEIMYiI CMOTpeTb H a TpOTYapbI. Ma-
a o ~ eA. B A~p y r k i e
BO-nporynos~ofi enKH, n p a M e p H o B ~ e n o ~ e s e cp ~o ~ c ~f i n~ KOMY HpaBHTCR CHAeTb H a KPbVIbIJe W l H y OKHa H r J l a 3 e T b H a IIYCTYIO YnH-
H H e T m e n b r e , Y C T ~ H O B ~HWa M a n e H b m x m o w a , q K a x no y r n a M M a c c m a , r A e uy, IIOYTEI HEIKTO 3THM H e 3aHHMaeTCR. HOOXHBAeHHa5i YJIHYHaR M 3 H b -
OH n p H M b I K a e T K O X H B I I ~ H H Oa ~B ~e H I o Pi K CTOJIb Xe O X H B n e H H b I M I I O I l e p e Y - p n e K a T e n b H o e apenswe MHOrHX I? MHOrHX.
y n H q a M c T a p o r o ropona. B n e p B y I o Xe ~ o Y 6b 0 n b m a ~e n K a ki BCe BHCeB-
H~IM B 6onee MWIKHX H IIPOCTbIX HaCUIeHHbIX IIYHKTaX, YeM K p P H b I e
UIMe H a H e f i y K p a m e H E v T G~LJII?YKP&?(eHbI. A A BM~a J I e H b K H e CO BCeMH EIrPYIIl- r o p o A a , K O H T P O n b eCJlI? H e H a A IlpeCTyIIHOCTbIQ, TO no ~ p a f i ~ M e ge p e H a d
K a M H EI n a M I l O Y K a M H , H a n p O T H B , O C T a B a n H C b HeTPOHYTbIMH, IIOKa HX H e npkIeMneMOCTbH) n y 6 n ~ ~ ~IIOBeAeHHR oro C 6 0 n b r r r t i ~HJlH MeHbrUEIM ycne-
y6pan1-i nocne H o ~ o r or o A a . < ~ Y Y ~ C TrOAKe ,y ~ p a enn K~y , meopemuvecKu ca- XOM OCylL(eCTBlHeT CeTb, COTKaHHaFI H 3 p e r r y ~ a ~ k i fIIepeCyAOB,
i, 0~06pti~e~b-
~ b l f Ci I I O K O G H ~ I GH 3awHIIJeHHblfi BO BCeM MaCCHBe, O n a C e H m IIPOXOXHX, H~IX
I? H ~ O A O ~ ~ H T ~ J I ~MHHL ~
IXH W~~a ,H ~ I J l lHf iTOMY I I O A O ~ H O ~ OBce
. 3 T 0 pa-
O ~
O C O ~ ~ H H,DJH e ~ e-
f i ,rOBOPHT ~ 0 q ~ a J l b H b IPf~i ~ O T H R KIIOMO~~BZZIEIG
, P O - 6 0 ~ a BeTOM ~ y a e , e m k i JIH)AH ~ H ~ I O A pTy r A p y r a H A e m c R ~ p y cr a p y r o ~
O ~ ~ X m b I J O B . -T ~ BCRKOe
M R H ~ rpPIIe M M O X e T CJIyYHTbC)I H e TOlIbKO C en- ClTyXaMH EI CBeAeHHHMEI. HOYJIM4bI 6 0 n b m o r o rOpOAa, KOTOPbIM H W H O A e p -
KaMEI, HO H C JIIOAbMH. A BOT no KPaFIM, r A e MaCCkiBY nPHHZI&IIeXHT TOJIbKO X a T b n O A KOHTpOneM IIOBeAeHkie H e TOnbKO er0 XPi~eJleg, H O H a r o c ~ e f i nE13
O~MH
113 Y e T b I p e x YrJIOB n e p e K p e c T K a , -T a M I? e n K a M H m e r o H e y r p o x a e T , npEIrOpOAOB a r o p o A K o B , x e n a I o w I . r x seceno nposecm s p e m B A ~ E OT I no-
I? JIH)AH WCTB~IOT c e 6 C~~ O K O ~ ~ H O > > . MarUHLlX IIepeCyAOB H caHKIJHfi, AOiUKHbI A ~ ~ ~ C T B O 6onee
B ~ TIIPHMbIMH
~ MeTO-
AaMH. n o p a 3 H ~ e A b H 0 YTO , 6 0 n b m n e rOpOAa ~ o o 6 w c e n o c o 6 ~CnpaBnHTbCSl
~1
TO HCTHHa, KOTOPyIO 3HaH)T BCe: HHTeHCHBHO HCIIOAb3yeMaR rOpOACKaFI YnH- c 3 ~ 0 fOi ~ ' ~ ~ K T I I B HT OP Y ~ ~ H3 aO~~a ~Y e f i HO
. H a M H O r l l X YJIHIJaX O H H C n p a B -
6e3onac~a.~ Y C T ~ I H HrOpOACKaR
IJa, KaK n p a B m o , ~R YJIHIJa, KaK I I p a B l m O , - NIIOTCR c ~ e f6i n e c ~ m ~ e .
3 0 H a PHCKa. HOK a K H e MeXaHEI3MbI TJJT 3 i i q e f i C T ~ 0 ~ a ~ M
b l IIOZIeMY
? OAHH YJIH- F e c n o n e 3 ~ 0n m a T b c R y f i ~ k OT
i npo6ne~b~ 1 e 6 e 3 o n a c ~ b ro-
rx
q b l HCIIOJIb3YH)TCR IIHTeHCHBHO, a A p y r H e H ~ T ?~ O Y ~ M Y
JIIOAI? CTOPOHHTCR POACKHX YJI114 I I p H I I O M O q H IIOIIbITOK CAeJIaTb 6 e 3 o n a c ~ b 1 ~ 1 ApyI'kie
1 yYaCT-
T O ~ ~ O B O - ~ ~ O ~ ~ J I3OHbI
OZIH BB
O ~~ U
~ IHH~TOH-XC
~O~~
C A~ B~ H, H OEIMeHHO
~~ ,DJH KEI-CKmeM, BHYTPeHHHe ABOPbI IIJ7EI O r O p O X e H H b I e M e C r a OTAblXa. no On-
TOrO, 4 ~ 0 6 b HX
1 I I P H B J I ~ K ~ Tn~ ?0 Y e ~ TPOTYaPbI
y CTaPOrO r O p O A a YYTb 3 a I I W - peAWIeHHIo, YJIHIJbI K p P H O r O r O p O A a A O J l X H b 1 6 p a ~ bH a c e 6 60n~.ruq?o
~ YaCTb
H e e K O M M e K C a IIOAHbI ~ a ? MOXHO C K a 3 a T b 06 YJIllqaX, OXHBJIeH-
a p o ~AZITO c < p a 6 o ~ b 1 >C)He3HaKOMUaMH, IIOTOMY YTO HMeHHO IIO HEIM H e 3 H a K O M q b I npki-
HbIX HeKOTOPyIo YaCTb AHR, a IIOTOM p e 3 K O I I y ~ ~ e l o l q I ? ~ ? X O M T I? Y X O m T . ynI?IJbl AOA)KHbI H e TOJIbKO 3aIIJHLqaTb rOPOA OT He3HaKOM-
q ~ 0 6 b 1ynaua 6 o n b m o r o ropona 6 b m a cnoco6aa B b I A e p X H B a T b JJeB-XHUHHKOB, HO H 3 a w H w a T b O r p O M H O e KOJIIIYeCTBO MHPHbIX H 3aKOHO-
H a M b I B He3HaKOMIJeB H A r n e IIOBbILUaTb C HX I I O M O q b H ) Y P O B e H b 6eaonac- IIOCJQTIHbIX HeSHaKOMIJeB, IlOJIb3yIO~HXCSlHMH, 0 6 e c n e s a ~ a ~T abK m e H EIX
HOCTH, ZIT0 B C e r A a IIPOEICXOAHT H a YCneIIIHbIX rOpOACKEIX yYaCTKaX, O H a 6 e 3 0 n a c ~ o c ~K
b .p 0 ~ TOrO,
e H H OAHH ~ 0 ~ ~ a J l b ~ZIeJIOBeK
b l f i H e MOXeT npo-
A O n X H a OTBeYaTb T p e M rJIaBHbIM ~ p e 6 o s a ~ w - 1 ~ . BeCTEI XEI3Hb B H ~ K HCKYCCTB~HHOG
O ~ r a B a H H , H K AeTRM 3 T 0 T O X e OTHOCHT-
B o - n e p s b ~ x ,~ e o 6 x o ~ pYie~T Ko o e p a 3 r p a ~ k i ~ eM
~ ne em y ny6- Y A ~ ~ I J ~AOJIXeH
MH ITOnb30BaTbCFI K W H % .
JIHYHbIM H YaCTHbIM IIpOCTpaHCTBaMEI. O H H H e M O r P I I n a B H O n e p e T e K a T b Ha n o ~ e p m o m ~ b 1~ G 3 r Hm ~ Eqm
I n p o m b ~ n: o c T a p a T b c H +a-
ApJT B A p y r a , KaK 3 T 0 06619~06 b 1 ~ aB
e I~I p H r O p O A a X I? B X W I b I X MaCCHBaX, CKH pa3AeJIHTb T e YaCTH YJIHIJ, r A e n y 6 n ~ ~ IIpOCTpaHCTBO
~oe ~ ~ ~ ~ U I O B H O
nOCTpOeHHbIX IIO eAHHOMY IIPOeKT)'. nmHo, c OAHOGCTOPOH~I,EI YacTHbIe ~ E B oIB c e H e n o c e q a e M b I e M e c T a , -
Bo-BTOP~IX,
H~O~XOAHM m a~ 3I a , Y C T p e M n e H H b I e H a YJIHUy, - ,Y T O ~ 3OHb1, ~ I H H , RCHbIe ki 060-
HYlKAaH)qkieC)I B H ~ ~ J I H ) ~ ~ HHMeAki
ma3a, pIHHZ@
I JeXaw?Ie TeM, KOrO MOXHO 661~10 6b1 H a 3 B a T b eCTeCTBeHHbIMH r P a H H I J b I ; EI A O ~ E I T ~ CTOrO,
R Y T O ~ 3~T IH n y 6 n ~ ~ ~ YJIHZIHbIe
b 1 e npo-
I~AY
BJIiiq€!JIbIJaMH Y J I w b I . 3 ~ a H w - I ,~ ~ H C ~ O C O ~ J I ~ H H ~TOrO, J LTCOI ~ H~ MI e T b Ae- aHCTBa HaXOAWILlCb IIOA H ~ ~ J I H A ~ H IIO
H ~BO3MOXHOCTL.I
M HeIIpepbIBHO.
I. C n e q u @ u ~ 6onbluux
a ropodos cnonbaosaxue mpomyapos: 6e30nacxocmb 149 1
HOA O ~ H T ~ C3TMX
R U e J I e f i H e TaK-TO IIPOCTO, o c o 6 e ~ IIOCJIeA-
~o OHHHCXOmT 113 IIpe,4IIOCbI1IKH, ~ Y A T Or O p O X a H a M IIO c e p g q s p e n ~ q ney C T 0 -
~ e f iH. ~ B O ~ M O X3aCTaBHTb
HO JIIOAefi IIOJIb30BaTbcR YJIkiUaMH, eCJIki Y HkiX H e T T ~ I nOKOH
, H YIlOPRA09eHHOCTH. TO COBePLUeHHO H TO,
~ B ~ ~ H O s!T 0 JIIOAHM
&JH 3 T 0 r 0 IIpkiWiH. H ~ B O ~ M O X HO
3aCTaBHTb JIIOAefi H ~ ~ J I I O A
3 a~YJIHqaMH,
T ~ H p a B M T a CMOTPeTb H a APJTHX JIIOAefi H H a HX AeHTeJIbHOCTb, IIOATBepHgqaeT-
e U I H OHH H e XOTHT 3 a HkiMH H ~ ~ J I I O A Y
~ JTI ~H.~ H ~~ R~ ~ O U ~ C H3 aOC sCe T B3a-
~ a B 6onbLLIHx r O p O A a X nOCTOHHH0 ki IIOBCeMeCTHO. 3 ~ s eap T a p a 3 H T e J I b H O
kiMHOr0 H w 3 0 P a K m e T C R H a I I e p ~ b 1 fB3rXRA
i 9 e M - T O CYPOBbIM, M p a q H b I M , HO n o W H CMeXOTBOpHO IIpOHEUIHeTcR B H ~ I O - ~ ~H O
a CeBepHOM
~ K ~ FaCTKe6 ~ 0 ~ -
B p e F U T b ~ 0 f XH3Hki
i BCe OTHIOAb H e CYpOBO H H e M p a 9 H O . y J I k i s ~ a H6eaonac- BeH, rge ymqa pamene~a~ 3 ~ 0nfeir u e x o ~ ~ o3f0i~ 0 1 M
% e w A B ~ M Rn o T o K a M H
HOCT~
AocTnraeTcx nerge a ~ e n p k i ~ y x q e ~B~c eer of , i c M H H H M ~ M O M~
pax- ~ p a H C n 0 p T a Ha
. nepeceseamx 3~01%
, L V ~ H H Hneruexo,q~ofi
O~~ BOHM c n o n e p e s -
A ~ ~ H O C TkIHI I 0 ~ 0 3 p e ~ H kiMeHHO
fi TaM, rAe JIlOAH IIOJIb3yIoTCH YJIkiUaMki ~ 0 6 - H ~ I M HYJIHUaMH IIOCTaBJIeHbI c ~ a ~ e f i KCMMaCCHBHbIMki UeMeHTHbIMH CIIkiHKa-
POBOJIbHO, IIOJIyYaIOT OT 3 T 0 r 0 YAOBOJIbCTBHe ki B HOPMEUIbHbIX CHTYaQkiRX ) , B n1060fi ~ e ~KOrAa
M n - < < 6 y @ e p a ~ H )H b , n O r O A a MaJIO-MmbCKH TepIIkiMaR, 3TH
A r n e H e C03HaIOT, 9 T O OCYLqeCTBJIHIOT HZQ30P. c K a ~ e f i K M H e H 3 M e H H 0 , KBapTEUI3a KBapTaJIOM 3anOJIHeHbI JIIOAbMki, KOTOpbIe
~ J I ~ B H ~YCJIOBHeM,
I M CO3AaIOqHM B03MOXHOCTb T a K O r O H a - C M O ~ ~ HH' Ia npOXOXHX, MEIHYIOIIJHX IIeuIeXOAHyIO 30HY, H a TpaHCnOpT, H a TeX,
~ J I I O A ~ H H RRBJIHeTCR
, 0 6 ~ n M~a Fea 3 H H O B ApYrHX O ~ ~ ~ C T B ~ H H ~ I X
MeCT, KTO ABHXeTCR no MHOrOJIIoAHbIM TpOTYapaM, ApJT H a ApJTa. H a ~ o ~ 6e q~ 0 ~ -
P a C I I O J I O X e H H b I X BAOJIb T p O T Y a p O B ; O C O ~ ~ H HB O
a X H O , g ~ 0 6 b 1C p e A H HHX I ~ M ~ H ~ ~YCH kKi BOe ~p COm e T a ki 6 a p ~ a p g - ~ o m e m
s e ~ n ~ ~ ~ n HKTOAJ O -aOAHO
6b1nki a a ~ e ~ e ~ kpa6o~a101q~e
i a , B e s e p O M H H09bIO. O C H O B HK~a IT~e r O - p e 6 ~ o 3e a ~ e n e C~n p~a Bea , ApJToe CJIeBa. Ha BW 3 ~ e c nb o n ~ b r fni o ~ o fHi yno-
p k i H TaKkiX 3 a ~ e ~ e ~ k-i fMia r a 3 H H b 1 , 6 a p b 1 ki P e C T O p a H b I ; OHH 06ecnes~- p m 0 s e H H O C T b . HMK~KEIX 6 0 n b u e Mara3HHOB, H H K ~ K O ~ ~
60JIbIIIe AeHTWIbHOC-
BaIOT 6 e 3 0 n a c ~ o c H
~ ab T p O T y a p a X HeCKOJIbKHMH pa3JIki9HbIMH ki CJIOXHbI- TH, n o p o H g q a e ~ o f~
i a r a a ~osem ~ a ~~a ~n no,p o x o m k i x , n e p e c e K a m n p i x ne-
Mki c n o c 0 6 a ~ k i . D e X O n H y I o 30HY, -H COBCeM H e T 3 p k i ~ e J I e f i .C K ~ M ~ ~ CTOHT,
~ K I ? HO OHM W C T b I
B o - ~ ~ P B ~OHH
I X , AaIOT JIIOAHM - K a K XkiTeJIHM OKpyrH, TaK fl nonpo6o~a~1a
A r n e B W e a J I b H y I O nOrOAy. T a M n O C W e T b , ki n p H s H H a M H e HC-
ki < < m a K a M ' )-KOHKPeTHbIe IIOBOAbI ,LVlH kiCIIOJIb30BaHkLFI TPOTYaPOB, H a KO- Ha. H ~ HTa CBeTe MeCTa 6onee CKy'iHOTO. Aaxe CTYAeHTaM ~ T M X ~ e 6 ~ b 31a x~ e -
TopbIe B ~ I X O ~ T sH a
~ T ~e~e~rn. AeHHfi 3 a e L L I ~ H f~i O K O ~ ~ A ~HPeOH M
F e H . O ~ kCIIOHFIIOTCR,
i AWIaIOT H a C B e X e M
Bo-BTOP~IX, OHH n o 6 ~ a 1 0 ~ ~ 1 1 W o ~T eH fn0
i T p O T y a p a M MHMO A y x e AOMaIIIHHe 3ZQaHHfl H IlpOCTO H ~ ~ ~ I 3a
O yA
J I k~i s ~T0 f XH3HbIO
i CO C q -
MeCT, H e IIpkiBJIeKaTeJIbHbIX &JIR n y 6 n a s ~ o r o
kiCIIOJIb30BaHHfl KaK TaKOBbIX, eK, OTKyAa B W e H M H O ~ O J I I O A H ~IIepeKpeCTOK
I~~ M e w A B w KaMnyCaMH.
HO CTaHOBHqHXCH IIPOMeXyTOVHbIMPi 3 T a n a M H H a n y T H K seMY-TO APJTOMY; T o s ~ Toa K Xe O ~ C T O R TA e J I a H a BCeX A p y r k i X ynkiqax 6 o n b r u k i x
TaK KaK a B n m H k i e H e p a c n p o c T p a H H e T c R osem A a n e K o ,
r e o r p a @ s s e c ~ TO rOpOAOB. Ha OXHBJIeHHbIX YJIkiUaX B C e r A a e C T b T e , K T 0 kiMH n O J I b 3 y e T C R ,
3 a B e A e H H H AOJIXHbI PaCnOJIaraTbcFI B p a f i 0 H e AOCTaTOsHO s a C T 0 , 9 ~ 0 6 b H
l a- H IIPOCTO 3pHTWIki. B IIpOlrurOM r O A y H KaK-TO pa3 HgqaJIa a ~ ~ o 6 yHc aa08~0fi
CbITHTb IIPOXOXHMH IIp0Me)KYTOZIHbIe F a C T K k i YJIkiUbI. 6 0 J I e e TOrO, AOJIXHO T a ~ 0 f YJIkiUe
i H k i m ~ e r Mc~cafiAa
o H a M ~ H x ~ T Tfl~HaXO&KnaCbH~. T a M BCerO
6 b 1 ~ MHOrO
b p a 3 H b I X TkiIIOB 3 a ~ e ~ e ~ k 9~0661
i f i , y nmneE 6 6 ~ 1 1 3n P k i s H H b 1 ABH- K ~ K Y I O - H H ~ Y MkiHyTY
A~ -POBHO CTOJIbKO, CKOJIbKO HJQKHO, 9~0661 YBWeTb
r a T b C H n e p e K p e C T H b I M H MapLLIPJTaMII o61qy1o KapTkiHy: nmmi W ~ no T A e n a M , H r p a I o T gem, H a K p m e s K a x AOMOB
B - T P ~ T ~ HCaMki
X , BJIaAeJIblJbI M a r a 3 H H O B ki APYrkiX n p e A I I p k i R - C m T 3eBaKH; I? TYT MOe B H H M a H H e n p M B J I e I u I a X e H q k i H a , KOTOpaR, OTKpbIB
~ H fMeJIKOrO
i 6 ~ 3 ~ e0c6 ab 1 9 ~ 0HBXRIOTCR aKTHBHbIMH 3 a q k i T H H K a M k i 3 a K O H a OKHO H a T p e T b e M 3 T a X e AeIIIeBOrO MHOrOKBapTHpHOrO AOMa H a ~ 0 fCTOPO-
i
H IIOpHaKa. O ~ k Tie p n e T b H e M O T p a 3 6 k i ~ b OKOH
1~ ki rpa6exe2, kiM ~ p a f i ~ e kiUbI, FPOMKO OKJIHKHYJIa MeHH. K o r ~ Ha I I O H m a , s T 0 O H a 0 6 p a 1 ~ ~ a e . r ~ ~
HeBbIrOAHO, 9~0661 IIOCeTHTeJIH H e p B H H 9 m H no nOBOAy ~ ~ ~ O ~ ~ C H O Ec-C T H . HO KO MHe, H OT03BaJIaCb, O H a KpkiKHYJIa: (<IT0 c y 6 6 o ~ aa ~~ ~ o 63AeCb
yc
JIH kiX n O C T a T O s H 0 MHOrO, OHH 0 6 p a 3 p O ~Y e H b ~ @ @ ~ K T H CHCTeMY
B H ~ Ha- X O A H T ! ~3 a ~ esepenyn
~, KPHKH c X e c T a M k i , o H a H a n p a B m a M e H x 3a y o n .
~ J I I O A ~ H H3a
X YnkiQaMH H T p o v a p a M k i . HqHHa - O A H a ki3 M H O r H X TbICHg X k i ~ e J I e f Hi ~ I O - ~ O P KKOTOPbIe
~ ,
B - ~ ~ T B ~ P TY~J IIHXs H, a a aKTMBHOCTb, C O 3 A a B a e M a H T e M H , K T 0 AeJIOM npOXBJIHIOT 3 a 6 0 ~ 0
y m 3 H H YJIEIU. OHM3aMeYaH)T He3HaKOM-
H&eT IIO A V I a M , ki TeMH, KT0 XOYeT n e p e K y C k i T b K n H BbInkiTb, CJIYXMT M a r H H - VeB. 0 6 p a q a m ~B H H M a H H e H a BCe, 9 T O IIpOkiCXOAHT. E c n HaAO
~ IIpHHHTb
TOM, IIPHBJIeKaIOIJJHM APJTkiX JIIOAefi. bI ( n 0 ~ 0 9 bHe3HaKOMUY, O X k i A a I O q e M Y H e B TOM MeCTe, WIki II03BOHHTb
TOT I I o C J I e ~ H H fIIYHKT
i -0 TOM, 9 T O JIIOAki CaMkiM @ ~ K T O MCBO- ~ H Q M I O ) ,OHH HX n p k i H H M a m T . P a a y M e e ~ m&JH
, 3 ~ 0 r Ho y x m a onpeaenea-
er0 nPkiCyTCTBkLFI IIPkiBJIeKaIOT A P J T H x J I I O A ~ ~- ~ , IIOXOXe, HeAOCTyIIeH nOHH- R C T e n e H b Y B e P e H H O C T H B CBOeM X O ~ X ~ ~ C K IOI pMa B e H a A a H H y I O YJIkiUy
I eaf ip ~ k i ~ e ~ ~ 0 ~ 0 ~ - ~ k i B3KPYnHbIX
MaHkiIO r p w ~ ~ ~ p ~ k i ~ € ! J ki a k I e p 0rOpOAaX.
~ nomepme, KOTOP~R B c i I y Y a e H ~ O ~ X O A ~ ~ M6OyC~Te~~ n o ~ y 1OTe a~ ap y r m
Hcnonbsosanue rnpornyapoe: 6 e 3 o n a c ~ o c r n b t SI I
ee 0 6 ~ ~ a ~ e n Ha
e f i3.T O M R e q e OCTaHOBJIIOCb H H X e . HOH ~ ~ J I I O A ~KHa KHT~a - C C O X ~ ~ H H ~ M - X O T RC o x a n e H H e TO YHCTO c q e H m e c K o r o c~ofi-
KOBOe 6onee !$YH,L(~M~HTZUI~HO, Y e M IIpHHHTHe M e p , H R B J H e T M &TIR IIpHHH- ma- AoruKHa C O O ~ ~ I I T
T ~O, AeBOYKa O K a 3 a n a C b AOYePbKI 3 T O r 0 Y w o B e K a .
T W I M e p H ~ O ~ X O A L I M ~YCIIOBHeM.
IM Ha IIPOTRXeHEIH 3 ~ 0 fM
i ~ L W H ~ ApaMbI,
KO~~ ~ H B I I I ~ ~BCerO-Ha-
~ c R
He BCe r o p o m a H e WaCTBYIOT B 3a6o~e06 YJIHqEiX, EI MHOTHe, KT0 ~ c e r oM H W m T b , HEI O A H O n~ a~p b I ma3 H e B 0 3 H H K n 0 B OKHaX TOnbKO OAHOrO
B ropoaax x m e T H n H p a 6 0 ~ a eH~e, EiMeIoT n p e A c T a s n e H m o TOM, noyeivy mm$TH--AOMa CH ~ ~ o J I ~ I I I H M
AOPOrEIMH
H C%eMHbIMH K B a P T H p a M H . Koraa MbI
H a x o A H T b c x B HX o ~ p f r e
6 e 3 o n a c ~ o Haamx
. H a ynwe, rne R mmy, n p o ~ s o - T~nbKO
n e p e e X a J I H B 3TOT K B a p T m , R P a O C T H O npeflBKyru&Ta, YTO BCKOpe, MO-
IIIeJI OAHH W r y q a f i , H OH 3 a H H T e p e C O B a J l M e H R H M e H H O B 3TOM I I l I a H e . X e T 6 b 1 ~ b ,BCe OKPeCTHbIe AOMa G y m IIepeAWIaHbI T a K X e , KaK 3TOT. C T e x n o p
A o n m ~ aO ~ % R C H H T YTO
~ , ~ 0 fKi B a P T m HeBeJIHK, HO B H e M AO- nOyMH€!JIa, H HeAaBHFLR HOBOCTb, YTO HMeHHO TaKOMy n p e 0 6 p a 3 o ~ a ~ ~ 10
CO-
i : HeCKOnbKHX ~ ~ ~ H O B M A H O
BOJIbHO M H O r O p a 3 H b I X T H n O B 3 ~ a ~ H fOT C T ~ ~ ~
Ae- 6 ~ p a m ~ C
IIO
R n B e p r H y T b BCe COCeAHHe C 3THM 3 A a H W I K B a p T m a , $ ~ c ~ F I M BbI-
H
IIIeBbIX MHOrOKBaPTHPHbIX X W I b I X AOMOB A 0 T p e X - W I H Y e T b I P e X 3 T W b I X H e - xomUJEIe H a YJIHLTy, BbI3BaJIa Y MeHJI M p a Y H b I e I I p e A W C T B m . %iJIbqb1 AOPO-
6onb111ax C T P O ~ H M na60 b 1 x YTO H a K W O M 3
~ ~ , n e p e o 6 0 p y ~ o s a ~ ~ TaK, ~a~e, rpiXKBapTHP, B ~ o J I ~ I I I E I H c T B
CBOeM
~ 3 a e P W B a I O I I l H e C F I B HHX TaK H e H a O J I r O ,
KpOMe n e p B o r o , HMeeTcx c A a s a e M m 3a H H ~ K ~ InOn a T y K s a p m p a , a H a nep- TO M ~ HI e Y c n e B a e M 3aIIOMHHTb HX n ~ q a *H, e a M e I o T HH ~meiiruero
nowITm
BOM M a r a 3 H H , ~11160,K a K B MOeM W r p a e , ~ ~ E I C ~ O C O ~ J I ~&TIR
H H0~f Il X
~oce~efi- 0 TOM, KTO H KaK ~ ~ ~ O T H T06 I y n ~ q e~. O ~ O A C K OKpcpyra,
C FHX ~FI n o ~ o 6 ~~a m
a e~f i ,
H O r O IIPOXEIBaHHR. ~ P O T H B O I I O ~ O X H ~CTOPOHa
FI YJIHIJbI P a H b I I I e B OCHOBHOM MOXeT A a T b IIpHIoT H 3FUIJHTY H e M m O M y KOJIEIYeCTBy T a m IIepeYIeTHbIX IITHU.
6 b 1 n a 3 a C T p O e H a Y e T b I p e X 3 T a X H b I M H K H p n H Y H b I M H XHJIbIMH A O M a M H 6 e 3 Ho e U I H H KOrAa O K p y r a B K O H q e KOHIJOB OKaXeTCR HaCWIeHa mOJZbK0 HMH, OHM
JIH@ToB C M a r a 3 H H a M H H a I I e p B O M 3 T B e . HOA B e H a q a T b JIeT H a 3 a HeCKOJIb- n o c T e n e H H 0 I I O V C T B Y I O T , YTO H a YJIHqaX C T m O OIIaCHee, 6 y w CMyTHO 3THM
KO TaKHXAOMOB, OT F J I a A 0 C e p e A H H b I K B a p T m a , n e p e A e n & T H B OAHO 3 A a H H e a Y e H b I H, e c n H nonoxeme n p o A o n x E i T y x y g r u a T b c R , n e p e e A y T B Apyroe
C JIH!$T~MH H H ~ ~ O ~ ~ L U EKIBMa PETIH P a M H , C A a B a e M b I M H 3 a O p O r O . 0, no TaEIHCTBeHHbIM HHX n p l l q H H a M 6onee 6e3onac~oe.
Cnyqafi, K O T O P ~ nI ~p H~ B n e K M o e B H H M a H x e , 3 a m m ~ a n Bc 3~ a ~ a - B HeKOTOPbIX 60ra~b1x p a f i o ~ E i X , rge C F I M O C T O R T W I ~ H H~ IW~ ~3 0 p
e ~ ~ 06 of pib 6 e M e w M ~ X Y H H OH ~A~~ B O Y K O BOCbMH-AeBRTH
~~ neT. Kasanocb, poxaa p a 3 a a~6 0~, - ~ H a n p H M e p , H a XWIOM y q a c T K e n a p ~ - a ~ e~ ~ I EmI
OH A O ~ E I B ~ ~ T Y
CR AeBOYKa n o m a C HHM. OH TO yMaCIIHBZUI ee, TO npEI-
T ,O ~ M CeBepHOM O T p e 3 K e G T O a B e~
H I o~B H ~ I O - ~ ~- O HaHHMaIOT
~ K ~ CIIeuHaJIb-
6 e 3 p a ~ n ~ rA
H H M m BHJl HaIIyCKHOrO m ~. B O YCTORJIa,
K ~ IIpRMaR H H H a p R X e H - X YJIHYHbIX ~ a 6 ~ 1 1 o ~ a ~ eB n YaCTHOCTH,
efi. O A H O O ~ ~ T~p O~ T H Y a ~p b I XEI-
~
y CTeHbI OAHOrO H 3 AeIueBbIX
H a R , K a K YaCTO C T O m COIIPOTHBJMIoIIJHeCX AeTH, s a C T H ~ ~ P K - ~ B ~H H H ,
a YAHBneHHe M a n o HCnOJIb3yHlTCR; I I O T e H q H a n b H b I e
MHOrOKBaPTHPHbIX AOMOB H a TOG CTOPOHe YJlHqbI. n O A b 3 0 B a ~ e n E BMeCTO
I HHX T O A m T C R H a HHTepeCHbIX, H~O~WIYIOIIJEIXM a r a -
H a G n m ~ Ca q~e H y B CBOe OKHO BTOpOrO 3 T B a H A y M m , K a K M H e
BMeIIIaTbCX, e U l H n o ~ p e 6 y e ~ cBCKOpe
x , ~ YBHJleJIa, s T 0 M O T H e BOnHOBaTb- e H m K BOCTOKY 3 a n a y H H a B e A y q H x K HHM n o n e p e Y H b I x y n H q a x . C e ~ b
CR. M3 MRCHOrO M a r a 3 H H a H a n e p B O M 3 T a X e T o r 0 C a M O r O A O M a HaIIpOTLlB U a p O B H JTIpaBJHIoLlJHX AOMaMH, n O C b U b H b I X H HHHb, CBOerO P O A a H a -
BbIIIIJIa X e H q H H a , KOTOPaFI B e A e T T a M TOprOBJIIo BMeCTe C M)XCeM. CKP~CTHB cpeaa,
T H ~ H e ~m y m s a c n n a p ~ - a ~ em
0 6 e c n e s a ~ am ~ Ia oa a ~ ~ .
p F H H a TPYAH, C PeIIIHTWIbHbIM n H q O M O H a BCTaJIa B IIpeAWIaX WrbIIIIHMOCTH , n o n a r m c b H a r u ~ e f i q a p oK~a K H a o n n o T c ~ o e f6i e 3 0 n a c ~ o c ~ ~ ,
0 Xe MOMeHT IIO ApyryIo CTOPOHY OT
OT M Y M H H b I H A e B 0 9 K H . n p H ~ e p B~TOT WIbqbI c o 6 a B~ ~ I B O HX ~ TH a n P O T J I K Y H ~ o 6 a ~ m m rnaaa
CBOH ~ K ru~efi-
HHX C TBePAbIM B W O M IIORBWICH AX0 K o p ~ a s s aK, O T O ~ B~MI e ~C T~e C 3RTbR- HO 3 T a Y J I H q a T a K 6 e ~ H~~ ~aJ I I O A ~ T ~ J I R CBR3aHHbIMEI
MH, C~ e f i
M H A e P X H T M a r a 3 H H KYJIHHaPHH. M3 OKOH AOMa BbICYHYJIOCb HeCKOJIbKO r0- CKEI, O H a CO3AaeT T a K M a n o nOBOAOB K TOMY, 9 ~ 0 6 b HCIIOJIb30BaTb
1
JIOB, OAHa ~ ~ I C T PBTRHYJIaCb
O O ~ ~ ~ T H HeCKOJIbKO
O , M ~ H O B ~ HCIIyCTR
H ~ ee a T b 3a ~ e f iBMeCTO
, T o r 0 9 ~ 0 6 b 1I l p H IIep~ofi
B03MOXHOCTH C B e p -
sna,qeneq s b r p o c B A B e p H o M n p o e M e no3a,q~M ~ X ~ H H A~ B I . On~o c e ~ ~ ~ e n e f i ~ p 38byron, s ~ oe ,c n H K s a p T m a T a F a e T H H x e ~ P O B H H ,no3~0mmqer0
CO-
6apa PRAOM C MRCHbIM M a r a 3 H H O M IIOAOUUIH K A B e p H H C T m H W a T b . Ha MO- A e p X a T b BCeX 3 T H X M H O r O ~ H C I I e H H b I XI I I B ~ G I J ~ P o B
H JIH!$T~~oB, OHa 6esyc-
efi c T o p o H e y n a q b ~c n e c a p b , T o p r o B e q @ ~ ~ K T ~HMsna,qeneq H npa~e~~ofi
BbIIIIJIH H 3 CBOHX 3 a ~ e ~ e ~ HH f Hi 3, HeCKOJIbKHX OKOH, K p O M e M O e r O , 3a np0-
HCXOARqHM CMOTpeJIH XHJIbUbI. C ~ H Me 3 H a R TOrO, H e 3 H a K O M e q 6 b U O K p y -
no CJIOBaM B J l m e J I b u e B M a r a 3 E i - 3AeCb KBaPTkiPY, kiIUJ"I APyI'Oe MeCT0IKI.I-
X e H . HHKTO H e I I 0 3 B O n W I 6b1 e M y Y T a w H T b A e B O s K y , n y C T b A B e BCe B W e J I P i
HeKOTOpbIe Pi3 HPiX )fUIBJ"I H a me6e TWIbCTBO, r A e H e BCe A e H b r k i flOflkUIl4
ee B n e p ~ b ~pa3.f i COJIli Pi BCe B p e M R , IIOKa CHHMaKIT 6b1YHkiX H a KBaPTILKiTY.
Mcnonb3oea~uempomyapoe: 6e3onac~ocmb [ 53
EUIH YJlHua XOPOIIIO n p 1 ? c n o c o 6 n e ~ a ~ v 1 ~ TOrO,
1 H M e T b ae-
YTO~M o K a 3 b ~ ~ a e M OYTOnHCTaMH
e H n P O Y H M H AeRTenRMH, H C n b I T b I B a I O q H M H H a -
no C He3HaKOMuaMI4, eCJIH YaCTHaR I? n y 6 n ~ s ~3OHbI m H a Hefi ~ @ @ ~ K T E I B H O ~ en e ~ e K~O ~P ? ~ e ~ H H ~
B R 3 q ~ ~ O Y ~~ ) ~K O
HA~HO C Y ~ OAHHM
~, B H A ~ M~ ~ K O H -
pa3AeJIeHbI I? O H a o ~ ~ c I I ~ Y R6 B
a 3~0 ~ bT1 f fi l O B e H b AeRTenbHOCTH H H w 3 0 p a , ~ o r ~op e M R n p e I I p 0 B O r n e H H RI I e p e A APYrI?MH, H e IIpOCTO 6ecnone3~oAJla
TO 9 e M 6 o n b m e HeaHaKOMIJeB, T e M B e C e n e e . r ~ p O A O B .O H 0 nPHHOCI?T B p e A . q e IIII?pe ~ CIIeKTp 3aKOHHbIX (B CTPOrO IOPM-
H ~ ~ H ~ KCTaJIH
o M KOJIOCCanbHbIM
~ ~ I 6nar0~
H CTHMYJIOM ~ n a ApfqeCKoM C M ~ I C ~ HHTePeCOB,
~!) KOTOPbIe YIIHubI H P a C n O n O X e H H b I e H a HHX
YJIHIJbI, H a K O T O P O ~H~XHBY, O C O ~ ~ H H
n 0O3 A H O B e q e p O M H HOYbIO, KOrAa CpeA- 3 a ~ e ~ e ~MOrYT
H R YAOBneTBOPHTb, T e M JIyzIUIe K a K PJIH 3THX YJlHq, T a K H AJIR
CTBa, 0 6 e c n e s ~ ~ a m q ~a ~
e ~ O I I ~ C H Oo cC oT 6~ e, ~ H~ ~oO ~ X O A H MH ~ I .~ nMo~ea- r o p o A ~ K ~ f 6e30nac~oc~ki
i H qHBHJIH30BaHHOCTH.
no: y H a C H e TOJlbKO e C T b 6ap MeCTHOrO 3 H a Y e H H H I? ewe OAHH 3a Y J I O M , H o
K T O M Y X e HMeeTCR 3 H a ~ e H P i ~ b 16ap,
fi n p H B n e ~ a H ) q H f OpAbI
i He3HaKOMlJeB F a p b I - I? ~oo61qe BCa K O M M e p u H H - nOJlb3ylOTCff BO MHOrHX rOPOACKHX
C COCeAHHX rOpOACKHXyzIaCTKOB I? flame H 3 A p y r H X rOpOAOB. OH I I P H O ~ P ~ JH3- I p a f i o H a x ~ y p ~p~efni ~ a q ~ eHMeHHO
fi nOTOMy, YTO OHM IIPHBneKaH)T ~ e 3 ~ a -
BeCTHOCTb 6narogap~ TOMY, YTO er0 n 0 C e x p . n H ~ ~ I O M M H B ~ JCBOHX
J np0~3~e- KOMueB, M 3 T H H e 3 H a K O M q b I OTHlOAb H e RBJIRFOTCII ~ J I ~ I - O M .
AeHwIx no3T A m a T ~O M ~ KC .w b ~ fAie H b p a 6 o ~ a3 T O r 0 6apa YeTKO pa3,qem- TO n e T O R T W ~ C T BO
e ~ m b ~ Oo~ C O C O ~ ~ H HBO
e p H 0 B OTHOUIeHHH
e ~ c a~a A B nepaoga.
~ YTPOM H B n e p ~ b ~n oe c n e n o n y ~ e ~ ~ b ~ e TO F ~ ~ I((cepE,Ix
X IIORCOB~6onbm~ix noH ~pafi-
r o p o A o B H @ e m e ~ e 6 e n b ~ b~l xI
TpaffHuHOHHOe MeCTO BCTPeY JvIFI CTaPHHHOrO MeCTHOrO C O O ~ U ~ C TIIOpTO-
B~ Hefi ~ e p COJIHgHbIX
e B nPOIIIJIOM BHYTPeHHHX X w I b I X p a f i 0 ~ 0~~O. C K O J I ~ K Y
B~IX ~p
~ P ~ ~ Y H K O B - H PH ~ a
W6~ o~ ~B~~ px y ~ nz p?o @
~ e c c ~ ? f i HO
. c c e p e . p i ~ b 1 AHSI ~ T pHa f i o a b 1 O Y e H b OIIaCHbI, a HXYJlHubI, KaK IIpaBKTIO, O W H b TeMHbI, H e p e a -
3 W C b HAeT H H m X H 3 H b , 60nbme IIOXOXaR H a r116pwM W C K I I X IIHBHbIX CTY- ~ e n a e ~BMBOA, ca YTO n p o 6 n e ~ a
- B H ~ A O C T ~ T O ~ H YJIEIZIHOM
OM o c ~ e q e -
A ~ H Y ~ C K~ ~O~ CX W ~ ~ I?O~ KH T ~ P ~ W H O , ~ P O A O ~ X~~ a
K ~OOK T ~ H~ TO - W
~ T H. X o p o U I e e O C B e q e H H e , KOHeYHO, BaXHaFI B e m b , HO TeMHOTa C a M a I I 0 Ce-
n e K 0 3a IIOJlHOYb. ECJIHTbI IIpOXOAHIIIb MHMO ((Yafi~
XOpC>)XOJlOAHbIM 3HMHHM 6e ~e O ~ ~ H C H R -
m y~6TH H H y l O , @ ~ H K ~ H o H ~ J I 6~ oHn~e~3 o~ (bc C e p b 1 ~~ O ~ ~ C O B ) )
B e Y e p O M H B 3TOT MOMeHT A B e p b OTKPbIBaeTCR, H a ~ e 6 Haa K a T b I B a e T M O q H m , ~ H K HOe c~s a c ~ b C
e KY~.
r o p a s a~~ ~o n pasro~opa
~ a I? O X H B ~ ~ H JIIOAH,
~I. wy~q~e B 6ap H a3 Gaps, ~e 3 ~ a s e IIPKHX
~ ~ eY A H Y H ~ I Xo r ~ e f~i J I RTOCKIIHB~IX( ( c e p b ~ 3x 0 ~ ~
A~IOT ~ a m e fYi J I H ~~ ~~ C T O AO B ~T PT ~~XCOB wpa, I? X O ~ H ~T I~O ~ e f~i c e r ~ a OCTOHT B TOM, YTO OHH nPwL1H)T yBePeHHOCTH HeKOTOPbIM J I l O m M , I?CnbITbI-
6e30nac~o.E A H H C T B ~ H H m ~ Iy~z~~ a f ~
i 3 6 a e H~a ~ a ~ e y ffl ~i u e ,0 KOTOpoM ~ H HM~ O ~ X O ~ ~ MKTII? a THp O T y a p , HO n
O CX Te n~a H H e B ~ I ~ ~H T p m~O X O M OC-
II 3HaH), n p O H 3 0 I I I e n B M ~ P T B npOMeXJTOK
~ I ~ ~ M e m y 3 a K p b I T H e M 6apa H pac- e H H H H e p e m a H ) q H M w H a 3TO. OOH~PH, TaKMM 06pa30~, no6yxq(a10~ 3THX
. 3 6 ~ e n~p~e e~ p a ~am
C B ~ T O MM m coceg, K O T O P M ~p~w e n n p o a c x o ~ R q e e m H o e y z I a c T H e B H ~ ~ J I I O A ~ H3a
HH y n M q a M a . K p o ~ Teo r o , xo-
B OKHO H BMeIIIaJICR, IIOAC03HaTeJIbHO y B e p e H H b I f i , YTO Arne HOYbH) OH H e OAH- kie, K O H ~ Y H OM e , ~ O B ~ I L ~UH~~ ~Y T HMOC ~ Tw~ o fn ia p b 1 mas,
HOK, YTO OH COCTaBnReT YaCTb IIPO'IHO~~CCIlTeMbI YJIEiYHOrO IlpaBOnOpXAKa. ~ H O C oT6~3 o p a . n106a~ ~ 0 6 a ~ o naps s ~ mm a 3 H y n y z ~ m e a a e
OAHH~ 0 f3iH a ~ 0 ~ b 1 Xf iH B e T H a B e p x ~ M
e ~~ H X ~ THTa YnH-
~H~ WHMOCTH, pa3y~ee~w , p q C~ K~Y ~ H ~ I(X( c e p b 1 30H),.
IIJIKIC ~ HOe m ~~T H Xma3
Ue, rAe U ~ P K O B H ~MI ~o ~J I o A ~ X H O - O ~ ~ ~ C
U eTH B
T p~
, sH
a CHT ~ IC
0 Y ~T~p a H - Ha y n k i u e H e T KTIH eCJIki B M 0 3 v II03affM3THX m a 3 H e T ~ O Y T H ~ ~ C C O ~ H ~ T ~ J I ~ H O
B~HXIIH
B e~Y~e p H H e T a H U b I H A P Y r H e M e p O n p H R T H R , O K a 3 b I B a e T n P O X 0 X H M YBepeHHOCTH B TOM, YTO O,@iHOYHbIe YCELnwI IIO n O m e p X a H H H , uMBKTIM3aIJHH
T a K y I o Xe YCJIJTy, K a K y H a C 6ap ((yafi~
XOpC,,. O ~ T O , L ( O K C ~ J I ~rpi3gOCTpOH-
HO~ IIOJIb3ylOTcR o6qefi n o ~ q e p X ~ 0CO
f i CTOPOHbI YJIMubI, OT O C B e q e H w I IIOJIb3bI
TenbCTBO CPUIbHO IIP0HEIKH)TO IIYPEITaHCKEIMH H YTOIIRYeCKHMH IlpeACTaB- 0. B OTCyTcTBHe ~ @ @ ~ K T H B H ~
~ IaX6 n m ~ a ~ e n
yHe cfaiC a I o ~ I ? erIpeCTyIIJIeHwI
n e H M R M H 0 TOM, K a K JIlOARM CJleAyeT n P O B O A H T b C B O ~ O A H OB~p e M R , I? 3 T 0 CAyzIaTbCR H CJIYqaH)TCR H a XOPOLUO O C B e q e H H b I X C T a H u w I X IIOA3eMKti.
M O p ~ H 3 a T O p C T B Ono n O B O A y Y ~ C T H O
X H~ 3~H H J I l O ~ e f TeCHO
i IIepenneJIOCb OHM IIpaKTHYeCKH HHKOrAa H e npOHCXO&HT B TeMHbIX TeaTpaJIbHbIX 3aJIaX,
C KOHUenUHRMH, K a C a l O q H M P i C R ~ Y H K ~ J H O H H ~ O B ~6 H
0Wn b~ m ~ xrOPOAOB. M H O ~ O ~ K H) MHOI'O
A ~ ~ ~rJIa3. Y J I l l y ~ b OrHH
~e M O W6b1~~
b O A O ~ Hn pMe C J I 0 -
0 6 e c n e s a ~ a a6 e 3 0 n a c ~ o c ~YJIMu,
b 6ap ((yafi~
XOpC)) M ~ ~ P K O B M
H o~n oI - ~ ~ e g , 9 ~ 0 YCJIbILUaTb
OMY KaMHIO, ni3gaH)IQeMy B IIyCTbIHe, rfle H e T p 6 ~ IIa-
i H T p I I p H BCeX ~ ~ ~ Y C T I O B P
~ e X H b 1 fW H 9 H R X M e m y HHMH ~
Ha~3 JI IX rpam
BO ~ HHe. ~ T 9 ~ 0 - ~B~OTCYTCTBMe
C038ae~OH 3BYK KTIH H ~ T ?O C B ~ UJIM~ CBeT 60
M H O r O M OAHy I? TY Xe O ~ ~ ~ C T B ~ H Hq H
YBIHOJ I E 1 3 Y I O ~ y l OPOJIb. B ~OJI~LIIHX eKTHBHOr0 ~ a 6 n m ~ a ~ B
em ?
IIpaKTHYeCKOM CMbICJIe -HeT.
r O p O A a X H e TOJlbKO HaXOAHTCR MeCTO AJlR 3THX H MHOrHX HHbIX p a 3 n H Y H f i q ~ 0 6 b 1O ~ ' ~ R C H HI IT~~O ~ J I ~ M ~I,
CO3AaBaeMbIe He3HaKOMuaMH H a
BO BKyCaX, qeJIRX H H H T e p e C a X ; r O p O A a , K p O M e T O r O , H Y m a I O T C R B JIIOAIiX POACKHX ((CepbIX 30H)>,R OCTaHOBnIOCb BHaYaJIe, BbIXBneHWl
CO BCeMH 3 T H M H Pa3JlHYMFIMH H ~ K J I O H H O C TH ~BKYCOB.
~~ ~ ~ ~ A I I o Y T ~ H H ~ , H a O C O ~ ~ H H O C T HApYTHX
X ((YJIHU,, -K O P w O P O B rOCYAaPCTBeHHbIX
[ 54 1 I. C n e q u @ u ~ 6onbuux
a zopodoe [ 55 1
X ~ ~ GI ~ LX u ~ nHp, e A c T a B m m u m c 0 6 o f i M aL ~I
B ~ P E I ~ ~H ~ y ro-
eAYqeaap~oro
POAa. A M @ TEI~KIO P H A O P b I 3 T H X 3 ~ a H E I f-
i B H e K O T O P O M P O A e YJIHIJbI. TO O H b I , EI 6 n a r o ~ a HpH~T e H C M B H O M y EICIIOJIb30BaHEIIO 3 T H ~ U I K O HH~a I-
9 ~ 0 6 6Y1I I p a 3 A H E I T b YJIEIUbI H a 3 e M J I e
Y J I H u b I , I I O C T a B J I e H H b I e ( ( H an O n a ) ) , C T e M R T C R n o & H H T e H C H B H b I M H ~ ~ J I H ) , ~ ~ H nE pI o 6 n. e ~C I I p e C T y I I H O C T b I O
~ M
EI I I p e B p a T H T b 3 e M J I m B 6 e m m ~ I I~a pp
K O B y I o 3 0 H Y , nogo6~4?o TOprOBO-nP0- B a ~ ~ a n E 1 3 M O TMa M H e B 0 3 H H K U I O . Aaxe J I a M n 0 9 K H T a M UeJIbI, XOTR B X H -
r y ~ r 0 9 ~ 0 f3i o ~ Be B ~ L U E I H ~ T O H - X a y ~ O
e 3T ,K y A a 6bwa J J K p a e H a eJIKa. ~ a c c k i B a Xnono6~oro
p a 3 M e p a CO W r e n b I M H K O p H A O p a M H HX H 3 - 3 a B a H -
~ T BMH p e H H E I e 9 a C T H 3 A a H H f i RBJIRIOTCfI Y J I E I q a M H H e T O J I b K O
B T O M C M b I c n e , TO O H H 0 6 e c n e q ~ ~ anepeiveqeme
m~ x ~ ~ e n e f Ki o, T o P b I e , T f l B c e O ~ C T O E IXTO ~ O I L I O .
K a K npaBEIJI0, H e 3HaIOT ApYr A p p EI B ~ O J I ~ U I M H C WT rBY~q a e B H e M O r p O T - Y 6 e n ~ ~ e nAbe M~OaH C T P a u E I R n p a ~ o f Ci B R 3 H M e m y ~a6nmge-
J I R Y H T b coceAa no g o ~ OT y npmuenbua. 3 ~ ~ oJ I E I EI~ B~ TOM I c M b I c x e , TO O H H M R 6 e 3 0 n a c ~ o c ~ b BI O6 0 n b ~ 1 ropoae!
0~
O~I~~AOCTYIIO H ~HIH . 6 b w p~a 3 p a 6 0 ~ a H b 1B I I O A p a X a H H e C T a H A a p T a M , n p H - T ~ HMe M e H e e M a c c E i B 6 n e ~ r e f i ~ - X a y c Ce Ta o n K H y n m c ~ ~ x e n e f i -
H I l T b I M Y C O C T O R T e J I b H b I X JIIOAefi, X H B Y m H X B XOPOLUMX M H O r O K B a P T H P H b I X O C B ~ ~ ~~ UHI KHO H~ ~R IBI -, ~
n p o 6 ~ e ~ o fBia H A U I E I 3 M a H X y J I E I r a H C T B a .
A O M a X , HO TOJIbKO B A a H H O M CJIYqae y XEIJIbqOB H e T A e H e r H a L I I ~ e f i l J a p 0 ~ n ~ m w H . l e c f l ,IIO C J I O B a M F i A M H H H C T p a u H E I , ( ( C a M b I M R P K H M R 3 a M a H 9 E I B b I M
EI J I E I C $ T ~ ~ O BKTO
. ) T O A H 0 M O X e T ~ ~ C K O H T P O J I ~ BH O O ~ ~ TB M~ a ~ 0A O f Mi EI BOC- H q e M B 3 ~ 0 f ig a c m ropona),, n p m n e K a m T npHmenbqeB, oco6e~~o
n O J I b 3 0 B a T b C R JIRC$TOM K a K I I p o e 3 X e f i y J I H q e f i , a K O P E I A O P a M H -K a K T P O T Y -
a p a M H . ~ T BHH f l p e H H H e Y J I H I J b I , ~ Y A Y ~B IEI OI J I H e A O C T p H b I ASIR n y 6 ~ 1 ~ 9 ~ o r o bIe, K a K M X H H T O M , O ~ O ~ P H M ~ I KMOEP H
I ,4OPaMH, B HHX H e 3 a e p X E I B a -
H C I I O J I b 3 0 B a H H R , B T O X e B p e M H He,L(OCTYIIHbI @ I H ~ Y ~ J I E I ~ H
H ~O~ ~I I OI O A ~ H E I R , A ~ TH a A p y r H e ( ( Y J I E I ~ ~ ~I ) ,a a ~ ~3af Ki O, T O P ~ I M E HI e T xopomero
EI I I 0 3 T O M Y EIM H e X B a T a e T C A e P X H B a I O w H X C$~KTOPOB, KOTOPbIe H M e m T C R H a . B PIX s H W r e - - I I E I + T ~ I EI,YTO 6onee BWO B AaHHoM c n p a e , no-
0 6 0 3 p e ~ a e ~ b roponcmix
1 x ymqax. H b I e J I e C T H H u b I H EIX I I J I O I U ~ m i n. 0 J I M I J e f i c K H e 6e3 T O J I K y 6 e r a m B~B e p X -
O ~ ~ C I I O K OB ~CBR3EI
HHO ~
C 3THMEI He3PR9EIMEI YJIHUaMEI, K a K M H e Y I I I H T e J I R M H I I O p R A K a , K O T O P b I e T B O P R T 60r 3 H a e T 9 T O H a W r e I I b I X
IIpf?JCTaKXUeTCR, H e CTOJIbKO O n a C H O C T R M H &TlH r I W I O B e K a , P e U I b H O C T b KOTOPbIX
6ama M H O r O K P a T H O I I O A T B e P m e H a , CKOJIbKO BaHJaJIH3MOM B OTHOLUeHEIEI M M y -
W e C T B a , H ~ I C - ~ ~ O ~ Kr C
O pK0 O
A C~K O e Y I I p a B J I e H H e IIO X H J I H W H O M Y ~ 0 3 R f i ~ ~ ~ y 0 B b I 3 B a T b BHEI3, H H a J I e C T H H u e A e J I a I O T 9 T O X O T R T C T e M E I , K O r O EIM YAa-
HeCKOJIbKO JIeT H a 3 a 3 a T e f U I O 3 K C I I e p H M e H T C K O P P i A O P a M H , O T K P b I T b I M H &TE3 n o f i ~ a ~n
bp. o6ne~a
TaK c e p b e a ~ aH H a BW T a K TRXWIO n o A , q a e T a pe-
o63opa.
II~~JIEIYHO ~O M ~ C T O 3MK C I I e p H M e H T a CTaJI m 0 f i MaCCEIB B ~ P ~ K J I H H ~ , KI, 9 T O l l p e E I M y l 4 e C T B O 6 e 3 0 n a c ~ b 1 xK O P H A O P O B I I O Y T H C B e A e H O H a
K O T O P ~ RI ~H ~~ ~ O B
6 JYI e H r e f i ~ - X a y c e 3 X, O T R B A ~ ~ ~ C T B H T W I ~ H O C
OHTH
Ha3bIBaeT- no ~ p a f i ~M
e ek p e B r J I a 3 a X H ~ M ~ ~ aHM EHI H oH C ~T P a~I J E I E I .
C R H H a 9 e (H H e xov f i 0 6 a ~ X 3 ~eMy
b HeIIpHR~HoffefiP
, eKJIaMHpyH er0). n p o ~ c x o ~ ~ Bw6e~ e1 e ~ r e f i ~ - X a y cMe 3 ~ s eOM o T n n s a e T c R OT
~OCKOII~K
6 JY I e ~ r e i % ~ - X a y ~COCTOHT
e3 E13 I l I e C T H a u a T H 3 T a X - ,9 T O I I P O H C X O A H T B CKYqHbIX rOpOACKHX ((CepbIX 3OHaX),. T~MOUHH~,
HbIX 3 A a H H f i , 9 b X BbICOTa I I p e & O I I p e A e J I R e T M 3 P R A H Y K ) B e l I H Y H H Y M U I O J I m A - 110~06-
I, H e M H O r H e H P e A K O P a C I I O J I O X e H H b I e Y q a C T K E I ~ o J V I E I H H OX~H~3 H E I
H 0 f i T e P P H T O P E I H B O K P Y r HEIX, B O 3 M O X H O C T b o 6 3 o p a O T K P b I T b I X K O P H A O P O B I n e r K o o 6 0 3 p e ~ a e ~ Kb o1p H
~ AopaM B 6 n e ~ r e f i ~ - X a y c eO
a .H Hn p n B n e K a m T
c I nHE i 143 C o c e A H H x AOMOB A a e T B O C H O B H O M ~ C H X O ~ O ~ E ~ 341-
~ ~ M J H ~ ~ C K E I ~ ~ OPOHHHX. A PaCIIOJIOXeHHbIe PRAOM CPaBHHTeJIbHO IIYCTbIHHbIe, C K P -
@?KT, H O B K ~ K O ~ - TCO
TeIIeHH 3 T 0 n O M O r a e T . YTO6onee BaXCHO H ~ C $ C $ ~ K T H B - W r e I I b I e YIIHI@I M O X H O C p a B H H T b C I I O X a P H b I M H JIeCTHEIlJaMH B ~ J I ~ H -
H O , K O p H A O P b I XOpOLUO I I ~ ~ I C ~ O C O ~&JJH
IH
~ H
~ ~ I~ I ~ O APi3HYTPEI
~ H H R 3~aHHfi. -Xayce3. O H HH e I I ~ H C ~ O C O ~ JWI ~R H
T O~r IO , 9 ~ 0 6 bH1M e T b A e n O C 9 y H c a -
O H Hc o 3 ~ a ~ a n c~ p ca cb s e T o M H e T o n b K o H a n e p e M e w e H H e n m n e f i , HO H H a ,H n P H C y T C T B E I e H a H H X 9 y H c a K O B a B T O M a T H 9 e C K E I CYJIHT H e I I P H R T H O C T R .
ApyrHe cnoco6b1 H C I I O J I b 3 0 B a H H R . OHH O~OPYAOB~H
K a~KI H r P O B a R 3 0 H a B T a K H X CJIy9aRX B 0 3 H H K a e T HCKYLUeHHe O ~ B E I H H B
T O~ B C e M
1r p W i T b n
H A O C T a T O 9 H O I I p O C T O p H b I , 9 ~ 0 6 bW o ~ o 6 Y~3 K eM X~B e p a w . Bce 3 T 0 KOHbI HJIH T O P r O B J I I O kI 6apb1,K O T O P b I e W I y H c a T M a r H E I T O M . T ~ n ~ q ~ b ~ f i
OKa3UIOCb HaCTOIIbKO X H B b I M H HHTepeCHbIM, 9 T O XHJIbUbI g 0 6 a ~ m ewe~ IWrH IIPOHBJIIIeTCfI B O C Y I l J e C T B J I R e M O M c e f i Y a c I I p O e K T e O ~ H O B I I ~ H H H
OAHH cnoc06 EICIIOJIb30BaHHR, C T ~ B L I I HO~ %
CO~~HH O
IIOrIj'X3PHbIM: OHM H a 9 a J I R KOrO p a f i 0 H a r a f i ~ - n a p ~ - K e 3
~ ~~y( (a
~C e. p Z H 3 0 H a ) ) , I I p H M b I K a I o w E U I
Y C T p a H B a T b T a M IIEIKHUKEi B O I I p e K H IIOCTORHHbIM I I p e A Y I I P e X C A e H H R M VPO- K a r C K O M Y Y H E I B e P C H T e T Y , C O A e p X H T MHOI'O IIpeKpaCHbIX 3 ~ a H H f i
3 a M CO C T O P O H b I a M E I H E I C T P a u R E I , K O T O P a H e TLJLaHUpOBURa T a K O r O H C n O J I b - CTKOB, H O H a I I P O T R X e H M H T P H A u a T H J I e T 3 A e C b C B H p e I I C T B O B U I a y J I H 9 -
3 O B a H E I R K O ~ H , I ( O ~ O B - ~ ~ J I K O H( IOI JBI a H A O J I X e H I I p e A y C M a T p k i B a T b B C e H a ~ , K O T O P O ~B~ I I O W r e A H E I e r O A b I A O ~ ~ B E I H
P~CTYIIHOCTK ~ C
3 aR ~ e ~ H b 1 f i
cnOnb3oea~uernpornyapoe: 6e3onac~ocrnb [ 57 I
@ ~ 3 3 ~ 3 Y e ~ K YIIaffOK.
Hfi < ( ~ P M ~ I I H YT )P)Y A H O C T ~ EICIIbITbIBaeMLIX
~~, rafiA-napK- HUHH H B I I p a B A y M O r y T 0 6 e p e r a ~ bp a f i 0 H OT IIOCTOPOHHEIX C A O C T ~ T O Y H O ~ ~
K~HBYAOM, ~ J I H c T ~ T ~ J IO ~ nHpoe A e J I w I H r p w O C T p O H T e J I E I - I I O m E I H H b I e H a - ~ @ ~ K T M B H O C EUIH
T ~ ~ .T a K , TO I U I a ~ o f 6i y ~ By P~ ~ ~ ~ H O KC T c a~I o q e -
pyH
UIeAHEIKH ~ p a ~ e t i - ~ p o ~ o n y c ~ ao~ e~nsa eatmi : m ~ e B~~aP H C ~ T C T B mop- ~EI ro r o p o ~ a ~ c ycm~~samrqeecs
e o r q y q e ~ o~ ce a m e ~ ~ o~ fpi e n o cK~p~o.~ e
Y H ~ ~. O nopseti
A OHM n o ~ p a a y ~ e ~ a YTO
TO, m ~ UIHIIIKOM M H O npo@eccopa ~ ~ TOTO, KTO M o m e T 6 b 1 ~ pb e p e H , YTO E I T~ ~ I C H Ynm~efi,
no n p a B y H a x o A c I q H x c r l
~ o - m e ~ m EIe f~ ip y r H ~e P ~ A C T ~ B H Tc~pAeH~ ~ e 1macca -0 ~ O 3Aa ~ O A O M noma- B ~ p e n o c T E I BCe
, T a K )OX HeOIIaCHbI B T ~ M H O T ~ ?
JIM 3TOT ~ ~ b I J I b 1EIf i0 I I a c H b I f i p a f i o ~EI, H a HX MeCTe, eCTeCTBeHH0, IIORBKWIEICb O ~ R T ~ - T R~ HKeEXIO g y B b I A e n R T b B OTPHUaTeJIbHOM IIJIaHe K a -
T e , y KOrO IIO 3KOHOMEIYeCKHM WIEI C04HFUIbHbIM I I p H Y H H a M H e 6 b 1 n o 6 0 ~ 1 b - K p - n ~ 6KOHKpeTHYK)
~ T e P P H T O p H H ) MJIH B A a H H O M CJIyYae KOHKP~TH~IB
IIIOrO ~ b 1 6 0 p a ~
. P O ~ K T
BbIHBnReT H IlEIKBHAHpYeT 3 T H 3JIeMeHTbI IIOPYH EI 3 a - n p O e K T . r a f i ~ - n a p ~ - K e H ~HyMAe e T 3 H a 4 e H M e r J I a B H b I M 0 6 p a 3 0 ~IIOTOMY,
rne, K a K 0 6 b 1 4 ~ 0 ,EIC-
M e H R e T EIX 3 J l e M e H T a M E I f l Y 9 e 3 a p H 0 r 0 r O p O A a - C a A a , y ~ ~o ~ a rEI~npe&llomeHHbIe
o s 3AeCb n e ~ e 6 ~ b M
1 e p b I THIIEIYHbI @IR 3KCIIe-
n O n b 3 0 B a H H e YJIEILl CBeAeHO K MEIHHMyMY. ~ P O ~ K T K p, O M e TOrO, ~ o 6 a ~ m e ~ pal\lreHTFUIbHbIX I I p O e K T O B 0 6 ~ o s n e ~ E II'OpOACKElX
R <cCepbIX 3 0 H ) ) IIO ~cefi
T a M H G?M n y C T b I e IIpOCTpaHCTBa, p a 3 M b I B a e T EI 6e3 T o r 0 HeYeTKEIe r P a H M q b I crpaae. Y E I K ~ ~ c KnHn~ a~ Y~y T b 6onee ~ M ~ H L I E I O EI~ TOnbKO.~H, TO OPTOAOK-
M e m y 4aCTHbIM EI ~ Y ~ ~ E I Y H ~ I M
npOCTpaHCTBaMEI EI a M I I y T H p Y e T C W e C T B p - ~ m b a o ~e ~ ~ o C T P O E I T ~ J I ~ C B ~Oe f Ki p a C e , a H e KaKaH-TO MeCTHaR a6ep-
BOT B
WYH) KOMMePIJEIH), KOTOPaR EI T a K AOBOnbHO cna6a. ~ ~ ~ B o H ~ Y F UnI n~ aH ~O panm HJIH nPEIXOTb.
n p e A y C M a T p H B F U I CTPOEITenbCTBO AOBOJIbHO 60nb1110ro TOPrOBOI'O 4 e H T p a
B nPHrOPOAHOM A y e . HO p a 3 M b I U n e H E I R 0 H e M BHeCJIEI B npOLJeCC IIpOeKTH- O ~ C T E I M MbI
, I I p O A O n X a e M CTPOHTC?JbCTBO EI M e T O A E I Y H p PeKOHCTPYKqEIH)
pOBaHPE3 HeKEIe npo6necm p e a J I b H O C T H H H a M e K H a A y p H b I e I I P ~ A Y ~ B C T B H R . e 6 e 3 0 n a c ~ bropono~.
~~ K ~ HKa M x H T b B YUIOBHRX n o ~ o 6 ~ opr ao c ~ a ?CO-
K p y n ~ b ~LJeHTp,
fi 6onee K P F H ~ I ~ ~4 ,e M AEIKTYIOT C T a H A a p T H b I e H m b I X M T e - a c H o HMelorqHMCR n O K a 4 T O AaHHbIM, e C T b T p H cnoc06a XEITb C 3TEIM; B 0 3 -
nefi O ~ H O B E ~ ~ M O I 'pafio~a,
O M O X e T , KaK B b I p a 3 E l C R OAEIH E13 FlPXHTeKTOPOB- O ~ O CO , B p e M e H e M ~ 3 0 6 p e ewe
~ y ~K ~ K E ~ ~ - H E I ~HO
Y~A o~A, o ~ P ~ B ~ H ) , YTTP O
H
n P O e K T E I P O B ~ H K O B (<IIPHBJIeYb
, B H e r 0 IIOCTOPOHHEIX J I l O ~ e f i ) )~. O ~ T O M Y
BMeC- co6a n p O C T 0 6 y pa3BEIBaTbG3,
~ ~ eUIEI 3 T 0 UIOBO 3AeCb nOmOAEIT.
TO 60nb1110ro TOPrOBOrO 4 e H T P a P e I J l E l E I CTpOHTb ~ F U I e H b ~ k i f6i 0. n b m o f i I2TIEI n e p ~ b ~CfI iI O C O ~- II03BOnEiTb OIIaCHOCTH I I p a B t I T b ~ F U IEI npe-
M F U I ~ H ~ K-
H p~ ~a 3 ~ ~ H1 ~~ Ba ~ ~ E I K ~ . a B H T b TeM, K T 0 EIMeJI HeCYaCTbe OKa3aTbCH B HeyAaYHOM MeCTe, CaMEIM
OH^ H ~ B ~ ~ ~EO IT O
KM~Y ,YTO r a & - n a p ~ - K e ~ ~K y~ ~BK, C patio-
~ a T b 0 nOUIeACTBEIRX. Ta~m
nOnEiTHKa cefi4ac nPOBOAEITW B OTHOIUeHEIH
HbI ~ O J I ~ I I I E I X
rOpOAOB, B p e a n b H 0 f i XEI3HH O K p Y X e H (<nOCTOpOHHHMEI>) bIX MaCCHBOB AnR M F U I O O ~ ~ C I I ~ Y ~ HHHMHOrMX
~IX X E l b I X MaCCHBOB @IR
nmAbMH. OH n o r p y x e H B T o n r q y Ymaro, H n p H B c e M X e n a H m ero M e m o -
IIOJIOXeHHe H e M3MeHEITC9. OH HEIKOrAa H e B e p H e T C 9 B AaBHO y T p a Y e H H O e no- B~opoi3C I I O C O ~-Y K P ~ I B ~ T ~BCTRP a H C n O P T H b I X C p e A C T B a X .
J I ~ p H r O p O A H O COCTORHEIe.
e E C ~pHa 3 p a 6 a ~ b l ~ IaI p~Obe K T TaK, CJIOBHO T a K O e ~ e npa6eram~
~ y B ~OJI~IIIEIX I I O B ~ A H E Im~
~ @ ~ H K ~ H C K~H~ X K ~ AHKE~X
X XU-
BOBMOXHO, HrHOPEIPYR ~ J I Y ~ E I H @
HY~H
IK~ L J E I o H F U I ~ H ~nI ~p o 6 n e ~ b J1( a H H 0 f i BOTHHX, r ~ TYPEICTOB
e n p e ~ y ~ ~ p e ~ ,YqTaO~~oOHM~~I , HEI B K O ~ Mc n y ~ a ~ee B~I-
TePPHTOPMH, 3 T 0 M O X e T IIPEIBeCTEI JIEIIIIb K OAHOMY H 3 ABYX p e 3 y n b T a T O B . XOAEIJIH Pi3 MaIIIEIH, n O K a H e ~ 0 6 e p y ~Am 0 XHJIbR. Ero B31IJIH H a B O O P J X e H H e
h 6 0 IIOCTOPOHHEIe JllOAEI 6 y ~ n yo - n~p e X H e M Y nPEIXOAEITb C m - B ~ O C - A H A X ~ JYI A ~ CE ~I .B ~ ~ H~ HO~ CI ~ ~ T 3H ~T 0 ~~O~0P O A~ O~ T O MB H O B ~
Aa, K O r A a EIM HpaBEITCFI, EI B TaKOM U I F a e B HX 4ElClIe 6 y ~ Hye K~O T O p b I e OT- EI BHOBb paCCKa3bIBalOT, K a K B ~ ~ B ~ ~ J I H - X MHX
J IOCTaHaBnEIBFUIEI
JI~ II~nEIqefi-
H I ~ A
H e~CEIMnaTHYHbIe n e p c o H m . Bm a H e ~ C ~T HME I T~C
~ ~ O ~ ~ C HHO~ M o ~n b - cxue, AOTOIIIHO c n p a u r ~ s mn~o, s e ~ OHH
y W ~ TI I ~ I J ~ K O MEI, n p e ~ y n p e w a -
KO TO, YTO EI3-3a yBenEIYeHPE3 IIYCTOTbI YnHYHbIM IIpeCTj'lIHEiKaM C T a H e T ewe 6 OIIaCHOCTEI. TOT MeTOA IIOBbIIIIeHHR O ~ ~ ~ C T B ~ H6 He O3 0~ n? a c ~ o c ~ ~
nporqe. fl~160 K n p o e K q 6y~y-1 ~ o 6 a ~ n e p~e rbu rm e n b H b I e H Y P ~ ~ B ~ I Y ~ ~ ~ H E J ~ TO, cym no u ~ @ pn a o c~- a ~ ~ x e n e c c ~n op efciT y r r H o c T H , ~ e t i c ~ H~e y e ~
M e p b I no H ~ A o ~ ~ I ~ ~ HBEpI aHf ,i 0 ~
~ O C T O P O H H E I Xn0 ~ P H M ~ PCYO C ~ A H ~YH-
~ O O , CO B p e M e H e M -K T 0 3 H a e T . .
KOM ~ @ @ ~ K T M B H HO . K~KMMEI,
HHTepeC-
K ~ ~ C K O YH OI B ~ ~ C H T C
~ E ~T~B , I I I ~ ~KOC, T ~ T HO
, CHOBHO~ A~ B H X ~ Qc ~
~ n
~ 0~t i HJIH6 b 1 3 ~ LJM@P~I,
~ i 6 y ~ Bb I'POMaAHOM H e 3 P R Y e M 3 a I I O B e A H H K e IIOA
n p O e K T a : COrJIaCHO C O O ~ ~ ~ H E IIlpeCCbI,
RM T a M KFiX,QTO HOYb BMIIYCKaIOT HO- ~ H H ~ O
MC - A H A X6onb111e
~ ~ ~ C6 e 3 3 a I q M ~ H b 1J ~I I I H ) ~J I~H ~L U~ ~, H H ~ IM
Xe-
nEI4eficKElx c o 6 a ~Y, T O ~ I~I aIT p Y n H p O B a T b K a M n y C Pi A e p X a T b H a PaCCTORHMM H Y ~ C K H XI I ~ H ~ E I P ~ ~ ~ ?
BCeX EI K W O r 0 B 3 ~ 0 fni o ~ ~ e p m e ~MHOrEIM
~ o f i OIIaCHOCTHM, J I M I I I ~ H H or~O~- P a s y ~ e e B~O ~~ , ~ C H ~~ OI H
X ~ X A P ~~ O
~ PHOX
A O B~ H ) & H
T O X ~~ ~ C T O
POACKHX Y e p T B H Y T P ~ H HUHTaAenEI.
~ 6 a p b e p b 1 , 0 6 p a 3 0 ~ a ~ ~ bHOBbIMH
1e - HnEI nLITalOTCR n O J l b 3 0 B a T b C R - ~ B T O M O ~ H ~ R MAJIR
b3YIOTCfI I I 3arqEI-
M a c c m a M M no K P ~ R MT a h - n a p ~ - K e ~ ~ ynnmc
g a , s p e 3 ~ b 1 ~ a t i ~yb cr m
e m no- ABTOP O A H O ~ On n c b ~ Ba p e ~ a ~ New r ~ ~York~ mPost name?.: & x a ~ ~a y
nonb306a~uernpomyapoe: ~ ~ ~ O T I U C H O C ~ ~ [ 61 1
0 6 p a 3 0 ~ , arem no c A a Y e m
CXOAH~IM m b n 113~Xmoro
BH~C~M I
MaCCHBa ~ ~ ~ K - Y ~ c T - B K ~HHa A ~ ~ C T C ~ ~ %-
B ex p x H e Y A ~((TBOerO
? c06cTBeH- POB, H T ~ ~e
M ~ e ~ e e
H O r O M H p a B C ~ P A L ~J ~b ~ ) - f i ~ ~-~ Ka KOTOPOMYR
) > , 06pa~lmacB
b K a q e C ~ ~ e 3 a YaCTOKOnOM C T a n a &E4 HHX H O P M O ~ C
~. aarpm-
~ ~ C T B O B6 e~3 H H~
n0TeHLTHaJIbH0fi C a e M q k i q b I , BaOXHOBJISIIoqe 3 a R B w I :
- M W ~ MK,a K TOJIbKO T O P ~ O B q~eIH~T~P 6y,qe~rOTOB, BCH) T e p - CXOAH~IM 0 6 p a 3 0 ~~ 0 fflecRTHJIeTHMfi
i M e l W I H H H K A ~ B w ,PO-
PMTOPMH) o6~ecy-r3 a 6 0 p o ~ . fim M s b ~ p o c m ~BfCi ~ a f i s e c a ~ ~ - T a ccropo~e
y ~ e , B H ~ T P Mr o p o ~ a n YAM-
,
- C~TY~T~IM? T HaUI AOM, M O X e T XOAHTb K T 0
- C O B ~ ~ I I I ~ HBHe pOH O , M a A a M . M n p M A e T B p e M R (KPYI'OBO~
B3MaX p y ~ o f i0, 6 0 3 ~ a ~ a ~ ) rqo p~o fA ic K F i e YWiCTKM BOKPYF ero s n a ~ e ~ ~ f i ) , e, -c ~ a a a nOH. -KTO-TOonm me^ m B ~ I ~ O H F I eT u~ k, i O H E ~~e ~ ~ ~ L I I H M ~ ) ) .
K O r A a B C e r O 3 T O r 0 H e 6 y A e T . ~ T H nH)Aefi
X TaM H e 6yAeT. M ~- I nM0~epb1 P a 3 ~ e rn o p o ~ a a a 3 B a T b YMCTO H ~ I O - ~ ~ O P K -
H a anOARHb1x ~ e n b 3 H
A M K O ~3Oa n ~ a . e P ~ K O H C T ~ ~ ~ I ~BOJI~XIOI'O OB~HHO~O
noXaJIyfi, Aa: 3 T 0 I I O X O X e H a X M 3 H b n M O H e p O B B O ~ H ~ C ~ H H O M or0 ~ O P O A ~Ha
. K ~ H @ e p e H q k i k 1959
i r O A a IIO A H 3 a f i H y B rap-
YaCTOKOnOM IIOCtXeHMM. C T 0 f i pa3HMq€!fi, YTO n M O H e p b 1 CTPeMWIHCb ~ 0 6 M T b - M3 T e M , 0 6 c y ~ a s r u ~ rOPOACKMMM
x c ~ ~PXHT~KTOP~MLI-AH~~~~-
c~ 6 o n b m e f i , a ~e ~ e ~ b ~6 ee 3 f 0 in a c ~ o AJIR c ~ ~c ~ 0 e f~i M B W I M ~ ~ ~ M M . 0 I I O A O ~ H O Mpa3at?JIe, XOTFI ~ ~ H A H T c K o CJIOBeYKa
~o turf
HeKoTopb~W e e H b I ~6ay4),, 110nb3yIoqMXcR 3TMMH HOBbIMM <<no- . K O H K P ~ T H ~ IIMI PHH M e p a M H , 0 KOTOPbIX LIIJla P e Y b , 6b1-
n R H a M H > > ,H e B B O C T O p r e OT T a K O r O 0 6 p a 3 a Xki3HM. Hanpmxep, a B T O p n k i c b - ~ a r H0 n a @ a c e ~ ~ - nBaApe~~ p o f i ~ e ,
M a B New York Post 3 a 1959 roA: <(HaAHRX MOR rOpAOCTb OT TOrO, YTO R npo-
mkisam B CTafiBe~a~T-TayH HeB ropone H ~ H ) - R o p ~ eB, n e p s b I e c M e H ~ n a c b O r p a x q a ~ n~
b ~ T ~HE I L L I ~ Hr nHa ~
3B I o c ~ a n b ~ o rroop o ~ a ?
O H ~OT
I~
H e r O A O B a H M e M M CTbIAOM. YBHAen AByX ManbYMKOB I I P k i M e P H O A B e H W q a - 0 ~i K ~ H ~ b B HMX o c ~ a n b ~ o~fOi P O A ?
K ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ T E nI pT ~H mO a! r u a JIM
TM n e T , CKAeBmMx H a c ~ a i v e i i B~ Ce T ~ ~ ~ B ~ C ~ H TOHM - T ac yrono~oii
~ e . YT~UIH
B pa3rOBOp, BenM c e 6 TKXO,
~ ~ P H C T O ~ ~- HOM 6b1nki nY3PTOPHKaHt(aMW. B H ~ - ~ O A O ~ HC O T P Y A H ~ ~ K C
~MO B ~ no
T ~~ e n Ma O~ ~ O ~ ~3 aXc ~Hp o, f i -
s a n ~ no p ~ 6 n ~ 3 m A~ Bc ob~ x p a ~ C~~ a~ f ~ i s ea c a ~ ~ - T- ~ a men c IOX-
a yOAMH M m T e n H I I p e 3 a p ~ o r ropoga,
o l I p e 3 a p ~ o r ro o p o ~ a - c a M
~ IIpeaap-
a
~ o iCTOPOH~I,
i Apyr0fi c c e B e p H 0 f i . OAHH~ O K ~ ~ ZAIpIyIr O M y H a M ~ J I ~ Y E I K O B . Cb C I I o ~ J I M H H o ~ H
~,~ B ~ I M ~ I I ~ I ~ ~ H H o ~
O X P ~ H H M KIIOaOIlIt?JI K HMM, M IIOCJIe HeCKOnbKHX TkiXMX O p a 3 , npOM3HeCeH- P O T ~ C Rc ~
e f~i 3 B 0C ~ XCHA c ~ I O T H~ )X
M O ~ ~
HbIX C 0 6 e ~ x
CTOPOH, MZUlbYHKM BCTiL7H M YlLlJlH. OHM CTapaJIMCb B b I I X m e T b HYeCKEIX CpeACTB, K a K H e eCTb. Bb160p Y HHX O s e H b M ~ J I ~ BCH-
H ~ K H ~ ~ .
TaK, CJIOBHO H M Y e r O H e CJIYqkiJIOCb.. . K ~ MKM M O X e M O X k i A a T b OT n H ) ~ e f AO-
i 0BaHHb1fi rOp0.4, B 0 3 H M K a e T B a p B a P C K a R
MbI 3 a T a n T b I B a e M B HMX BCe 3 T 0 e q e A 0 TO-
CTOMHCTBa ki CaMOyBFOKeHWI, ~ C J I M OTOMY YTO ero p a 3 p a 6 o n a ~ k Bi ~ I ~ ~ O C H J I H
r0, K a K OHM AOCTkiraIoT 3 p e J I o c T k i ? Xe MbI, X M T W M C T ~ ~ % B ~ C ~ H T -
HacKonbKo KY O C H O B O n O n a r a m q e e H ~ ~ H ~ Y I~' OHP L
OAI ~
CKYO E~~ ~ a~ B
J I~ IM, eCTe
TayHa H ~ c e r o r p o ~ ~ o~r bom - R o p x a ~a
, C ~ M O Mgene 6ea~b1,e c n ~e~ ~ea36emM
o rOPOaCKyI0 CBO~OAY.
M O X e M IIOAeJIMTbcFI c K a ~ e f i K 0 iCi AByMR M Z U I ~ Y H K ~ M M ! ~ )
P ~ A ~ Ko T~ O ~ e~~n Ma C c~ ~Ma 6 , q ~~ nT nYy 6 n k i ~ a q ~3 m
arono~- rAe OH ~ ~ H K ~ H O H M P Y ~ T
HMCR 6 e c n o p q z ( ~ oC ~T a p O r O r O p O A a T a M ,
KOM: <(Hen e a b ~a Y Y H C ~ Inonaay!>)
~ HO, CKpbIBaeTcR B O C X M T M T ~ J I ~ H IIOPFIAOK,
~I~~ 0 6 e c n e ~ ~ ~ rYJIMY-
n~~fi
B LJeJIOM, OAHaKO, nIoAM, K a X e T c R , O Y e H b ~ ~ I C T PIIPkiBb1KaH)T
O ~ ~ O I I ~ C H OkiCCBO~O,L(Y
T~ . CJ10XHb1fi IIoPRAOK. Ero C p b -
r o p o x a ~ TO
K CY4eCTBOBaHMH) BO BnaAeHMRX, O ~ H ~ C ~ H CMMBOnMqeCKHM
H ~ I X HJIM HaCTO- e I I p e p b I B H 0 I I o p o X @ l H ) ~ e ~ AOCTaTOYHOe
R 4 M M 3 a 6 0 p 0 ~ , M HaYMHaIoT YAHBnBTbCR TOMY, K a K OHki XMIIM P a H b m e . Eqe
AO T o r o , KaK B K P ~ I I H ~ I rXo p o A a x BO~HHKTIM ) ) ,RB-
o r o p o x e H H b I e ~ ~ O J I R H ~ ITO
n e m e onman q ~ a New n Yorker, r o B o p R H e o ~ O ~ ~ I I I ropoAe,
OM a oM ~ O M .
nocne B O ~ ~ H MK ,O r A a r O p O A OK-PMAX,LUTaT T ~ H H ~ C 6b1n C H ,AeMEiJIHTapM-
~ O B ~ nepcnemma
H , y-rpaTbI 3a6opa, c r r y T H k i K a ~ ~ i n u ~ a p a a a qs kb 1i 3~s a, n a
p b ~ f iCOBeT n p O A a B w r a 3 e T , O ~ M ~ H H B ~ K ) T MHeHRflMH
CII C & p v M M H no-
q,ly'ylluln 2.------.
~ T o o~ 6~pIa ~ w B1H~H M a H H e H a r O p O X B H , 6 0 n ~ ~ -
P ~ @ o ~ M AaBHO ~ T CR? a r a e M b I e 4awe B C e r O BbIrJIfIE3T ~ ~ C O ~ I O T6 Ha ~Oa I I b ~ b 1 -
IOUHXCR H a MHOrOnIOaHbIX IIepeKpeCTKFiX, llpOBO&3IlJHX BPelWI B KOHARTep- HO HX C p M a OTHIoAb H e 6 a ~ a J 1 b ~ C ny6nns-
a .P M ~ TaKEIX M H M O I I ~ T H ~ I X
CKHX R Gapax, ~ O T R ~ H B ~ I O I I (rHa 3XH p O B K y H a KPbLTIeqKaX, R BbIHeCTIH C m e - O H T ~ K T O BH a MeCTHOM YpOBHe -B ~oJI~IIIHHcTB
C ~B O ~ MC J I p a f i ~ b I x ,
H R e , CyTb KOTOpOrO CBOAHTCFI K U I e m U e M y : ( ( 3 ~H0H K m a H e FOAHTCFI! EmH XHCTBe CBOeM CBfi3aHHbIX C 3 a 6 0 ~ AaM~, HeH3MeHHO
~ A03RpYeMbIX
n ~ ) ~ e G~LTIH
6b1 Y ~ T H X f i ~ P E L ~ Rm~ iHn ~~ Iq a
~ 6onee Y ~ A H H ~ H ~H ~I I~R
~e - yYaCTHHKaMR, KOTOpbIM HHKTO H R 9 e r 0 H e HaBR3bIBaeT, -3 T 0 O w -
HHCTbIe yYaCTKll n p H HHX, OHM H e TOpYaIIH 6b1 H a ynkiqe!,,
p o ~ a xa M ~ J I ~ Iroponax
X T ~ HK IIPOHCXOAHT. HO~e B K P ~ H ~ ropoaax. I X m R K a ~ I 6Ha p ~ e ~e
~ aTO x e c a ~ o eZITO
, n o n y ~ C~O B~ ~ bTOT coceaa no
DOPM~UI~H O~~ IM~ ~ C T B ~ HO H p r~a H
IHM3 a 1 p f ~ MB KPYlTHbIX r O p o -
A a X H Y X H ~IIOYBa B BHAe H e @ o p ~ a n b H o f O
i ~ U ~ C T B ~ HXEI3HH, H O ~ ~ KOTopm pinanb~b1O H A, ~ E O ~ ~E eI 6
5 P ~ ~ C e~
~ mime no I I ~ T O T H Ou~e~~ e-
, M ~ I
X H~ 3~H b H ) r O p O X a H . C p b npo-
U W H T n 0 c p e A H H u e f i M e m y HHMM H Y ~ C T H O p a 3 0 6 p a ~ b m BTOM, YTO TaKOe ZIaCTHaRXH3Hb B K p p H O M rOpOAe.
H C X O A R q e r 0 M O X H O YIIOBHTb, OIIRTb-TaKH COnOCTaBJIRR F a C T O K , r A e eCTb Y ~ C T H X~HR3 H b B K P Y n H O M r O p O A e -I ~ ~ H H ~ ~ B~ eIl qI bI. ~6e3
R
n ~ 6 f l H T~ P~o aT a P H a HUI3Hb, H F a C T O K , r A e ee HeT, KaK CAeJIaHo B OTZIeTe o HeB03MOXCHO. OH^ IIOBCIOAy, IIoxiUI*, U e H H a H H ~ O ~ X O A H M HO~ ,
p e m e H m , K O T O P ~ ~I ~ ~3 y npo6-
o A s o r o H c c n e A o s a T e m ~3 C O U H ~ ~ H O TF O ~ m HCTBe MeCT H a H e e TpYjJHO PaCCYHTbIBaTb. B ~ m i 2 H b K E l XHaCeJIeH-
JIeMbI rOCyAapCTBeHHbIX IIIKOJI B OAKOM H 3 ~ ~ ~ O H ~OI OB- R O ~ K ~ : K T a x 0 TBOHX AeJIaX 3HaIOT BCe. B K P P H O M I'OpOfie 3TO H e TaK: 0 HHX
TOJIbKO Te, KOMY TbI 3aXOYeIIIb 0 HHX paCCKa3aTb. TO OA-
M b 1 CnpOCKTIPi MWCTePa Y . [ A E I P ~ K T O P~~a Y a J I b ~ 0UIKOII~I]
fi 0 BIIIIR- fi K P P H O r O rOpOAa, BZDKHbIX JIJIR ~ o J I ~ L U H H C TeBT~O X H -
HMM HOBOrO XEZTIOrO MaCCMBa H a IIIKOIIY M 0 BbIKOPYeBbIBaHMM MeCT- 5 He3aBHCHMO OT HXAOXOAa, U B e T a KO)KH, OT TOrO, P O A w I H C b OHH 3 ~ e C b
HOrO C O O ~ W ~ C TB BO ~K p P IIIKOIIbI. OH Ha3BaTI 3 T 0 BSIMHMe MHOFOCTO- npEIeXaJIH HeAaBHO. TOT Asp K p y I I H O r O I'OpOAa JIIOAki BbICOKO q e H R T
POHHHM M 6 0 J I b ~ e f YaCTbIO
i OTpHqaTeJIbHbIM. >KwrOE MaCCMB, c r t a a m eBHHBO o6eperam~.
OH, YHMYTOXUJl MHOrMe B03MOlKHOCTM &l
COipiaTIM3aL(KPi.
lfi i j b ~ ~ e m - A P x H T ~ K ~ H ~EIFr P
I ~ O C T P O H T e J I b H a RJ I H T e p a T y p a PaCCMaTpH-
a ,era o r o s a M , c o B e p m e H H o H e noxoxa H a secenyro
HRR a ~ ~ o c a e pno C T H x ~H 3 ~ Cb TOYKH 3 p e H m OKOH H J I k i ~ H f io 6 3 o p a . M ~ e COCTOHT
a
Y J I M Y H ~ T M O C @ ~ P Y ACTpOMTWlbCTBa
O MaCCHBa. OH OTMFTEZTI, YTO TO eCJIH HMKTO H e M O X e T 3aTJIRHYTb B T B O e X H J I H q e C H a P Y X H , TO,
JIIOnefi H a YJIMue CTaTIO T e n e p b MeHbIIIe, IIOTOMy9TO Y HMX M e H b U I e OHa, YaCTHaR x H 3 H b ! TO OZIeHb J T P o ~ ~ IIOAXOA.
H H ~3 Ia ~
lq~
H~H~b
MeCT, r A e C O ~ E I P ~ T ~ COH
R . CKa3aTI, KPOMe TOPO, YTO A 0 ~ O C T ~ O ~ ~ K H nerqe
OT ~ O C T O P O H H H XB ~ ~ J J I I , ~ O B AOCT~TOYHO
B c e r o H a cBeTe. 3a~ep-
MaCCllBa POAMTeJIbCKSI aCCOqMaqHR 6 b m a OYeHb CKnbHa, a T e n e p b TOpbI w I H 3 a K p b I T b XaJIIO3H. A BOT BO3MOXHOCTb O r p a H H Y H T b 3 H a H H e
B H ~ O GC T m a C b JIMIIIb rOpCTKa aKTMBHbIX YneHOB. X AHYHbrX Aenax KpJTOM JIM4, K O T O P H ~TbI
~ CaM ~ 3 6 p a ~ 1H, B03MOXHOCTb
HOrO KOHTPOJIR H a A TeM, KT0 H K O r A a B n p a B e IIOCHraTb H a TBOe BpeMR,
p O L U H ~ C RB OAHOM. M e c ~( T O Y H ~ ~I I,p O C T p a H C T B a
M H c ~ e y. OnbHO P e A K H H a 6 o ~ b r r r e iYaCTH
i 3 e M H O r O IIIapa, H OHM H e HMeIOT H H y e r O
B gHCTOM ~ r ~ e ) ,C O ~ ~ ~ P ~ T MaCCHB
~ C F I , IIpeAOCTaBJIReT OTHIOAb ~e M e H b - 0c0 p ~ e ~ ~ a uOKOH.
~efi
we, e w H W e C T b BCe MeCTa, 3 a p a H e e I I p e A H a 3 H a Y e H H b I e T P a A O C T P O H T e ~ M H O I I H C ~ IXEI3Hb
B ~ IIY3PTOPHKaH4eB B AHOM OM H r P R 3 H O M pafi0-
JIJIR KOHCTPYKTHBHO~OO ~ ~ ~ H pHa Rs y. ~ e e ~YXe c ~ ,H e T HH 6 a p o ~HH , KOH~H- m-Giop~a,a H T p o n o n o r D e ~ nam m b a , amop K H H ~ Ha M b ~3~ ny3p~0-
TepCKHx, HH KPOXOTHbIX BHHHbIX n o r p e 6 ~ oH~H, PeCTOPaHZIHKOB. HOMaCCHB, >, TOBOPHT 0 TOM, K a K MHOrO JIIOAEI T a M 3HaIOT A P y 0 ApjT'e - 3HaIOT,
0 KOTOPOM m e T P e Y b , 6 b l ~ 1B 0 6 p a 3 ~ 0 ~KOJIHseCTBe
0 ~ YKOMImeKTOBaH ama- MOMO A O B ~ P R T ~a, KOMY H ~ T KTO , H ~ P ~ L ~U ~~K~OTa
HKTO
, ~ I O M O er0
~ ~ ~ T
M H c o 6 ~ a ~ KOMHaTaMH
~fi, TBOpYeCTBa, HTPOTeKaMH, C K ~ M ~ ~ ~ KTOPTO- ~ M M , X H B a T b , K T 0 Y M e H H XOPOUIO EIH@OPMIIPOB~H, a K T 0 ~ P O C T O @ E ~ ~ R
ynki4b1, w e R XHBY, ~ k OT KB
i 0 6 k i ~ a ~ e n eAf iO ~ O ~ M X ~ P T H PKTIH@emeae6enb- H ~ ~ k i ~ ~ q k i o ~ m HHaPyLUkLna
. i 3 a m 661~ p e 3 B b I W l f i H 0B m H Y m q i H H -
HbIX TaYHXaYCOB. y 0 6 w e ~ ~ ~ eycnyI'0fi
~ ~ o f kii s a c ~ ~ oXfkii 3 H b I 0 , ki TBM, r,4e 3 T a
XopolIlm Y n k i s ~ a ROKpJTa B ~ O J I ~ I X O rMO p O A e AOCTkiraeT s y A e c - ~ a p p e ~HHKTO
a , B 3 A p a B O M y ~sH)lJK.e 6 b 1 H e O c T a B m . ~ O A O ~ H Y ~
Hero P ~ B H O B ~ C M
~ ~e R
W y ~ e n a ~ k~ i k e~ ~~ e n0 e6 ef pi e r a ~ bCBOH) gaCTHyIO j ~ K ea ~ ~n H ) 6 e 3 OKa3bIBaTb
~ ~ ~ ~ b JIHYIb TOT, KT0 H q e A e H X m e 3 H b I M
X k i 3 H b ki HX ~ O T P ~ ~ H O C TB ~TOM
H ) W ~ k kiHOM
i 06'6e~e0 6 w e ~ Cn0KPYXaH)-
~
w a ~ k i C, O B M ~ C T H O ~~Oe c e n kib n~o ~ o w k ci HX CTOPOH~I. TO p a ~ ~ o ~ e cBkoc-
i e TaK, ki ~e a ~ a s e .
HOBHOM CKnaAbIBaeTCR ki3 MeJIKkiX, TOHKO n p k I r H a H H b I X A p Y r K A p p Y g e ~ a - P ~ C C M O T PK~p O~MMe ,TOrO, r p a H k i q y , n p o B e A e H H y I o MHCTePoM
ne$ O H 0 nOA,4ePXkiBaeTCR M e W Y A e J I O M HaCTOAbKO H e n p k i H m e H H O , q T o
K a X e T c R YeM-TO CaMO co6ofi p a 3 y ~ e m w ~ i ~ m . era n o ~ y r r a ~ eanxo3ae~a
~, ~pyrki3 x a ~ e ~ e ~ k iYTO f i , O H n MOrYT
Moxe~ , J I F U I e BCerO CMOrY IIPOAeMOHCTPkiPOBaTb 3 ~ 0
6 b I ~ bR ~ o n ~o e Be C ~ ~k i 3 H bki H ~ pa3y
I H e n O A y M a T b 0 H e f i cO3HaTej'IbHo.
, BZIXHOe D I R BCeX PaBHOBeCkie H a I I p k i M e p e Mara3kiHOB, rAe n m g H
T O H K O ~ HO
O C T ~ B ~ R IWIIoYki
~T AAR cBOHX 3HaKOMbIX ( ~ ~ c I I ~ o c T ~ ~ Hn p~a K
H THk i ~
K aR
Hbm-fiop~e).C K ~ ~ KM O m, a APY3bR XOTRT BOCnOJIb30BaTbOI ~ a m e f~i ~ a p - 3a AeTbMki, nepeXOAI?BLUHMkI YAH4Y no A O p O r e K 41-fi U K o n e ,
~ H p 0 2a
, MbI c 0 6 a p a e ~ Yc e~X a T b H a YkiKeHA k i n H A P Y X H O O T n w R T b C R no
A e n a M B c e p e A k i H e AHR, kinki K o r A a M ~ XOTHM
I n e s b cnaTb, H e A O X M A ~ R C ~
OAHOMY n o K y r r a T m m ~ O H T H K ,a ~ p y r o Aomap;
~y ~ 3 m ~a
a xpaae-
I I O ~ A H ~r O
~mO R , H a M e p e H H O r O y H a C I I e p e H O Y e B a T b , MbI c
0 0 6 ~ a 3TkiM
e ~ 3Ha- msa; COrnaCkLnHCb IIPkiCMOTPeTb 38 n a K e T a M H , OCTaBJleHHbIMki
KOMblM, YTO KJIH)9 HaXOAkITCR B M a r a 3 P i H e KyJIkIHapkIki HanpOTkIB. Y m w e n b -
4a M a r a 3 H H a AXO K O ~ H ~ OY~ Y
~ I ~Y HJ IOe X k i T no A e a T K y TaKkiX KJIH)Yefi. OH n o ~ p o c ~x e~n aaB L~U,H M K y r r l l T b C M r a p e T b I ; O ~ ~ R C H H
n p~O X
HO -
3aBeJI HHX ~ I I e L J k l a J I b ~ b lR
f iq k i K . ry; B3Rnki H a x p a ~ e ~ ku ia Ce b I , 9~06b1 OTAaTb B PeMOHT, K O r A a OT-
Ho n o Y e M y M ~ -
I R ki M H o r k i e A p y r k i e - cgenma x p a H k i T e n e M
KnFOqefi IZMeHHO AXO? Bo-II~PB~IX, MbI A O B e p R e M AX0 K a K Y e n O B e K y OTBeT-
[ 72 1 I. C n e q u @ u ~ 6a 0 n b ~ u xZ O ~ O ~ O W
baoeatiue mpomyapoe: o61qe~ue [ 73 I
~ o n e n k ~i o p a 6 nn~ o
, ~ o s~ ~y ~op y r o fMi ~ J I ~ ~ Hn Kp ,~ r n a r u e ~ ~~a
b ~n fp ia 3 r p a ~ ~ q bOHH
I BPWJIM 3 a p o ~ r n n c 6b1,
b a ecnki arne 3 a p o ~ m ~ c b ,
HHK, c o 6 ~ p a e HOAapHTb
~a ~ a ~ 0Xe f i~ a 6 o pH; H a K O H e q , B 3 m H y p a 3 ~ 0 ~ 9 ~ H e ~ o n r o B e s H b I .OHH+ O ~ M H P ~ I OHMeHHO
T~ n o T o M Y , Y T o B03HHKa-
K a rase^, K o r a a OH saruen, s s e p a l u ~ ~H io iM e p ~ i E3I ~ ~ E I I L I K O(B~ I R em).
~ O P ~ ~ M ~ I C 06T I 3TOM
H B M H O ~ O O ~ P ~A~O H IIO
Hn H H T t ? j T b H b I X Y ~
R crrpocma E~PHH: HOab)) (<<togetherness>>) -B e c b M a nonxomUee no TOLUHOTBOPHO-
-A B ~KI O ~ A ~ - H E I ~nYpAe~, q c ~ a m e noce~x~enefi
~e ~ p y~p r HHe c ~ a p o r or p ~ o c ~ p o ~ ~ e n ~b ~~ oe rmoC ay .~ 3~01-0
b wema
a y A k i s m a ero, Arne n p k i s e n a B C m T e H n e .
3 ~ EiAeR
- H ~ T- , c ~ a 3 a nOH P a 3 A Y M W i B O . - TO 6 b 1 n o 6b1 H e n
BHnbHO. M ~ o r ~eac n, H R 3 H a m , s T o y AByX KJIHeHTOB, K O T O p b I e 3a T ~ K ) ~ HHOBbIe
M npHrOPOAb1, B K P p H b I X r O p O A a nYaeTflecTpw
H O 06mafi
~ U H O B ~ ~ M ~ HeCTb , H H T e p e C , R B p a 3 r O B O p e IIOAHHMaW 3TY T
ma, B n W a b q b 1 3 a B e A e ~ H f i ,I I O A O ~ H A>K~@$~M,
~I~ H M e I o T B e J I k I K ~ n e n H b I f iCO- a s e B H b I M H pe3YJIbTaTaMW
~ H m b H b I f CTaTyC
i - CTaTyC ~ H ~ H ~ C M ~ Hno
O AOXOAaM
B . OHkI H e Y C T y n a w ~ B n e p ~ myqae,o~ K O ~ JIIoAH
A ~ AejIRTCR MHOrHM, OHH CTaHOBRT-
~ O ~ ~ U I E I II H
O ~ B T~ H T a~lI0
C ~ ~ ~CTeIIeHH
~ ~ , H ~ ~ ~ B H C H M O CnT p
He ~ o c x o m
3 B B b I ~ pa a63~6~0 p s B~OTHOIlIeHHH
~~ TOrO, KT0 HX COCrnH H C K e M OHM
~O~~LU~IHCK
T BHX
O .COBeTaM K a K JIIOfiefi OnbITHbIX, H W e n e H H b I X 3 A P a B b I c o r n a c ~H bM~ e T b A ~ O MM
. IIpHXOAHTCR TaKHMM CTaHOBHTbCR. MOR
CM~ICTIOM,
BHHMaTeJIbHO IIPHWTYLUHBaIOTCR. TO H e G ~ ~ ~ I M R HCHMBOn
H~I~ ~ ~ H KOCTPHUKEI
H H H~X~,@HHO-H~~W~H IIOIIazIa
HO B T a K o e 3aTPYAHH-
c B O e f i c o q ~ m b ~ o f rpynnbI,
i a H W H B E W ~ ~ ~ H O C TXOPOIIIO
H, B c e M H3BeCTHH e ~ a n ~ ~ ~Ha
n o n o m e ~ k iB p ay n w a , c o c ~ o m e f~3
o ~ppeo .~ y aee i OA-
H ~ T3,~ e c Bb C v a e T B H I ' ~ Y~ O T HH ~ O C O ~ H ~ B ~ ~X0pOLU0
MLM, C ~ ~ J I ~ H C H ~ O B ~ OB H BX~mqefi B yYaCTOK, K O T O P ~ IT~O~X e n O g T H I33 H m 08-
Ha T a H H q a ~ e x a y n y 6 n ~ w o~4epofi
fi j r o p o g ~ ~ oHUI~HEI
fi H ZIac'rHbIM MHPO
3 T y r p a H H U y MOXHO c o 6 n m , q a ~ b ,H e CTaBR HHKOrO B 3aTpYAHH-
T m b H O e I I O J I o X e H H e , 6naro~aprrBeJIHKOMy M H O ~ O O ~ P ~ ~BH~I ~OM O % O C T ~ ~ T~~ T p a H C n O p T a no C P ~ H H O ~1~1 ~ 0 e 3 ~~e fCi T Hn, o c a ~ wAr ~~ P ~ B ~ R
D I R n y 6 n ~ s ~ o0r o 6ue~m nu60 B 3 a s e n e H k l R X , B b I x 0 , q ~ a H XH a T p O T y a p , n H -
60 ~a C ~ M H XT P O T ~ ~ P ~no
X ,KOTOP~IMXWAHC ~ ~ I L~I ~y T~ a - ~ c I ~~He
~ ~a o p o n - Bee 3 T U HOBOBBeAeHHR IIPeBOCXOAHbI.
~ ~ O I ' Y J I H B ~ ~ T~
~HBO CoR r, f lHM R ,6 n a r o ~ a O
a XO~~TCH p~~L I J I E I Hn)m ~ e f ino-
, Toprosb~n
x p e , q n p ~ ~ OAHaKO,
~ ~ B , HeT. M a ~ e p kHi 3 6 n w a f i m k i x
AO~H~E
IXepHH, -BJWKYlbUeB MeCT n y 6 n ~ s ~ b B
1 Cx T p e s , K y n a M O X H o 3afi~~
HWOnrO, a MOXHO 3 a C K 0 4 H T b H a C e K M Y , -HHKTO H e A e p X H T . my?. O ~ ~ ~ C
H f iH
p y ~R' H M HMaTepRMEI, no ~ e o 6 x o ~ ~3aXOART
~ o c ~ a
n p T ~a ~ 0 fCHCTeMe
i MOXHO B ~ B o e fyiJ I H 9 ~ 0 f iOKpyTe 3 H a T b M a c - HM H a 3 ~ 0 fJJJIkiUe
i 3HaKOMbIM COrPeTbCR B XOnOAHYm norofiy, no3BO-
~ O ki H e BrIyTbIBaTbCR H H BO 9 T O 0 6 p e ~ e ~ ~ ~ m -
c y n ~ ~ eB fC i~ B O ~ M O X H OCOpTa ~ e n e + o ~OyT, B ~ C T Hp e 6 e ~ B~ya 6 0 p ~X~O S. R ~ ~ K
n pHe ~ r r a r a mHM
~
H o e , H e HCnb1TbIBaTb C K W , H e T p a T H T b B p e m H a H 3 B H H e H m H O ~ ' ~ R C H ~ H E . I R ,
H e ~ O R T ~ C06we~b,
II H e I I e P e X H B a T b ~ ~ T P Y A H ~H 3 H- 3Ha HaBR3ZIEIBOCTH
~ ~ lZrIH O n 0 I I a p K a B03HEIKJIa OU)'TklMaS COIJHaJIbHaFI X H 3 H b TaKOrO THIIa. nm-
-
0 6 ~ 3 a ~ e n b ccnoBOM,
~ ~ O ~ X O , ~ I . I T ~6e3
C R B c e X T e x O C I I O X H ~ H H ~TO
~ , cony?.-
TCFI MHOrHM.
C T B Y ~ TM e H e e O r p a H H g e H H b I M OTHOLUeHHRM. MOXHO6 b 1 ~ bB n p e K p a C H b I x M a c c ~ KOCTPH~KU,
c X H B Y 4 a R B OAHOM H 3 ~ ~ 0 Pacnono- 6 ~ 0
T P O T ~ ~ P H HOTHOIIIeHkLRX
X C 9enOBeKOM, K O T O P ~ IOYeHb
~~ C m b H O OTnHYaeT- C~MOG
bIX AOMOB H H M e K I q a F I ABOHX A e ~ e f i ,HaXOAHTCR B m e TOG y 3 -
CR OT ~ e 6a ~CO,B p e M e H e M A a X e 3 a B R 3 a T b C H H M YJIkIVHOe 3HaKOMCTBO. no- ~ 4 ~ q e c ~pi,o MoXHO
fi C K a 3 a T b , C J I Y Y ~ ~ ~CHO O
UH~ ~~J I ~ H O X
GH 3 H H .
A O ~ H CBR3H
~ I ~ M O T C m e C T B O B a T b H CyLIJeCTBYIOT rOAaMH, , q e C R ~ w r e ~ m . v ~ ~ ~ ; w I a C b I I p e H M m e C T B X H 3 H H B ~ O J I ~ L U OI'OpOAe,
M -~ O B O P E I TOH^, -
r 74 1 I. C n e y u @ u ~ 6onbruuxeopodoe
a n o n b a o s a ~ u empomyapoe: o 6 q e ~ u e [ 75 1
e x e u e 6oxee rPYCTH
H ~e n o n y ~ m a n p e k i ~ y r q e~c rS~ H BHn p ~ r o p o ~ YTO H e I 1 3 6 e x ~ aH
~ ~ O J I R ~ E I (I?
H OAHOPOAHOCT~)9 a ~ a ~ - B k i n n a n x a
K o r A a MaTepki c A P Y P i M YPOBHeM AOXOAa, APYrkiM UBeTOM K O m m k i ~~qecm nocrre~c~sm,
e H BOT B ~ OAHH M ~ P H M ~H P .e n o n ~ m CP~A-
0 6 p a 3 0 s a ~ k i ~e ~ ~ H B ~O e ~~ e i napx, HX H MX a e ~ e n
B iTOT
T #o ~ s e p r a (71-8-e m a c c ~ )0, 6 m y x k i ~ a r o w a nA a H H y I o T e p p H T o P a m , H M ~ ~ T
6 0 nOAYepKHJTOMY
~ ~ ~ O ~ ~ K O TOHM
Y . IIJIOXO BnHCbIBaIOTCH B B O ~ H H K ~
3a H e P i M e H a e M ~ ~ 0 ~ J ' a p H o f i )KH3Hki, C B O ~ ~ C T B ~ H~H
OO ~ I O M~YO P O A Y ,((c
J I~ U b H a q & i I b ~ ~ f i IIlKOJIe, KyAa X O m T AeTki H 3 3 T O r 0 MaCCHBa, a 3 H a -
p o ~ a TB
a60Ta~b ~ a pp,e m e H k i e M n p o 6 n e ~~ a Y m b H 0 f UIKOnbI.
i O A H ~BKTOM,~
Y a c ~ H y )fCEI3Hb.
~o B 3TOM n a p K e H e Ul)Tafi~0O T C J ' T C T B F T C K ~ M ~ ~ ~P eKB M
H :
T e n H c<COBMeCTHOCTH>)COYAH, YTO JIIOAH, K O T O P ~ I M3AeCb 6 b 1 ~ bH e me~ye ~ a c T K a M krio p o f i a . HOH e T HI? 3HaKOMCTB C m T e J H M k i H a rr~6-
MOrflH 661MCTOnKOBaTb HX KaK n p k i r n a m e a a e . O B H ~ ~, k oCHOB
i &JIH HeIlpHHy>yn(eHHOrO r r y 6 n ~ ~ ~Aoo rBoe p m , HI3
((EUIH6b1 H a ~ a m e fynaqe
i 6bmaX O T n ~ apa-~pofi~ a
KOMMepye
- C e T y e T MHCCHC KOCTPLIUKH.- ~ ~ o A o B o ~ ~ c T B ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
CKHX 3 a B e f i e H H G !
a n T e ~ a 3aKyCOYHasI..
, . T o r ~ II03BOHkiTb
a n0 T ~ J I ~ @ o H YCOrpeTbCR,
, nOroB opone H a HHXHHX ~ ~. B C T B Yce6x
~~OBHHX H -I? s a a r r p a ~ 6y-
~y
P H T b -BCe 3 T 0 M o m 0 6blJI0 661eCTeCTBeHHbIM nOPHAKOM A e n a T b B ny6nay
-~ T 4 a T b , Pi Y HaC M3-3a 3 ~ 0 r 0
I ~ A H ~ nIO ~C m~e TRH H M O T 6b1Tb
O r e ~ paCIlpOCTpaHeHHaR
b 6 0 ~ 3 ~ b
6 o n b u r ~ HeIlPEUITHOCTH.
e -80p~cWixrOCyAapCTBeHHbIX KM-
-~ Y C nTp ~u e ~ a x , q b ~ f~i ~ T C R AenaMki.
H M M ~ ~CBOMMM
6 J I e f i Xo66c,
~ AkipeKTOP ~ ~ 3 b l ~ a I I b IIIKOnbI
~ 0 f i IlPH COqHallb-
~ H ~ J I ~CTPYKTYPbI
H O ~ T a M HeT.
OYmeHMe c o 6 c r s e ~ ~ o3HZlYMMOCTPD).
fi O Y e H b XOPOIlIO CKa3aHO. y COcTOHTenbHbIX JIIOnefi eCTb MHOrO CIIOCO~OBIIOnyYaTb CBeAe-
' I T oCTaTb
~ ~ ICneuHiUIM3HPOBaHHbIM TPOTYaPHbIM I I ~ P C O H aHCEL9X, A e n a T b TaK, Y T O ~ ~~ I e y3HaBaJl 6 ~ MeTpAOTeAb, H y ~ o B n e T B 0 -
X e M , H e 0 6 ~ 3 a ~ e n b0 ~6 J0 I m a ~ b
TaKHM aPTHCTH3MOM H n H TaKMM nMYHbI OTOpbIe 6onee 6 e n H b 1 3aCTaBJIRIoT
~ n p a 6 e r a ~K b IIOMO-
M AoCTaToYHO MMeTb Tj' MnH H H y I o lIOAe3HyH, MHOrMM 0c06e
O & ~ H H ~- M e H e e B K P ~ I I H ~ I rXo p o A a x M H o r r ? e 6 o r a ~ b 1 er n noYTH
~
HOCTb WIEI Cne4HaJIbHOCTb. TO HeCAOXHO. fl T O X e K ~ K O ~ ~ - H H KCne4M
~KO~~ ,cym no BCeM)', u e H H T TPOTYaPHyfO X H 3 H b H e MeHbLIIe, YeM O C T m b -
T PH O~ TI Y
~ M ~ E I P O B ~ H ~ ~ P H I~I eI p~C O H a X H a ~ a L U e fYAHue,
i YeM R, KOHeYH
BO MHOrOM 0 6 ~ 3 a +~~aH . ~ ~ M ~ H T ~ J IIIpHC)JTCTBMIO
~ H o M ~ Ha ~ e f6ia 3 0 ~ b 1 x , o n e p e e x a T b B p a f i o ~C E I H T ~ H C H B H O
M~pa3~006pa3~0fi
~ ~ p ~ ~ a p ~ ~ f
. OHM@ ~ K T M Y ~ C K EBblTeCHRIOT
I cpeAHkifi KJlaCC H 6 e ~ ~ b B1 TaKEIX
x
B X Y - B ~ R A XrAe
, R XHBY, 3a cnaceaHee
3 a ~ e A~o nnr y I O H T R X K ~~ H T B Y
r n a B H 0 r O I I a p K a , K O T O P ~ IB~0~3 H a M e p M n H C b P a C C e Y b H m B O e a B T O M a r H
p m b ~ o B. X O A ~~ H T BR~ n0
I npocb6e ee O P ~ ~ H H ~ ~ TX O HP ~B, ~ ~ ~
~a ~ p
Oy o n o w a I O T O A H O O ~ ~ YnHubI
~ ~ H (cTH)(kY[
~ I ~ X w I b I X P ~ ~ ~ o H o KOTOpbIe
B,),
K O H U ~~PMHBMY-BWL!IHA]K,B3WlaCb pa3HeCTM IIO BCeM M a r a 3 E I ~ H
a~a sacTM M O a e c a M o e 6 0 J I b U e e HeCKOJIbKO A ~ C H T ~ Y I ~ H
THOCTaBJIRIOT
~~, MX M e -
HaLIIefi YnHUb1 CTOIIKEI IleTHQHOHHbIX KapTOYeK C IlpOTeCTaMH nPOTHB CTpO-
MTeAbCTBa aOpOrr?. ~ o K Y I I ~ TIlOJIyYaJIM
~ ~ M B03MOXHOCTb IIOArlEICbIBaTb Ka
[ 82 1 I. C n e q u @ u ~ 6a o n b u u x ropodo o e a ~ u mpomyapoe:
e o6~enue [ 83 1
a 3 q o ~ b ~Eei H T e r p a q H O H H b I e CXeMbI, peaJIH3aqEuI K O T O P ~ I X T ~OrpOM-
~ ~ ~ ~ T
CHEixaeTm, e c m OHM O K ~ ~ ~ I B ~ I O nTeCp Fe rIp y x e H b 1 . H a n p ~ i ~ e ~p a, r a 3 1M1 ~ y c I ? n ~ f i II ~ e ~ o p ~ a n b(no
~ oMfe pi I c a M K P W H ~ I X TOPOAOB) ~PIIAMPYEI-
X e T AOCTIIYb ~ a ~ 0 fi
TeKyYeCTII KOHTaKTOB WIEi nOTeHqEiCLJIhHbIX KOHT~KTOB, B O T H O W ~ H I I EHOBbIX
~ ~ 0 c e ~ e fno
i . C y q e C T B y 3TO YXOA OT Y p e 3 ~ b I Y a f i -
YTO OHEi ~ e I I 3 6 e x 6
~ o ~ n0BepXHOCTHhIMII
8 ~ H ~ O q ~ i a n b H6 Oe c n o n e 3 ~ b r ~ ~ . cmTa6~ofi npo6ne~b1~ , p e 6 p q e iCpOYHbIX
i Mep.
O6paseu MOXHO p w e ~ h ~, ~ ~ J I H HBYMB~ ~ ~ S KEOI YH~ H T ~ P C K L H~ X~ A ~ J IIII ra- I~~ T O ~ ~ ~ ~ H TCH~ O O KC OT~~~A,HO nOY~q e H I I e O ~ P O M H ~ IpXa 3 n H Y I I f i
3 e T , KOTOPbIM B n a A e e T K O O ~ ~ ~ ~ T H
~ kBi nH0 ~f MaCCIIB
iI ~ ~ Kopntip3-XYK H a C O C ~ A R M M(pa3n11~11fi ~ ~ Y ~ C T YKI YOA ~6onee IXY~OKIIX, s e B ~ U B ~ T ~
HMI I X H ~ M
H~IO-~~OPKCKO ~ O C T ~ O ~ BHp aHM~K aI X~06-
k i c ~ c a f i ~MarasII~,
e. ~ ), B O ~ M O X H OI?~H O p M a n b H O e B ~ I I n F e frio p 0 , 4 ~ ~ 0Cfpi e ~ e HO
, C ~ 0 n b
q e r o n p o e ~ ~3aa, ~ e ~ 1 n1 np ~ ~ e cpo ~p oo~~ e n ~ kMi x~ ~ ~ ~ HCXOAHOro
H O B oe n p ~ ~ r o p ~io n~c ae ~~ ~ o n p ~ i r o p BoO~~ M a ~OX, H O~i H O P M ~ ~ ~n H~ Om b
H a T e p p I I T O p I I I I MaCCIIBa Ei ~ O ~ J I H ~ O C TKOTOPbIe
npo@IIl~ E~, ~ ~ I J IA
EWI KB~H- a y n w q b I KpyIIHOrO ropoAa O C H a q e H h I &JElTOrO, Y T O ~ ~~eI3 ~ a K o M bnIO- Ie
p O B a H b I 6 e 3 ~ A ~ K B ~ TK H O M ~ ~ 3M a. ~
O ~~ ~~H C ~ ~BI JI I I~ A ~ J I ~ TO e ~-
e ~ ~ e ornx MI?pHO COCyIlJeCTBOBaTb H a OCHOBe ~ I I B W I I I ~ O B ~ H H O C TII,I ?HaPRAY
H a C T O R w a R @ a 6 p z l ~ a n. p o A a B q b 1 T a K 3aHRTbI OTCYeTOM CAaYII ti ~ e 3@@e~-
THBHbIMM n e p e n m K a M k i CO C K a H ~ ~ I I C T a M IYTO
I , H e CnbIIUaT HEiYerO, KpO-
Me: M H e , n o ~ m y f i c ...
((Aafi~e ~ a An60 3 ~ 0J ,I E ~ ~nO0 n ~ 0 e6 e a p a s n ~ ~ ~ ~
)> - epBblfi B 3 r J H A H e n p E i T R 3 a T e n b H b I e , C J I J T ~ ~ H ~H Ie ~Y ,c ~ p e ~ n e H H h Hki
Ie
BOT O ~ ~ I Y H
~ T~ M
R O C @ ~ IPI O~p,O X A a e M a R CTPOEiTenbCTBOM TOPrOBbIX q e H T - y ~ m H O i u y T, p O T y a p H b I e KOHTaKTbI -T a p a 3 M e H H m MOHeTa, H a KOTO-
P O B Ii P e n P e C C I I B H h I M 3 0 H I I P O B a H I I e M , H a q e n e H H b I M H H a CO3AaHEie KOM- M o X e T BbIpaCTII ~ O ~ ~ T C T~ B
OPO O A C K O~~Y~ ~ I I I I Y HmO3~H~ H .
M e p Y e C K I I x M O H O I I O ~ I ,4JIR
I ~ ~ TeX I I n I I UHhIX JTaCTKOB r O p O A a . T a ~ o fMars-
i ~ O C - A H A X-~K~P~~ C~ ~ H nI PI G
I I M e P KPYnHOrO rOpOAa C OYeHb
3HH, 6 ~ Y H~ e r 60 KOHKYPeHTbI, npoBanEincR ~ ~ I ~ K O H O M M Y ~ C K
II IXOTR
I, GOfi rry6nMY~ofi X H ~ H ~H
IOa q ,e n e H H o r o m a B H b I M 0 6 p a 3 0 ~H a 06rqe~ne
M O H O ~ O ~ I I0R6 e c n e s z l n a e M y 3 a n n a ~ ~ p o s a ~ ~@b I1I fHi ~ H C O B ycnex,
~ I ~ ~ OH
THOrO x a p a ~ ~ e p a .
ry611~
rOpOA COLJM~JI~HO.
Ha OAHOM YPOBHe, K n p E i M e p y , MOR B H a K O M m , X I I B m m T a M ,
OPHT, YTO, XOTR O H a n p O X W I a B r O p O A e A e l X T h JleT 113HaeT, YTO B H e M eCTb
n y 6 n 1 i ~ ~ o0 6e w e ~ k i ePi n y 6 n 1 1 r ~ a6 ~e 3 0 n a c ~ o c H~ ab T p O T y a p a X , B3RThIe ~ K a H q b 1 ,OH^ HU pa3y ~e T O - T I ~ K OH e ~ I I ~ ~ Cc ~MeKCH-
~ P ~ M O A B CJIOBOM
BMeCTe, H a n p R M y I o I I O M O r a I o T CMRrYIITh CaMYH) C e p b e 3 H Y I O COqIIaJIbHYM eM, HO game H e B H A e n a X I I B O r O M e K C k i K a H q a WII K a K o r o 6b1 TO HII 661-
n p o 6 n e ~ yCTPaHhI -CerperaIJIIIO Ei P a C O B y I o AIICKPIIMIIHaqklIO.
fl H e X O V CKa3aTh, YTO rPajJOCTpOIITeJIbCTB0 II AEi3afiH, O C O ~ ~ H - Ha A P O B H ~K I I H O ~ ~ X I I C O
~ Y ~ OY M C ~~~C OY3n.n~
H n z l m e ~ YTO
,
HOCTH y n H q M Y ~ I I Y H O>KI?3HII
~~ C ~ O C O ~ aBTOMaTIIYeCKH
H ~ I n o 6 e ~ 1 i ~Che r p e - HBYA -~ A I I H C T B ~ H H
BM~ II I~p~e ~ e a ~ p a n b ~LIeHTp,
b ~ f i KOTOP~H
I ~e CMOr
r a U I I m I? AUCKPEiMIIHaqEiIO. & I R 6 0 p b 6 b 1 C 3TIIMII HeCIIPaBe,4JIIIBOCTRMki H e -
O ~ X O A H M OT a m e MHOXeCTBO y c W I I I f i A p y O T O PO,@.
ewe ~a OAHOM Y P O B H ~Y ~ O C - ~ H A X ~ ~ ~ C~CUK~ O
H €~ !OC M ~ H ~
Ho R 3 a R B n R I o , YTO CTPOEiTenbCTBO rOPOACKHX p a f i o ~ o rAe
~, na CaMbIX BnIIRTeJIbHbIX BbIRBHnCR npo6en B c@epe ((na6n11~
pH-
O n a c H o XOAIITb I I 0 T p O T y a p a M II r f i e JIIoAH B b I H Y W e H b I f l e n I I T b c R MHOrIIM 3n, H ~ M ~ I C J I I I MB ~AIp~p~O M r O p O A e n o ~ o 6 ~ oprao
3Mepa. TOT 6113~ec-
W I I I HHYeM, MOJICem Cepbe3HO 3ampyaHumb aMepIIKaHCKMM TOpOAaM n p e O A 0 - npIIW, KaK OH M H e CKaaaJI, K MbICIIII, YTO r O p O A ((OTCTaJI B K Y ~ ~ T Y P H O M
n e H x e AIICKPEiMIIHaIJIM, C K o n b K o 6b1 y c k l i ~ ~Hf ei 6 b m 0 aa~pase~o. DeHMH>>,P e m m n o n p a B m b Aeno II ~ o a r n a ~KoMHTeT,
m c0611pamq~fi
Ma-3a n p e A p a c c y A K o B ki c T p a x a , C O n y T C T B ~ I J J H x~i c o a e f i c ~ ~ y - e a c ~ s a~a n e p ~ o w r a c c ~ bX~ ~f i~ O X ~ C T B ~iuyaefi.
H H ~ nI o~ 3~ ~ ~ Be xeo ~ ~ e a -
~ W I I Xpaco~ofi AkICKPIIMIIHaqIIII, n p e o A o n e B a T b ee B m w r b ~ pafio~ax x B nm- paaro~opa,p a c c ~ a 3 aM~ H o~ XH3Hki noc-a~uXeneccmx~ E ~ ~ H ~ c - v ~ o B ,
6 0 CTIyqae
~ T e M T P Y A H ~Y ~ e~M, M e H e e 3aIIJIIweHHbIMII Y p C T B y I o T c e 6 JIMAII ~ 0p0fi OH YgaCTBYeT KaK OAUH I I 3 nHflepOB, OH H e CMOr OTBeTIITb H a ~ 0 f i
H a T p O T y a p a X . C H e f i TRXeJIO ~ O P O T ~ C FKI ,O r A a y r O p O X a H H e T BO3MOXHOCTII ,rne ~i KaK BCTpeYFllOTlX ~ O , ~ O ~ Hme~ 0I 6Mp a 3 0 A~e R T e n I I r 0 m I I B y A a .
BeCTH qIIBWIEi30BaHHYIO ~ Y ~ ~ I H X
YI IH
3 H~h H
I a~ ~ ~ ~ I I I I Y OCHOBe,
H O ~ ~ C ~ O C O ~ - aBWI, YTO H e 3HaKOM HII C KeM 113 KIIHOEIYqYCTPHI.I, 6onee T o r 0 - H e
C T B y m q e f i Y B a X e H E i I o YeJIOBeYeCKOrO AOCTOkIHCTBa, ki YaCTHyIO X H 3 H b H a n p H n O M H I I T b HII OAHOrO Pi3 CBOHX 3HaKOMbIX, Y KOTO G~IJIII 661n o ~ o 6 -
Y ~ C T H O OCHOBe.
~ ~
e CBR3M. (<fl3HaK),YTO 3 T 0 3BJWIIT CTPaHHO, -CKa3aJI OH. -M ~PajJbI, I YTO
~ ~ ~ ~ C J I O B
HHa OT,4eAbHO
O , B3RTbIX rOPOACKEiX JWaCTKaX, CTpajJa- eCTb KEiHOIIHAYCTPEiR, HO nK)AII, KOTOPhIe B ~ e fP i ~ ~ O T ~ - IH ~ e T T, a
I o W H x Ei3-3a C T p a X a 11HeAOCTaTKa ny6n11~~ofi
XM3HII, M O T npMMeHRThCR ,c K O T O P O ~M~ ~ MI O ~ ~ 661
I I 0 6 w a ~ b IIIIYHO)).
a
84 1 I. C n e q u Q u ~ adonbuiux zopoboe onbsoeakue mpomyapoe: o 6 q e ~ u e [ 85 1
~ k i T bce6e, C KaKkiMki TpygHOCTHMki CTZUIKkiBaeTCR 3TOT 3HTY3kiaCT C O 3 , q a ~
W e M y nOKOneHkiIo", w I M IIOnpOCTy ( ~ T P ~ O ~ H ~ I M
BOCnkiTaHWeM,).
EC~H
6 b 1 TOnbKO 3THX o ~ ~ ~ A o J I ~ H HMOXHO
~ I x ~
6 b~ o nepe-
1 nT ~ ~ ~
mb c Y n H q B n a p K a ki H a n e T c K k i e ~ I J I O L I J ~ ~ KrAe
H, ecTb n p k i c n o c o 6 n e a m ,
MX A ~ T C K H ~~
CaA. OH 3aMeTkiJl, UTO n P M M e P H O IIOnOBMHa A e T e f i
H u e AHFI ~ p a f i HeOXOTHO.
~e
M r e ~ x a f i MI I p O R B w I AOCTaTOUHOe J I K ~ ~ o I I ~ I T c T B oUT06b1
, AOKO-
36na~afimero
X M n O r O MaCCkiBa. M, O I I R T b - T a K k i 6 e 3 kiCKJlEO4eHklR,
0 men A O M O ~C ~O X O T O ~ ~X,W I M H a CTapbIX ( ( T P ~ O ~ H H XYJIkiLJaX.
,> flap-
J I ~ ~ J I ~ H H MeCTy
o M ~ ~ ~ C n O p T C M e H OOKOJIO
B ~ ~ X w I O r O MaCCMBa I I m H a H IMH n f l O ~ ~ K a MM HJIHIIIeHHbIX yJIH4.3Aecb -m a ~ ~ ~ f i
Yam. C aBeHH, D, K O T O p p M O x H O H a 3 B a T b N H H T ~ ~ ~3emeii>>
H O ~ ~ c ~ o fnpecTynHOCTH
i CpeAH H ~ c o B ~ ~ I I I ~ H H O Jno-
I~TH~~".
[no ~ e f~ iP O X O A H Tr p a H M q a M ~ C C H B ~ OHM
], MeTHYJIH B rpmny 6Y~blTI-
HHH B ~ O C T O H C K O MH
o ~ T - ~ HpOAHTenM
A~, B p e M H OT B p e M e H M cnpa SI n o K a YTO A€!JIaJIa P O P H a , T a K CKa3aTb, 0 ~ p H q a ~ ~ b H CTOPO-
0 f i
y H e r 0 C O B ~ HT a~ 3TY TeMY: a f l p a 3 p e U a f O AeTRM H r p a T b H a TPOTY og n p o 6 n e ~ b B~ 6 0 ~ 1 b m 0ropone
~ - H a B o n p o c e o s a q ~ ~0e3. a q ~ -
ne Y X H H a . HO rOBOPSIT, 9 T O AeTflM H e CJIeAyeT E l r P a T b H a y n ~ q e . a OT era C O ~ C T B ~ H H ~l ?IlXI y I I o c ~ e f i ,OT B 3 P O U b I X 3JlOyMb1LILTIeHHEZKOB
H n o c T y n a m ~ e n p a ~ ~ n b ~Xo e? f) i) s~ a~ ~ e p p~oe~ ~~ ~ e n TO e c OHM
, no AeTeg. R A W m a H a 3TOM p o p , 9 ~ 0 6 b ~1 a M 6 o n e nOHFITHbIM e CnO-
n a m T n p a B M n b H 0 . H H 3 ~ a f lI l p e C T y n H O C T b C p e A H H e C O B e p m e H H 3aTb ~ ~ C ~ ~ A H O C T ~GYATO MTPOBbIe I L n O q w K H II n a p ~ H
MHeHHR,
CMOTPOM MeCTHOrO C O O ~ ~ ~ 3a
C TAeTbMM,
B ~ Eirpa1011piMH TBM, r A e coo6 HO o m ~ n e ~ ~T bp o~r yf a ip H e c e T B ce6e JI,.JIX E z r p a m q e r o H a H e M
CTBO CELTIbHee BCerO, -H a T p O T y a p a X . n o n o x M ~ e n b ~ b ~ f isap^^, H e M e H e e B ~ X H ~ s Ie ~
M ,3 a q ~ 11
~6 ea3 -
~ M T H
~eH KII co
R a s H C T b K YJIMqaM, P ~ ~ P ~ ~ O T U Mropo~a-cMa
JIM, 9 T O Y B ~ C T H~ e ~ eCYJIMlI
f i U G M e C m e C meM OCTaBHTb HX nOA n p H C M O T p o
H ~ I Xr O p O a O B H @ O ~ X O A H M O
p a 3 ~ 0 0 6 p a 3 a eMeCT, rge OHM MOrJIII
MM H ~ O ~ X O @ ~ MnOMMMO
b 13 qeMY-TO P E I T b C R . ~I, I I p O s e r O , B03MOX-
n y s e s a p ~ o r or o p o ~ a - c a g aC. ~ ~ O A H
H Ia IM H o r r ? x ~ O J I ~ ~P M
acT
XK a X , qecmx n o , q B M x H H x H r p II + H ~ I I ~ ~ C K I IyXn p a m e ~ ~- i i6 o n b -
C T p a I I ~ a e M b l x3 a H O B 0 , p e a J I I I 3 y e T C H MAeR 3aMKHYTOrO I I a p K O B O r O a H m a c~eii,s e M OHM c e r o A H a H M e m T , H nerse p e r n ~ 3 y e ~ b r Bx TO . me
BHYTPH K B a p T m a .
~ O P O K3 ~ 0 CMCTeMbI,
g K a K BMAHO no T a K H M yme C y q e ry,qa-cmgaM + o p ~ ~ p o n~p eaA c~T abB r r e H H H
T~CH o MHpe.
WHM ee 0 6 p a 3 ~ H ~ a MKaK H TXT C ~ Y E~ O
, Y ~ T ~ M - B ~ I JB ~ W F W
~ ,~ ~ ~ H - M ~ C T OTM~ K HO ~ ~c I I ~ ~ M ~ U I H ~ M ~ OH B
r P~b IHUHy O
X ~a T
~ TPO'Iya-
B m n r ? B~ ~~O C - A H A X ~ J III~MCe~H e e K P p H b I e (<KOnOHHM,) B O K p y r A B o p
B ~ b m - f i o H~ E~Z eU I T I I M O ~ ~COCTOHT
, B TOM, YTO HM OAIIH ~ K T H B H ~ripe
I~, H r p a nepeHOCJlTCfI H a AeTCKMe I I J I O ~ ~ KHHB IIaPKM, H e TOJIbKO
n p M M ~ ~ M ~ bp1 e
f i6 e ~ IUeCTM
0 ~ J I e T M CTapLUe A O ~ ~ O B O J I ~HHe OCOrJIacMT ( j e 3 0 n a c H o c ~ b , HO K TOMY me H e p a 4 E Z O H i W b H O P a C T P a y H B a m T C H
O m a B a T b m B TaKOM CKWHOM MeCTe. B~ C T B ~OHM P B ~ T ~
O ~ ~ L U H H CBOeM nepcoam, 0 6 0 p y ~ o ~ a ~I4knpOCTpaHCTB0,
ie KOTOpbIe n Y I U e 6 b m 0
PY>KY ewe P a H b m e . 3~11
YKPOMHbIe MHPKM, r A e U a p I I T <<COBMeCTHOCTb)), 3 0 B a T b p H p e J I M s e H w I 9MCJIa KaTKOB, IIJlaBaTenbHbIX ~ ~cc~~%HoB,
n p y A o B H A p y r H x p a 3 ~ 0 0 6 p a 3 H b lC~n e q M ~ H 3 M p O B a H H b I XCpeACTB
, MHOrHX O T H O I I I e H ~ XC a M b I e IIpOCTbIe AJVI p 0 g H ~ e n e f i .Bapocrr
X H ~ H H BO ii H a c B e m e M ~ 0 3 , q y X e .0 6 e g H e ~ ~ o 0e 6
, 0 6 w e ~ ~H
o rep o B o e HC-
>KIITWlH 3TIIXAOMOB ,4ZWeII H e XOTHT, v 0 6 b 1 AeTH nOCTapIUe H~P&JIII BO B e H b I U a e T BOBMOXHOCTII ,QJIH X O P O L U C
~ I~l ~e 4 M ~ M 3 H P O B a H -
B ~ C V P a C T p a W i B a T b H O p M m b H O e IIPIICYTCTBMe B3POWlbM H a
T e n b H O CMHPHO, a C T a p I U H e AeTM UIYMHbI H HellOCeAJIMBbI, OHM 6 0 ~ b T p o T y a p e H W e a n a c T E i r e c K n n o n a r a T b c R BMecTo H e r o H a H a -
M ~ e n e f-
i n p e A e J I JIerKOMbIUMR. TO J I e r K O M b I U I I e H e TOnbKO
H a HMX. ~ O C K O A ~
C pKe ~g a M 3 H a ~ ~ b H
<cCOBepIIIeHHa)>,
O 3 T 0 H e rOfiHTm. K H o e , HO H 3KOHOMH4eCKOe, IIOTOMY s T 0 K P F H b l M r O p O A a M O T s a R H -
M e TOTO, KaK MbI B W I I M I3 no IIpOeKTHpyeMbIM, H no YXe IlOCTpOeHHbIM eT AeHer H n e p c o H m a H a 6onee r ? H T e p e c H b I e $ O P M ~ I HCIIOJIb30-
n b I MaCCIIBaM,
~ 3TOT IIOAXOA T P ~ ~ Y Z~I T
TO, ~AOMa
~I G~LIIEIOPM€!HTMpOBaHbI B no-
bITbIX IIPOCTpaHCTB, Y e M H r P O B b I e I I J l O q M K H , I? H a A p y r I l e
ABOP. b'i~aseBCe HBRqeCTBO ABOpa I I p O n w e T BTYHe II OH OCTaHeTCFI 6e3 yF1;O cefisac, KaK npasmo,
B sacTHocTH, B r o p o g c K a x m K o n a x
ki ,qe~efi.
Hero H a A 3 0 P a AoCTYIIa. Ha YJIMUY, TaKIIM o 6 p a 3 0 ~ B, b I X O m T CpaBHMTen ~a macc, a TO H 6onbme, B K I I I ~ ~~~ R
~ ~ T ~ - C O P ge~efi
OK e~efi
HO G ~ ~ X H Z I H ~ HaHa ~g I~~n Ce T O P O H ~ Is n a ~ ~ MnEi, o xyxe, c n e n b
l i i s ~ ewe bIMM n p 0 6 n e ~ a ~HMOTKJlOHeHHSIMH, OT He3HaHkIII ZiHrnIIfi-
CTeHbI 6 e 3 OKOH. E e 3 0 n a ~ H 0 C T bHeCneIJHZUIH3HpOBaHHbIX TPO'IyaPOB n p M H C e p b e 3 H b I X 3M04MOH&lbHbIX Hapy~eHH%B
. mKOJIaX K P Y ~ H ~ I X
~ y 3 e ca o ~ p a q a m
p a~6 o ~ a ~e a c b B~TOM
, wcne, YTO n p ~ ~ e ~ a ~ e n b ~ o , ~ e f3ai TO, YTO TOT ~ b 1 6 e x a nH a npoe3xy10 YaCTb, a nOTOM pac-
CbI p a 6 0 ~ b 1AeTCxEIX OTAenOB. He XBaTaeT A e H e r H a CO3AaHHe C O 4 H a ~ l b H b 1 ~
p e ~ e ~ H BgKOTOPbIX
, OCTPO HYXJ(aH3TCR HOBbIe T P Y I Q O ~ ~HI HOBbIe )K acTepc~ofi, M ~ I I ~ Y Hn0~ym.n
K ~e TOJI~KOYPOK 6 e 3 0 n a c ~ o c nomy-
~~
MaCCHBbI KPYnHbIX rOPOAOB. Aaxe CyqeCTBJQOlqHM C04HaJIbHbIM p p . K o c ~ e H H oOH e q e nOXyWTJI P O K , CJVb KOTOPOrO B TOM, YTO MHCTeP
a e T 3 a H e r o OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb. M ~ I I ~ Y E YbE?
I K , KPHKki B J I M @ T
X~HTe-
KOB. T p e 6 o ~ a ~TTKOrO
m pOAa AOnXHbI B nPHOPHTeTHOM IIOpIIAKe
H e H a HbIHeJlIHeM XaIIKOM YpOBHe, a H a rOpa3AO 6onee BbICOKOM. KOTOPbIe JII.VIH BOAY H a nPOXOXHX H B OKHa AOMOB H HH-
XHTeJlH KPJTIHbIX rOPOAOB, 3aHFITbIe c ~ 0 e fpa6o~ofi
i anpoy BneHbI, nOTOMy YTO 3 T 0 ~ ~ L T~ I ~H ~ ~ I M FAeTH H a~6e-
I H H I ~
H e M O W A O ~ P O B O ~ ~HCnOnHFITb
HO O ~ I I ~ ~ H H O CpT ~H ~ e ~ ~Mee Af c ie c,T e
y p o o~TOM, YTo rOpOxaHaM H m H O 6 p a ~H
ba ce611O T B ~ T C T B ~ H -
nao~e~apeG
~ ,~ 3 e f i C~ M
b O
1 T
~ P H T H
~ ~ ~ ~ ~
COUEiFlJIbHbIX P~~OTHMKOB.
T y a p a x 3 T 0 ~ P O H C X O ~ ~ EIIpHCMaTpHBaTb
IT) 3a CTIIXM~~HOH r P a I O q H M H AeT n b ~ poa H 0 , H IIpOHBXReTCII 3 T 0 B TOM, YTO OHH C 9 H T a m T c ~ M O~060fi
H n P H 3TOM n O M O r a T b AeTHM BnHCbIBaTbCR B rOpOACKOe 0 6 w e c ~ ~OHM o.
n a m T 3T0, He OmPblSQRCb O m C e O U O C H O @ H ~ ~ X ~ ~ H R ~ U ~ . o c a ~OHH
, nOACKa3bIBaIOT AOPOrY ~ ~ ~ J I Y A H B U M M COHM R ; npeAyn-
~~
~ ~ ~ o c T ~ o H TIIO J c~ eHfBHAHMOCTH,
i, H e nOHHMamT, KaK M ~ ~ a er0
a B ~ ~ ~ 0 6 H . i l H YTO , O I I I T P ~ @ ~ I O emki
T, OH n P H n a P K Y e T a TaM,
r0 B 3 P O m b 1 H~ F H O , Y ~ 0 6 b 1BOCnHTbIBaTb C T H X H ~ ~ HHOr P a H 3 q H X ~ e ~ e f i . a e T a ; OHH A a m T J T I p a ~ j W I o q e M yAOMOM H ~ ~ P O L U COBeT
~ H ~BOC-
I ~ ~
~ O H H M ~ ~OHMO T a TOrO, 9 T O npOCTpaHCTB0 H I l r p O B b I e n p ~ c n o c o 6 n ce ~ ~
[ 94 1 I. C n e y u @ u ~6onbluux
a ZO~OJ [ 95 I
s B K P P H ~ I X ropo~ax,e c n OH , OH a a e ~ ~cO~Y T H
~ n a e ~ c Aa ~ T H M TO HCKJIIO~ ynssaofi X N ~ H Hm M~OACKEIX~ e ~ e6bma j i AaBHo a a ~ e -
T e n b H O BO B p e m HX C T E I X H ~ ~ Hs O
r p~ H
~ H a TpoTyapax. epTaMkl no O T A ~ I X YH p a 3 ~ n e s e ~n sp ~H ~s ,e a~ a ~ e s e ~Ka ~, npa- K
o A o 6 p e ~ H e ~Ewe
. B 1928 r O A y H ~ I O - ~ ~ O P K C KAccousaqm
FH PerHO-
Mrpa H a OXMBJIeHHbIX, ~ P ~ B ~ ~ c ~ ~ @ H ~ ~ T~ pPO To yBa p~a XH OT H ~ I x n p ~ e ~ T H P O B a H HH ~ ~ cefi B e H b
Ha I I H C a n a B O T s e T e , K O T O P ~ IIIO
UpaKTHYeCKH n1060ii I I o B c ~ ~ ~ H c~~Bk iHx koi ~f i ~~ oHf ri p b I HbIHeLUHHX a M aki60neeIIOnHbIM aMepHKaHCKkiM HCUleAOBaHkleM OTAbIXa B K p v -
KaHCKHX ~ e T e l %TeM, YTO O H a IIPOHCXOAHT H e B M a T P H a P X a J I b H
A H 3 a f i H e p 0 ~- MJ9KYIIHbI. T ~ AHKOBHHHee,
M YTO B CBOHX p a 3 p a 6 0 ~ ~ a x TwaTWbHaR n p o ~ e p B~pa,zpiyce
a l / 4 M W ~ HOT m p 0 ~ 0 fm0~gaff~1.i
i
THrOTeIOT K TOMY, 9~0661
HCKJIIOYHTb MJ9KYHH H 3 H o p ~ a J I b ~ o f6iy, A H I l q H n p A BbIIlOJIHeHcrr? O ~ I I I A P H O ~ O yCII0BAfi BO MHOrAX ~ O J I ~ I I I A X
Ilepe~HR
r o p o A a X 06~apyxuura
H a 3THX IIJlOLqWKaX IIAIUb OKOJIO l / 7 A ~ T C K O T O
b 1Y A O B ~ ~ T B O P ~nHpHe ~~ n o n a r a e ~ no
n p O e K T H p O B I 4 H K H ~ a u e n e ~ ~a b ~ x X o H T H H r e H T a B BO3paCTe OT 5 A 0 I5 JIeT < ...> Y J I H u a -C O ~ J I ~ ~ H H -
AHeBHbM Hy>rS4 H ~ I I ~ ~ B ~ ~ o I I o AI Iop~a 3H~oH b I X A O M O X 0 3 H e KH HX T ~ J I ~ HI lM
pAMaHKa A ~ K J I b ~ b 1 K
f iO H K p e H T <. ..> Y ~ 0 6 b YCneLuHO
1
JIHT. K o p o ~ ~e O B O P p~ ,a 3 p a 6 0 ~~ T~ ~
IHI P ~ A H ~ ~ H D,JIH
~ Y ~ H ~ IM ~ T P H ~
YHCTO ~ O H K f l k l p O B a T bC rOpOACKEiMA YJIkluaMkl, r A e KLlIlHT X A S H b , C y J I H Q M
X2lJIbHOrO O ~ W ~ C T B ~ . n p u m m s e H m , H ~ O ~ X O A HBM~ I C O K M
pO~ B e H b YIIpaBJIeHHH A r p 0 ~ 0 f i
M a T p H a p x a J I b H b I f i Iq(ea.71 OCeHReT BCe IIpOeKTbI, moqa~oiiC
. ~ O C O ~ H Oc#?JIa~b
CT~ Hrpy Ha~ e fHaCTOJIbKO
i npA-
Hkie OTAeJIeHO OT HHbIX CTOPOH ~ ~ I T ~OH
I R OCeHHeT
. BCe IIpOeKTbI, r ~ &eJM a n e ~ a ~ e J I b ~ Z~ I%T ,O ~AeTM
~I IIpkiXOAHAA C y J I A 4 A OCTaBalIACb H a WIO-
~ k i c H 0 fA
i ~ T C K OH ~
r P~b I OTBOAHTCH H e K a H 0 c 0 6 a ~3 0 H a . lI1o6oe o614e sa AHeM, -pe,qKoe C B O ~ ~ C T BAOr p O B O r O PYKOBOAATeRR,
a q K e AeHb
6b1 X L m b I e AOMa HaXOakIJIHCb BO MHOrHX MHIIRX OT MeCT p a 6 0 ~ b 1ki OT M H ~ I HaLUHX AH€!% KaK m 1928 roAa.
YHH. MY)KYHH~I -~e a 6 c ~ p a ~ u OHH
m. n ~ 6 HMeIOTCFI
0 PH,LI c < f i 3HaH) ~PHHBHY-B~INIHA)K K a K CBOH n H T b IIaJIbueB),, -XBaC-
60 HeT. P a 6 o s ~ eM e C T a H TOprOBJuT A O n X H b I 6 b 1 ~ bI I ~ ~ ~ M ~ C
L XEZTIbe
U ~ H ~ I fi C ~ I H ,IIOKa3bIBZ-I M H e 0 6 ~ a p J 9 K e ~ ~ b 1Hf M
i <<ce~peTHblfi
eCJIH Mbl XOTHM, ~ ~ 0 6MYXYHHbI61 - KaK, H a I I p H M e p , T e , qeii ( B H H ~I I 0 O A H O ~JleCTHHIJe
~ IIOA3eMKH H B B e p X IIO f l p ~ o f i )
HaLUefi ryA30H-CTPRT EUIH ~ O ~ J I L ~ ~ O C- T H0KPY)KaJIH
, ropon H w e -3a30p Me>rSqy,L(ByMH 3AaHlCXMH ~ H ) ~ ~ MB O AeBHTb
B
C ~ A H ~ B H
XHO3~H H
~ , ~ ~ I J AJIH
I H HHX ee ~ C T ~ C T B ~ HYaCTbIo,
H O ~ ~ B OTnHYHe npHYeT no AOpOI-e B LUKOJIy, a a~ O
~ ~ 0 6 b 1 3 a 6 pH b ~ ~ ~ T H O M
b M H H a y n H u y AIIH MYCOPOB03a.
H o e MecTo m T e x xce uenefi -
K O B H H H ~H ~6ora~e.)
~
M F Y E I H , nerK0AOCTJ'lIHa AeTHM, HrpaIOILIHM H a OXHBJIeHHbIX, AHB n 0 Y e ~ AeTHM
y T a K YaCTO I I H T ~ ~ ~ C H ~ ~ no OXHBJIeH-
CiIOHFITbCFI
UHPOBaHHbIX T p O T y a p a X . n 0 Y e ~ IIpOeKTkipOBaHHe
y H 3OHHpOBaHHe CKHM T p O T y a p a M , Y e M HaXOAHTbC4 BO ABOpaX H H a H r p O B b I X ILJIO-
~ H IIOHHTb H e B CklnaX. C J I ~ ~ ~ O B 661
X a I O T 3 T y B O ~ M O X H O C T- ~JIO OMY YTO T P O T y a P b I A ~ ~ ~ C T B H T ~ J3I a~HHHO~ H e f i n. p H s H H a POBHO
B 3 p O c n b I e H a X O m T T P O T y a p b I 6onee HHTePeCHblMH, Y e M H r -
T e M e H ewe B e p H y C b H m e .
T p y g ~ oPaCCYHTbIBaTb H a X O P O m p H r P Y H a T P O q a P e , eCJIH OH
rlenefi UHPOKHM ~006we-
O n H R m T & P Y r gpyra,
XkI3Hb n O g OTKpbITbIM ~ e 6 BO0 MHOrOM
~ CKJlaAbIBaeTCR H 3 KYCOYKOB.
n p W a ~ a T 3THM
b 3aHRTkItIM 60r 3 H a e T KaKOe 3HaYeHHe. ~ P O T M B O ~ C T ~ ~ T B p o ~ y a pnpHBbIKJlH CYH-
n e ~ a n p a s n e ~ ~nemefi
o f i xogb6b1 A o c T F a
H, n y 6 n ~ ~ ~X oH f~ iH U
m e c ~ ~ M e ~ p o TpOTYapbI,
~ b I e O ~ ~ I Y HHOe n03BoJIRmQHe npbI-
no ~ e p Teo r o KaK AeTH p a c ~ Hy npespalqam~ca
~ B nog e 3 C K a K a n q , HO A o r I y c K a I o w H e K a T m n e H a p o n s K a x I3 HWB HrPYLII-
KOB, 3 T a ( I T E I X H ~ ~ HaKTkiBHOCTb
~FI nO& OTKPbITbIM H ~ ~ -M
O c ~ a x eB~ , e c a ~~~c,ewe
e B C T P ~ Y ~ I XOTH
~ T ~ P, ~ C U ~ ~ I P HMOCTOBbIX
T~~H Mano-
( M H O ~ Hk13
~ HHX CYHTaIOT KOHCTPYKTHBHO~~
RHT~HCHBH
H~ ~ e~M XHBHb, Y e M 6 0 n b m e
aH
a n w g H p a 3 ~ 0 0 6 p a 3 ~ e #T, e M m H p e OH gon-
r a m sa ~ a ~s op ee ~ ~ r r p e r r p o ~ o wHOe ~6e3
~ e~, e r OHM,
o K ~ nKp a ~ m o , H Z T ~CBOA ~ Y H W M H .
T e B H ~ T P Ho6me
MOryT. n p 0 6 n e M b 1 B03HHKaH)T, K o r A a O H 0 I I ~ o H C X O ~ HH Ho Arne ~ o r g ~a e c ~~a na oY, ~ O ~ C T BpOa C n o n o X e H H R HHTe-
~ aa ,n o g n o n b ~ 0 . o p b ~ f inpegcTaBJIHIoT WUar ~ e ~ eYJIHUbI,
fi T a K Ba>KHbI Hm- a XO-
i , YTO gem npacnoca6na~a-
p o g k ~ ~ e n e f-
HOM TPOTYaPHOM n p O C T P m C T B e . 3 ~ He 0
H o e ~ ~ O C T ~ ~ H CB T
~ JBI O
R ~ K o ~ o c T ~ ~ IUHHHTePeCHOM
oM MeCTe. M r p a ~ CTaH
b
BHTCR T ~ C H Oecnu
, T p O T y a p CTIAUKOM y 3 o K W ~ c e fCOBOK~IIHOCTW
i ero + y ~
O ~ T O ~ O K C ~ T rpa,L(OCTpOHTeAbCTBO
I ~ H O ~ OTHOCRTCFI K MeCTHbIM
M YqaCTKaM IIOpa3kITf?JlbHO HeKpHTHYeCKH, O ~ O X ~ C T B HX, ~ @e-
~ T
y e ~ *C. n p o c ~ r~p aeA o c T p o t I T e m , K a m e n p e H M m e c T B a H M e e T ero
epQ CTapbIM rOPOAOM, H OH C rOPAOCTbIO, KaK 0 YeM-TO CaMOOYe-
Mep: aMac~ep Mo3ec co- 6e3na~a".Ho OH npeffrroxm0KpjWkITb
o HOB^ s a c ~ p o f i B~ HeKO-
a Tame P a c T m napKaMm (as cTaTba
oeii V ~ C T M,,ypomasa, perna- B New York Times, RHBapb 1961 raga) .
BaHHa, Ka3eHHa, O A H O O ~ ~ ~ ~ H ~ ,
[ I01
BMAHOM, C K a x e T : 6OnbLUE OTKPbITbIX HPOCTPAHCTB. CnpocuTe
HOMOYeHHOrO IIO 30HHPOBaHHK), Y e M HOBbIe IIpaBIziIa J I F U e CTa
O I Z R T ~ - T ~ KKaK
H HeYTO CaMOOYeBMAHOe, IIePeYHCTIHT M e p b I , no6 TY x e K ~ T ~ ~ O ~BXO-
H K )
~ ~ C T P O ~ ~ ~OCTaBnRTbR K O B 6OJIbUIE OTKPbITbIX HPOCTPMICTB. IIpo fi B KPPHHX ~ O P O A ~ X6 6, ~ 1 b r r r mq a c T b
M ~ I I ~ o v H o TGe p p E I T O p H H , H, XOTb MeCTH
T e C b C I I P O ~ K T R P O B I ~ R K O IIO
H H e BTHx IIPHHqHIIOB B ~ a ~ 0 f i -M
TeO
p e I I O M O r a e T IIOHHTb BJIlG3HHR, HCIIbI
B a e ~ b I reo p o A c K H M H n a p K a M H B c e x BWOB - OT c B o e r o poaa an
~ec~~61on e i iOTKPbITbIM H
IIOA ~ ~ O KOTOPbIe
M , W w a T IIpOAOAKeHEIRMEI yA
UbI, A 0 6 0 A b U I ~ nx a p K O B C TaKHMH,4OCTOIIpHMeYaTe.nbHOCTRMEI, KaK 300na
m, nPYAbI, POrrlH, MY3eH.
M ~ C T HI I a~p KI H~ IIOTOMY 6onee RCHO, YeM c n e q ~ 1 a ~ 1 ~ 1 3
[ 104 1 I. C n e y u @ u ~6onbwux
a zopo [ 105 I
. eAepaJI-b B
H r p a T b P O n b XOpOLUerO RKOPH m R MeCTHbIX X H ~ e l I e f i @ H a ~ K p y a I O q H 4ey a C T K H , T a K 4TO YlIHU6I BAOAb IIaPKOBbIX rpa-
mMOpe -Y p e 3 B b I Y a f i H 0 ~ p a ~ H B b 1Hf ci I I o K o ~ ~ HIIapK,
~ I ~ ~ H3 KOTOPOrO OT f j p e ~ a m T H3BeCTHOCTb K a K OIIaCH6Ie H T O X e nYCTeIOT.
BaeTCH c a M b 1 2 A ~ . I I I I H B
~ m H a r O p O A M 3aAHB. O A H ~ KOOK p y H c a I o r q ~ g K p o M e TOrO, MZLJIOHCIIOAb3yeMbIe I I a p K H H HX O ~ O ~ Y A O B ~ H H ~
n ~ m H Y H b I f i Ka3iWIOCb
, 661, ~ O P O A C K OYqaCTOKYMHpaeT,
~~ KaK H CaM HapK. OT B ~ W ~ J I H ~ K
M O~ T, O P ~ IBO
~ ~M H O ~ Op a 3 ~ p e ~ ~ Ye f~ i M
~, C T ~ C T B ~ H -
~ P O T R X ~ H HI H I 0 ~ 0 n e H H f 3TOMY
i 4"IaCTKy H e YAaBZLJIOCb I I p M B n e K a T b HOB oc, TOT @KT K TO
KOCBeHHO I I p H 3 H a J I C T I O ~ ~ H C T ~B ~TO~ B, p e M R
x k i ~ e n e f i ,H M e m q H x ~ b 1 6 o p .OAHO~3 r o p ~ a f i ~ pu a~3xo ~ a p o ~ a ~CBR ~ f i ,
HbIX C XKRbIMH MaCCHBaMH, IIOCTPOeHHbIMH IIO eAHHbIM IIpOeKTaM, no cm ero, YTO OH ~ y ~ 0 ~aO He, ~ O~H C K OHMP ~ ~ O X ~ HYHC H
T~H~B-
A e H O H ~ C I I O C O ~ H O C T BXOAHIIJHX
~IO B HHX I I a p K O B H OTKPbITbIX T e p p H ~ o ~ n a p ~ a X
TeneBH3OpbI. C ~ a 3 aYTO~ , H e CYHTaeT T e n e B H 3 0 P IIOAXOm-
~ ~ A H Y H UeHHOCTb
B ~ T ~ XMJIbR IIO COCeACTBy H c ~ a 6 E m H 3 H p 0 B a ~ObK p y r y , n a p ~ na p w c n o c o 6 n e ~ H e M ,K o ~ c ~ e ~
6 no 6 a ~ c<M m :a ~ y M a m O, H
rOBOpH p e 0 ee Y I I ~ Y U I ~ H ~~ ~OHC. M O T ~ H~aTTO,
~ YTO CTOHT IIO n e p ~ ~ e ~ ca ~e n p o C T O H T n p e ~ ~ , ~Y(eeM ero CTaLISRT".
n106oro ~ O ~ O A C K On a~ pO ~ a~, ~ M H H H C T ~ ~ T HIIJIOWWH,
BHO~~ ~ ~ P K O B 3 0O ~ ~ M e w T e M B ~ W b I f ni0 r 0 X H f i J I e ~ H k f fBi e Y e p H a O X H B n e H H b I X
BHVPH M a c c H B a -KaK p e A K o B GOA~LUOMropoae MOXHO B c T p e T l i T b OT poryapax B 0 f f 0 s ~ O r O r a p n e ~ aCTORT ~ e n e ~ ~ 3 0 p b~ 1c ,n o n b s y e ~ b ~ e
T o e I I ~ O C T ~ ~ H C T BYbR
O , p a M K a OTYeTIIHBO A e M O H C T p H p y e T M a r H e T k l 3 ~
~a HJIH er0 c ~ a 6 m ~ 3 a p p q Be Ae ~ H H ~ ! I . o - H ~ 6 y ~ ~b a r a 3 ~ HCaT,a H O B H T m MeCTOM c6opa ,4JIR AeCRTKa w I H
AemIIJHx B H H M a H H e M e m y 3KPaHOM, AeTbMH, 38 KOTOPHMH
MY @eAepZLJI-xwv~y, 3 p R paCXOAYIOT CBOGIIOTeHUHaJI. B ABYX I I p e K p HBaIOT, ~ ~ H K ~C IIHBOM,
M M BbICKa3bIBaHHFIMH APYr APYra
U H X I I a p K a X ~ M H U H H H ~ TCHBHAOM H a p e K y H CMOrlIa B Y y A e c ~ b ~xf ai p TCTB~MH
IIPOXOXHX. H ~ ~ H ~ K o Me UI IJH~XOTRT,
I, OCTaHaBJIHBaIOTCR
C ~ H T R ~ ~ ~A eCH K b HHa C~Y H T a T b B o6rqeti CIIOXHOCTH n R T b Y e n O B e K HHKTOH e ~ O H TYTO
~ m m T Ka3 P H T a M . ~ , C ~ ' i I a p a T O MYTO-HH-
I o H b I e AeBMUbI H OAHa MOnOA&5I IIapa) ;BMeCTe C T e M YJIHUa 3a y n k i ~ e f B i 30&e~.A BOT CKeIICHC K o ~ c ~ e 6HaCYeT
na COXP~HHOCTH~ e X e B H 3 0 -
K o B ~ I XTepPHTOpEIIIX BIIOJIHe O ~ O C H O B ~ HCJIb1IIIeH
. rOnOC Y e n O B e -
YT06b1 H a C n w a T b ~ R
rOPOAOM, M MZLJIefiiXer0 H a M e K a H a T e H b . B TaKO p y K O B O ~ H B L U e ~MHOXeCTBOM
0 HeIIOIIyAHPHbIX, OIIaCHbIX
AeHb, K O W a G~LTIO6 0 n b L U e TPHAUaTH IIO u e n b c H I O , H C M 0 r . m H a f i T H B II b3yeMbIX IIapKOB - H a p R a y C H e M H O r H M H XOPOLUHMH.
K o p n k l p 3 - X y ~ - B O ~ A ~ B ~ ~ BM~ T P K O 0a3~ce
O ~M M ~a 6epery MCT-PHB~P c OT n a P K O B B KpJJIIHbIX r O p O A a X WJ'T UIHIIIKOM M H O r O r O . OHH
CHBbIM ~ ~ M L U ~ ~ IIOCpeAH
T O M r y C T O H a C e A e H H O r 0 MaHX3TTeHCKOrO n o c ~ 6 H
~ Hb 1~1 p e 0 6 p a 3 ~ ~ BCe
b CylqeCTBeHHbIe Y e p T b I CBOkiX OK-
-
r0 M c ~ c a f i ~ aBCerO B O C e M H m l J a T b Y ~ I I O B ~ KB, ~ O I I ~ L U H H C TCBO
B~ ,H H aBTOMaTHYeCKH IIOB6ICHTb HX CTaTYC. OHMCaMH HCIIbITbIBa-
YHH, O A H H O m X H HBHO H ~ H M ~ ~ Ae~efi M " . T a M H e 6bLJI0; H H K a K a MaTb, e
o H a B CBOeM we, H e o T n p a B m a 661ryaa p e 6 e ~ rymm
~a O A H O ~ O ,a M
H H X H ~ Mc~caGaa,
~O K ~ npasmo,
K B CBO~M y ~ eBOAHM
. nporyn~aB opop,-~ e c r rrry6o~o
o 4 ~ s a s e c ~ oEma
e . M ~XOTHM I ~ O H H ero
T ~
M ~ H X ~ Tc To ~3 H
~ a~noxaoe
e ~ COCTOHT r n a ~
s n e ~ a ~ n e6~y~ ~er~,o po o ~ ,TO n o n e s a p H H + O P M ~ ~ H I OMOXHO n o n y Y k i T b , H e IIJI~IBR H a M e -
eCKHX napycax, a rmm, YTO npoz-icxo,qHT H a o - ~ ~ ~ M o M4, ~ 3 ~ 9 e -
napK -T a M H e T n w e f i , a rAe nmAa -T a M H e T n a p ~ a ?
H e n o n y m p ~ b I~I aep K H BHyIIIaIOT T p e B O q H e TOnbKO ~ 3 - 3 a a p K a pa3HbIXTHIIOB. ~ O C M O T P H M YTO
, OHH H a M P a C C K m J ' T 0 CBOeM
W e H H H X B O ~ M O > K H O CH
T ~~ ~~~c c M ~ I U I ~ P
Ha C
H TOp a~T ~
b I CpeACTB, HO H ~ 3 - HOM ~ H ~ H Y ~ c K B
oM~ ~ M M O ~ ~ ~ ~CCOKPYXeHHeM.
T B H H
pHUa~abHorB 0 O ~ A ~ ~ ~ C T BKOTOPOe
HR, OHH YaCTO OKa3bIBaIOT. MM n p H Y C ~ ~ L Unap^
H ~PI H~ T T ~ H X ~ ~ C -HC M
K B~ A~~ HPTB ~ ~ C H + H U H ~ O -
T e Xe I I p 0 6 n e ~ b 1 ,YTO H YAHUaM 6e3 mas, R TaRIIJHeCR B HHX F P 0 3 b I B b I M e
* ~ p ByTOM x e n o p w K e , B K a K o M H HX n e p e m m m , W ~ Txyaoxe- :
no COBIIWeHIIIo, B e p H p L L M C b 1IRBIIIHX KpbIJIbQO AOMa p m O M C
n03~HeK e CBOeMYAOMY, H yBHD2JIa CTa-
my6 C P e C T O p a H O M H K a P T H H H b I M H r a l I e p e H M H ; M y 3 b I K a n b H a H
H k i ~ a IIapKOBbIx
m IIpki3HaKOB
T H C T ~ ~ ~ ~ 3KBPiBaIIeHT
C K E I ~ ~ IIapKOBOrO e g c ~ k i f0
i 4 ~X E ~m 0; f i AOM; ~ 6CTapaFI ; a n T e K a ; BOeHHO-MOP-
6 b m o U B IIOMHHe, KpOMe C a M o r o B
-
K O H T H H T ~ H T ~ BOCeMHWqaTb q W 0 B e K TO -H a C J I ~ e H m
OTAbIxOM, ApyT A 3 A a H H R , rAe p a H b U I e 6b1n O T e n b ; X H J I o f i AOM; U e P K O B b ; I I p H -
o6oero nona H B c e x B ~ ~ P ~ C T O06c~y-
B, TOM ki C H ~ ~ MHMO
H M TOPOAOM. ~ o n aX; ~ O AOM; G ~ ~ ~ J I H Y 6H ~ ~ F6 In ~ o ~Xm0fi e ~ a AOM;
; II~cTo~
O K p Y X e H m ~a
B n m en~H ~ T O - J I H ~HO3 3TOrO $113~9ec~oro n p H ~ b ~ ~ a m Om ~m~ ~ K T
HCOI IBO C O ~ O BHX H C I I O l I b 3 0 B a H m , a 3Ha-
@ a 3 a s e c ~ ~Aa.
? T ~ K~o~~e u r a ~~c n~ oon eb oo6pa3aan o n b 3 0 s a ~ e n e t i~1B P ~ M ~ HHX
H n o ~ ~ n e ~ ~ f l .
negkiBaeT n a p K C M e m a H H b I M COCTaBOM noc m o ~ BamklHlTOH-CKBeP
~ b B@ ~ ~ W a b $ u-Ta,
a 9 T o =peBpa-
HCTOB, -p e 3 K O KOHTpaCTHPYeT C P n m ~ e H x a Y c -
C K O n HX
b ~P ~~ C ~ O P R A KAHH
M pa3n~r1am~c~ o ee n e p a ~ e ~ AOMHHHPPT
py TPOMWH~I~ 04~~-
H~ C ~ 3TOT
M n e p m e T p , H H TO, W O H a X O A A m H e n O C P a C T B e H H O
em^ H H q e r o o64ero c p a 3 ~ 0 0 6 p a 3 a e0 ~ p e c T H o c ~ e PHTT~H-
fi
O K o n o P E i m e H x a ~ c PI- c~~O~ eA~P ~ YAOB
~ T ,r-e MHOXeCTBO YUlYI', P e C T o p a H o B , KynbTyPHMX ~ ~ I P ~ w ~ H ~ ~
<(~~A~ToM n )~) , u e ~ : m n b ~ n o 6 n ~ 3 0 c T HOT B a m k l H r T O H - C K B e P H e B e n H K a . TO TO MY
Ae-TmeTm y 3~01-0 n a p K a eCTb JIHlub OAHa C y r r l e c m e H H m Ka-
C T H ~ I Xn o n b 3 0 ~ a ~ e n e j iO: $ I ? C H ~ I ~c ~ w ~ a 4 ~ e .
a nopsa, ~ o ~ o p
B TOG
m WIH H H O$
~ o p ~ eK
, aK ~ P ~ B H -
~ ~ C T O 6onbur~x
T ~ I ropoAoB.
KaMu, B o 3 P a c T a e T . K ROAJ'AHIo MaMbI C AeTbMEI ROK&i,qam~ nap^, ~ e c Hb e o 6 x o & H ~p~a 3 0 6 p a ~ bC ~
paCXO>KklM n p e A C T a B n e H a e " ,
6onbur~xropOAOB, -C M H e H H e M , 6 y a T 0 B HklX 6ome P e c n e K -
HaquHaeTCR R e P e p b 1 ~~a n a ~ s~i, n~o,qeg,npuurenruax 113 ~ p y u x O U~C n~ O Il I b 3 0 B a H ~BbITeCHRIOTa M e H e e pet-
% ~ K T ~ CI ~ ~ C EIX
T~~ r o p o A a E e p e K y c u T b B XyAOXeCTBeHHOM ,60nbuki~r O p O a a M T a K O e H ~ C B O ~ ~ C ~ 3TO ~ H 3H8 - ~ ,
HbIX P e c T o P a H a X . B nomenoxyAeHHbIe racbr
nopseh,
H a KaMnaHHH 60pb6b1 CM ~ O P O & C K O ~~ NJTIWIKoM>), <<fl3Ba-
~ T O M ~ MBMeCTO
H IIpHsHH. nIO&H 06ae~m1,pacnonaram-
aMH w r nonbayro~qaeca
~ 6onee B~ICOKOF~
penpauseti
O c H o B a H H O M H a K p e A H T a X , OAHO %lCTO H a n P R M Y m CBR3aHO
Bepmmm pa6osufi A e H b : CHaYaJIa Te, KT0 IIOK@L(aeT OKPeCTHOCT
a K O ~ ~ I Ei
~ IIpOHCXOaHT
H O H a rOPOACKAX W a c T K a x ,
I08 ] [ 109 1
BaHHeM o m e T nPoHCXOjJHTb T o r p a ~ ~ Bq~ eb 1~6 o p eB p e M e H H enofi, AOMamHHMEI A e n a M M ,
T ~ I X ~ O C P ~ A C T B3
O~Mc n n y a ~ a HOM z, YTO O Y e H b CyL4eCTBeHH0, noro~og.
COPTa n P H X O A H T a AOBOnbCTBO H ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ M
~ ~ HC T~HI I~Ea pI K~I, KOTOPOMY
~ ~ B HaBH3aHO
~ H H ~ I ~
YHHe, a Y a w no r l e n o ~ yKOMIIJIe Hanb~oe
o g ~ o ~ 6 p a OKpYH(eHHH
3 ~ e B nm6og ~ O P M ~~ , e ~
4"rpaTmo nO~YJrrrPHOCTb.~ ~ ~ ~ H ~ C ~ Y I ~F aH OHKO, IIpeCTyIIHoc-
C T ~ , YaCTb nHR. M TYT B03HMKaeT ~ O P O Y H MK~P~p . A a e
rHe B%4bl (<nOpYH))-3 T 0 n O B e p x H O a OT p a 3 ~ 0 0 6 p a 3 ~ b ~1 O~ P ManOpYH>>,O H a M m O - n O -
r o ~ o c e ~ c Y ~ H c KOTOPbIe
~ b 1 , H a HeCKOJIbKO ~ ~ C I I T J / I ~ ~ ~ T H eg. OH^ H a Y H H a e T B H V a T b MM C T P a m H Y D CKYKY, K a K B C e Y"M-
one X H 3 H b H p a 3 ~ 0 0 6 p a 3 u en p r ? T H r x B a m T B C HO-
~
C K 3aKOHOMePHOCTEI
~ ~ B MHHHaTH) eYHHa M 0g~oo6pa3~ e
0TTaTIKHBaH)T BCe XkiBOe.
H o r o m H 3 H H , n O ~ Y m p H o r no a p K a .
n o n b s o ~ a ~ e n e iOHM
i. 3 a ~ 3 8~6 n ~
M3n p a B m a , m a a q e r 0 , YTO HaIIOJIHHTb M ~ C T H ~III a~pIK n K M b -
BEIB HX EICKaTb A P p H e rOpOnCKHe IIYCTOTM, HO AOcTaTO'IHOrO KOAH'I~CTB KO LUHPOK~H+ Y H K ~ H O H ~ ~ ~ -
~e nonyqm.
n a H H b I X n O J I b 3 0 ~ a ~ e J l e f inap^ OT 3 ~ 0 r o ~ b OnHaKO,
, OAHO B m H O e MCKJIIOqeHHe. H ~ e e ~ c f l
B AafleKoM npOUJIOM o p o n c K o r 0 ~ a c e n e H m C, I I O C O ~ H ~HRa AOJIrkie rOAbI H a n O n H m b
e B nopame. HO, XOTH n a p K c T e x nop o c T a n c a
~ c 661~10 <<TeMme,), ,-e6e H n O n y Y a T b OT H e r 0 nOlIb3Y HYAOBOIIbCTBNe, -XOTH O H a
PI x a p a K * e p HCnoJIb3OBaHHH IIOn enea AP~I'HX THIIOB. TO nH)AH, E I M e m W H e B CBO-
O K p w e ~ H eK
. ~ HKBCe MeCTHble R a p K H , OH -IIpOEI3BOAHOe OT CBOHx
C ~ ~ u om
~ mo20,
~ ~06ecneuusamm
e G nu e 2 o o ~ p e c m ~ o c m83awonoa
u b+~pf OHH o 6 n m 6 o ~ a n@~ pi a H K A k i H - c ~ ~ e-
p ~ p e ~n a~p Kf i
* C e ~ b k((CkiHkiX
i BOPOTHHZIKOB,),
K nPnMePY, W H H a I o T p a H b m e , s e ~ p a pa3rOBOpHbIe rpyTIlIbI. ~ O C T H
BeXJIMBbI
CeMbH ( ( ~ ~ J I BOPOTHWYKOB,,,
~Ix IIOTO
e M H , KT0 H e ~ P M H E i g J I e X H TK H X K p p Y . ~ o ' I T HH e 3 a M e T -
sTO ~ a 6 o s k i f AeHb
i Y MYXefi, emw OHM
pa60TamT B A H e B H p CMeHy, HaYwHaeT- oKono mm. K a Y a c o B , p a 3 ~ 0 l ~ e p c4yprne~
~ ~ ~ Gn e p e ~ e u a e T c Rno 6epery
a H 3 a K a H Y M B a e ~ mp a H b m e . IIOSTOM~
I10 ] 1. C n e y u @ u ~ ~a O J I ~ U U20p
X 8QHUe MeCmHblX R a p K O 8 [ 111 1
C COJIHUeM, Y T O ~ O~ HI 0 IIX r p W I 0 . Korna COJIHqe 3aXOAEIT, YaCbI OCTaHaBnpi
IOTCR; +ypLue~n p e K p a q a e T c c I no y-rpa*. O s a T b EI n o p A e p x k i s a T b .
He BO BCeX ~ O J I ~ I I I E I XrOpOAaX eCTb XOPOIIIO pa3BEITbIe IlapKpi H Bo MHOrkiX p a f i 0 H a K~ P F H b I X rOPOAOB IIpki 3TOM e C T b EIMeHHO
0 0 U e H e H H b I e ( # J o ~ a J l b H b I eX H 3 H e H H b I e T O Y M , KOTOpbIe ~ ~ K B ~ M ~ H o
MenKkiX IIapKOBbIX JTaCTKOB Pi HrpOBbIX WIOIqWOK, EICIIOJIb3YeMbIX rJIaB p a q a ~0 H~O~XO,L(HMOCTHMeCTHOrO I I a p K a HnEI O ~ I ~ ~ C T B ~ H H O I ' O
o 6 p a 3 0 ~6 p o ~ ~ r a Pi~ 6€!3,4eJIbHEI~a~ki,
k i PI H e M a n 0 EIX M O X H O B c T p e HO KpEIYaT B I I Y C T V . n o ~ o 6 ~ b U
1eeH T p b I M ~ C T H XEI3HEI
O ~ ~ EI A e R -
B IIapKe Capb1A e n a ~ o
P ~ ~ B € ! J IK~OT T, O P ~ IC~T~m HeXOPOILIkiM MeCTOM. Be n e r ~ 0o n 0 3 ~ a no
~ bTOMY, YTO E I M ~ H H OB HHX, e ~ k~ei 3anpewae~
XTHO, ~ p Y I I H e f i L U k i f B
i h T e p k i ~ IeI a p K HekiMYLqkiX, Y e f i KOHTkiHreHT H ~ M H a U a m T c a p e W a M H b I e JIEICTOBKEI.
p , 3 T 0 ~ ~ P L U H H T - C KrB ~ ~ ,
IIPeBOCXOAEIT KOHTkiHreHT @ p a H W k i H - C ~ ~ e - Ho YCTpakiBaTb I I a p K T a M , K y A a CTeKaIoTCR JIIoAki, ~ ~ C C M ~ I W ~ H -
~ O C - A w ~ e n e cTOT
Hb1fi n a p K A e n O B O r O U e H T p a a . @KT I'OBOPkiT H a M X ~ H ~ I IIO KOTOPbIM OHki TyAa CTe-
3TOM ~ ~ A ~ T ~ H E I Y T ORPUqUHbL,
YTO H H T ~ P ~ C HkiO06
~ O K ~ ~ C T H O C T RnXa p ~ a (: # J y ~ ~ ~ n
k iokci- a w ~ e n e c c I? n a p ~ a a i h e m
M ~ C 3THX
~ O IIpkiYkiH. TO OAHa Pi3 rJIaBHbIX O L U W ~ O K ,
U e H T p a HaCTOJIbKO pa3MbITbI ki p a 3 6 p o c a ~ b 1 YTO
, eAkiHCTBeHHbIM U e H T p nyCKaIOT IIpOeKTHpOBqEIKki X w I b I X MaCCEIBOB, O ~ ~ ~ C T B ~ H H ~ I X
HbIM rOPOACKkiM 3JIeMeHTOM, KOTOPOMY I I P k i C Y q k i M ~ C L U PiTMHTe
~ ~ IX 4 e H T p O B . M e c ~ ~ napM
b ~ e HkiKOkiM 0 6 p a 3 0 ~H e MOrYT 3 a M e -
H O C T ~X
, ~ P ~ K T ~ AJIR
P H KPYIIHOrO
~ I ~ ropo~a,O K ~ ~ ~ J KHCe kRi ~ y q k i f i3~1e KOrO k i 3 0 6 m b ~ o r op a 3 ~ 0 0 6 p a 3 k i Y
~ c. I I e I I I H b l e I I a p K k i HkiKOrAa
nposcxonaqee H a U e p r u k i ~ r - c ~ H~ ea np o M m a e T c K o p e e ~ o ~ + e p e ~ q p i
ZIeM (#JYPIII~T, -~oH(#JepeHqkiIo, C O C T O R Pi3
~ ~AeCRTKOB rpylIIIOBbIX ewe I I p O Y H e e CBR3bIBaIoT Mew)' ~060fi
p m e H k i R . H a n p o ~ k i OHki
~,
CHI%,K W O ~ ki3 KOTOPbIX PyOBO,l(kiT C B O ~~ e ~ w k iw fI kii C B O r~n a B H 0 6 q ~ f IIJIO-
b I e ( # J y H ~ U k i k3i T O r 0 OKP)'XeHkiR, A a p R kiM IIPkiRTHyIO 0
TOP. 6 e c e ~ b EIAYT
1 no B C ~ M Yn e p k i ~ e ~ rp uy ~ o q ~ kwe
i , H M ~ I ~ T CCR K ~ M ~ T H O ~ O O ~ ~ewe
3TOM OHM A O ~ ~ B J I R IK~ M ~ ~OAHH
H H UeHHb1fi
~ 3ne-
ki CTeHKki, H O O C O ~ ~ H H OXapa
~ O OHki AOCTEITaIoT I I 0 YrJIaM. Ha HeKOT r a ~ q a I o TCBOki OKpeCTHOCTPi T a K , K a K A e J I a e T 3 T 0 PEITT~HX~~C-
CK~M&K~X
3HaYHTCR: a T o n b ~ AJIR
0 AaMB, ki 3 T 0 I I p a B w I O co6nm,qae~c?. 1o60fi~pyrofixoporu~fin a p K .
A ~ ~ m e n e eve
c y I I O B ~ ~ J I OZIT0
, B a K y y M p a 3 6 p o c a ~ ~ o AWIOBOrO
r o UeHT M~CTHOMY ~ ~ P KH eYCOnXeIIIb, Pi C HEIM H e IIOCIIOPkiLUb. (<XYAO-
IIpkiCBOwIki XkiqHHKki, YTO er0 3aHSIJIki OTHOCkiTWIbHO C ~ O K O ~ 3aBC ~ H ~ I ~ e KOHUenIJEIki)) ki kiX BbIpa3EITWIbHaA IIOAaYa MOrYT BHeCTkI KQP-
T ~ E~I I P O U B ~ T ~ In ~a Ip ~~ ~Ha ~ HOM M H X . EI B IIPOeKTkfPYeMbIe MeCTHbIe IIapKEI w I k i TOprOBO-IIpOIyJIOYHbIe
HOMbI B P w n k i M O X e M PaCCZIkiTbIBaTb H a BeXJIkiBbIX H e KOBOrO T k i n a , ki s e p 6 a n b ~ b I e P
, a U k i O H a n b H b I e AOBOAbI MOrYT CO-
K ~ ~aK c w , cnoco6aym c n a c ~ kBi c e ~ e n o n y m p ~nba~p e~ k ~i a m k i x K HHM noce~menefi,HO B pemaofi
O T o p o e s k i ~ BOCIIPEI~~MZIEIB~IX
o
I'OPOAOB. H ~ c ~ ~ ~ E I ~ M ~ ~M~~ ~C IT PH Io~I aB ~~
Ip K , ~HHe CHT ~~B II I ~
I E~
M
I ~e~ TOJIbKO p a 3 ~ 0 0 6 p a 3 k i e OKpyXeHEIR k i M e e T IIpaKTkiZIeCKyIo B 0 3 M O X -
pa 6 e 3 p a 6 0 ~ H b I xki Hey,l(aZIHkiKOB, M O X e T e C T e C T B e H H 0 ki H e I I p H H Y w e H TBOpEITb ~ C T ~ C T B ~ H HHe ~
I I Ip ~
e p~b ,I ~ H b I fIIOTOK
i Xki3Hki ki kiCnOAb30-
~ a n o n ~ f l ~ bJ Ic Ir~iA ~ MnHk i ~ B
~ TOM
b cnvae, e c n k i OH pacnon0Xe~~ J I E I OBepXHOCTHOe a p X k i T e K T y p H O e p a 3 ~ 0 0 6 p a 3 k i e M O X e T 6bl2JLUdemb
( # J o K ~ c ~ , rAe CXO,I(RTCR aKTkiBHbIe EI p a 3 ~ 0 0 6 p a 3 H b I eTeZIeHkiR XM3Hki nap~H
, NIR
p c k i ( # J k i ~ a q k i ~HO a M ~ ~~ HT ~ Z I ~ THO JI I ~? K~O~ O & ~ E I H H O ~ ,
TWI~HOCTH.E c n k i OH HaxoAkiTcri B AWIOBOM q e H T p e , ero, H a p m co cnw x a ~ e n b ~ ~oKeO H O M U Y ~ C KpOa 3~ ~ 0 0 6 p a 3 k i e ~6 n a r o ~ a Kp O~T O P O M ~ero
MI4 O+HCOB, AOnXHbI I I O C e q a T b TYPEICTbI, IyJIRIoIIJkie Pi T e , K T 0 O T I I p a B w I AHR. TOJI~KO
JIloAki C p a 3 H b I M P a C r I O P ~ K O M O H 0 C I I O C O ~ H Owe-
n o q m K a M k i . E c n k i n a p K H e B AWIOBOM U e H T p e , B c e p a m o OH , q o n x e H pa
naranc? TaM, r A e KkinkiT m 3 ~ b r,qe
, p a 3 ~ o p a s k i ~ a e ~~cpr iy ~osm ~ y, n
HaA, ~ ~ I T O B ki
~ KOMMepZIeCKaR
FI AmenbHOCTb, rAe J I I o w M B KaK MOXHO 6 0%m 3 H k i , M O X e T CIIOJIHa HCIIOJIb30BaTb CBOH n p e E I m e C T B a ,
~ O J I H O Mo 6 a e ~A
e O C ~ H ~O ~ o r o o 6 p a s kTi Oe ~ O ZITO
, n
p e ~ ~ a r60nb1110ki
ae~ Pi PaCTpaTkiTb. RCHO,ZIT0 n a p K , n 0 ~ 0 ~ k iHf ai ~ I o p e ~ H b IABOp,
fi
POA. ~ J I ~ B Hn ~
p oA 6 n e ~ IIpOeKTkipOBaHHR
a MeCTHOrO I I a p K a - 3 T 0 IIp ~ ~H~e T a K B ~ ~ E I M O A ~ ~ ~ CCTOKPY-
B J I e K a T e n e H &TE4 I I o c ~ T H T W I ki BY~T
[ 112 I I . C n e q u # u ~ a6 0 n b ~ l u zop
x [ 113 I
HO YCIIeLUHbIMH. M 3 T 0 BIIOJIHe IIOHRTHO: B e A b r O p O X a H a M , H M e H ) w H M 1\1
r0 A P y r H X H H T e p e C O B H O ~ R ~ ~ H H O HC eTn0,Ll
~ ~ C, K n y B A O X H v b )fCI?3Hb B T ~ BKMaCCHBaX, IIOCTPOeHHbIX no eAHHbIM I l p O e K T a M , B TOM YHCSIe
O r p a H H Y e H H O e KOJIHYeCTBO MeCTHbIX HeCIle4HFlJIH3HPOBaHHbIX I I a p K o B
e k i T e n H AOII?KH~I6 b l ~ 1 t i6b1IlOCBRTHTb
r o~p~0 .~ c K k i X
T~PPHTO~H c e 6 H~C n o ~ ~ c n o c o 6 ~ ~0 Oc ~~ObA C KO O
K p~ F~H HJIH p a f i o ~ ap a 3 B H T b B C e -
3 0 B a H H H ) I l a p K O B K a K H e K O e M y 6 ~ 3 ~ e (HJIH
c y IlpeBPaTHTbCR B 6e3pa6 3 a H H O C T b ( I l 0 ~ 0 ~ a H ) w ~YH~) ~ ~ B ~ I YCHJIbHbIe
~ G H OC H M B O n H Y e -
eAcTaBne~HR) K MeCTHOMY I I a P K Y ~ ~ ' ~ R C H R ~ TR CIIOJIaraH),
R, KOM~H-
n p O M e H W O B , HrPOBbIX r I J I O w m O K , I I a p K O B H Y a C T K O B 3eMJIH H e O n p e A H e r a T H B H b I X @ ~ K T O P O B .B o - I I ~ P B ~ I X
I l ,a p K H - K a w H A a T b I C T p a A a I o T
H O r O H ~ ~ H ~ Y ~ H3 H
a nR o, x e ~ ~ Bo THIIHYH~IX
e r
n p o e ~ ~nyqeaap~oro
ax f i o c ~ a T O s H O r 0p a 3 ~ 0 0 6 p a HX
3 ~Gn~xafirrrero
~ O K p y x e H H R H, me-
~ H O c, K ~ K H ;BO-BTOPbIX, TO pa3~006pa3~
H eT a M S H b , K a m e HMe-
TaBJlHTb I I P H PeKOHCTPYKqHH I ' O P O A C K k i X ~ a C T K O B60nbl~10fi T I P O Q ~ H T3 b m e H b I IIO CTIHLUKOM M H O r H M I I a p K a M , CnHLUKOM CXOAHbIM M e X -
He3aCTPOeHHbIM. 0 Ha3HaYeHHH).
M b 1 BHAHM, YTO B pafio~ax( T ~ K H X ,K a K M o p ~ H H r c a f i , q - B ~ H ~K pI O,M e TOrO, H e K O T O p b I e O C O ~ ~ H H O C T~HH 3 a f i ~ Ea c
. n~
~ H b I O - f i o p ~ e ) ,06na,qamw~x
H rapJIeB CPaBHHTWIbHO ~ O J I ~ L U EKOJI
IM H U H 3 H p O B a H H O r O I l a p K a IIOBCeAHeBHOrO n O n b 3 0 B a H H R -
BOM HeCIle4HFlJIH3HpOBaHHbIX n a P K O B b I X 3 0 H , JIIOAH P e g K O K O H q e H T p H M O ~ 60nbue
O ~ a ~ e r o p unmgeG
fi co B C ~ B O ~ M O X H ~ I Mpacn0-
H
B H H M a H H e H a K ~ K O M - n H 6 0I I a p K e , K O T O P ~ I l~O~l I b 3 0 B ~ C R6b1 YHHX TaKOH m, H H T ~ P ~ C ~PIMYEC ~T P ~ M - ~ ~ H H R MTOH ,~ ~ 3 an a fp r it a ,~p a 3 y ~ e e ~ -
KO B ~ I ~ Z K ~ HI IH
I OO~ O~ B~~ H )K, a K 0 f i ~ ~ e ~n
pb ~ IIOJIb3yeTCR
~0 ~ f iy X H T 3TOMY C I I O C O ~ C T B O B ~aT H
~ ,e IIpeIIRTCTBOBaTb. A H ~ ~ n~a p H
K OY
B,
6 0 c r o ~ c ~ oHop~-3yrla,
ro B ~ L U H H ~ T O H - C K- B ~y ~06u~a~enefi ~PHHBHY- 0 H HeCneqHFlJIH3HpOBaHHO HCnOJIb3YeMbIX XkiTeJIRMH, K a K n p a -
JIHAXa, ~ ~ I T T T ~ H X ~ ~ C- y XK HBB~W~ H X I I O ~ J I H ~ O C T @
- C H HJImeJIb@ UCYIIJH Y e T b I p e K a Y e C T B a , K O T O P b I e R 0 6 0 3 ~ a ~T ayK : CJIOXHOCTb,
n l Oo 6 H ~ b l MeCTHbIe
~ O ~ R Y e n a p K k i qeHXTC% n O M H M 0 IIpOYerO, 3 a TO, YTO OCTb, C O J I H ~ Y H @
~ I ~ ~K T H
O 3~ a ~ K H v o C T b .
eAHHCTBeHHbIe B CBOeM POAe. C ~ O X H O CCTB~R 3 a H a C p a 3 ~ 0 0 6 p a 3 ~IIPHYMH,
e ~ n0 KOTOPbIM
C I I O C O ~ H O C TMeCTHOrO
~ IlapKa ~ 0 3 6 m a BJIIOWX
~b CTpaC XOWT B M ~ C T H ~~ ~I P~ K Aaxe
H . OAHH H TOT x e Y ~ I I O B ~BKp a 3 ~ 0 e
nPHBR3aHHOCTb KnH, H ~ O ~ O P O TB,b I 3 b I B a T b Y HHX a n a T H l 0 , CyAR no B H T IIO p a 3 H b I M TIPkIYHHaM: H H O r A a YCTFlJIO IIOCH,IJeTb, H H O r A a
n 0 Y T H Knki COBCeM H e 3aBHCHT OTAOXO,L(OB K n H P O A a 3 a H X ~ k l GOKPeCTHO n o ~ a 6 n H ) ~ 3a , H O r A a IlOYHTaTb H n H n o p a 6 0 ~ a ~ b ,
a ~ kbI r p ~ f i H
CeneHM. T a ~ o fBbIBOA
i MOXHO W e J I a T b H 3 O Y e H b 60nb1110roH M m e C T B e H aCOBaTbCR, H H O r A a B J I I ~ ~ H T ~ CHRH, O r g a C KeM-TO BCTpeTHTbCFI,
r0, ~ ~ o @ ~ c c H o H F ~ J I ~ HkI oKYJIbTYPHOrO
~o pa3~006pa3mJIlOgefi, B OAHO e ~ ~a
b ~ O P O A C KC ~ ~ J y6emwa, H H O ~ A
Y ~ T ~3 BH~ W W ~~ a f i -
Xe B p e M R m y 6 0 ~ 0 IIPHBR3aHHbIX K TaKOMY n a p K Y , K a K B ~ L U R H ~ T O H - c n06b1~bYYTOYKY 6
o M ~ I X ,ki~or,qa n ~ x Kenp~poge,H H O r A a 3a-
B H ~ I O - ~ ~ O POKT~H. OUI~H KWTOMY~ K n H HHOMY I l a p K y J I H I I C pa3JIHYHbIM e ~ ~H aH O, ~ A~ P~O C T Op a ~ l~l e r 0 - ~ ~ 6 y YTO g b ,~ P ~ A C T ~ B - H T ~ ,
H e M AOXOAOB MOXHO T ~ D KH H ~ O r A a ~ a 6 n m ~Baer0~ bB ~ ~ M ~ Hpa3 H ~ M ~ c e r B~pacye~e
a ~a ~ A O B O ~ ~ C TOT BB
HH~ A A~ P ~ ~ Hn~ogefi.
X
KOTOpOe W e T H H O r A a B nOJlOXHTWIbHYIO, a H H O r A a B O T p H q a T e J I b H y I o E ~ BCH) H KaPTHHY M O X H O OXBaTHTb OAHMM B3rJIRAOM, K a K XO-
HY. 3a A ~ C R T ~ ~ ~ ~ K T OI H? RO M H Y ~ C K~O O ~ ~ O X ~X HUHT~ ~ ~~O ~ C TCOHC a K a T , H e U l H B I l a p K e ~11o60fi
Y a C T O K T a K Xe B b I ~ l H A M T
H o ~ T - ~ CHy wAe C~T B e H H O yJIy.ILUHJIOCb. HO K a K B rOAbI ~ ~ J H O C T HT ,a K T ~ K xHe ~O ~ W ~ H H RK, ~ ~11060fi K gpyr0fi ~ ~ C T O TO K , nap^ ~e ga-
r0 OTWIHKa BCeM 3TkIM Pa3JIHYHbIM HaCTPOeHIlFIM H H e CTHMYnH-
M ~ H H O6 b m c e p a u e ~ paGoaa. H b m - G o p ~ c ~r ~a fpi n e - ~ n p ~ ~ npo e p a 3 ~ 0 0 6 p a 3 m cnoco60~ ~ c n o n b s o ~ OH a ~~e~ npwrnaruae~
. ~ e -
nonomoro C B O ~ ~ C T M3 B~@ . e r n e ~ e 6 e n b ~ o xr m o o r o pafioaa JIJIH sep T ~ C FBI H e r o c H o B a k~c H o B a .
c p e ~ ~ emaccaro OH n o c r e n e ~ n ~ poe s p a ~ m wc ~ a ~ aBnpaa f i o ~
JIJIHHH O A HY~ M H H~ T m a H T n k i B a R X e H w H H a , X H B y w a R OKOJIO PHT-
YaCTH C p e A H e r O KJlaCCa, a 3 a T e M B MeCTO, r.ge X H B v I l P e H M W e C T B e H H O 6 CKBep, 3 a M e T K n a :((fiBOT we r l H T H m 4 a T b JIeT I l p H X O X y T Y g a IIOYTH
H b I e H A H C K P H M H H H p y e M b I e J I I O ~ H .Ha TIPOTRXeHHH BCeX 3THX I l e p e M e H e H b , HO H a AHRX R IIOIIbITaJlaCb no n a M H T H H a P H C O B a T b ILJIaH nap-
n e M , 6 0 r a ~ b 1 f iMeCTHbIMH I l a p K a M R C p a B H k I T e n b H O , H a I I p H M e p , C r p H M O ~ A O~ ~. a 3 a n o C~HLUKOM
~b CSIOXHO PJIR ~eHm). T a ~ o ~e e RB~I~HH~
Mpa3y
B ~ Y L T I W W ~HH , ~e ~ ~ q nepwona,
e n K O ~ ~ ~ 6~ oT H Xn
A a~~ o f i - n ~3 JIJIH B ~ L U H H ~ T O H - C KB B~ ~b PH ) - f i o ~ B
~ eX .O g e 6 0 p b 6 b 1 MeCTHbIX
@ o K ~ c ~ I ~ o B F6b1
~ J IB ce6e X H 3 H b H YqeHTHYHOCTb ~ 0 0 6 w e c r ~Taa. ~ o X e OTHB aBTOMarHCTPFlJIH aKTHBHCTb1 H e p e g K O IIbITallHCb BO B p e M
HPOKO ki k i 3 0 6 p e ~ a ~ e J I b ~Koraa-TO,
0. B HesaIIaMRTHbIe BpeMeHa,
TOYKaM. GOBOM, TOHKlle npORBJIeHllR p a 3 ~ 0 0 6 p a 3 m .3 ~ kI Ii ~ O I I B J I ~ H ~$H
~FI
9 e C K O r O p a 3 ~ 0 0 6 p a 3 k i3~ a ~ yCmwiBaIQTCR
e ~ 6~1aro~apa pa3~006pa~~~ K O T ~ p~ K~ Tg~I O H T ~ YTO
H . COXPaHEInOCb -3 T 0 YToIIJI~HH~I~~
n O n b 3 0 B a H W 3 , KOTOpOe H a HKX HaKJIa,4bIBaeTCR. Y C ~ ~ I I InH a p~K IBCerAa
~~ e T O ~ ~ b~~pf ~i J I b 1pfe i3 e p B y a p , 6onb111yro YaCTb r O A a cyxOfi; BHYT-
r J W k i T HaMHOrO 6onee CJIOXHbIM, KOrAa kiM I I O J I b 3 w T C 3 , Y e M K O ~ 0A ~ afi ero o 6 p a 3 y r o Y~ e T b I p e C T e H b K H , IIOAHMMaIOWkieCR K K a M e H -
Arne O Y e H b MaJIeHbKkie I U I O 4 a , 4 H - n a p K k i A 3 YkiCJla YCR n e T y , ~ 0 ~ 0 p b 1Of K
i P Y X a e T BbIeMKY BHeIIIHHM KOIIbqOM, H a H e -
3 a Y a c ~ BHOWT
y ~ BA ~ K O P ~ ~ E
K ~O H
T O, P ~ IOHH
~ CO~A~IOT mn o c e ~ k i ~ m e f i , B B03BblLUaIOwkiMCR Ha,4 Y P O B H e M 3eMJIki. n0 CYIIJeCTBY 3 T 0
, ~ M @ H T ~ ~ kiT PkiMeHHO
, TaK ~ O H T ki
~ kiCnOJIb3yeTCR,
H npki-
UIeHkiki T o r o , KTO a p T k i a b I , a KTO 3pkiTeIIH, uapm n o n H a R n y r a H w -
AkiT H a6 p a r e w I k i C BbICOTbI Y ~ H ~ ~ C T B ~CHKHF HOb I M ; HO H a ~ O B 3 H ~ c ~ ~ en pf oi n o p ~ a k Ri B ~ R ~ ki
T T ki ~ p y r k l TYT
C ~~ M ~ . ki r k i ~ a p k i -
m O w a , 4 b 9eM-TO HaIIOMkiHaeT TaIQwMe YaCbI y C a J I b ~ a f f o p a A m k i -HaCT ,M B a T a r k i HenOCe&IIHBbIX Ae~efi,ki TaHqOpbI-kiMIIPOBki3aTOpb1,
KO OH^ n e p e ~ e ~ ~kikp ai 3~ ~ a0 0 6 p a 3 ~ a(B. T O Y H O C T ~TO x e c a ~ o eHO
, B c o n ~ e s ~ Bb ~~HxH ki
, y ~ n e ~ e C ~O ~~~ C
b ~ ~A He K KkiHx, e n a m ~ q k i e
K P F H O M M ~ C I I I T KOHeYHO,
~ ~ ~ , IIPOkiCXOAkiT C n p R ~ o f i ,P ~ B H O M ~ PpeHO~~ CR, ki 4 0 ~ 0 r p a @ b 1 , ki TYPUCTH; ki n 0 c p e A k i B C ~ 3
~ ~O0 r 0YTO
, no-
KOBC ~ H - ~ ~ ~ H ~ ~ y~n kCi qC, KKOMr A Xa OHki ~36klpaIQ~cf1 H a XOJIMbI ki c6e ,- H e K O T O p O e KOJIkiYeCTBO JIIQAefi, I I O r p y X e H H b I X B YTeHkie,
C HHX.) 6 y M m ~ b 1 eIlJIaHbI IIAowa,4rlefi ki IIapKOB ~ o o 6 w e O ~ M ~ H ~ H HH
B ~ I : B b ~ 6 p a ~ r u k ~i xO H T H
~ eHIIO HeAOCTaTKy MeCTa: B q b TkiXkie CK~M~B-
Aa o H k i BPOAe 6b1 IIOAHbI HIQaHCOB, HO 3Tki HIOaHCbI M a n 0 YTO 3 H a Y a T , n o y ~ o fYi ~ C T Hn a p ~ na0 ~ 1 y n y a b 1 .
MY YTO BCe OHki H k i X e P O B H F I o63opa WIki IIOYTki H e BOCIIPkiHkiMaIOTCR ~ . i ~ O ~ O A C K
aAMkiHkiCTpaqkiR
~ R P e r y J I R p H O B b g y M b I B a e T CXeMbI
MOHOTOHHOrO IIOBTOpeHllR. CTBOBaHkiR)), COrJIaCHO KOTOPbIM q e H T p B ~ U H H ~ T O H - C&On-
KB~~
B ~ ~ o R T H oc, a ~ b 1 fC
i ~ ~ C T B ~ 3HJ I H
e M~
e HIT B
I I a p ~ 0 ~ 0af 0
i
CTki -q e H T p k i 9 H O C T b . B XOPOILIeM M a J I e H b K O M I I a p K e , K a K IIpaBkiJIO, :~ B O C C T ~ H O B H~T ~~ P K O B~ ~O M~ J I ~ I I o J I ~ ~ o B ~ H ~ ~ ~ ) ) .
MeCTO, KOTOPOe BCe COrJIaCHbI CYkiTaTb er0 UeHTPOM. n0 ~ e ~ b I I I eMf ei p B HeKOTOPbIX MeCTaX T p a B a ki q B e T b I , KOHeYHO, HMeIOT I I O J I H O ~
CmeCTBOBaHkie. HOc a ~ b 1 fny'-lIIIkic
i U e H T p MeCTHOrO I I a p K a -IIO-
nYHKT. H~KOTO
M a~
J I e~H bIK~
k i e I I a p K k i kiJIki IIJIOwaflki-IIapKki II
CBOmTCR K C B O e M y q e H T p y , I4 kiCTOYHkiKaMki UIOXHOCTH &IIR HkiX CTaHOB C 0 n ~ q e(JI~ToM, p a 3 y ~ e e ~ nce p~ e,M e X a K ) w e e C R c T ~ H ~ I OCO-)
~ e 6 o n b r u k i HIoaHCbI
e H a nepki4epkiki. f i~ C T ~ H O B K LB
YaCTb I I a p ~ 0 ~ 0 O I . ~ I C O K3AaHkIe,
O~ IIperpaMaIoIUee
flK)Aki k130 BCeX CkiJI C T a p a W T C R C 0 3 A a B a T b B n a p K a x q e H a M c K)XHOB c T O p O H b 1 n a p ~ aM
, O X e T ~ 6 k i HeMaJIYK)
~ b eTO YaCTb.
P k i n e ~ x a y c - c ~ ~nep pk i, BCeX ee AOcTOkiHCTBaX, B 3TOM OTHOILIeHkiki
HeBO3MOXHO. & I H H H JIeHTOYHbIe
~I~ IIapKki, KaKOBbIMki RBJIRK)TCR K a 0. H a n p k i ~ e p B, I I 0 r 0 m f i 0 ~ ~ 1 1 6 p b ~ ~ kAiefHi b 6 n k i ~ Ke B e Y e p y ROY-
~ H Y ~ C K ~L eI y f i a ~ ~ Hb ~~I fOi - ~ ~ O P K C K
I IH
a p~K~ C a p b 1 A e J I a H 0 P y 3 ~ e n ki
b ~ T o r 0 I I a P K a COBePIIIeHHO rryCTa: rWraHTCKaR T e H b HOBOrO MHOTO-
IIapKki IIO 6 e p e r a ~P e K , YaCTO K m y T C R paCKaTaHHb1Ml-i PyJIOHaMki, BbI or0 3AaHkiR rOHkiT OT c e 6 BCe
~ WBOe.
IIIkiMki ki3 I I I T ~ M I I O B O Y H OMaIIIkiHbI.
~~ B I I a p K e C a p b 1 A e n a ~ o- 3 ~ e J I b XOTR3AaHkiR H e AOJIXHbI JIkiIIIaTb I I a p K COJIHqa, HaJIkiYkie MX
B PQ Y e p e 3 P a B H b I e IIPOMeXYTKH Y e T b I p e OAkiHaKOBbIX KkiPIIkiYHhIX
. 6 n a r o ~ a kp ~i n a~ p K o B o e n p o c T p a H c T B o o 6 p e ~ a oeY~e p T a H k i a ,
- ki K a X e T C R , 6 y ~ TOIIYeIIIbCR
113 3 T O r 0 I I o c ~ T H T ~ J I H ?M A e I I I b ~ o Ha B ~ X H O # 9 a C T b K ) rOPO&CKOTO a H T y p a X C a , HeKkiM C O ~ ~ I T M ~ M ,
Hac~orrweeCTyrlaJIbHOe KOAeCO m 3aKJIH)YeHHbIX. T a ~ 0 fXe i A ~ @ ~ K09T ~ H HOe 3 a C T P O e H H b I M HkiKYeMHbIM F a C T K O M . f l I O 8 e f i H e TOJIbKO
[ 116 ] I. C ~ ~ ~ U 6~ o U
n bK
uuQ
x 20 OBUHUe MeCmHbLX n a p K O 6 [ 117 1
~ ~e o n p e ~ e n e y~ q~abc ~~ e~~~aM J I o
He H p H B n e ~ a m H c, ~a CKO -r y C T O H a ~ e n e H H b l f iropoA, s M e c T a H a c o w a ~ a 3TO-
e
H H-~ OHH HX CTOPOHRTCII. OHMArne rrepexom
a p MaJIeHbKHM,
~ MHTeHCHBHO B 0 3 A e n a H H b I M KJIoqKaM 3m.m
BcTpeqaeTa c~ u e f~i . P ~ ? s a p , aH e n b c o ~ s
X H B ~ ~ Hy nHk i O , T O r o , YTO C ~ H - + P ~ H I J E I C C K ~
3 eRJ l e H b BO MHOrOM HOCHT
K ~ ~ H bropoAa
l e n o n H b I HeCneUki&lH3HpOBaHHbIX IIapKOB, KOT OM M ~ C T E~ c. n~
TaKofi ~ara3kiH
M O X H O c A e n a T b BKOHOMHUeCKH
Y C n e m H O ~ Y ~ K U H O H H P O B ~Arne
T ~ , eCXH k i x OKPeCTHO ~ , 6 n a r o ~ a RpKO
b ~ bTO~JIHUI~ p~ B ~ I P ~ X ~ H H OPHeHTaUHH
OG H a Cne-
3TH n a p K H O P r a H H Y e C K H H e C I I O C O ~ H ~XOPOUIO
I HCnOnHIITb 0 Y H B a e T A O C T ~ T O ~ IIPHTOK H ~ I ~ ~n o ~ a ~ e n eM f io, m 0 H m e -
me p o n b ~ ~ U ~ ~ T B ~CKBepOB. H H ~ I HX~ I I ~ H ~ o AOHH H ~H I f l n ~ a H e ~ ~ ~ ~flOXOA
p b l fOT i HMnYnbCHBHOrO CIIPoCa.
n a ~ KBo~ ~O ~ ~ L Uropoae O M -M e r u a e T H e A o c T a T o K m o q a , q ~ ~ I BHH ~ T YTO T a K o e c n e 1 ~ k i a J I b s b 1 t icnpoc, ecnn p e s b E W ~ 0T n a p ~ e ?
. ~ cKH M M a 6 b 1 ~ b ?
H e r o p a 3 ~ 0 0 6 p a 3 ~ 1K M O ~ HnOO n b I T a T b C R 3 T 0 ITOHRTb, r n R A R H a H e K o T o P b I e npo6-
H e ~ o ~ o p b~3I e HHX, eCXki A o c T a T o Y H o ~ m b xo ~ , PKH. H a n p ~ ~ - e p~ a A x e + $ e p c o ~ - n aBpBOCTOYHOM~
I o T m C ~ P W AeJIOM:M npOCTO paAy+oT I'na3. ~ T H M CIIaBHTCII C a H - @ p a a YqaCTKOB, m a ~ ~ b lHf3iKOTOPbIX, HeCOMHeHHO, n p e A H a -
K P O X O T H ~nyc~ofi
I ~ ~ T p e J T o n b ~ b I f ip l C T O K H a n e p e c e q e H H H y n ~ q ,
pbIfiB 6 0 n b m k i ~ c ~A ~p Fe H X r O p 0 g O B n p O C ~ 06 b m 6 b 1 3 a a c 4 ) ~ I I Y I I ~ C H B H ~CI ~~P~O C ) . Ho 6 ~ -
q e c ~ ~R f~i ~ 0I 3K ~ a q a He M
c ~ a 6 x e~ ~H B M3I'OPOAbH),
O ~ HeCKOIIbKHMM C K a M e f i ~ a M aki
nbIJIbHOe HRYTO, B C ~ H - @ P ~ H ~ HIIpeACTaBJEXT
CKO co6oii 0 6 ~ ropofia, K O T O P ~06cnywisae~,
~CTH H 0 ~ ~ oC TfOiP O H O ~n~P H X a T
6 0 ~ M0H ~H -
H a ~ ~ ~M~H bp ~ fmi y 6 o ~ ~ npoXJIa,L(Hb~fi
fi, MU
secKkixA e P e B b e B , C a ~ Ba ~ BI O ~ T HB H e r o
~ a c e n e H ~ b 1nfTiH q a M k i .
Te, Em3TO H e HY>KHO, IIOTOMy YTO B ~ e r BXOART
0 B ~ U Hr n a 3 a H ~ H H ~ IWM~ H M n p k i OTCJTCTBMH ~ @ @ ~ K T H B H UeHTPOB.
~IX noc~o-
3TOT M H P A m b m e , Y e M MOrAH 6 b 1 BeCTH H o r n . C ~ H - @ p TOT nap^ KaXeTCFI CTpaHHO H H e n p H H T H O G~~J~AH~IM;
3 ~ HaBOAHT,
0 TIOMHMO n p O Y e r 0 , H a MbICTIb, YTO ~ H H B ~ P C H T ~ T ~ I ,
CHBHO. Kopoge rOBOPR, eCTIH H ~ c I I ~ ~ H ~ ~ I H ~ H ~I I ao pB
K~H eHMHO X
H e~T ~ e B CBOeM COCTaBe T e a T p & T b H b I e @ a K y n b ~ e ~(H,
b l KaK Y ~ c T O6 b 1 ~ a -
CTBOBaTb 38 CYeT eCTeCTBeHHOr0, HHTeHCHBHOrO MeCTHOrO pa3~006p~~ Z o X e H H b I e n06~1a3oc~1.1 OT MepTBbIX, I I p 0 6 n e ~ H b l x~ ~ P K O BM) O ~ ~ H
OH A O A ~ n~ pHe ~ p a ~ k i ~ Bb C c nI I ~ ~ H ~ J I H ~ H ~ O nap^. B ~ HnH p k~i ITOM
~ ~ B ~HYIO
nOnHTHKj7 0 r 0 p 0 ~ e H H o f im O n R -
C o 3 H a T e A b H O A O n X H a 6 b 1 ~ bI I p H B H e C e H a ~ @ ~ $ € ? K T E I B HA~ERI B ~ P C M ~ $ ~ I K ~ 6 p a 3 H T b TO K Y e M y . K o n y ~ 6 k i f i c ~ ~ f i
H a n P a B n e H H m H a n p H B n e s e H k i e p a 3 ~ b 1 xT n n o B n o n b a o ~ a ~ e n e f i . enaeT mar B B e p H o M H a n p a B n e H n k i , IIPOeKTH-
T o n b ~ OIIbIT
o H IIOCTIefiOBaTeJIbHOCTb npo6 a K )$rm c e 6 ~T,a K H C Mop-
AJH O K ~ ~ C T H ~ B T ~ ~ ~ )
H b l n O K a 3 a T b , K a K H e COYeTaHHH cnoco60~ H C n O J I b 3 0 B a H ~M O q T ycne - n a p ~ eK, o T o p o r o ~ 3 6 e r a n Ha ~ O F U I H CAeCRTEUIeTHRMH.
~ AO~~BHB
y A o B n e T B 0 p R ~ bc I I e L l H a l I b ~ b 1 BCIIpOC B n p 0 6 n e ~ ~ b nap
l x ~ 3 1 ~~~ T -
6H T P ,MOXHO n p e ~ p a ~ ~ ~ b
TOpb1e 0 6 0 6 v e ~ ~ b AOraAKH
1 e no IIOBOAy nOJIe3HbIX KOMIIOHeHTOB, no ~opbrlii661.71 W R CBO& YaCTH r O p O A a c ~ p a I I I H 0 f 0i 6 ~ 3 0 f i , B nap^, KO-
H a 6 y ~ rOpAHTbCR.
e ~
K P Y ~ H ~ rIOMp O A a M H e X B a T a e T MeJIKHX p a 3 ~ 0 ~ l ~ q ~ onap- c ~ e f i
RTMGH p a 3 ~ n e ~ e ~ a CH1e, x s a T a e T T o r o , s ~ y oA o ~ n e ~ B o p R n661
o
MbITb B e Z I O C H n q b I ( T ~ M rge
, ~ I ) , rge M03KHo
n m g H HMH ~ o J I ~ ~ ~ I o T C MeCT, mT IIK)Aefi pa3Hoo6pa3~e~ cnoc060~H C I I O J I b 3 O B a H ~ .Ho OHM He
kIX H a n p O K a T H KaTaTbCR H a HHX, MeCT, rge MOXHO KOnaTbCR B 3eme, HBmo w y l q e ~ CKYKH, ~e IlyCTOTbI H n H OTIaCHOCTH, ~ c F Y ~ ~
rge MOXHO ~3 a a p b ~ x g e p e s ~ r Cu TeP~O H T ~B H ~ B ~ M ~ I
H XEW(HH~I, -~ c e r o p p L ( T O ~ ~ f i ,K o T O p b l e nmga ~ax0nn.r ~ e n p u ~ n e ~ a ~ e nY be M ~ b l ~ ~ .
5 ropog T B o p Hn~o B c e g H e s H o e p a 3 ~ 0 0 6 p a 3 ~n eo n b 3 o ~ a ~ e n e f i
X~H)WHM ~ 6 0 n b r u ~ eropoga, ~ e r g X
e f i B~H ~a L~U H e ~ P H TCBHHHHJI
~ OB H C ~ O ~ ~ ~ O Bc~~ H 0 eHfYiRA H Y H O ~C p e g b I , T e M 3 4 4 e ~ ~ HnH3-
~~efi
KPbITbIM H ~ ~ O M ,
eCJIH OHH H e H ~ G ~ ,4JIR I ~ ~a
J T 3 T O r 0 Y ~ c T H ~&BOP, OH(UBJRIOT H n o p l l e p x ~ ~ a m(BTTOM YHCJIe ~ K O H O M B ~ ~ C K N )
n o ~ o 6 rOTOBKa
~a i ~0ry-1
H n ~ ~ ~ e , q y ~ o l q k~i f H P 6 b 1 ~ bHCTOYHHKOM ~a n o n o ~ e ~ ~nap^^,
b ~ e OT K o T O P ~ I XB 3 a M e H HX OKpeCTHOCTH n o q -
BeCenbR, K a K HTaJIbRHCKHe YJIHYHbIe n p a 3 g H e C T B a , KOTOPbIe M H O r H
ropoxaae y c n e n H n o n m 6 k i ~ b B. o 3 p p u ~ b 1 e3 ~ -ec n e u~k 1 4 1 1 ~ e c ~ o e pas^
Y e H H e , HO eCTb 6 0 n b m ~ eero J I I O ~ H T ~ H 3, T O HaBOgHT H a MbICJIb, W O
HbI 6 b 1 ~ b
MeCTa, rge MOXHO K p H T b M a T e p H a b I , L l p I 3 M e e B H HMeeTCfI
Y T O ~ HX
~ I 3anyCKaTb. B ropogax H a C e B e p e CTpaHbI H a MHOrkIX npygax
nOnyJIcIpH0, n 0 K a er0 H e B b I T e C H m H , K a T a H H e H a KOHbKaX. Ha TOG a
B ~ b m - ~ O P~ K e >~y q y T p w q a Ilep~og
~b H A~BIIHOCTO B O C ~ M yOn~k I~q a M
no I I F I T ~4 e r u e ~ e 6 e n b ~ b 1KaTKoB,
x OAHH ~3 KOTOP~IXH a x o m i n m B c e r o B
pex K s a p T m Z OT HHHeLUHerO K a T K a H a P 0 ~ 4 e J L U e p - I l J I a 3 a .M c ~ y c c ~ ~ e
KaTKH c e f i Y a c BgOXHYJIH B r O p O g C K O e K a T a H H e H a KOHbKaX HOBYIO X
H B ropogax H a m H p o T a x ~ b w - a o ~Kna~neyqa,
~a, Ae~pofi~
HaY ~ ~ aor o
r o p O g C K O r 0 pafi0~a
MOrJIki 6b1 C YgOBOJlbCTBHeM HCIIOJlb30BaTb OTKP
TOK, e C n H 6b1 OH Y HHX 6bl~1, H 0 6 e c n e ~ K~TOMY
~ b Xe ~3pm~blfi
KOHTH
3aYapOBaHHbIX 3 p H ~ W e f i C
. 0 3 g a ~ H eC p a B H H T W b H O MaJleHbKHX H
6 Ob, ~ 60 ~ 6 0 ~ 14eHeB w I k I
HO MHOrOYHCneHHbIX KaTKOB, ~ ~ ~ Y C J I O B H
H n P m T H b I M P e W e H H e M , Y e M O r p O M H b I e ~ e H T P a J I H 3 0 B a H H b I eKaTKkI.
Bce TO ~ p e 6 y gee~H e r . Ho a M e p m a H c K n e 6onb111~e
CerOgHR, IIOMaBIIIHCb WlllH)3HH, ~ Y A T O
OTKPbITOe IIPOCTpaHCTBO a B T
YeCKH n P H H O C H T n O J I b 3 y H YTO KaYeCTBO M O X H O 3 a M e H H T b KOJIHYeCTB
B n y C T y I o T P a H X H P R T A e H b r H H a I l a p K H , H r p O B b I e nJIOlqil,l(KH H a~0p4
T p a B R H H C T b I e IIYCTOTbI BHJTPH MaCCHBOB 3 g a ~ H #- H a f l a C T K H , KOTO
CJIHILIKOM BenHKH, CJIHIIIKOM Y a c T o ~ I HHe y g a Y H o p a c n o n o x e H b 1 , CJIHIII
nOBepXHOCTH0 YCTPOeHbI H, CJIegOBaTWbHO, CnHllIKOM CKflHbI W I H H e y &
HM, Y T O ~ HMH
~ I nOJIb30BaTbCR.
K ~ I?KT p o T y a p b I , napm B KPPH~IX ropogax- H e a6c~pa
O T H IH~e B~C R~K L I ~I I~a p K aBTOMaTHYeCKH CTaHOBHTCR HCTOYHHKOM A
[ 122 ] 1. C n e y u @ u ~6onbuux
a zopo
eACTBOM K H p n H ~ e f i , > .
m xopornefi O K ~ Y ~ HTOYHO
. T a K x e xopomee m K o n b H o e 3 8 a ~ n e
H p y e T xopomero 0 6 p a 3 0 s a ~ m . ~ O A O ~ Hn aOp K y , I u K o n a -H3MeH-
a b l p a x e H H e ( C ~ O P O A CoK~~p y r a C
) ) T ~ asyqa
O CKII, T a K H COQHiLTIbHO; H a n p o T H B , ycnem-
xe, KaK < < B ~ e H T H H K a< (~O~K. p y r a ) , K a K C e H T H M e H T m b H a R H PI LUKOII~I 6 n a r o ~ a TOMY,
p~ G O P ~ T3aHHx".
~
0, TO CeMbH, n p E i H w n e x a r q H e K CPeAHeMY H n H
KpynHOrorOpOAa no 06pasuy M a n b I X rOpOAOB H n H n p H r O p O A o B . Ha M e
3 A P a B o r o C M b I a a CeHTHMeHTWIbHOCTb CTaBHT 6 n a r ~ H
eaMepeHHH.
ycnem~wO K p T a B K P m H o M r o p o f l e -3TO T a K m er0 q a C T b
Topm cnpaBnEeTm co CBOHMH n p 0 6 J l e ~ a M H,l(OCTaTO9HO X o p o ~ m~ o T
~ Hey~amzsarr
p y~~ 1 a . m ee.
~ T O ~ ~ I O H pEa I3 H O K p y r a -3 T 0 4 a C T b ropoAa,
b~ co B p e M e H e M H e pOUIH,
a y M e H b I u W H C b . C 8 p ~ o fCTOPOHbl,
i no-
n e HMMZ
~ ~ Gonee ~ 6 e c n o ~ o q ~ ham^
a. KpJTIHbIe r o p o ~ a
coAepxa~ acoTbI c n o ~ o G c@~esm~e ~ e 6 m b ~ OBf npOILUIOM
i ~ ~ T H M O P C K O ~
rpwaqEIH ycnexa Pi HeyAaYH. Ho B q€!JlOM MbI, aMePHKaHQb1, HO~O H 3 W H T O q H O r O B CBOe B p e m 6 0 c ~ o ~ c ~ ~ ~ o
fl"BaTenFIMH H 3 K O ~ Y M ~ H ~ CYK C H T e T a H c n o n e q ~ ~ e He
H HOB~e pO na~~ T B ~ H H O ~~Ow a o p a3, a Q H Q a I O Q H X K a K MeCTHbIX X H T e n e f i , T a K
r0 ~ O H A Y~ T, O ~ 0~6I~ y A H T bB p e A OT POCTOBIQHKOB, no C 0 B M e c T H T e n b
T 0 p r y m 4 H x B p a c c p o q K y , K O H K P e T H b I M XHTeJIFIM H B C e M y ~ 0 0 6 ~ ~
XHnblX MaCCHBaX ma M ~ J I o o ~ ~ c I I ~ Y ~ H Hp a~ CI xT ,H H K H paaro~opa HH AeTefiB O T B e T C T B e H H F H TOIIePaHTHYW rOPOACKYmXH3Hb.
Ma*T A P Y r A P Y r a H, 6onee TOTO, M o r p C O e A H H H T b CBOH c n e q ~ + ~ HO y n ~ Yo ~ pay r~aB G O ~ ~ I I I O Mr o p o ~ eA O ~ X H~ ~ c n o n ~ ~ ~ ~ b
3 H a H H a c O n p e A e n e H H b I M H AeHeXHb1Ml-i CpeACTBaMH, Z I T O ~nonm ~I m ~ 3 H e H H oBWYIO -
+ Y H K ~ E I I OC ~ M O Y ~ P ~ B ~ ~ H ~H+ F+ ~I K T H B H O
~ O ~ P ~ TB ~ nCpFoI6 n e ~ e H ~ a f i c~ c o 6 b 1 ee pemeaaa. Korga MOFI
n oa 3 a n O M O q b ~ ,~ o r B~O a~ H H K npo6ne~a,
~~T c K O T O P O ~c a ~ Ya ~ H -
Ee~T ~ 0~~ ,0 ~ 0 3 f i f i p~a aC,T B y e T B p a 3 p a 6 o ~ n
~ ne a ~ ano
, KoTopo~~ 3 ~ 0 ~gO M O W H~
bCIi H e B COCTOFIHHH. MCTOZIHHKOM ~ op a f3 ion-
X 3 ~ ~ ~e O~C Y~ A~~ ~~ ~ fT Bi IIIKOJIe, ~ H H Or A~ e~p H T m O ~ H H ~3 ee g e T e G ,
noa3bIYHbIe P o A H T e n H IIOMOraIOT C n 0 ~ a I I I ~ e pa6o~ofi fi AeTHM H M M H ~
He B f l a A e I 0 4 H X ~ H ~ ~ H ~ ~ CH KI IRI I aMH p, a 6 o ~ a eC~B,e A e H H a 06 QYHKUHH y n ~ qC, B R 3 a H H b I e c C ~ M O Y ~ P ~ B ~ ~CH K PHO ~ MHM~ ,I ,
p a c n p o c T p a ~ f l ~ no ~ c ~~ c e f~i ~ H H T ~ ~ ~ C OOBK P~ YH~ ,HK O~ ~K ~ B ~ G cb 6 e 3 HHX H ~ B O ~ M O X H OH~CMOTPFI
. H a MHOXeCTBO 3 K c n e P f l M e H -
CFI B e C b rOPOA; B p e 3 Y n b T a T e O A H a m b I BeZIePOM E ~ T T E O IK a 3 b I B a e T
a c c o ~ k i a ~ k i f i C a M a y 3 H a e T KOe-ZIT0 HOBOe.
WrqHe ycnemHbre ee 06pa3sb1, TO YBEIAHM, YTO B O n P O c n f l m e H
C T ~ a ~ n m A e co a H~
f i CI~~UEI+EIY~CKEIM ~ e p e c-a o~r ~e ~, qb e ~ ~era
oe a ~me
, Y ~ H Z I oH ~~ p y ,L(eficTByeT
a H a W I p r U H M O ~ P ~ ~ Oo H
Ma ,He
H a y m a , HEI K O H ~ K~O, T O P ~ I M Ho H a 6b1na 6 b 1 O r p a H H Y e H a K a K o T -
HYWaeTca r o p o ~ c ~ opafioa,
fi n p k i a w n e m a T nIoAki, BXOAFIqHe B non
secKHe, aAMHHHCTPaTHBHb1e H C I I e ~ H a J I H 3 H p O B a H H b I e~ 0 0 6B 1 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ,n o T o ~ YTO
y YK ~ O Y ~~ A OO B ~C K ~ PWHYC
B O ~ o 6 w e ~Ycnex
~ ~ .
m ~ a 6 a xqenoro r o p o A a .
a T b a CAPYHMH, n O B O p a Y H B a T b HillIeBO H H a n p a B o . 3 ~ OAHo
0 H3
HeMoxo C n P a B n f i e M m C n p e ~ p a q e ~~c~e reropoga
o~ B nonea~o + KHMH OH^ 0 6 e c n e ~ a ~ naI eO ~M M 3KOHOMHYeCKOe H 3 P H T e n b H o e
e ~3
HHX A ~ ~ ~ c T B J ' W T .
HHR s e n o B e s e c K a x B ~ ~ H M O O T H O I I I ~ 3
Ha ~ ~e s a e~~ :K
H~ m ymm q a B ~ I r n a ~ ~@ m ~ H K ~ Hy Rc n e m ~ o r or o p o ~ c ~ opr aof i o ~ a-nocpeg-
KaK 0~06b1fi M H P C 0~060fi
K Y J I ~ T Y P OM
~ ~ .~ o r H~3 nep o k l H T e P B b I o H p O B a H H ~ e m CyO B e p I I I e H H O H ~ O ~ X O A H M OHO~ ~IIOAHTH9eCKH
, cna6oii IIO
H e HMeJIH HHKaKOrO nOHRTIlR 06 F a C T K a X , COCeAHHX C kIX y J r H ~ ~ e f i > > . cBoefiy J I l l 9 ~ 0 f i0 K p y r 0 f i H M O r m e C T B e H H b I M I I 0 IIPkIPOAe CBO&
I B ~ R C y m e H H R 06 Y n a A K e 3 ~ 0 fTi e p p E i ~ o
~ O A ~ I T O ~ K E CBOH
II~O@~CCO~ AOACOHname^: ~ ~ H ~ I H ~ ICOCTORHHe
I I H ~ ~ OKPJTI? I I O K ~ ~ ~ I B ~ ~ rOPOAOB MHOI'O 0 9 e M H e H M e -
B b ~ c m H epyKOBOAHTClH 6 0 n b m ~ x
ee XHTeJlH IIOTepRnI? C I I O C O ~ H O C K
T ~KOMeKTHBHbIM A ~ ~ ~ C T B E ~ ? M , - TO ~ e k 1 3 6 e m 0 , IIOTOMY 9TO 6 0 n b 1 ~ 0 f i jrOpOA CJIHIUKOM
HR.
OHI? AaBHO me H q a B W I H 661H a rOpOACKHe BiIaCTH M COqHillIbHbIe yrI 9 ~ 0 ero
6 MOXHO
~ 6bu10 C K a K 0 f i JTOAHO TOY- ( I I Y c T ~Aa-
HHR C T e M , 9 ~ 0 6 b 1OHH 3 a H R n H C b XOTR 6 b 1 HeKOTOPbIMH 113 3AeIIIHHX np OKOG)H c 9 e p n b I B a m u e O r A a e T b B IIOAPO~HOCTRX1 1 9 ~ 0 6 b 1ero M O r or-
neM>>. A B O~T M e g e H H b I X AOACOHOM -
O ~ C T O R T ~ ~ ~ CYTn B
H 9~ H m HBOJIII AHH 9 e n O B e K ; M e w T e M B I I O , ~ ~ O ~ H O C T0R6 X
b 1 9 ~ 0BCR C p b . rpp-
H naCCHBH0CTb -3 T 0 ABe CTOPOHbI OAHOG MeAaJIH. eneG BocTO~HO~O
r a p J I e ~ a rOTOBRCb
, K BCTpeYe C M 3 p O M H ~ K ) - ~ ~ o P K ~
M T ~ KYCIIeILIHaR
, YJlH9HaFl O K P j T a -H e H30JIkiPOBaHHaR ea MH ero KOMaHAbI, C O C T a B H n a I I e p e 9 e H b ~ ~ A C T B nHp H
~ 9~H,H e H H b I X
qa. Y c ~ n~p ex~ 0 1 1 p e f l e n ~ e+ ~H ~ H ~ ~ c KC ~OR~ ,H ~ J I ~HH3KOHOMH9e
~ R p e w e H H R M H , IIpHHRTbIMH H a B e p X Y ( 6 0 n b m e G Y a C T b I o , KOHeYHO,
n P e P b I B H O C T b -B MHHHaTIOpe, K O H e 9 H 0 , HO TOAbKO B TOM CMbICJIe, ~ I C
XH a m I l I H M H H ~ M ~ P ~ H ~ M K IHI e p) e.Y H I o 66111~ 0 6 a ~ CJIeAy-
ne~
MHHHaTIoPHbI BOllOKHa, C I I n e T e H H b I e B K a H a T . K o M M e ~ ~ a ap ~H$ai IIOCTORHHO
:~ 6pocae~w B lTa3a, YTO T e H 3 HaC, K T 0
, y n H q a M H a m u x 6onb111ax r o p o A o B c ~ o f i c ~ s e ~
T ~ Mrge 6 0 T a e T B BOCTOYHOM r a p n e ~ eKTO , e x e A H e B H o c HUM c o n p a K a c a -
o 6 e c n e ~ Hee n~p e~p b~I B H O C T I ? n y 6 n a s ~ o iyi n H Y ~ 0 f i
T a T O 9 H a R ,4nR HHkIMaIoT ero C O B e p m e H H O H H a Y e , YeM < ...> T e , KT0 nHIIIb np0-
KJIOTHOCTb KOMMepqHI?, 60~p0fiX H ~ H ~ H H3 O p r H H , A e R T e J I b ~ o f3
H eG i a ~ ~ es ~ e r no o IIyTH H a C J I Y X ~ Y , H n H Y H T a e T 0 H e M B e X e A H e B H b I X
peCOBaHHOCTH, MbI, aMepIlKaHL(b1, 0 6 b 1 ~ HeKJIOXO
~ 0 CIIpaBJUIeMcR C -YTO, n O H a L u e M y MHeHHIO, clIyYaeTcR CJIHIIIKOM YaCTO -n P H -
YnHYHOrO C a M O p p a B n e H I ? R . TOT ~ o J I o ~ ~ T ~@KT
~ ~ Y
H a ~q eI BCe
# er0, CHAR 3 a IIHCbMeHHbIM C T O ~ O MB U ~ H T P ~
pemeHI?R, K a C a I o u H e C R
YaIoT B pafio~ax,HaCeJIeHHbIX ~ ~ A H ~ IMMn HHBbIUIeALUHMH H 3 6eaH a>,.~ O Y T HB TOYHOCTH TO Xe C ~ M FIOC ~~ I ~ I X H~ BJ ~I ~O C T O H H~ B, %i-
nIoAbMH. HOYIIHYHJ'W O K P Y ~ ~XOPOIIIO
, H C I I O ~ H F I I O ~ J ' WCBOH I I O B C ~ HHqHHHaTI?, H B C e ~ T - f l y P f C e .3 T a ~ m o 6 3BYqHT
a H O T a a e T c R 3XOM
@ Y H K ~ H HH, e p e a K O MOXHO YBH,L(eTb H B ~ Z D K H T O ~ H ~p IaX
fioHaX, nOnb amm K P ~ H ~ rI0 pXO A a X .
07~OCTORHHO ~
IIOIIYJIRPHOCTbH), a H e IIpe~0&3IlJefi MOAHO~
C ~J I a ~ o f i , -B P a f i O H b l AOJIXHbI C I I O C O ~ C T B O BK
~ aTK~ I I e p e A a Y e P e C y p C O B r0-
T c~ a~f i ~OT ~ T H ~ ~ C R AT0 ~B IOXC
KHX, H a n p H M e p , KaK M ~ H X ~ T T ~ H CUKC H ~ a K ) u H M C R B HHX YJIMYHbIM O K P ~ ~ M
T a ,K I? n p e T B O p e H H I o OIIbITa
AeCRTbIX HJIH KaK OKPeCTHOCTH P H ' I T ~ H x ~ Y c - C K B ~BP @HlI?l,4enb@H O K P ~ B
XH3HkI B ~ T H X 1 H ~ M ~ P ~ H ~I O
~ n~ n Xa ~ b H ~ FP IO AB ~U ~ ~ O M .
~ ~ ~ ~ U O B HHa M
O H, e X B a T a e T YJlH4, I I ~ H c ~ o c o ~ ~ ~ H
KH ~ I x bI o ~ ~ c I I ~ Y H B03MOXHOCTb
B ~ T ~ 4 H B W I H 3 0 B a H H O r O HCnOJlb30Ba-
H H KPYIIHOrO r O p O a a . CJIHIIIKOM YaCTO T e HlIH H H b I e rOPOACKHe 3 0 H b I IIO Hfi H e TOnbKO kM XEITeJUIMH, HO I? APJTHMH JIIoAbMH -p a 6 0 ~ 1 ? -
XeHbI B B ~ J I HH~ M
~ C Y ~ CCKWH.
T ~ ~TM~ HMe M e H e e 0 9 e H b M H O r H e HaIIIH ~ W I ? M I~ I, O K ~ ~ ~ T ~~ MO HC, ~ T ~ - B P~ ~ M
T ~ H ~B XC ~ ~~ OOP O A ~ .
M K
4 b I H C n P a B H O A e n a I o T CBOe CKPOMHOe A e n O , BHYUlaIoT I I P H 3TOM JIIO m f i BbIIIOAHeHHfi3THX + y H K 4 H f i ~ @ @ ~ K T E I B pHa~f Ii ~0 ~~ ~ 0 n X e H
Y P C T B O BePHOCTH H eCJIH ~ H G H TO ~ ,n ~ 6 M3-3a
0 B T O p X e H m UIHIlIKOM CTaTOYHO BeJIHK, Y T O ~ C~ HHM
I CYHTaJIHCb K a K C C e p b e 3 ~ 0 f CHJIofi
i
mTa6Hb1~ X n e ~n
HHX O ~ ~ ~ ~ O P O A C nKpMo 6 , ~ 6 M3-3a
0 DJlHTeSIbHOrO 6ax ropoaa. < c m e a J I b H m > O> K p y r a H 3 r p q o c ~ p o ~ ~ e ~T e~Obp H~Ho j i
H e 6 p e X e H P i H T e M H HX HY)r54aMH, YTO cnoco6ea YAOBJIeTBOPHTb JIHIlIb r0 p O n b H e IIOAXOAHT. P a 3 ~ e Ei p c W I a p a f i o ~ AOIIXHbI
a 6 b 1 ~ bTaKOBbI,
B UenOM, n ~ 6 Ho3 - 3 a O C O ~ H ~ H H~ OP Z~ ~~, ~ O C T P O H T ~ J IIOIIHTHKI?,
I~HO~~ KOTO M O r O T C T a H B a T b CBOI? H H T e p e C b I nepeA rOPOACKHMM BJIaCTRMH.
XMTeJIH OKPJTH 6 e c c H J I b H b 1 B O C n p e n ~ C T B O B a T b . e H b I I I e e nOJIb3bI H e IIPHHOCHT. P a s y ~ e e ~ m , 6 o p b H
6 a rOpOnCKOM
AHHCTBeHHaR 4 y H K q m p a f i 0 H a H H e 0 6 ~ 3 a T e n b H C
o a M m BZDK-
M 3 A e C b MbI IIOAXOAHM K T P e T b e M Y T H n Y r 0 p O ~ C K O f iOKPYrH, none3 e ~ e 3eT 0 X O P O I I I H ~ ~+ Y H K ~ H O H ~ J I ~~H~~ HI ~H~ ~ WM
H I 0I n p e ~ e -
B n n a ~ ce a ~ o y n p a s n e ~ m
- , K p a f i o ~ yT. ~ TR, c s a ~ a mM, ~ I K, ~ nK p a ~ epa pafiosa, n o T o M y TO n p ~ x o a m w~ ~ H H M ~ T ~
H H o r A a pa$io~y C R
K o r ~Ba O A H O H~ 3~ K B a P T H P HaYZIJIH I I p O A a B a T b r e p o ~ ~ , ~ b l f i ,6
x H B e ~K T O - H ~ 6 y ~O bg e H b ~ n k ~ ~ ~ ~ e l l b06b14~0 ec~0~04~a
ynnuy noTHHyfiHcb H a p K O M a H b I - H e X H TH~a ~ e f iH, H r y f l 3 0 ~ - C T p I I T , CTOJIKHYnHCb C nono6-
Ha n ° K m K y H a P K o T a K O B HM H W H ~ 6I b m , ~q e ~ b r
3H. W I H CY3HTb H a m i TPOTYa-
Mm r~a6exefi. ARM C T m O CTPaIIIHO B 0 3 B P a q a T b C R ~ 0 ~ 0 c 3ap
f i P O A C K O ~n ~p O r p a M M b 1 pat-
no m T H H u a ~ M
. H O ~ no
A ~H o Y a M x m e n H n p o c b I n m
OHHH Z I CTeCHRTbCFI
~ ~ n p H r n a m a T b K ce6e gpy3efi. H e K o T o p b I e M ~ IYnHYHhIe
, H(~TWIM, qenans, YTO M O ~ J I H .~ ~ Y ~ T H~ H 41
K1 -
POCTKa, xHBILIHe H a YnHUe, ~ W I HH a p K O M a H a M H , Pi A p y r ~ ~e a q cn m ~ n p o ~ u pOfc T~a H o B W I C B O CTBHOK,
~ I I P e K p a T m P ~ ~ O HWa ,
B a T b kiX n p k i ~ e p y . ~ a 3H, ~ T P O MB C Y ~ ~ O T~Ya n e ~ a~~~ aH cnT o B r n - ~ e -
06HTaTen~
YnHubI, B ~ O ~ ~ I U H H CCBOeM
T B ~ n H b I e OT IIIKOJIbI, CMOrJIH n O M O Y b HX paBHecTH-
~ ~ K O H O ~ O ~ Y I LAeJIaJIH
I H ~ I ~YTO
, MOmH. OHHMHOrO pa3 ~ b 1 3 Y n H q ~ bo ~
~ p
~ y rn,e p e K p b I B a I O w U X C R c ~ a m e f i6, p a n ~
JIHCTOBKM
nH nonHuHH). H e ~ o ~ o p no
b ~n eH Y H 0 f i H H k i q H a T H B e B ~ I R C H ~ YTO
H, J I ~ e , B A B ~ X~ ~ H X O A C K HUIKOJI~X,
X ~ ~ H c K o ~ ~ J I ~ H o ~
~ ~ no 6 o p b 6 e C H a p K O T H K a M H . OH
Bcero 0 6 ~ a T H ~BbOTAen
TpYAHaKaM oT~ena, n p o a a m T repoas, KTO, K o r A a H B K a K a e AHH np O T B ~ T ~ I O ~ OT
H X~ ~e nepeyn~ax
, e
~ M ~ CI O ~ P ~ J I0
H~ 0 ~T1~0I -
m T HOBbIe n a p T s a .
H-- ~ .o
HHY~~O n o x e ~ ecna
n e H MeHRJIOCb, T
CbMa, H rpynna n p e ~ c ~ a s a ~ e nc e+f oi p ~ ~ p o ~ ~a ennae r a u a w
HOrO ~ O P O A ~ . a, OTBeTCTBeHHOro 3a ~ p o H c x o @ w e e .
T ~ HMe M e H e e c a M H no ce6e MbI 613B p W JIM A O G ~ H ycnexa.
C ~
IUHBaeTcfl, 3 T 0 I I P O B ~ P H T ~ ? 6 p e ~ H 06~y1o
w nonHTHKY nepeycTpoficTsa
oTCpCTBae OKPFkl H a ~ ~ Z % O H H O M YPOBHe, H e 3 H m n ~ e f i ,
3T0fi ~ P o G ~ ~ M o BZ %
HHMam4HXCR EIX 9 a C T H r O p O A a , K O T o p b I e M O r f l ~
6b1 ~ O A ~ O T O BKKKOTOPbIM
~ yXe U I n a n O n H b I M XoAoM. Mbl YBHmEi
Bn o ~ o 6 ~ b XapKEIX
1 x IIpOTHBOCTORHHRX IIO B m H b I M MeCTHbIM
O p O H a M ~ e o 6 x 0 , q k i ~KOHCOnyrlHpOBaTbCR,
o ~ 0 6 p a B
~ Ky-
b
~ a 6 a xpafiosa (HHYTO M e H b m e e 3 + + e ~ k~~aM e T bH e 6y-
TE, H a p e m e H m B c+epe r o p o ~ c ~ ~ oOg~ H T H K EOHM I,
paTbcR ~ e p eM
s epapxmecKkIe ( < n p o u e d y p b rc o r n a c o s a H m m H a
nep
K 3 T H M U a r a M , H a Y m k l H e KaKMe-TO T a M T a H H C T B e H H b I e <<OHEI)>. ,BbIXOAawEIBaeT nOnMTHYeCKyIo 3KEI3Hb H CBOAEIT K HYIIIO B03-
rpaqqaa. n o n y ~ a e H~e c a~M o y n p a s n e H H e , a H r p a B H e r o .
T ~ CTUH
I B e c T H O T H I O , ~~e
~ YEIHOBHHKEI, a p a f i o ~ a b <~ <e r p y n n bg~a s n e ~ m H a n p ~ ~ e~or,qa
p , p a f i o ~ ~ M H B H Y - B E I ~6oponca ~HAX npoTki~
TaKHX P ~ ~ ~ O H OK B
a K, B O C T O Y Hr~aI p~ ~n e ~
H ~PEIHBHY-BH~~H nA0 3X0 .p R B ~ ~ ~ I H H ~ T o H - C CBOWO
K B ~ ~ ,I I a p K a , H W B O e a B T O M a r M C T p ~ b I o ,
TBO ero XEITWIefi 6 m o n P O T H B MarkICTpaIEI. HOH a -
y r r l H e ~ O ~ E I ~BETIe H
x~ M H ~ I xn o ~ p a s ~ e n e ~pafioaa.
I M mx EcTe-
p60pb6y H a y p O B H e MenKkoc n o ~ p a 3 ~ e J l e H M f i ,
I. C n e q u @ u ~6onbuux
a rop [ I37 1
H r 0 P O A C ~ l l eBJIaCTH HM B 3TOM C ~ O C O ~ C T B O B ~~OHJ .I ~ L U H H C T BpOa c ~ p ~ ~ ~ ~ ~pafio~a
~ 6C AOCTaTOYHbIM
~ o c ~nOTeH4HaJIOM
b CTaTb 3@-
no CWIbI B 3~01% 6 0 p b 6 e H BCe HHKaK H e M o r n 0 O A e p X a T b p e m ~ =one3HbIM O ~ ~ ~ H
A O
~ M
M O K ~ ~ T H ~c ~~ C MK oO F
~ ~P ~ B
B o~ ~ H ~
G ~ A Y n, o K a e M y H e O T K P ~ U Irnasa ~a n p o ~ c x o ~ q Pe ae f i ~ o w 5 BHCkITOT TOrO, npeogone~ansH ~ O I I R I JC~J I H ~ K O MM ~ J I OKPF
~ X
era. npeweB c e r o 3 T 0 COIJHalIbHaR H n o n k i T H s e c K a H n p o 6 n e ~ a
noMorC03&aTb 0 6 ' 6 e d ~ ~ e ~q~p eb 3l ~6b 1 Y a f i ~ b 1KOMHTeT
fi H a pafioHHo CoCTaBHbIX s a c ~ e f iHO , TO ~ a m He @ H ~ H Y ~ C K~ ~PRO ~ J I ~ M ~ .
He, A e i i c ~ ~ ~n O4 B~e pfX iBHYTPeHHHX O P r a H H 3 a u H O H H b I X r p a H H q . o ~ a ~Hxc ~ep o ~ T f ? i T b C T B o C, 0 3 H a T W b H O G ~ ~ M P Y I O L ~ H ~HCa Rnocq-
T H ~ ~ bplaffii o - ~ 3TO CWIa, c K O T O P O ~nPHXOAHTCFi
~ CYHTaTbCR,
rp
3 a H H M a m 4 H e 061qy-mIIO3HUHIo TOMYWIH HHOMYCnOpHOMy B 3Mepa,- TO wean, K K O T O ~ O M YH a 0 CTPeMHTbCR, n O A P b I B a m T
n p e M e H H 0 A O n X H b I CrUIOTHTbCR H a ~ ~ ~ ~ O HP H
O BOHM
e , H H a Y e OH meHxe; OT T O ~ OTO
, OHM npOnHKTOBaHb1 CeHTHMeHTaJIbHbIMH W I H
P a f i o-
~ 3TO H e COBOKJ'IlHOCTb MeIIKHX KHRXeCTB, CTcKWMkI M O T H B ~ M Mn, e r ~ ~e
e CTaHOBHTCR. A~ U KH
@H~HY~CKO~~
e ~ Ko ~ pxyAr O ~ ~ B J I H I ~ T COIJHaJIbHbIe
CR KOHTpaCTbI, KaK 6 b 1 ~ a -
ua, AocTaToYHO K p F H a , Y ~ o 6 b 1H M e T b BeC.
B H a m x ~ O J I ~ I I I H Xropouax M H o r H e o ~ p ynrp~e A c T a ~ z ~ ~
6 0 2 o c T p o B a , CXHIIIKoM M m e H b K H e , U T O ~ 6~bI1 ~ p b a f i o ~ afl~H~ M .~ K a, nmTH0 p a 3 p ~ F i ~ e n b ~ W
0 f Hi rOpOACKOr0 c a M o y n p a B n e H m .
He TOnbKO HOBbIe m J L b I e MaCCHBbI, B YbHX 6e,qax BHHOBHO C K B e p H o e II UeHHOCTb ~ O P O A C K O ~paiio~a,
O 06nwa1orqe1-0P ~ ~ J I ~ HsecoM
~ I M
T H p o B a H H e , HO H M H O r H e CTapb1e O K p y r ~ moxa~uraew
, ~c~op~qec~ POM n p TOM
~ YJIHYH~FIO K P FH ~e TepReTCH KaK 6 e c ~ o ~ e Mq a~- o
~ ~ ~ o n HHKeM ~ m H~e Cen n,a H H p O B a H H b I e p a C T K H H e p e a K O n p e A c T a ~ HHa), 0~HmAH
b e M O e OTKpbITHe. 3 T a UeHHOCTb nOCTORHH0 OT-
c060G ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ OAHOPOAHbIee C K E I aHKJIaBb1. 3aYacTy10 OHM X O P O ~ Oc ~ p
H M e e T B CBOeM COCTaBe XOTR 6b1 OAHH ~ @ @ ~ K T H B HPM~ ~~~O H .
TeM MeCTHbIM COUHaJIbHbIM ~ , WYT H3HYTpH. Ho, K a
n p o 6 n e ~ aYTO r o p o A c K k I e T e p p H T O p H H CIIOpa,LlHYecKH n b I T a I o T c H ~ egc~~o-
yrHe
A e n b H b I e YflHqbI, 3 T H HeAOCTaTOYHO K p Y n H b I e O K p Y r H ~ ~ c ~ o M o ~ ~ ~ p ~a f i o B~KpH3HCHbIX
~ CIIFmX.
H e y w ~ m a b H o YTO
, AOCTaTOYHO 3 @ @ e k T H ~ ~ b 1pf i G o co
~ BpeMe-
TI3 O ~ U ~ C T B ~ H H ~O~~FO~ ~ o J ' c T ~ o ~ H
~ cYTC lBl F~, IIOCKOnbKy y HHX H e T m ~ ~ a CeN eTc T B e H H Y l O IIOflHTHYeCKyM cmy. OH, KPOMe
n b 3 0 ~ a ~K
~ agK ,B MeHbLUeM M ~ C I I I T
OHkI
~ ~B~0 3 H H K a m T B n a p K a x ,
I e y y p e m e H H a , O T K P b I B a T b a H e n O X O m e A P p H a APY-
pTHbIe a p T e p a a , ~ H I U K O M
0 6 m k i p ~ b I en a p K k i , 6 0 n b w ~ KOMmeKCbl
e
awax T e M WrEi HHbIM F p e X + W H H H M , - 4 ~ ~ 4 ~
'YBCTBa. K a n~p a B m o , MbI E W ~ H T H @ H ~ J E I P Y ~cMe 6 C~YaCTbIO ropoaa, ~ H T e f i b H b I nOCKOIIbKY
, ~ J I O K H P ~r ITe p e K p e C T H O e kfcnonb30BaHkfe.
MY q T 0 H C n ~ n b 3 ~ee C I~ I O J I ~ ~ O By ~3 HH~a e ee
e ~H B ~ P O U ~ CH C ~ go,--a M~ ~ C O J I I O T H ~BenEiYHHaX
H a c ~ o n b K o~ O J I ~ I I I H B IX AOnXeH 6bITb
6na3K0. M b 1 XOAHM no ~ e fHiO r a M H I4 CO B p e M e H e M HaYEiHaeM ~a ~ e e ? SI A a n a I $ ~ H K ~ J H o H & T ~ HOon~p e A e n e H a e era p a 3 M e p a :
~OYTH
HHKTO no ao6poii B o n e ~e H A ~ OT
T sero-na60 K e B a 6 c o n m T ~ b T1 e~ p M a H a x TO 0 3 ~ a ~ pa ae 3~ ~ p~a 3eM e p H B pas-
BTOPeHam,OT A Y ~ ~ H K A~Y ~TJ I~E I K ~ T Yn ,y c ~ baxe H m~
e o 6 x o ~ ~ ~ o e O A a x B 3aBaCkfMOCTH, IIOMEIMO r I p O Y e r 0 , OT p a 3 M e p a C a M o r o rOpOAa.
@ a s w e c ~ oYcEurHe
e MHHHMU~HO*. Kafi H O p T - 3 H ~ K, O r A a ero H a c e n e H E i e npesbmano 30 000 q e n o ~ e ~ ,
f i o H 0 ~ .K H a C T O H w e M y MOMeHTY O H 0 Y M e H b m a n O C b
~ H ~ pI aM
ABoe, BO-nepBbIX, Gnaronap~3AOpOBOMY nposeccy pacceneHaRm-
a f i o ~ a3
a T P Y U J O ~ H O ~ OCOCTOflHKE, BO-BTOPbIX, a3-3a
~ a f6 ie 3 x a n o c ~ ~ oafMi n J T a 4 k f a , K ~ K O B OflBkfnOCb
~ ~
~ p m H C. O X P ~ H M BB H y T P e H H m m CBfl3HOCTbj
B ~ H cM m o B~0 f i n O T e H 4 E l a n . B T a K a X PO-
~ c 6 y pPir Arne, BOBMOXHO, @ ~ ~ e n b @ ~ OOP- ,
a, nox&, XBaTPiT 30 000 Y m O B e K . HOB H b m - f i o p ~ e~~
f i o H~e 6 y ~ HeM ~ e T b HElKaKOrO BeCa. Hacene~kfe 53K-04'-
CaMoro 3 + @ e m ~ p ~ a~f i ~
o ~r9a ~x ~ a r 0CoCTaBJHeT,
, no a o B a M ma-
H H o r o COBeTa, n p M M e p H O I00 000 Y e n O B e K a B A a n b H e f i m e ~6ydeT
OHa, HO x
E 1 3 H e ~ n ~ nOTOMY
~ ~ 6 e ~q T,O B 0 3 M e W a e T 3TOT HeAOCTaTOK
npeHMyqecTBaMa. B H e M X H B e T n p H 6 ~ 1 1 4 3 k i ~ e ~ 180
b ~ 000
0 Yeno-
oTaeTOKOJIO 125 000 (143 K O T O ~ ~ ImXH T e n H patioaa C o c T a B n m T
HO H ~ O ~ X O A H M O . K 4 E I O H a n b ~ ~ fH
i A ~ H T H @ H K ~ ~ HKOTOPaR
H, JIeXHT B OCHOBe n O n H -
nOMHMo n p o c ~ o r os k i m a x ~ ~ e n e fHinpexqe
, ~ c e r xopoma~
o KOMM~H o n x e H , TaKHM 0 6 p a 3 0 ~6, b 1 ~ bIIJIOTHO HaceneH -H H a s e HeB03-
kl B ~ I C O K E ~I ~0 ~p m b H b 1 f iAYX. HOK O J I H ~ ~ C T B ~ Hp H
a 3~MI e~ p~) K L ~ ~ H ~ H H 0 6 k i ~ b ~ f COeAHHeHHR
l A O C T a T O s H O r O IIOnHTkiYeCKOrO B e C a C reo-
KoG~ H ~ H ~ C ~ O C O ~ H O C T ~ ~ .
noca ~ 3 6 ~ p a ~ e nBeKf oi H. e s H o M c s e T e eCTb TOnbKO Ase O ~ ~ ~ C T B ~ H ~ ~ ~ B ~ H O Creorpa+wsec~oro
T ~ p a a ~ e p ~ea o 3 ~ a s a eYTO~ , MOXHO
@~PM~PWWH 6 o~n b m a e ~ M ~ ~ H K ~ Hr o C pKo H
~ aH~ yrrpa~nnmrq~e
H Ty, p a 3 6 H ~ bH a ~ e fr iO p O g H a y Y a C T K H n P H M e P H 0 B K B W P a T H m
e H T ~ @ ~ u ~ 3pT H
~ P~a Ca T ~K Hb HX I p H H L S a M H - BbI3BaTb T e M
p o A c K H e p a f i o ~ b 1K X H 3 H H . He r p a H H U b 1 CO3AamT p a f i o ~a, nepe-
COBbIX CP~ACTB,,,HO BCe P a B H O 3 T 0 rOJIOCa H A e H b r k i . ~ @ @ ~ K T H B H ~ ~ ~ c n o n b 3 0 s aH
~ X
~He B ~ RX H 3 H b . T e M y @ H ~ H ~ ~ c K po a~3 oM e p a
YHo
H s e p e 3 ero ~ O C P ~ A ~Y ~J IBH O ~ ~ p y r pacnonaram~
a O A H O ~3
~ ~ 3THX p a f i o ~ Ra 3 a ~ p o ~ y BOT
n a n o s e M y : n p H p O A H b I e HJIH p F o T B o P H b I e
cmOfi ronoco~.OH^, T O ~ ~ Ko H
O a A a e T HM BO3MOXHOCTb 3@@eKTHB 0 6 p a 3 m q ~ e+ H ~ H ~ ~ C6 K
apH
b e~
p b 1 J ~ J Rn e r K o r o n e p e K p e c T H O r 0
BaHHfl, A O ~ ) K H ~
r AI e - T O 6 b 1 ~ b . M I I y C T b OHM n y Y m e HaXOAflTCfl H a
PaFf M O x e T 6 b I T b H a n p a B n e H a H ~ a ~ o 6 pH0H, a mo.
~ ~ 0 p r a H ) TBmT K a H b ~ ~ ~ O H XOpOUIO
O B , YCTPOeHHbIX B HHbIX OTHO-
BOMHOrOM COCTOHT B nOHHMaHEiH 3THX HCTMH, AOBWI A 0 C O B e p u e ~ a ~ . cyTbp a f i o ~ Ba TOM, YTO OH npeacma~juzemco6oG B H y T p e H H e , a TZ-
CTBo KOHTpOnR HWl rOCyAapCTBeHHbIMki A e H b r a M H C T e M , Y ~ 0 6 b ~
1 0 6 ~ ~ ~
Y e M OH O r p a H E i s e H m E i K a K O H B b I r J I m M T C B03AYXa. BO M H O r H X
qaTb
HX HHTePeCbI, A H K T p q H e COBCeM EiHbIe p e u e ~ ~Pf af s. p e e e ~ n bo v n ~ p ~ r bo p~O neC K H e p a f i 0 H b I CnOHTaHHO P a c r u H P f l m T c R
H a T b I K a W T C S H a T e HJIH H H b I e @ w ~ ~ . I ~ ~ c 6K aEp. bI ~e p ~ .
HOBO^^ a p a H x E i P O B K e . MCKYCCTBOCBeAeHHfl H a H e T CMJIbI r o n o c o ~c HO O T r O p O X e H H O M J J P ~ ~ ~ O H
n OYM, H M O n p o Y e r 0 , r P 0 3 H T
3KOHOMHYeCKEi CTHMYJIHPYIOUTHX era noce~ki~enefi
H3
s a C T b I o p a 6 o ~ m k Hi a C K O T O ~ O ~ ~ H IBI H
XV P H p a f i o ~ aH, 3 T 0 ~ O B A H H
~ O Ho ,qnR T o r 0 4 ~ 0 6 b 1( P O ~ M H P O B ~ H~ H
@~@ ~ K T M B H Op~a O
fi0Ha
@ ~ p M k i p ~ B a H k i nOTOMy
e, s T 0 p a f i o H H b 1 e O ~ I Q ~ C T B ~ HOH
p r~a H
I~b I 6bmH B p e m a I o I Q y I 0 C T ~ ~ H I TOp, e 6 y e ~ c R
KyAa 6 o n b m e e . A o n x H a C 0 3 P e T b
i ~ P O @ C O I ~ ~ HO~p rI aXH O B . HOno M e p e TOrO, KaK MeCTHbIe
k i 3 B O A H b I ~ kOT H o C T ~B ~ ~ ~ I M O I I ~ P ~ I I J I ~ T ~ I O I QHE IIPkiTOM
IXCII M H O ~ O O ~ ~ CBII-
~ ~ H ~ I X
T e n k i ki RX A e T H n e p e X O A W I k i OT p a 6 o ~ b H
1 a C K O T O ~ O ~K~9eMY-TO
H~ JI
u e p ~ o s bp
, o ~ k i ~ e n b c ~ o - n e ~ a r o r a~cs c
e co ~u m
~a q6~k ~i 3,~ e c - a c c o q osHa m~C T o T b I c W l H o r o pafioaa. Ho JIrnmM HWHO B p e M f l H a TO,
TEI Ap)T A p Y a , H&llZl,Z(l-iTb BbIrOAHOe COTPYAHHYeCTBO, -K a K H H a
c p e n c T B H a 3 A p a B O o X p a H e H H e WIki A p y r k i e O ~ I Q ~ C T B ~ HH H ~MI ~ yKOpeHkiTbCFI B TeX WII? HHbIX MaJIbIX C O O ~ I Q ~ C T B ~0X6
, ' b e ~ ~ ~~e-
0c06oro H a T e p e c a .
O C T ~ I OM e c T a m k i
am^ KaK B ~ P O L I U I O M- cpena M T ~ ~ R H ~ accoqnaqm
~ B ) , ao K o r ~ aM ~ cI cec~pofiT O J I ~ K Onepeexana B H ~ H ) - G ~ O P Kki3 H e
AmbqeB, 0 6 w e c ~ aKTkiBkiCTOB,
~o KBT B O M
3aHkiMaH)IQHXCR ~ J I ~ ~ O Y ~ T P O ~ ~ C D H O r O ropoaa, MbI p a 3 B J I e K m H C b H r p o f i B <<coo6rqe~m)>.
M H K~a -
T m a , 0 6 I Q e c ~ ~n op o T e C r y I o I Q k i x n p o T H B T e x m k i KHHX H e c n p a B e m k i B o c OMOIQblO MbI HeOC03HaHHO C T a p W k i C b OCBOHT~CHB OrpOMHOM,
PI T a K A m e e A 0 ~ ~ C K O H ~ Y H O C T H . C T o n K y M H p e , B ~ 0 ~ 0 p b IBbILILTIH
fi kI3 CBOerO KOK0Ha. CVb HrpbI
E c n ~B r n R A e T b C R IIpaKTHYeCKH B n1060ji 6onee anki Me TOM, Y T O ~ ~~0I0 6 p a 3 H T b ABOHX p e 3 K O OTJIkiYHbIX A p y r OT A p y r a
~ ~ k i B j ' l 4 k i@
YCTO~~YEIBO fi P ~ ~ M ~
6 oHn bTr u o r o r O p O A a , TO Y B w H L U b CTOAbKO P H M e p , OXOTHHKa 3 a rOJIOBaMH H a COJIOMOHOB~IXOCTPOBaX
r a ~ k i 3 a q H f i ,B OCHOBHOM MeJIKHX, YTO 3aKPYXkiTCR rOJIOBa. MHCCHC TO , T a T k h l k i ~ ~-
B P o ~ - A h e y r l eN f iPi~IIpeACTaBHTb ce6e, s T 0
AH X O ~ ~ ~3
M @~WHI W ~ J I ~ + H ~ ~ C KyO n~ Op a ~ n e ~IIOmn n a ~ o ~ onepec~p
fi e~ n e p e ~ a ~ bp y r o y~ cy ~ ~ coo6rqease.
oe nome 3 ~ 0 r ~
o amm
[ I44 1 I. C n e q u @ u ~6onbuux
a zop [ 145 1
r a p p ~ cC o o~n c 6 e p ~B c e p r ? ~c ~ a ~ eBfNe
i Xopomarr r o p o g c ~ mo ~ p y r ap, a 3 y ~ e e ~ ccan, o c o 6 ~ an p H H H -
m a ~ n e ~ ~ <0 <G~i o K o ~ ~nHo Hg ~~ e, p r m e e cBCTPRCK~,,,
~ B ~ I P ~ ~ E I T ~ JpI ~ H O c e 6 H~ ~ B o I I ~ H ~ ~ I B I I I-
E I xK a K TeX, K T 0 n e p e e 3 X a e T IIO OC03HaHHOMY
B a e T 3 T ' BZDKHefiILIYICJ MbICJIb 0 YeJIOBeYeCKHX OTHOIIIeHHHX B G O J I ~ I I I O ~ T a K EI EIMMUrPaHTOB, I I O A 9 H M I o ~ H X C F IH ~ O ~ X O ~ L I M O C TOH^
H . MO-
Ae EI EIX YHUYTOXeHEIEI: ,I I p H I o T H T b EI3BeCTHOe KOJIEIYeCTBO B p e M e H H b I X x E I T ~ J I ~ ~ ~ .
AOJIXHbI 6 b 1 ~ b
IIOCTeneHHbIMH. EWIMMeCT-
<<Arne B E T T O [ ~ M T M P YOH~ T CJIOBa I I ~ c T o ~CIIyCTR
~] HeKOTOpoe B H H e .LJefic~Bye~, TO llOA J I I ~ ~ ~IIOTOKOM
I M T e K p e r O HaCeJIe-
~ T c o q a m b s m cTpyIcTypa, II o H a penkirxsae~
MR B O ~ H H K ~CBOR CT ,e 113nmgefi, K O T O P ~ I06-
EI ~ e n p e p b ~ ~~H~Oococ~osrwee ~
~ W I ~ H O CBWBMraeT
T~, JIWepOB, c 0 3 ~ a CpeACTBa,
e ~ IIoMOra~oqa~ e C T H y I o C e T b . ~ T ECeTEI
I - H ~ ~ ~ M ~ H L ~I0 M
I J k~i a IJ I ~b H?b 1 f iKanEITaJI
IIlaTb O ~ Q ~ C T B ~ Hn pHo ~6 nI e~~ b 1 , > . 0 ropoga. EWIHK ~ I I E I n0
T ~~
~ 0 f~i E E I IH O ~~ ~~ E I ~ ~EO I TH~ ~~ ~ 0 ,x
R H 0 ~
HO K [ ~~ P O A O ~ KC~o ~n cT 6 e p ~ ~a
O ~ A I TOG WIII I I H O ~T~e p p I I T O p H ~ s e 3 a e T EI H e BepHeTCR A 0 T e X IIOp, IIOKa H e HaKOnHTcR H O B ~ KanEI-
I ~ ~
HaqMHaeTcR paCYIICTKa T P Y W O ~ ,J'HMYTOXaIoTCR He TOJIbKO BeTX npollCxOgEIT Me&JleHHO EI 3aBEICEIT OT C J I ~ T ~ % H O C T ~ ~ ~ .
AOMa. n I o A e k CpbIBaIoT C HaCMXeHHbIX MeCT. ~ M ~ H Y
qepKBH.
T H~KOTO ~~I~
EICCJIeAOBaTeJIH KPYIIHbIX r O P O g O B , 3 a M e T H B , YTO
r o p O g C K a R o K p y r a H e p e g K O HOCHT 3 ~ ~ r n e c mxapamep
fi ( s a q e Bce-
FIT06 H T ~ J I ~ F I H C K H nonbcKEIx,
X, espeficmx EI H p n a y q c m x O ~ I U H H ~ X ) ,
TO efi, 9 ~ 0 6 b 1A ~ ~ ~ C T B O B ~COuEIaJIbHaR
KaK T ~ eaEIHEIUa, H e -
CyUeCTBOBaTb. H ~ ~ ~ R no CPEI
R T H E I Y ~ C K6a3a. TO 0 3 ~ a ~ aYTO
e ~C, ~ M O -
CT~POKWIOB
BbITaJIKMBaIOT M3 HX IIpIIIIleAIUMX B HerOAHOCTb KBap ~ O J I ~ I I I E IaMepEIKaHCKHX
X r O p O A a X BO3MOXHO TOnbKO Y HaUEI-
WIII CKpOMHbIXAOMIILUeK II 3aCTaBnRIoT MCKaTb ce6e HOBOe X m b e
H~CBOHM
IIOJI~~OB~HH M ~ I I U O M .Bo-BTOP~IX,
T O J I ~ K O3ap0 x e n O C e n m o C b HeMaJIO O ~ P ~ ~ O B ~ HCIIeUEIiLRMCTOB
H ~ I X E13 C p e g H e -
Y ~ T P6onee
T~ ma6b1e, s e HYXHO,
~ pafioabr IIOCTORHHO n o a B e o s e ~ xopomo
b OCBOWIEIC~B 3aem~efi ynm~ofi
UEIFIM, p a c c e Y e H H R M EI o6wefi n e p e T p x c
BaHHbIX ~ ~ ~ o c T ~ o E I A T pafi0Hb1,
~ J I ~ ~ AOCTaT
~ . OBa I I C ~ B , ~ O ~ ~ E I ~ O
c<COBMeCTHO-
~ O , ~ H O ~ ~
ero Mcrcaaa, W m e B c e r o @ ~ W H O H L ? P O B ~ B -
( I I o K ~T a M BCe H e CH~CJIEI),Ha3bIBiLREICb < ( ~ B ~ ~ ~ ~ c K I I M
HOEI>>,
CR MeCTHbIMH COLlEIiLRbHbIMH COKPOBLIwaMEI. B M 3 H b TaMOlIIHEIX YJlEIYHbIX O K p y GHJIEI aKTHBHO BKJIIoYeHbI
[ 148 1 1. C n e q u $ u ~ a~ O J Z ~ U I UZOP
X [ I49 I
a ~ ~ c T H s e C K HeAHHHIJb1
e JIIoAH T a M M O T OCTaBaTbCR T e M H Xe CaMbI-
OKpyr H b ~ o - f i 0 p ~C aIIoTpRcaloIIJefi ~ ~ p p e ~K O~M M e YfH Hi K a 4 H e f i 0 K a K IIH)AH OHH T a M H e OCTaIOTCR. T a ~ uM
e e C T a -B e s H b I e I I e p e B a -
c p e A H m s a c T b Mc~cama, H a c e n e H H m B OCHOBHOM XOPOLUO 3apa6aTbI
q H M H nIOAbMH, 0 Ha4HOHZTbHOM COCTaBe K O T O P O ~M
~ O H O CKa3aTb n H u b
HO: T a M XHBYT a M e P H K a H 4 b I . fi Y ~ C T HK H ~ H K, O T O P ~H H TOM
~ ~A
~ ~ B ~ P I U ~R T ~C JHI ,~ pJ Io~p K ~ ~a
K
Bo-BTOP~IX,
TaM, rAe B03HHKaH)T H C T ~ ~ W I ~C H
m eOC T B m H c m b H b I X CTOpOHaX ~ O I I ~ I I I H X
I'OPOAOB, T a K H H a HX MHHYCaX H UIa-
HHYeCKH OAHOPOAHbIe 30Hb1, HM, IIOMHMO MOH03THHYHOCTH, I I p H c y q e s o n b m O f i rOpOA, K a K H BCe OCTZTbHOe, M O X ~ T ~ ~ O ~ HYCIIeXa
T ~ C H JIHLUb
OAHO KaYeCTBO. ~ e T a M I I O A O n r y X H B p H a OAHOM MeCTe. R
M ~ o r JIIOAH MaKCHMyM IIOnb3bI H 3 CBOHX IIJIIOCOB. fl IIOCTapZTaCb BbIAenHTb T e
TaIO 3TOT @ ~ K T O P60nee B a X H b I M , Y e M YHCTO ~ T H H Y ~ c K H
~P~O
~ .X O A H ~ o n b m H X rOpOAaX, KOTOPbIM 3 T 0 YAaeTCH, H IIOKa3aTb, KaK HM 3 T 0 YAa-
npaskino, ~ e ~ a nne o~npe>rgqe
, s e ero
~ ~ e f i c ~ s Hn e~ Y E ~ CKa3bIBa
H ~ ~ T ox mea, o A H a K o , H e B TOM, YTO M ~AIO ~ X H ~n Ib I T a T b a ~ y n ao nosepx-
H r O p O X a H e IIOJIy.laIOT c T a 6 H n b ~ y 1 o , ~ @ + ~ K T H B H Y I OKPYIY.
O
Be @ ~ ~ ~ M ~ H
~ oT ~Oo B~ J c X ~ H~ . 3 ~ 0BO-IIepBbIX,
KHo3 H , HeB03MOXH0,
Hannuo K ~ X ~ ~ IM
I a p~
WO~KC Y TIO G ~ IB
C: F 0 ~ p j T e6 b 1 n o AOCTaTOYHO ~ H ) A ~ I X n0p0fi
, C M m B Z T O 6b1 H a apXHTeKTYpH0-aHTHKBapHbIe3KCIIepH-
b B O ~ ~ C T B ~~e
AOJIrO XHBYLqMX H a OAHOM MeCTe, rOPOAY AOJIXHbI 6 b 1 ~ C HH~~ onee T O ~ O , me W I IY
I I~
I H~
~ PI
~ Ip a f i 0 ~ b 1B ~ I O C ~I
~ IHI O~C O ~ H ~ b~ep-
M b I e TeKy.leCTb H M O ~ W I ~ H O C
HCIIOJIb30BaHW3,O
T~ KOTOpbIX rOBOpKTI )q c o ~ e p m e H C T B o B a H P i H ,o
c o 6 e ~ B~ YaCTH
o ~ ~ I T O BY ~AIOX~ C T B .
~ p b r fMi H O B~ H a g a J I e 3 ~ 0 frin a B M P ~ , ~ x E I HAfiae~c,
~ ~ ~ J 3 ~ a ~ m HO ecnn M MH H ~ H I I ~ Io, n p e A e n ~ m q ~
~ ~I O G M I~I P n eo s e ~ e ~ n e
COM, ~ r p a nkie ~0 ~ p y r Ba KPYIIHOM ~ O P O AK ~~ K W - ~ H ~~ O
H ~ Y H x ropOAOB, TO MbI CMOXeM HCIIOJIb30BaTb 3 T H I I O T e H q H Z T b H b I e ILJIK)-
b H b I e CTOPOHbI, BMeCTO T o r 0 Z I T O ~, ~LI( ~ ~ ~ c T B oMM
B ~H
T a~I I e p e K O p .
p a 6 o ~ aHAM
HHT~CR ee M ~ C T O ~ O ~ O~ X p y~~rHH ~HK ~O M B HHT
, C TEUIH C e r O H a M H W O I I O M T b , K a m e o 6 m e p e 3 y l l b T a T b I H a M W H b I , IIpEi-
COCTaB CeMbH, y p O B e H b AOXOAa H Arne BKYCbI. Kopo~e rOBOpR, OHH ~b 6 n a r o ~ a p HIIOHHMaHHIO X H 3 H H 6 0 n b I I I 0 r 0 r O p O A a . M ~AOJIXHbI
I
,K W H M e P Y , YTO H a M H W b I OXHBJIeHHbIe, HHTeHCHBHO HCIIOnb3y-
HOM, a H e O ~ ~ H O O ~ P ~ p~ aHfOi oM~ e- B TaKOM, rAe YCIIeIIIHO yJIHqbI H A p y r H e O ~ ~ ~ C T B MeCTa,
~ H H H~IIOYeMy
I ~ OHH H a M W H b I . Ho
H B3aHMHO I I P H c I I o c ~ ~ ~ H B ~ I O TM
CHI IO r H e @ H ~ H Y ~ c KPH
a3HOP , ~ e r Mo ~ XOTHM,
I - 3 ~ 0 , I I Y C T ~a O Y ~ ~
H r~n ~ b ~HOf ni e, p ~ b 1 fmar.
i Cne-
IOlrlHeCX 3JIeMeHTb1, - H e C n H MeCTO H M HPaBHTCH, TO OHM MOrYT H mar -HCCJIeAOBaTb HeKOTOpbIe O C O ~ ~ H @
H YOH ~~I ?~O H
~ HPOB~HE.FFI
OCTaBaTbCH, HeCMOTPR H a r e o r p a @ H Y e c ~ H eH C m H O C T H b I e I I e p e M e H b I rOpOAOB H a ApJTOM y p O B H e : H C U e A O B a T b 3KOHOMHYeCKHe IIpOLleC-
YEIX CBOEIX y c ~ p e m e ~ m x a ~ e p e c a x B. OTIIHYH~OT nw~efi,K O T O P ~ I ~
I? H mqae r O p O X a H 3 T H OXHBJIeHHbIe YJIHqbI H pafi0~b1.
pe H ~ M ~ H ~ HCBOHXAOXO,~OB
HB HxapaKTepaAocyraAomb1, Y T O ~ H~ eI B
A e T b O Y e H b CTpaHHbIMEI, I I e p e 6 H p a T b c R H 3 H H X H e - C p e A H e r O I l p H r
PeMeHeHHbIX o ~ J H o o ~ ~ H
~ B
~ CHW~I y M
3 T O r 0 IIPHrOAHbIX JIHUIb AnH y
C I I e K T p a AOXOAOB, BKYCOB H c e ~ e f i ~Ob~1C T~O H T ~ J I ~ C TOBH, a p a C T p a q H
CH B n Y C T w . O K P J T ~CIIpOeKTHpOBaHHFiFI
, B PaCYeTe H a 3
G e c ~ e n e c ~ b C~ Txa,T H c T m e c K H x x ~ ~ e n e foi6, p e ~ e H~aa
[ 150 I
T W I ~ @ O H H CIIpaBOYHHKH
~I~ coo61qam~
H a M BZDKHefiluJTO HCTH-
JIbluHX r 0 p O A a X : OHH COCTOIIT H 3 I'pOMaAHOI'O KOnHYeCTBa Y a c ~ e f i ,
pa3~006pa3~e.
racTIIM IIpkicyIqe r p O M w H O e Paa~oo6pas- ~ e npn-
KaYeCTBO 6 o n ~ m FOPOAOB.
~x
<<Memsac-ro pa3sne~ana~ b ~ c on TOM, b -n ~ c a A
n x e f i ~ Lo-
c
791 rOfly, -HaCKOnbKO p a 3 J I H Y e H ~ ~ O H A O,LlJIR
H pa3JIWIHbIX nmneG.
0 r p a ~ H Y e ~ ~ bYM
1fH
i e II03BOJLFIeT e M y BbIXOAHTb 3 8 P a M K H KaKOrO-
&HOT0 3aHRTtlFI, BHAHT AoH,TJoH n H l u b IIOA 3THM Y r n O M 3 P e H H R . < ...>
BeKa aH-renneKryanbHoro crcna,qa OH n o p a a e T , 1160~ ~ K T I K I Y ~ce- ~TB
Y e n o s e Y e c K y m BO BCeM ee M H O ~ O O ~ ~ c~ 0~3 H e pHu a, ~ bK o T o p o e
~ o a ~ e c xopoluee
e c K o H e s H o > > .Locy3nn H e ~ o n b gan b onpeAeneHne
OpOAa, HO H HaqJTlZlJI OAHy H 3 rllaBHbIX np06ne~, B03HHKaH)IqHX
M e e T C 6 0 n b m rOPOAOM
~ ~ AenO. O Y ~n eHr K~ O IIOp,L(aTbUl co6naa-
MOTpeTb C I I O C O ~ ~HCIIOnb30BaHkiS
I ~ O P O A C K OCpeAbI
~~ IIO O Y e p e A H HAH
M. M M ~ H H O~ a ~ 0aHZlJIH3
fi rOpOAOB -OAHH C I I O C O ~~c110nb30-
~pyrofi,IIOTOM T ~ ~ T H-GC T m O ~ ~ I Y H~ ~O~ ~, L ( O C T P O H T ~ ~ ~ H O #
C r p y I H l H p O B a H H b I e IIO Pa3nHYHbIM K a T e r O p m M HCIIOnb-
, 3 a T e M CBOjJHTCR B <(LUHpOKylo,~ c e 0 6 ' b e m m 1 q y l o K a p T H H y n .
OT~ c e o 6 ' b e m m u ( e f i KapTHHbI, I I O ~ ~ ~ HI I OHA OO ~~H ~ ICIIOCO- M
b 3 a I I p H M e p H O TaKaFI Xe, KaK OT ~ 3 0 6 p a ~ e ~CJlOHa, H I I KOTOpOe CO-
c n e n u b 1 , O q J J I I a B p a 3 ~ b 1 es a c m c n o H o s b e r o T e n a H 3 a ~ cse,qII
e ~
CBOH O I q y m e H m . C ~ O H HA e T ce6e A a n b l u e , H e no~o3pesa11,YTO
HCT, H 3MeR, H CTeHa, H CTBOnbI A e p e B b e B , H K a H a T , I I p R Y e M BCe 3 T 0
MeHHO. L Y A ~ IIPOfiYKTOM
H ~ W I O B ~ Y ~ C
AeXTWIbHOCTH,
K O ~ ~ 6 o n b m ~ e
~ bn o
a r q ~ q e OT ~ p o m a e ~ o fYi ~ ~ O B ~ Y ~ C K H M H ~ a n b ~ m e ~ ~ o f i
e, r e M U O H ~ I .
q ~ 0 6 b 1IIOHHMaTb K P P H b I e rOpOAa, MM C CaMOrO HaYitTIa A O n X -
H H C I I O J l b 3 0 B a H ~ ,a C K O M ~ H -
b AeJIO H e C OTAWbHbIMH C I I O C O ~ ~ MHX
HaUEFFIMM w I M CMeIIleHMeM 3TMX C ~ O C O ~ O
KaK
B C W H O C T H b I M RBJIeHMeM. a - eCTeCTBeHHbIe 3KOHOMH'IeCKkIe n p ~ 6 e x a q ar p O M W H O r 0 sEICJIa
me y 6 e ~ w I H c bB BaXHOCTH TaKOrO nOAXOAa H a I I p M M e p e MeCTHbIX nap x n p e ~ n p k i s r ~ M f~a
i n1o6ofi BKYC.
nap^ n e r K 0 -CJIHIIlKOM n e r K 0 -n p e A C T a B H T b ce6e s e M - T O 060c06neHH BaX~efiIIlki~P
HCCJIeAOBaHkiRMH
i npefinpl3B~HgB 6 o n b m ~ x
B e W b I o B ce6e ki paCC)WJ(aTb0 er0 WeKBaTHOCTH w I H HeWeKBaTHOCTH B T ax c ~ ~ mp a 3 ~ 0 0 6 p a 3 mH p a s ~ e p o
o s K H 3 p e HX a ~ a s a n a c Hb c c n e A o B a -
MHHaX, C K m e M , KOJIHseCTBa a K p O B H a TbICFIYY AyIIl HaCeJIeHklR. T a ~ o fni 0 6 n a c ~ H0 6 p a 6 a ~ b ~ ~ a npOMbILUneHHOCTM,
~ q e g B saCTHOCTH, (<AH~To-
XOA rOBOpHT H a M H e s T O 0 r p ~ O C T p O k i T W I b H b I XMeTOAaX, HO H e ~ O B O P H T B
p o M H O r o ropoga,, P a f i ~ o m a e p ~ o ki~~a p n.
yC a~ p m e ~ cPnope~-
~a
sero IIOne3HOrO 0 ~ ~ H K I J M o H M P o B ~ H HHHn H UeHHOCTH MeCTHbIX I I a p K o B . p a c c M O T p e H 0 ~ 0 3 ~ e f i c ~K~p kp H
i eb I X rOpOAOB H a 0 6 p a 6 a ~ b 1 ~ a I O 4 y 0
C M e c b Pa3HbIX C ~ O C O ~ O HCnOnb30BaHkiR,
B s ~ 0 6 b 1ee 6oraTc meHHOCTb B CIm H AHMHH.
CJIOXHOCTb 6 b m AOCTaTOsHbI
~ Jlp I I O m e p X a H m AOn3KHOr0 Y p O B m rop ero 06-
Y ~ KMp p H e e rOpOA, TeM, K a K I I p a B w I O , pa3~006pa3~ee
C K O 6~e 3 0 n a c ~ o c m n, y 6 n r n ~ b 1 xKoHTaKToB H n e p e K p e m H o r o E I C ~ O J I ~ ~ O B ~ H I s a m w e e npOH3BOACTBO H T e M B b I U e KaK a 6 c o n 1 0 ~ ~ a RsHCJIeHHOCTb
H m a e T c F I B KOJIOCCZUIbHOM p a 3 ~ 0 0 6 p a 3 k i HHHrPeAHeHTOB. ~ O ~ T O M
n eYp B p o H 3 ~ ~ ~ M ~ e J I Te afKi ,H MX A O M . n p ~ s k i ~ eCJIM
a , KOPOTKO, COCTOMT
BOnpOC rpWOCTpOMTeJlbCTBa -I I p H s e M , R AyMaIO, HaMHOrO O n e p e X a m 0 K p p H b I e npmIIpPUITPUI 6onee CaMO,?(OCraTOsHbI, s e M M V l M e , CnO-
ApyMe BaKHOCTH - 3 B P H T TaK: KaKHM o 6 p a 3 0 ~rOpOA CMOXeT re^ HMeTb BHyTpH c e 6 6~0 n b r u y m s a C T b H ~ O ~ X O A H M ~CInXe ~ H W l H C T O B
P O B a T b 3 T 0 p a 3 ~ 0 0 6 p a 3 ~BeA O C T ~ T O ~ HMOe p~ e~H H a AOCTaTOsHO 06mapH pyAoBaHEFFI, MOrYT CaMOCTORTenbHO CKJIWHPOBaTb n P O A m H I O H np0-
TeppHTOpKRX, 9 ~ 0 6 b 1I I O ~ e p X H B a T bCBOIO C O ~ C T B ~ H H V~ H B ~ I M ~ W H H ) ? H a rUHPOKOM P b I H K e -IIOBCIoaY, rAe H a H e e B 0 3 H H K a e T CnpOC. OHH
C y p o ~ oO C y X A a T b B e n a ~ o eH e c s a c ~ b C
e K ~ KH
Hp a 3 M b I m f i ~ 0 6 ~ 3 a pacnonaranm
~ b ~ B K P ~ ~ I H ~ropoAax,
IX H, XOTR H H o r A a pac-
CR B HMX H M BbIrOAHO, g a C T O H M 3 T 0 HeBbIrOAHO. HOAJIR MeXKHX
H e s H O , 3AOPOB0, HO 3 T O r 0 HeAOCTaT09HO. B ~ P H ~ M KC nRp o 6 n e ~ eKO , H r e n e i i -B c e ~ a o 6 o p o0~6.b 1 4 ~ 0HM IIpEIXOAHTCR EICnOJIb30BaTb
CO3Aan AJIH y n ~ B ~E a bn ~ ~k i ~ o np pe e n e c ~ ~ bn~a fp K ee T p o T y a p a x
i Ha H ~ ~ 6 p a nOCTaBOK
3 ~ b ~ H
~ 3 B H e M CTOPOHHHX YCJIyr, OHM A O n X H b I
M R H y n a o H e M B r n a B e 3). MOR noapyra M a c c n c KOCTPHUKH,X H B Y ~ ~ HBaTb y 3 ~ fPbIHOKTaM,
i rAe OH CyrrleCTByeT, Pi P e a r H p O B a T b H a ~ H C T -
3T0ii ynwe, c o s e p r u e H H o npasa, K o r A a ~OBOPHT,TO y n H q a H y m A a e T a HeHE.ZR H a 3TOM PbIHKe. 5e3 KPjTIHbIX rOPOAOB OHH I I O I I P O W H e M O P
rOBbIX 3aBeAeHkiRX. M, KaK HeTPYAHO A O r a a T b C R , H ~ ~ A O ~ C ~)IHT XBM ~ eCTBOBaTb. ~ ~ B H C H OT
M KOlIOCCELJlbHOrO
~ I ~ p a 3 ~ 0 0 6 ~ a 3A
mP F H X
ne H a M H O r O donee IIpOCTbIX, Y e M 3aMbICAOBaTbIe I'OpOACKMe CMeCH, K ,,,, Heo(jxo,rpf~b~ gce Yemblpe; OTCyTCTBHe nm60r0 yUIOBHflH3 YeTbl-
p b ~ OHM
e nopowam~. 3K0 p e ~ b m a ne o ~ ~ e ~ pafio~a.
s ~ m
A ~ rRe H e p a q k i k i n o n H o K p o B H o r o p a 3 ~ 0 0 6 p a 3 ~ cHr a y n H q
H B pafio~ax60JIbILIHX rOpOAOB H ~ o ~ x o , L ( H M ~YIe T b I p e YUIOBHH:
I. P a f i 0 ~
H K a K M O X H O 6 0 l I b I U e e KOnHYeCTBO er0 CoCTaBH
s a c ~ e fAOJIXHM
i H c n o n m T b M H H H M ~ MA s e n e p s k i w b r e (PYHKIJHH; npe,qn~
THTeAbHO - MHHHMYM T P H . ~ T H M
AOJIXHO 0 6 e c n e s ~ ~ a ~ b IcI pcHr C y T
nmaefi, B ~ I X O W ~H~a YJIHLJJ
~ X B p a a ~ o sperm
e H c P ~ ~ H ~ IqM
e nHm a , H
3TOM HCIlOJIb3YIOlIJHX MHOrMe rOpOACKHe B03MOXHOCTH COBMeCTHO.
2. K s a p ~ a n bB ~~ O J I ~ I U H H C TCBOeM
B~ AOJIXHbI 6 b 1 ~ bK
KHMH. TO 3HaYHT, YTO YAHIJbI H B03MOXHOCTH C B e P H y T b 3 8 YrOJI A 0
6 b 1 ~ b9aCTbIMH.
3. B p a f i o ~ A
e onmHbI, n e p e M e x i l F I c b , HATH 3 , q a ~ m ,p a 3 n ~
WHeCH IIO B03paCTY H COCTOHHHK), BKJIIOYaX H e M a J I O e YHUIO CTaPbIX, Y
IIPHHOCHMbIe HMH 3KOHOMHYeCKHe lJJIOAbI 6 b 1 n ~pa3AkiYHbI. TO CMeLUe
AOAXHO G ~ I AOCTaTOYHO
T ~ TeCHbIM.
4. H e o 6 x 0 , q ~AOCTaTOsHO
~a BbICOKilFI KOHIJeHTPaIJKH JIIOAefi,
KaKHM 6b1 I l P H Y H H a M OHM 3AeCb H H HaXOAkinHCb. B TOM Y H U I e - BbICO
KOHIJeHTpaIJHFI JIK)A€!fi, X H B W H X B ABHHOM pafio~e.
H e o 6 x o ~ ~ ~ BbIIIOIIHeHwI
o c ~ b s e T b I p e x n e p e s H U I e H H b I x J7C.n
~ H f i-c a ~ b l f Bi ~ H ~ I~I0? fTe3HC
i B 3 ~ 0K2H H r e . B M ~ C 3TT H~ Y U I O B m C 0 3
IOT ~ ( P ( P ~ K T H B H
3KOHOMHYeCKHe
~I~ p e 3 e p B y a p b I HCIlOJIb30BaHHfl. npli
nOJrHeHHki 3THX Y C J I O B I I ~H
~ e BCe p a f i 0 ~ b 1 ,KOHeYHO, TBOPHT p a 3 ~ 0 0 6 p a
6 b I HeCYaCTbeM. M ~ o r H 3aBeAeHHH,
e KOTOPbIM M ~ C T H O
K J~I H e H q -
6b1 MaTIO, 3aKPbInPiCb 6b1. TOYHO
T a K Ke, e U H 6 b 1 3 ~ e c bOCTaJIHCb
p e A n p H H T H H , TO KOMMepYeCKMM 3 a B e A e H H H M AnH ~ ~ H T ~ ~ ~ J I ~ H O C T H
b~ M ~ J I OHX ~ ~ ~ O T H L I K O B * .
OM XHTeJIH OKpyrEi H T e , K T 0 B H e f i p a 6 0 T a e T , BMeCTe
KO npu 3 m o u~c n o n b 3 y w y z ~ x ~ ~ o zopoac~ue
zue so3~ox~ocm
C 0u8 M e C m ~
H O C T ~ IIOKOHTCR
) H a 3KOHOMHYeCKOM ~ Y H A ~ M CMellIaHHOrO
~ H T ~ 6a q m pa3~006pa3wr.n p ~~c e ero
k sax-
mame nonb30sa~e- HocTa He ,qyiwait~e,YTO OH caM no ce6e
C 1641 C 165 1
O K o n o 400 ooo s e n o ~ e ~ - -pafio~e,
B oKpyxaIorqe y p p X a T b OT T o r o , Y T O ~ n~ eI p e 6 p a ~ b mB ero n o m ~ a x~ y a a - ewe;
~ o
IoWEIX K HeMY IOpEIAH9eCKIIX Pi CTpaXOBbIX KOMIUIeKCaX, B MYHHJJHnanb O T H ~ I OK M e c T y cnpoca, M a c c a ~ A O ~ H EI
~ Arne
I X ~ Y C T ~ I O ~ Ep IaXn -
F p e m e H E i R X , B HeKOTOPbUr @ e ~ e p a n b ~ b EI
I XWTaT MeweHE18, r & e M o r n 0 6b1 BbIpaCTEI p a 3 ~ 0 0 6 p a 3 ~ e TO
. Xe H e T ~ K ?
B Y q P e m e H E I R X , CBff3aHHbIX C CYAOXOACTBOM, Pi B HeKOTOPbIX A p p H x ~p Y T O ~ITOHffTb,
~I 9 T O H e TaK, AOCTaTOsHO 3afiTEI B ~11o60fi Mars-
BbIX KOMmeKCaX. K p o ~ TOrO,
e HeEIsBemHOe, H o 3 M e m y H a n n h I B o M noqma~enefiB nepepbIB H a n a H s
n0ce~aep Tafi0~ B p a 6 o s ~sea c b l - ~ ~ B H o~6 p I aM3 0 ~
no U l p i e 6 H b l M A Appoe B p e M l i . A o c ~ a ~ oYBEIAeTb r ~ o MepTBOe O u e n e H e H E I e , BO-
&ff B e C b M a K O M ~ ~ K T H OTePPEITO
I? B p a f i 0 H e nocue nRTEI TP&L(UaTH B ~ Y A H EEI I H a BeCb A e H b B cy6-
p0fi O s e H b A ~ ~ AK OO ~ P ~ T ~nelIIKOM
C R IIOYTH H 3
KOJIHqeCTBO U 0 ~ 6 3 0 ~ a T e J l e O
f ir p O M H <<OHM
HaKaTbIBaIoT, K a K IIPEIIIEIB, - LlHTEIPYeT New ~ o r Times
k
e X e A H e ~ H b 1 f iC n p O C H a eAy EI EIHbIe T O B a p b I , H e r O B O p R yme 06 yc oAex,qbI. - R B c e r A a 6e3 s a c o B s H a I o , TO B p e -
B c+epe ~ y n b ~ y p b ~ . n e p B o r o > > .d e p ~ a B
Ro n H a n o ~ y n a ~ e n eHi 3a n o n m e T
O A H ~pK a f~i 0 ~0 s e H b IUIOXO cnp c nonyam ~ O ~ ~0
T Hsacy, -pa3.bRCHHeT CEITYaUHm P e n o p T e p . -
3TOr0 cnpoca. ~ A ~ I I I H ~E Ie~ c ~r a~, MOXHO e n o e c ~ b EI
, ~ a r a s o~ ~ ~ e b ~ , q b ~ r u ~ qepes
a. nocne
H ~ C K O A ~ KMOE I H ~ T saca AHH
~ P H C K O P ~ HHOe a A e K B a T H b I K a K no KOnEIseC
B n p o r w ~ so ~~ e c 6b b m OAHH ki3 ~ ~ U I E BI ~b X ro H e ~OBOPHT,~ a r a 3 1~1e~n a e ~Mm
~PTB.
~ 3 ~ e n E I f HO
i , HeCKOJlbKO JIeT H a 3 W OH 3aKPbLTICFI, OKa3aBUIEI E E I ~ H3fleUIHEIX
~C KOMMePgeCKMX n p e f l n p E I R T H f i AOJImeH I I p a K -
CBOAEITb KOHUbI C KOHUaMEI. 3 A e c b 6bLTI OAHH I13 nPeBOCXOAHbIX, AaBHO BeCb 6b1Tb BTHCHYT B ABa-TPEI Y a C a 3 a A e H b , TO eCTb B AeCFITb-TTZITHW-
T a I o q H X EI CaMbIX K P P H b I X CIIe~EIaJIH3HPOBaHHbIXIIPOAOBOnbCTBeHHb COB 3 a H e A e n m . &
,R nm60r0 npe,ynpHffTEIR T a K O e HeAOHCIIOIIb30Ba-
r a 3 H H O B ropoAa, HO I1 OH HeAaBHO ripe a s a e T Y X a C a I o q y I o H ~ ~ + @ ~ K T E I B H O CHT~~K
. OTOP~ IM
3aBeAeHEIRM
3Aecb 6m0HeCKOnbKO KEIHOTeaTpOB, n o K p b I B a T b kl3AepXKEI EI IIOlIyYaTb AOXOA 38 C'IeT MaKCMMaJIbHOrO HC-
BeAeHm m~ ~ ~ ~ A H O U I ~ T H~B IK ~o HLu e~ KOHUOB
E I X ~E I C ~ ~ ~ J IK
E yI .n b ~ I sXa c O B B C e p e g H H e AHR. HOT a K H X H e M O X e T 6 b 1 ~ b
B O 3 M O m O C T n , npe&JIaraeMbIe ~~I?oHoM
P a,B H b I HYIIH).
Bce 3TEI MEIHYCbI, KOTOpbIe H a n e p ~ b ~B3
f i IUIMeHTOB. P ~ C T O T~o~m eHB ~I l pIM H U H n e M O r V C ~ ~ C T B O 3a
B ~ T ~
a MmOCmeCTBeHHbIMEI, 3 H a Y a T O g e H b MHOrO. O E I P M ~3 a ~ E I P M O ~ ~ epbIBOB H a n a H Y EI KO@ BMeCTO I I a H s a M 06wa, eCJIEI Euc CpaBHEITeJb-
na p a f i o ~n,e p e M e W a R C b H a C p e ~ ~ k iMf i~ H X ~ T TEIC~ H , ~ eb g o n r H e y p o m a f i ~ b qa-
HHHEIc n o n H a s c n o n b a o ~ a H ~e
WaHHbIM 0 6 p a 3 0 ~ (M C T ~ B L U MB ~p ~e 3 Y J l b T a T e r n a B H b I M A e n o B b I M
H b m - R o p ~ a ) .K ~ cK~ a 3 OAHH
m arem no H 0 000 P ~ ~ O T H M K O B~ ? O X CKa3bIBaeTCFI.
O
He cnyqagao H b m - f i o p ~ c ~nmy 6 n x ~ ~6m~ 6 n ~ o nonyqa-
~e~a
H a n n c a T b CJIOBO < < M o ~ H ~ A ~~HT>E>n I.o T e p H , B C B O o~s e p e n b , c e p b e 3 ~ 0 JIbIIIe HeAOBOJlbHbIX T ~ J I ~ + O H H ~~IBXO H K O B 9, e M I13 K a -
~ B ~s eE n I ~ ~ o n e n B~ nb p~oe ~
l u BO~MOXHOCTH
~o~ pafio~a ~ E I ~ I H ~ I X epbIB ~a n a ~ sK, O H ~ ~ H OA) . ~ A CH~ P ~ I I I E I B ~ ~ T :
BbIX KOHTaKTOB, n 0 3 T O M Y cefisac E I H ~ e r o Gem,cnea ~ J I E I O T ~ K ERI ?H e MOIY ero H ~ ~ ~ T E IEro
) ) . H e CyUIeCTBy-
MH, IoPWEI9eCKEIe KOHTOPbI EI 6 a ~ mP .a f i 0 H CTaJI B T O p O p a 3 p f f ~ ( H b I MB c n k i 6 b 1 OHO c y r q e c T B o s m o , TO B nepepm H a n a H s
s e c-
~ ~ ~ B H~ Oa M ~ B~nep e ~ o c ~ a ~ Un I eT ~ ~H- K~ B ~ P ,qm T E IWMEHHC
~ 0, B asm me ~uecroro~ e s e p ero ~ o 6a
a n o ~ e r q e ~ k~i eo n x 6bmo
POB, - H a KOTOPOM 6 ~ O c Hn o B a~H b I ero n p e c T m c , ero n o n b a a EI ca POMHbIM, a BCe OCTaJIbHOe BpeMFI -M m I o C e H b K M M .
CMbICJI er0 CmeCTBOBaHEIFI. ~OMHMO
3 a ~ e & e ~ H fCHOJlHa
i, EICIlOJIb3YIOI4EIX n H K 0 ~ b I YaCbI,
e
Memy T e M COBCeM P W O M C r P O M W H b 1 eIoTCff T a m e , KOTOPbIe A e p X a T G 3 H a I U I ~ 6narogap~
B ~ ~eH0pMaJIb-
MH, KOTOPbIe 0 6 p a 3 y m ~~ ~ x B ~ T ~ I B ~ H AyX
~ I IKOHT
( E I ~ ~ pacxoAaM. T ~ CBOAHT
K KOHubI C KOHUBMEI 6 8 n b r u a ~
Ha,HaXoAEITCR K O n b q O y I I W K a , no~erqe~~fi
3aCTOH, IlYCTbIX ecaoro, ~ E I B ~ ~ 3 0 B a H HR O~ e~ 0O6 b 1 s H o r 0 , YTO ewe
~POEI~BOACTB H.a n H q o napaAOKC: BOT MHOX~CTBOJI~o~efi,Ta c, EI BOT n O Y e M y O H 0 IOTEITCR B X m K H X , 0 6 ~ e ~ m a -
p o ~ c ~ oprao3 ~ 0 0 6 p a 3 mH T a K ero qemupix, TO IIX
H e c K o n b K o f l e T a K T H B H 0 p a 3 p a 6 a T b I ~ a m TI I p O e K T b I o ~ H o pa# B ~ ~ ~ ~ 0 ~ ~ C C M ~ I W ~ ~ nHPH
HBOnM
eqeHMki
I m e - K a K H e p a 6 o ~ b YXCe
1 HaqaXkiCb. Bce 3 T 0 B b I A e p X a H O B A y x e opTo T o r 0 H e B m H b I e YCJIOBm CTaHYT HeBbl-
C m b H b I X r p ~ O C T P O H T e J I b H b I XB ~ P O B ~ HH H ~
IIPHH4EIIIOB.
sx
p H p o B a ~ b ( # ) a ~ ~ o p b 1 , yrporna~014~e o ~ o ~ ~ s e c3x8 o ~ y cy>rcrreaaaki p e q e n T b I O ~ T O A O K C ~ ~ H~PWOCTPO-
O~O
M ~ H x ~ T T~~HH~ ~Y ,HC oTr n a u a T b c R c n p o ~ o n x
~ e gTO,
, C o r n a c H o 6pommpe, p e q b m e T B c e r o 06 I% OT s s a a Tex, c-~ze K a K M O ~ H O6 0 n b u e r o
9 k i c n a n m ~ e jBi T e s a c b I gHM,
KOrAa
TonbKo~ a 6 0 ~ aKe~~K .H M repKYJIeCOBbIM 3KOHOMH a e ~ p,ARc ~B P ~ M ~ H Hf h~ ~~ ~O a ~Mceam: y
b T a r o p c T K a X E I ~ e n e i i !K a K H e n o ~ p ~ c a m rego
AonXHa 0 6 n a ~ a T 3 ~q~e
W c K E I e nOABMrH A O n X H a O H a COBepWHTb, Y T O ~ CTHMYnHpOBaTb
~ I <(pa
TOproBnH, P e c T o P a H o B , MeCT p a 3 B n e q e ~ ~ ~ B p e M e H H , ki 3 T 0 , B CBOm O q e p e A b ,
naTenbHo @IH T ~ X KTO
, n p ~ e m a ce m a pa6oly,,!
~ ~ ~a qTO, nOMHMO T ~ ~ H C T O BcmAa
, A O ~ X H ~p aI 3 3 a p a 3 0 n~P H X o A H T b
H o ~ o MeCTHOe
e H a c e n e ~ k i-
e 3 ~ 0KOH
, oe B p e m M H o r H e XHT~SIH~ b m - a o p ~ a .
am.A p y r ~ eer0 Y ~ C T Hn ~ m yb c y r y 6 ~ ~m e n o COCTOHHH~
e pako~a. YTO6 b I HH n p ~ ~ n e ~ BapnaoG o ~ 3THX H O B ~ I X J I ~ O
AH~0 ~AOflX-
,
3ofiAeT 3TO A B W C ~ O C O ~ ~ M
B oH- .n e p ~ b ~ x0 ,H H H ~ U ~ J I H
~ aHn p~HIB A e Y B n e K a T e n b H o H &TUI TeX, KT0 B H e M p a 6 0 ~ a eno
~ .qafiHefiMepe,
B pa go^ A O ~ ~ B O ' I H ~AI X
H ~ B H ~ IPX
~~OTHEIKOB ,
KOTOPbIe 6 y ~ 3aHEITbI
p Ha a T b HX EI H e HarOHEiTb H a H u X CKYKY.
H3BOACTBeHHbIX n P e A n P E I F I T m X , B M ~ ~ a p O ~ H b I c n o c o 6 b 1 ~ c n 0 n b 3 o ~e
~ Aa ~O ~~ -
H x ~ OrPOMHbIX HOBbIX @ e ~ e p m b H b I X
O~#)HC~H
X T.A. Bo-BTOP~IX,
S a m ro, 3 a ~ e m T ~060ji
b 6 e 3 p a 3 6 o p a T e 3 A a H m H TeppHTOPHH, rAe
BaHHm
P a c q M c T K a T ~ P P M T O P HASLcI ~o6a
~~ ~ T H X CBOfjOAb~H ~ H ~ K O C Tp Ha 3 ~ e l q Ce M~O ~W ~CnOHTaHHO B03HH-
M ~ C C H B ~ BaBTOAOPOr Y H H Y T O ~ T ~
, apmy oe pacnpenene~~e nmeG, H O B ~ nI p~e A -
P ~ ~ A H ~ H H ~nPeAnPEtqTEtgMH
I M H H JWpeWeHETRMH, M H O r O e M3 a ~ e ~ e ~ ~ ~ g .
E Z ,06
H K O M M ~ P U H HC HH3KHMM H a K J I ~ H b I M H~ ~ C X O A ~ McITO M HaKoHeq, ~ T H
Ho B b I e C ~ O C O ~MM
C n O X b 3 0 B a H m AOAXHbl CO-
p aHf i Xo ~ne m ~ e gP. ~ ~ ~ E I ~ H O ~ O
AHR P ~ ~ O T ~ ~B W H y x BO BCRKOM
O B ~ xT a~p a ~ ~ e p ayt i o ~ a apse H e AOJW(H~I MY
n a p K a n p H 6 0 r a ~ e n b ~ Bce,
e . YTO 6 ~ n K0H a C T O R w e M Y MOMeHTY HaBX EC~p
Ha f i 0 ~IIO B e Y e p a M H y M K e q a M 3 H H B e T I I 0 n H 0 f i XH3HbIO,
ewe c 0 6 ~ p a m
p a f i 0 H y I I p O e K T H p O B q H K a M H , K a K H BCe, YTO OHM e M~ ~ ~ RBJIeHIlR B H e M HeKOTOPOrO Y H C n a HO-
BR3aTb, R C H e e RCHOrO I'OBOPHT JIIOWM: c ~ B a n a ~
OT eC I O A ~ H
! ~ TYT
M H e BO H X H ~ MM ~ H X ~ Te CTT ~b HHe M~ a n 0 CTapbIX AOMOB, 06-
HHYTO
H e rOBOPLlT HM: ((AoGPo IIOXaJIOBaTb!% mHX, HO B OCHOBe c ~ 0 e fIIpHBJIeKaTWbHbIX
i -TaKHX, KaKEIe B B p p H X
C ~ e n a MOXHO
~ b 6 b m 0 6b1 ~ n e ~ p w e e . C B 0 3 P O W e H H e M B HHX X H 3 H H PeMOHTHPOBaJIHCb H o ~ H o B J I R ~ H c ~ .
Mopc~ofi6eper K -
~ TK ~ K O B O ~ BOT
~ n e p ~ b l fH
i ~ H C I I O J I ~ ~ ~ ~ B C e r O y H H K a J I b H O r 0 H BMeCTe C T e M X H B O r O BbIHCKHBanH 6 b 1 HX.
TaKOM p a f i 0 H e M O X e T 6 b 1 ~ bJlHUIb I I p O R B n e H H e M er0
6epemofi CJIeAOBmO 6b1 I I p e B p a T H T b B r p ~ ~ a , Z ( H b l f M
i O P C K O ~~~y 3 e f-
i C O ~ H O C T Ha
, O T H I O A ~~e ee OCHOBOG.
B b l r m ~n
T a MOM n p e & n o m e H w I 0 AOnOJlHHTenbHbIX cnoco6ax
a OTAbIXe B C B O ~ O A H OB ~p e M R , J I e r K O M b I m e H -
H a O X H A a e M y I O CTOHMOCTb IIpOeKTOB,
H b I O - ~ ~ O P K C K OA~eO
nOBOrO q e H T p a H HMX-
MH BJIaCTRMH H I I p e A y C M a T p H B a I O W H x
Pi MaTa3MHOB, O T ~ M ~ ~ I Oce6e
~ MKJIMeHTypy
X H 3 BCeX CJIOeB HaC€!.Tle~~fl; 3 ~ @ @ ~ K T H B H O C0 3TH~a Y a e T , BO-IIepBbIX, YTO JIIoAM, MCnOnb3)'IO-
B CBOHJ o ~ e p e ~ nb p, ~ s n e ~ewe
a e ~6 o n b u e e wcno nmaefi. I I O ~ T O M ~ ~ , ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ q B pb a a~~ o e
speMR, A O ~ X H M u ~me
~ I C I I O ~ ~ ~ OO B~ ~H TU we y n ~ q b ~ .
0 6 x o ~ n~p o~s e oc T M ewe OAHO p a 3 n ~ ~ ~ e . p a 3 ~ e n e ~ b 1p ,a a r o p o m e ~ b r~
HX ~ Y T H e w co60fi,
y H M K ~ K O
CM~ ~CM
E c n ~BTOpMYHOe p a 3 ~ 0 0 6 p a 3 n e n p e y C n e B a e T B AOCTaTog BMTeJIbHOCTM H e B03HMKaeT. B T e p M k i H a X Y I I M Y H o ~3KOHOMMKM
~ B3a-
M e p e M IIpeAOCTaBnReT J I I o W M MHOrO BCWO H ~ O ~ ~ I Y HwOI H~ eAMHCTBeH
O O m e p X K a pa3nklYMfi CTaHOBklTCFI T O r A a @ M ~ I J k i e fEYIM
i ~ ~ C T P ~ K TCO-
H O ~ ~
r O B CBOeM POAe, TO OHO, HaKaIIJIMBaFICb, M O X e T I I p e B p a T M T b W M I I P ~ B 0 C T b m pa3JIMYHbIX COCeAHMX C I I O C O ~ O BkiCIIOnb30BaHkIR, M ~ e I o w e f i
eTCH B n e p ~ M ' l ~ b 1cnoc06
2 MCnOIIb30BaHHR. JIIOAM rIpIPMXO@3T C I I e q M a b OnbKO H a K a p T e .
AM 3~0r0. T a ~ o~ e a 6 n 1 o ~ a eB ~ X Om~OLUMX T O ~ ~ O Bp ~a f i o ~ ~i
I X a Arne,
~ ny Bo-BTOP~IX,
~@@~KTHBHOC
0 3T~~a Y a e T YTO
, B YMUIO n m ~ e f iMC-
,
M B C K P O M H O ~C T e n e H H , Y H a C H a ~ Y A ~ O H - C T P H T
51. H e XOYY IIpMHPiXaTb HX OAHM ki ~e me Y J I M ~ MB p a 3 ~ 0 es p e w , A O ~ X H ~BI X O A H T ~~ I ~ A M ,
YeHMe 3 T O r 0 RBJIeHPEX; O H 0 KM3HeHHO B W O jJIE3 3KOHOMMYeCKOI'O 3AOp w ~ OAHM
e M T e Ke 3aBeAeHPiR. MOT IIpMCYTCTBOBaTbJIIoAPi n1o60-
ropOACKElX YnMIJ Pi P ~ ~ ~ O H OAa
B ,M &TI23 r O p O A a B IJeJlOM. OHOXM3HeHHO a, HO Te, K T 0 npIIXOAMT IIO 0 ~ ~ I I0p N5P H H e B OAHO B p e i m , H e A O n M b I
HO jJIE3 IIOABMXHOCTM @OPM MCIIOJIb30BaHHR, &JH~ O ~ ~ T sCb 1T6 0Bp a~ ~ K E I M - J I M ~HeCOBMeCTMMbIM
O 0 6 p a 3 0 ~OTAeJIeHbI OT TeX, KT0 IIPMXOAMT
HMKHOBeHPiR MHTepeCHbIX M IIOJIe3HbIX pa3IIM4Mfi B X a p a K T e p e M e w 0%~ P M Y M H K~ p. a G ~ M f~i P M M -
~ PHOBO^ 3 ~ a ~ kMi ~e T ~ o I I o ~ H T ~ H - o I I ~ -
MM YnMqaMM M P ~ G O H ~ M M . -Bop~e,
s e p e 3 YJIMLQ! XH-
OT KOTOpOrO HaXOAMTG? I ' O C Y ~ ~ P C T B ~HH~I~~
T ~ ~eM ~ e ~ B TeO PeW Y H O ~p a 3 ~ 0 0 6 p a 3 ~Pe~ A K Onepep aCCkIB W R M ~ J I O O ~ ~ C I I ~ Y ~ Hn Ho ~~ I oX6. ~ b COYeTaHIIR
1 e 6ecc~brCne~-
B n e p B H g H o e R C I I O ~ ~ ~ O B r~oHpMo ~~ c ~ ocfpie A H B I I O ~ H O Mo 6 a e ~ e . W T ~~ r n ~a
e y n ~ q ~e c bM e m o p
~ e n o 6b1 y nop.~epmsae~oro
c o6eax
6 b 1 ~ AOnrOBeYHbIM
b Mo 6 n m a ~A b O C T ~ T O ~ HX O H~HHOC
M ~~ ~ G E Y I O ~&J~U4 p0 OH p a 3 ~ 0 0 6 p a 3Tame
~ ~ . 3KOHOMMYeCKEI 6 e 3 ~ m e m b 1 CTbIKEI
e P W K O B03-
T B K p F H b I X rOpOAaX eCTeCTBeHHbIM 06pa30~,HO OHM s a C T 0 IIPMBHO-
* H a n p a ~ e pT,o p r O B b I e U e H T p b I , T O p r O B O r O U e H T p a 6 e 3 pEiCKa n o n a c T HMX B IIJIaHOBOM I I O p m K e .
H a U e J l e H H b I e TOJlbKO H a MeCTHbIX X P i T e - B IIOKyIIaTeJIH,~.H ~ ~ $ I $ I ~ K T u B H o c T ~ , M H a K O H e q , ~ @ @ ~ K T M B H O C0 3TH~ a Y a e T , YTO CMeCb n ~ o ~ eHfaiynM-
neii, PiCIIbITblBaIoT IIO C m e C T B y T e Xe HeOT'beMJleMO I I p P i C m a R OGCJI~KH AHR AOruKHa KOlIMYeCTBeHHO 6 b 1 ~ bB H ~ K PO~ ~~ J ' M H M
o e~p~e
(HO nPOTPiBOIIOJlOXHbIe BO B P ~ M ~ H H ~ M
1 p) 0 6 n e ~ b 1 , YTO Pi HHXHP~G
C M ~ I U I1~ ~a TOG cMecM B ApyToe B p e i m m.51yxe r o B o p w I a 06 TOM,
M ~ H X ~ T TM ~~ H
0 r.P i Pi3
e HHX 3 a K p b I B a - Ilp ILnaHbI B OTHOIlIeHMM I 0 ~ 0 f OKOHeYHOCTM
i M ~ H x ~ T K%CTO H ~ . OT-
IoTCfI J'TpOM Pi OTKPbIBaIOTCR 6n~xe
K B e Y e p y . <<npPi
HbIHeIIIHeM IIOnOXeHPiPi qe KO BKJIIOYaIoT B c e 6 XMJIbIe
~ BKpaIIJIeHMR M COCeACTByIoT C XMJIbIMM
[ I74 1 11. Ycnoeun pa3~006pa3une 6onbluux zap0 odu~ocrnbB CMeUaKKOM nepeuvKoM ucnonbaoeaKuu 1175 1
OT PeaJIEI3a4EIEI I I P O e K T O B H O B b J X X W I b I X MaCCEIBOB B A a y H B T O P~~P E I ~ E Ino
H ~~ , a ~ 0R f~ i e n aF O
~ P, ~a C M ~ ~ ~ H Hnep-
O M
npOeKVAJE3 H m ~ e rM
o ~ H x ~ T TO~ AHH~~.KB O
p e a J I b ~ 0 f iX M 3 H k i c n o n b 3 0 B a H E I E I A a y H T a y H O B , C B R 3 a H a C EIX n p R M b I M B ~ E I R H E I ~HMa
KEIe K O M ~ E I H ~ ~ E
X IHE ~I H ~ C ~ O C OM~e CHT ~H bI I ,e XMTeTIEI COCTaBJE3IOT ~ a c 0~ b T H O , I I O H E I M a I O T , Y T O K P Y I I H ~ I ' ~O P
~OA
B e Y e p H E I X EI C B R 3 a H H b I X C B b I X O A H b I M H AHRMEI C ~ O C O ~ O
I?CnOJIb30BaHmLFI.
B 3 a C T O K ) EIIIEI p a C n W y , r O p O A K a K O K p v a , K a Kco-
C X O A H ~ I0M6 p a a o ~H e c K o n b K o T ~ ~~G O Z I Epa
~ I G IX, aH c p e ~ aH e M O X e T H e C T p a A a T b . ~ I ~ A I ?K O
, T O p b I e MOTJIEI 6b1B C T p e -
AM Y H e A e n a I o T n o r o A b I H E I m p a f i o ~ aB q e n o M , H
c o T e H T ~ I C R ma~eneii, I EI IA ;e H b r E I , K O T O P b I e AOIUKHbI ~ ~ U I 6b1
H e B ~ T ~ ~ Y ~ I W~ e TE G E IC O ~ ~ T H C ~
~ a ~ o f i - n E I 6 er0
0 M a J I 0 f i Y a C T E I . kLiIEI O A E I H O K O e O @ E I C H O 3~ A a H b J I E I I I I6~n a r o ~ a p C s~a c T n E i B o M y m F a m B TOM
JIeHPW T e a T p O B IIpaKTEIYeCKEI H e 3 H a s E I T H E I Y e r O W I E I n O Y T E I H E I Y e r o . KO ~HOM M e C T e , rAe KHnEIT X E I 3 H b , H e COWEIHHIOTCFI; B TKaHEI T O P O A C K O ~ ~
r O B O p R , B n e p B E I Y H b I X C M e C X x 3 H a Y e H E I e E I M e e T ~ Y A H E I Y HA ~e RRT e J I b H o c fi x H 3 H I I B O B H E I K a I o T H e A O n y C T E I M b I e p a 3 p b I B b I . 6 e 3 CEIJIbHOTO
~ o ~ e f Bi x,
n e p e ~ e r u k i ~ a a na m o ~ Ke O T O P O ~C O ~ A ~ I O T Cp I eI 3 e p ~ o p o ~ n e z o~ e ~ r o~ p op ~Ma~ O - n o ~ anpespawae~cx
ny B COBOW-
~ e c ~ o BC~i ~ E I M O ~ O , L L ~ ~ ~TO I . o e rnamoe, EI TO p e m b ~ b ~ f 3i K, O H o
X Kc Ea M napOBaHHbIX Apw OT Apwa E I H T e p e C O B . H I ? COW!iaJIbHO, HEI K Y I I b -
Y e c ~ E I f Bi O n p O C , a H e Y T O - J I H ~ OC M Y T H O e , C B R 3 a H H O e C G l T M O C 6 e c ~0 3 ~ a ~
~ e
b r o - J I E60nbmer0,
I~O YeM
[ 176 I [ 177 1
P O M H O r O ropoga", 133-3aE i H T e H c E i B H o r o n p e o 6 p a 3 o ~ M
a ~H ~o ~
r ~ x ro r o p o ~ aq. ~ 0 6 b 1~ e r o - TAOO C T H Y ~ @ , H ~ Y P MA , B H W L ~ H ~ C Rn o - P a s -
M a ~ x 3 ~ B~3 0eH ~ bI a
cc6enb1x BOPOTHHYKOBN npOH3BOACTBa B b I T e c e 0 6 ~ H~C n O 3 0 B~a T b~C O W l a C O B Q H H O . M, KaK B D a X M a T a X , nem-
~ n bH
e B p a T H T b c R B @ e p 3 R . HO e C T b H OTnHYHe: B r O p O A e YHcJlo "+H-
K P w H b l M H H CaMOAOCTaTOYHbIMH, OHH M O W I I e P e M e q a T b C ? B n p H r o p
m H M m b I e rq-)OAa, KOTOPbIe, TaKHM 06pa30~,
T O X e 3aBEiC?T ~ K O H O M H ~ O p r a ~ ~b n~ a c ~H ewMOrJPr H a n p R M y I o BHeAPRTb B r O p O A c K H e Aa-
qBecTH B T o P H Y H o e p a 3 ~ 0 0 6 p a 3 ~( re ~ eIIOMHMO
, A p y n l X +aKTOpOB, an I ; I p ~ ~ fni p ~ w e ~
p a ~ o3 afT pi a B K H - K a p ~ e r k i - X o MH a 3 an~~ofi
cMemeHHe P a 3 H b I X nePBHYHbIX C I I O C O ~ O BE I C I I O ~ ~ ~ O B ~ H En 6yAyT
I R~) ,6
0 C R C~ e A b ~ ~ y
f in ~ q Be ~ p aRT a ~ o f ic e p b e s ~ b ~ f i
b m - G o p ~ He e. c ~ o ~ H
P e T b H, B 0 3 M O x H 0 , p p y ~MX . n e p e A B H x e H H e , e m E i OHH CyMeIoT o~~~~
LW c e 6 ~~o A x O L V I L ~ M H~e c T a , C ~ O C O ~ HCTaTb
O AILg r o p O A a HCTOYHKKOMH~ HTcBoe5y n H q e B e n E i K o n e n H o . ~ ~ H c ~ Kc a pT~ e Br H -~x O~n n a ,
B ~ 3 ~ ~ x ~OHO 0 ~n oeMfo ria .e T @OPMHPOB~HHH) 6onee cnomoro ropoga. mmee HHTeHCHBHOe ~ c n o n b 3 0 B a H H Ye ~ H Q BeYePOM,
~I co B P ~ M ~ -
o A H 0 H 3 nOnOxHTeJIbHbIX ~ 0 3 g e f i ~ ~ B H3BHe,
Hfi KOTOPbIe O q y r r l a e M H a c
r O B 4 b 1 3 C T a M n a M H H CKyJlbIlTOP, 3 a H H B ~ l H f nyc~0fi
i Mara3HH. Bce 3 ~ 0 x KOMHaT. Bee 3 T 0 n e p e ~ e ~ a ec XIQI~IMH ~m nOMeweHHfiMH:
l e 6onee H H T ~ H C H B H ~ ~I X~ H ~ P ~ T OpP Oa B3
~ H U K H ,n e p e ~ e ~ r u l~3 ~ o ~ 6 ~ ~ ~ H ) M ~npO-
T A~B a o.rem a H e M a n 0 K B a p T H P , C A a H ) U H X m B H ~ ~ ~ rfle I ,
H ~ X B ~ T K~ H~ O A O ~ O AB 3KOHOMHYeCKOM
H O ~ ~ CMbICne IIOYBM), O H 0 R B n R e
MeHee3 H a Y H T e n b H b I M H 6 a 3 0 ~ b 1Y
~ e, M n e p e ~ e q e ~~ ~~PeB H ~ H ~ I X J , ~ MO ~ M C H ~ 3AaHElRM
IM Ha~ e fHi ~ O ~ ~ I I IOH+ HMC H ~ I M3 A a H m M K 3 a -
~ o c T o K ya
, T a m e 6 n a r o ~ a TOMY,
p ~ ZIT0 ABYCMeHHOe H c n O n b 3 O B a H H e
BHYHbIe C ~ O C O HCnOnb30BaHLZR
~ ~ I ( ~ a n p ~ ~n peopM,b I m n e H H o e npoH
CTBO) A B H X ~ C H~ a p y x y
~3 p e 3 e p ~ y a p H
o ~ H Hcnoco6
C ~ O J I ~ ~ O B ~ H~e , e c ~ a ~ r u enr po ~ (P~KTOPOM.
s n e ~ a ~ e n b ~ b I M X O P O ~ PH ~~ ~ ~ nonb-
P O C
napp~
CMHT,c n e q a m ~ no
c ~~ K O H O M H Ks ~e m e n o n b s o s a ~ en p o ~ a m
p ~e ~ M~O H~~ T e~cI ~
, a p b ~~ eo ~ e n ~ Hps A~e nbm~, CeT a P b I e
M e T K 0 C P ~ B OH@~E I C H ~ 3AaHHR
I~ C IIIaXMaTHbIMH @ H r y p a M H . K ~ T H @M
X H ~ H o, q e ~ npI'inHYHJ'H)
b 06y~bM
, aTePI.IabI LW XYAOxeCTBeHHO-
OAHoMY r p W O C T p O I ? T e A I o , K O T O ~ ~HepeaJIHCTHYHO
IG CTpeMHnCR BAOX
XH3Hb B CTIPImKOM 6 0 n b m o e KOnHYeCTBO TOYeK + ~ H T ~ C T ~ I Y ~ C Kn pI O
?M~~ M a T b e OT A ~ o p H
a 3 T P e T b H X pyK HJIH H o P K Y 113 n p o m o r O ~ ~ e j f
mi HOBbIx O @ H C H ~ I X3 ~ a ~ Bce
~ f ni e. p s H Y ~ b 1 Ce I I O C O ~ ~HI c n o n b 3 0 ~ a ~ m , B3RTb H a n p O K a T a ~ r n l l f i c ~ CnOPTHBHYKJ
y~o MamHHY.
C~OCO~O B
MCnOJlb30BaHEIR. YaIQe BCerO OHM B03HMKaIOT M3-3a XeCTKMX, Ha n e p s b 1 G ~ 3 r m 3 T, 0 B C W O JIMIlIb CTOnKHOBeHkIe ABYX 3CTe-
noTMYHbIX TeopMfi, n p O T M B O p e s a ~ H XKaK o 6 ~ e rOpOACKOMy
~ y nOpmIcy, T ax KoHqenu~fi, A e n o BKyCa, a 0 BKyCaX, K a K M3BeCTH0, H e CIIOPEIT. H0
HY)KAaM MHAMBEWY&TbHbIX C I I O C O ~ O BMCIIO~b30BaHMR. y6xe, ye^ BKYC. O A HH~3 3TMX K O H U ~ ~ U HK o~H~q e, n U M R BbIAeJIeHHbIx
TOT nYHKT, K ~ c ~ I ~ L U RH~~ ~Y CA RO ~ O B ~ P E I MT ~e 0I Xp M 2 - B
HOM aycIae 3CTeTMqeCKMX, -CTOJIb B a X e H , M 3TM TeOPMM B T e X U n H M
bep-LUapnb ~ ' A H $ ~ H p a 3 p a 6 0 ~ a ~ WIaH
~ ~ f 3i a c ~ p o i i 1 t aBa-
@ o p h l a CTOlIb
~ q6MTeJIb~b1 rn XOPOIIIMXrOPO~CKMXIIepBMsHbIX C ~ e C e f i , -1825) - ~ M ~ ~ M K ~ H CapXMTe-
KMA IIIHHrToHa. -f l p w e u . nep.
R M C U e A y I O CKPbITOe 3 H a Y e H M e OnMCaHHOrO W y Y a F I Y y T b no~po6~ee. + p a H ~ y 3 c K o r oI I p O H C X O ~ A e H m ,
B ~ ~ I I R ACMeLUeHEIFIX.
) Y ~H e M a T p H q a , a YTO-TO BpOAe n O C T p o
M H ~ 3TO YH ~ MCXOnMbI, H BPi& H a o6e PeKEI, H X O p O U e e C O O ~ ~ ~ HH3 HT 0~ ,
no eAHHOMy n p O e K T y XEUIOrO MaCCHBa C er0 aMHpCKHM), 0 ~ ~ 0 0 6 p a ~ ~ e H ~ b I GEi3 G I I H ~ H XP ~ ~ ~ O H Orfle B ,H e T H H K ~ K O
IIPOMbIYUIeHHOCTEi)).
~ ~
T o n b ~ B0 ~ ~ ~ o c T ~ o H T W TI e~O PHHO ~ ~ AmaeTrapne~
H 3TO (<npEi-
W H T p o B , n 0 ~ 0 6 H b I xC ~ H - ~ $ P ~ H ~ C C K O M Y .
H~IM W K O M HeABHXHMOCTH)). C CaMOrO CBOWO 3 a P O w e H m , KOr-
P ~ ~ ~ M ~ € JIIOAH,
! T c H H, e IlOHHMaIOUHe C F P i T o r 0 HnH
O c e n w I H c b 6 e n b 1 e 143 C p e A H H x H B~ICIUHXc n o e B 06qec~ua, rapne~
H e 6b1n p a 6 0 ~ ~ ~ n ~ 3KOHOMHYeCKH
~ 0 6 ~ b ~ ~ CEUIbHbIM
, X w I b l M rO-
P ~ ~ P ~ ~ O T ~ ~H ~H' Y
A ~HO~ 3CTeTEiYeCKYIO
~HoM TeOPHIO @ 0 ~ 2 i I l b H bTOYeK
1~ p a f i 0 ~ Ei,
0 ~BepORTHO, T a K HM H H e CTaHeT, KT0 6b1B H e M H H 0 6 ~ -
HMO~~BHCHMC f i ~ O B C ~ ~ ~ H~ O
~ I0XK ~ ~ X a I O 4 eHX ~ ~B OHA OC ~K
M aOT~p H
~ H e nony.IHT, IIOMHMO ApYTHX ~ H ~ H Y ~ c KYHJ xI ~ I I I c H R ~XOPOILIW,
~,
OHH M O r p n p x ~ e H H T b~ ~ ~ A Y M H
p aO3 6, p a c b l ~ a f fI l e p B H Y H b I e C ~ O C O ~ ~ n p H M e C b TpYAOBbIX B O ~ M O X H O C T ~ ~ ~ .
-O C O ~ ~ H HT eO, VTO C I I O C O ~ H ~IlPOH3BeCTEi
nOnb30~aHHH I MOHWe n e p ~ H Y ~ b TpyAOBbIe
1e HClIOJIb3OUaHEt9
CIIOCO~~ I B XHJIblX pafi0-
3 p ~ ~ e n b ~~ no ee ~a ~ n e- ~ 6t e ~3 ye r , ~ e ~~KaO H O M H Y ~ C K HHX H H ~ I H BTOpHYHOe p a 3 ~ 0 0 6 p a 3 H e , H e n b 3 R CO3AaTb HcKYcCTB~HHO, Arne
B ~ ~ ~ M O O T H O L U KOTOpbIe
~ H H ~ ~ , HM H ~ O ~ X O @ ~ M HO~ ITeOpEt9
. ~ I ' A H BOc
~ ~ H ~
~ a ~e eT ~ M~YTO
, 0 6 e c n e ~ ~H~~aKe~~~I O ~ C T ~ ycnaj~y
~ K Tr n aH3 ~
OBOAbHO M a n 0 Il03HTHBHOr'O, Y T O ~ BIUIeCTH
~ I TPYAOBble C R O C O ~ HC-
~I
OT + Y H K U H O H ~ ~ ~ H O C TaHTeM,
, YTO ee MOXHO n p H M e m T b H agan a ~ ma,
m r ~ MX
e ~e X I . C I I O C On
e H ~ K H ~ OH^
B ~ T H~ r~ ~TOHM ~~Hm
~ b
a m b HX B03HHKHOBeHHIO H KOCBeHHO n 0 0 ~ P f i T bHX.
POAaX. EUH n P H H M M a T b BO B H H M a H H e H Y B m a T b 3 T H H M b I , TO 3CT Ho B n I O 6 o c~l I y z I a e II03HTHBHbIe C T H w I I b I - H e nepBZ3~ eo6-
cK*e TeOPHkI, OCHOBaHHbIe H a O T r P a H H 4 e H H E i H H 3 0 J I R q H H OTAeJIbHb OCTb H H e C a ~ b I f ~i I J I O ~ O T B O ~C IHI O~ CI O
~ ~~
n O T p a T m b YCWIMR B <<CepbIX
~ 0 6 HCnOlIb30BaHWI,
0~ <~CaKpaJlbHbIX))w I H <<MHPCKHX)), 0~6p0meH ), KOTOpbIM H ~ O ~ X O A WXMH 3 H e H H b 1 f i HMnYllbC. n e p ~ a H
~ e o 6 x o ~ ~ -
H~H?~~Jo~HocT~H).
Ei3BneYb MaKCHMYM H 3 T e X TPYAOBbIX H EiHbIX <<IIIaXMaTHblX~ I I W ) )
HOrO HCnOJlb30BaHkLFI, YTO pKe HMeIOTCR B npo6ne~~b1xmwrb1x
pafi0-
* n p M ~ e TaKofi
p ~ P X M T ~ K T Y P H O ~ ~ M a p ~ e T - K o p T x a y CB 4 e H T p e ~ P A H B
4 0 ~ m b ~ o fTOYKM
i -H b m - f i o p ~ c ~ m bIHOK 0 6 p H B flyk~cBWLJIe,I l p H BC& CTPaHHOCTH 3 T O r 0 n p M M e p a , KPH-
Bmmxa. R y B e p e H a , YTO ~ a x q p ~~
r r y 6 n ~ s ~~ m
M )Wly
~ J I M O TH~a K ~ fi~0fi TaTeJIb 3HaKOM C ~ O A O ~ H ~ I M
OTAWb
EI KOM, ~ p e 6 ~y a~ ~ o< f~ io n n o p ~ y ~ ~ a k i ~ enonaTHKI.r.
c ~ o f i ) ) To x t e c a M o e
aBeHMJ r? C o p O K B T O P O ~YnM4bI;
~ ~pyT0fi MM MOHYMeHTmbHbIMM ~ # I O K ~ J I ~ H ~ I M 0 C K a 3 a T b 0 H e M a J I o f i YaCTH EpyKJIHHa H OHKC KC^ B H ~ I O - ~ O P KK~a K,
p e H H H X < < C e p b I x3OHaX)) IlOqTH BCeX 60nbmm rOPOAOB.
1 186 ] 11. Y C A O ~ Up A
a3noo6pa3un 8 60nbuux 2 0 ~ a CMCUIaHHOM
X O ~ U M O C ~ ~ 1 I e p e U ' I H O M UC110Jlb30BQHUU [I87 1
K ~ OIIIIOPTYHMCTHYeCKH
K H C n O J l b 3 0 B a T b B KarIeCTBe O T n p a 0, M m a K O H u e H T p a u H R X E m b f f . P a f i 0 ~ 6 1 - H ~ Y A ~ Y H ~CITKp E
a A~a I o T H e
HOG T O g K H CYll(eCTBYIoIIJHe p a 6 o s ~ eM ~ C T K~ ?~ CnJIOTHTb
K a x C )KkIJIbI KO ~ 3 - 3 TOTO,
a YTO B HHX eCTb ( 3 ~ B
0C e r A a MOXHO P a c c ~ a T p H B a T b
KaK
BAaHHRMH, C ~ O C O ~ C T B Y@
RO P M L I P O B ~ H L I I O~ @ @ ~ K T L I B H ~p Ie X
3ep PR nOCTpOeHHR s e r o - T O nywuero), C K O A ~ K O133-3a ~ o r oY, e r o HM ~e
b ~ ~I o
YJIMqHOrO a c n o n b a o ~ a ~ 3a ~ ?e c M n x ~n6p o1B e c T a p a 3 n ~ i ~ ~ e eT. ( ( C e p b I M 30HaM)), Y b H n p 0 6 n e ~ b 1~
a ~ 6 0 nCeeep b e 3 H b I H T P Y A H O P ~ ~ -
M ~ I BPRA
, nu MOXHO IIOMOYb ~ a 6 p a CHJIy,
~ b e U I H BHaYaAe H e n 0 M O Y b
TPYAHOCTEI. B AaYHTaYHaX H e X B a T K a ~ ~ P B H Y HCMeCH a cB
O ~ ~C ~ O C O ~ O M QC-P~IM 30HaMD, r A e I I e p B H q H b I e CMeCH PiMeIoTCR XOTfl6b1 B 3 a p o A b I -
3OBaHLIR -C a M a C e p b e 3 H = , 6a30sa n p o 6 n e ~ aA. B 6 0 n b r u a ~ c ~ ~ e He O X H B H T ~AaJIHTaYH 6onee p a B H o M e p H b I M pacnpweneHHeMnm~efi
P ~ ~ ~ O H OH BO, C O ~ ~ H HBO( ( C e p b I X 3 0 H a X ) , , H e X B a T K a n e p ~ ~ Y ~C 0M ef ci
~ aH mO o A H a 133 n p o 6 n e ~
O ~ ~ I n a nopofi H e c a M a a T R x e n a R . n e r ~ o H) 3HepTEIIO B OAHHX CBOHX YaCTHX, T e M , ~ ~ ~ Y C A O B H
BLIILIe
O, B KOHeY-
cnysaa, K o r A a p a 6 o s ~ eM e c T a c M e r u a H b I T a M c X E m b e M , HO TO MUO eTe UaHcbI H a ycnex , q p y r ~ ero
x ~ a c ~ e Bf i~, I I ~ Yc ~a R
~ b ~ ~e a, a a o c b
r a e T r e H e p a u a a p a 3 ~ 0 0 6 p a 3H ~ 31 ~ e p r a~~I .~ E I YBETOM, I H ~YTO B
UIHHCTBe XEiJIbIX p a f i 0 ~ KPYIIHbIX0~ POPOAOB, K p O M e TOrO, CJIHIlIKO C a ~ co6ofi
o pasy~ee~m , Y
YTO A H ~ H~ pI a i i o ~ b 0~ 6
, nqam~ae
m e K s a p T a n b r , EinH s e c b p a f i o ~6 b m 3 a c ~ p o Be OAHO ~ BpeMR H T ~ H M nHe p B E I 4 H b I M H CMeCRMH EI YCneLuHO r e H e p E I p y m l q H e r O p o A c K o e
npeononen TOT C B O n~ e p ~ o ~ a s a n b ~MEIHYC, b ~ f i XOT~ A ~ H H yxe
R cocTa
JHCb, EiZH, YTO 6 b 1 ~ a OZIeHb e ~ ZIaCTO, p a f i o ~ rIHCT0
y KOJIKYeCTBeHHO H e c T I y u a e HeAb3R HX YHHYTOXaTb IIOIIbITKaMH p a 3 r p a ~ E I s e H I ? R K O M ~ O -
T a e T HaCeneHEIR. K o p o ~ e r O B O p R , H e BbInOnHReTCR 6 0 n b ~ OAHOrO ~ e R . K HeCYaCTbIo, T H I I H ~ H rPi3JOCTPOEITeJIb
~ I ~ nPEI B H n e T a K O r O n O n y -
T b I p e x Y C T I O B E I ~r ~e H e p a q m p a 3 ~ 0 0 6 p a 3 m .
B M ~ C TTOo r 0 Y T O ~ ~~ ~I C ~ O K O E I T0~IIpHBJIeYeHHH
CH pa60 xOA p a 3 p Y U I I I T e n b H b I e H l?JlyIIbIe C T e p e O T H n b I o P T O A O K C ~ ~ H O ~ O
H ~ B H n~p, e w e B c e r o c n e n y e T n o A y M a T b , r A e OH^
M e c T B x ~ n o jpi a f i o ~ O H T M b C T B a . E U I H 3THM JIIOARM A a B a T b AOCTaTOYHO @ e A e p m b ~ b I x
~ IC O ~ H ~ ~ Hnnaae.
~OMOWHB O M Yenose~a,o KOTOPOM M ~ ~IO B O P H M ,
BOKPYr y 6 e w a e ~B TOM, ZIT0 B O C ~ M ~ A ~C eCA H
b MTa H H B O C ~ M ~ A ~ C R T
T a H YIIHqbI H HX X H T e I I H H e HMeIOT C H H M HEIYerO 06qero. Y T O ~ ~
p ~ B ~~P O TbH B O ~ O J I O ? K H O €OH
? , A O n X e H B ~ I ~ ~3 aT nH
peAenbI c B o e r o
A H e B H O r O OIIbITa.
~KOHOMUW
3 TCa K
YIIEiYHaR
U H3OJlSIqEIR OKa3bIBaeT CTOnb
BbIsamqee ~ o s ~ e Z i c ~ sXMT~JIH
ue. 3~013H C O C ~ A H H Xynnq MOW C@O
B a T b 0 6 q ~ fpie 3 e p B y a p 3KOHOMHZreCKOrO HCnOJlb3OBaHHH nHLIIb B TOM
sae, K o r a a EIX A n H H H b I e p a s ~ e n e ~ M~ abp r~U ep p b I CoeAEiHHmTcH B e
nOTOK. B P a C C M a T p H B a e M O M C I l y r a e 6nmaii111eeMeCTO, rge 3 T 0 M O X e T 3 ~ x ae c T K a x @ H ~ E I Y ~ C Kcerperaqm
~R PerynHpHbIx n o n b a o ~ a -
E I ~ O ~ ~ T-
E IK
, ona~Gyc-a~e~m. c O A H O y~ n ~ Hq~ ~~I - ~ I I R P Hn ~o InXb 3 0 ~ a ~ e n e cf i~ p y r o fai a ~ p a r ~ ~ a e ~ ,
HO, H n o c e ~ u ~ e n epagoaa.
fi H a n p k i ~ e pH, m T H a m a T b c IIEIIIIHHM n e T
a H T M C T , K O T O P M ~n~p H H H M a e T H a 3 a n a A H O f i BOCeMbAeCHT L L I ~ C T O ~ ~
11. Y C A O ~p U
a 3~~ 0 0 6 p a ~ u6n ~ O A ~ U I U2 0X UMOCmb 8 MQAeHbKUX KBQplllQlQX [ 191 1
HOK6.e 3 A o n o n H m e n b -
~ ~ H H ~ H
~ q b l K, O r A a M a p r U p y T b I JIIogeI% HMeIOT TOnbKO OAHH 06w~CiOTpeBOK,
X B O ~ M O X H O C TH~ I~I ~Y ~ J I M ~ H O ~
eocyIqeCTBHM0.
K o r ~ Ka s a p T a n b I s e p e c w ~ J I H H H ~AI ,a x e JIIoAH, HaxoAffUHem
R nonporrry Y H T ~ T € X ~3HaKOMbIX
~, C 3THM MeCTOM, ~ 0 0 6 p a 3 m b
cesepa H a Ior, -6e3 Po~+ennep-
f i OT ~ T o 40
3 A a H w I V e H T p a LUAM H € ! ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I Bs eHp eof Il o% C ~LUec-
[ I94 1 p a 3 ~ 0 0 6 p a 3 ue~6onbuux zo
11. Y c n o e u ~ [ I95 1
T e o p e ~ ~ s e crOBOpR,
~ki nOYTEI BCe KOPOTKEIe 6 0 ~ 0 ~YnH
1,~~ po~CKEIMnORCOM rOCYAapCTBeHHbIXXmbIX MaCCMBOB eCTb MeCTO, r A e
M c T c a f i g a C H O M e p a M M E13 CeAbMOrO, BOCbMOrO EI AeBRTOrO AeCRTKOB H M ~ b a b I AOMOB npOCTO-HanpOCTO II03BOKRH)T EIM PjWMTbCX. 3aeLLIm 6e3-
9MCTO X ~ O XGa p a K T e p . ~ O Y ~ H T 0~ 6 ~p a~T H ~ObBHEIMaHMe H a TO, KaK C T MMeeT
~ MHOrO IIPEIYMH, B 9EICJIe KOTOPbIX ~ J I H ~ O CPeKOHCTPY-
T~
TO EI K a K YAaYHO B1UIEIHMBaH)TCR B XWIJ'IO ~ ~ C T P O ~TaKMe
~ K YCne4EIa~3 MX P ~ ~ ~ O HCOEIX
BC O ~ H ~ J ~ ~f l H
e 3OE I~~?T e r p a ~ E I eEI
f i IIpeCTYllHOCTbIo,
B a H H b I e 3aBeAeHEIR, KaK K H H X H b I e Mara3EIHb1, a T e J I b e EI peCTOpaHb1, n p ~
O~~IYHO X ,O T ~EI ~e B C ~ T A OHK
~ , P ~ C ~ O ~ I ~ T ~ HI I)OT~CJ IRH ~ O C T H OT n e p e ~ ~ ~ ~ m a p@Mni3Aenb@&ffi~~EIfi
~ ~ b ~ f i KBaPTm -3 T 0 400 H a 400 @FOB
KOB. Ha aHalIOrEI9HOM y Y a C T K e Y ~ c T c ~KHHXHbIX &~ MaTa3EIHOB H e T Gonee YCIIeLLIHbIX MeCTaX 3TEI K B a p T m b I ewe pa3AWIeHbI H m B O e np0-
K o r a a H e 6 b m o . M n p l n m a H e B TOM, YTO n o c n e A o B a T e n b H b r e ~ O K O J I ~ H H
e B ~ P T MY
9 e ~ b l pK B O A~ ~~ I ~ K BE aa6opax,
~ ~ n, p ~ u m o c nb p o 6 ~ i p a ~ Cb Kc ~ I YTO Xe K a c a e T C R IlpOeKTMpYeMbIX % C y I I e p K B a p T ~ O B > )TO
, EIM
p e n e 3 a T b Y e p e 3 OKHa H Y r O B a p M B a T b OXPaHHHKOB, a f l B a K B a p T m a OH C BeHHbI BCe HeaOCTaTKEI #lEIHHbIX K B a p T m O B , YaCTO B y cyry6ne~~o~
M M H o s a T b n ~ u 6naroqap~
b nepexonaM IIOA~~MKH. axe
TO c n p a ~ e m ~ i ~ o B TOM c n ~ a eK, o r A a OHM ~ P O H E I ~ (cnpo-
~ H ~ I
B ~ C ~ ~ L L I H0~ 6I Xn a, ~ a m q n~ xp b ~ o pf ai f i 0 ~
~ ~ ~ r a ~ e nCHJIO~? aMH>>EI TOPTOBO-~POI'jTlOZIHbIMEi<<MOJIJIaMEI>)
Pi n 0 3 T O M Y B TeOPEIEI BPO-
K p p H b l rOpOAOB
~ YnEI4M IIpaKTEIZIeCKEI HEIKOrAa H e H C s e 3 a H ) T . Ha060 c ~ a 6 X e ~ HaXOARLlJEIMMCR
b 1 H a pa3YMHOM PaCCTORHHM APYr OT A P Y r a
T a M , r A e 3 T 0 B 0 3 M O X H 0 , OHM MHOXaTCR. T ~ KB, OKPeCTHOCTRX aMM>), no KOTOPbIM MOXHO XOAHTb. ~ T E((ynEI4bI))
I ~ ~ C C M ~ I U ~ IIO-
~ H H ~ I ,
(OKPYT
CKBeP B @ m a A e n b @ E I P i EI B A x o p ~ X ~ a y H e KOJIYM~HR) TO p e a K O B 0 3 H H K a e T K ~ K ~ R - J I E IaKTEIBHaR
~O IlpMYEIHa PJIR TOrO, 9 ~ 0 6 b 1
C p e A H K B a p T m O B CO B p e M e H e M I I p e B P a T w I E I C b B YlIEILTbI C BbIXOARWEIM CITOnb30BaJIO AOCTaTOYHO 6onb1110e 9EICTIO n ~ o ~ eAg a. ~ Be IlaCCEIBHOM
HEIX AOMaMEI, EI nH)AEI HCIlOJIb3YH)T EIX EIMeHHO K a K YJIHIJbI. B @WIEigeJIb@ pOCT0 KaK EICTOYHEIK CMeHRIoqEIXCR n e 5 3 m e f i BO B p e M I i n p O I y n K H ,
H a HMX H e M a n 0 MaTa3EIHOB EI H H O KOMMeP4EIEZ.
~
~ ~ c c M ~ I C J I ~ H~H ~6IBCe
,0 n e g 3 a > ~ HBAOJIb HHX no CyWeCTBy OAEIHa-
B A P p M X rOpOAaX, IIOMEIMO H ~ W - ~ O P KC PJIEIHHbIMEI
~ , KBB
. ~ n a , q e n b @~~ ~
n a ~ ~a e n O0~ C T O E I T~e n y ~ ~ u Be @ e m Ay~ ~ H T ~ ~ a
H O M KBapTaJlaX M e w y r h T 0 f i Pi LLIecTofi a B e H I o . T ~ JlIoAEI
M H w y T YnHqbI,
s H H K OTJIll9HbIX E I H ~ P ~ ~ H ~ H T HO
O BT) a, m e I? MHOX~CTBO~ P O C T ~ I X ,
x,HeAOpOrEiX CTapbIX 3 ~ a ~ I ? fBi ,T O M 9 U U I e I? H ~ x o ~ Q I I X C RB H ~ B X K -
EUH Ha K~KOM-mi60
y Y a C T K e r O p O A a e C T b TOJIbKO HOBbIe 3Aa-
aBTOMaTLneCKH 0 3 H a 9 a e T , 9 T O T a M M O W C W e C T B O B a T b TOJIbKO ~
a -
npHR.rm a a a s e ~ e H m KOTOPbIe
, C ~ O C O ~ KOMneHCI?pOBaTb
H ~ I BbICO-
a T b I H a HOBOe CTpOHTenbCTBO. 3 T a KOMneHCauEIR o C ~ I Q ~ C T B J I R ~ T C R
o p M e a p e ~ n ~ oMfaiT b I , n ~ 6 B0 ~ O P AOnH
M ~ AOXOAOB, B b 1 M a 9 H B a e -
[ I99 1
~OCTPO~~K T .e p ~ a p ~ e ~H bOl ~ Y B HM~a Ir a~3 H H b I ZIaCTO OTKpbIBaIOTCFI B
C ~J X O P H X U I p a F I X I l 0 ~ 0 6 ~ b 1 fFi a C T O K M O X e T
BbIX 3AaHEIRX; XOPOIUHe K H H X H b I e EI M a r a 3 H H b I a H T H K B a p H a T a - ropaqo aTbCR HaCTOnbKO HeIllIOAOPOAHbIM 3KOHOMH9eCKH, ZIT0 n p e A n p H H T H R ,
Xe. X0p0lu0 c y 6 c H A H p y e ~ b 1 O
e n e p H b I e T e a T p b I H XyAOXeCTBeH TbCR T a K O r O Y C n e X a , 9 ~ 0 6 b 1 3 a H O B Ono-
H ~ C K O ~AeT
~K H aO3 w , B b I C m a F I H a K O + ~ P ~ H ~ E Ino
E IrOpOACKOMy 8 ~ 3 a e n o ~ o r op a z i a o o 6 p a 3 m . OHHH ~ ~ + + ~ K T E I B axe
H ~ I AJIR n o ~ q e p x a ~ ~ ~
H r O B O p w I a 0 ~ 0 q H a J I b ~ oHf ~i O ~ X O ~ E I M O C B
TEK IO M M ~ P ~ ~ C K pOaM3 ~ o o 6 p TOprOBOrO p a 3 ~ 0 0 6 p a 3 m . TO M O M 0 BHAeTb, H a I I p H M e p , B C ~ a f i ~ e -
B K P W H b I X rOpOAaX. B c ~ o p MOH e UIOBa HaYaSIH B03BpaIlJaTbCH KO M H e pi3 y a p e B H ~ K I - ~ ~ oB~1959 K ~ .p o n y , TO e c ~ 6onee
b Y ~ ~M e p e A3 ~ W n
T e
~ ~
~ ~ a a f i ~ er pp~o0 ~c ~, p o F i ~ e J I He fCTYAeHTOB
i B BHAe n 0 3 y H r a ( K O T O P ~ I ~ ~ , ~ O C T P O ~ ~MaCCEIBa,
KH H 3 3 2 MaTa3HHOB, 9 b M + a c W b I o 6 p a 3 y 1 o ~T o p r o -
3YCrlOBH0, n P m Y M Z l J l a H e R) : ((MHAOJIXHbI OCTaBHTb MeCTO AJItT MWIeHbK H ~ OC
N T ~ ~ ~ B ~ C ~ HCeMb T - Tn ~ W 6 IIyCTOBZlJlPi,
0~ , n ~ 6 E0I C I I O ~ b 3 O B ~ H C b
IlPO,7JOBOJlbCTBeHHOTO M ~ ~ ~ ~ H H Y)>E I K ~ ! OHOMMsHO ( K ~ KCKJIWbI HJIH TOnbKO AJIR B H T P H H H O ~P e K n a M b I I? ~.n.).
n o ~ a ~ a Hn ~y y ~ aYTO a ,TO ~ P O C T O+mypa p e w , rae ~b 2 2 % + a c a ~ H
o e~p a 6 o ~ a n H ~~ p Ha 6 o ~ m ~e~B n o n ~ y r ocmy. B TO
. ~ c ~ o Rp asm
~ c Y~~ C T ~ I OHO
a a ~ e w a e ero e ma nony.ra~bno nowe ~ M ~a R ~ ~ ~ H E I yYn aHu ~ ~ y ~ A ~ H Hpaaaoro
b ~Ir, ~ ~ s en e p e ~ e m CTORT R
H s e p T e X H n p O e K T H P y e M b I X HOBbIX MaCCHBOB H O ~ H O B ~ R ~ M
rOpOACKH
~ I X aCTa, HaXOfiRIJJHeW B P a 3 H O M COCTORHHEI, BbIXOAHnH I40 M a r a 3 H H H b I X
PaCTKOB, rAe T a M H CRM H a ~ O J I ~ L U E PaCCTORHHRX
IX APYr OT AOB, H 3 KOTOpbIX n y C T O B a n H H n H EICIlOJlb30BaJlEICb H e 3 K O H O M H Y H O
A ~ ~ ~ C T B H TOCTaBneHbI
~ ~ ~ H O MeCTa ,&E3 MWIeHbKHX IlpOAOBOnbC KO 11, H ~ 7%.
H Ha C ~ M O M~ e n pea 3 a a u a ewe 6 o n b r u e , ~ O T O M YTO nyc-
ra3HHYHKOB. ~ T nRp O e K T b I COnpOBOX(l(ZlJlHCb nEICbMaMEI, rOBOpHn c a ~ b ~a
1 C T ~ P ~ IYX~ H U ~ B
XO E I~ ~~ C ~ X
, T ~ I ~ OT A H
O ~
B OM~~ O
CCEIB~,
((CMOTPRT~,
MbI JYJIH TO, 0 Y e M yUIbILuaJlH OT Baa). 0nbLLIefi 9 a C T b K ) KOPOTKHe M B JIEIH€!GHOM H 3 M e P e H H H COCTaBnRnH
TOT ~ O K Y CC lIPOAOBOnbCTBeHHbIM M a T a 3 H H 9 H K O M OTpalK me 7%. X 0 p 0 L U a H K O M M e p Y e C K a R C T O p O H a T ~ ~ H H Y H O ~ ~
YJlHUbI -T a ,
HeCOCTORTenbHOe, ~ O K P O B H T e ~ b C T B e H H O
nPe e A C T a B n e H H e 0 rOpOACKOM a H b I AOMa p a 3 H O r O B O 3 p a C T a , XOTR IIOAaBJlRIoIIJee ~ O J I ~ ~ U H H C T B O
H O O ~ ~ ~ nOAXOARUee,
~ H H , B 0 3 M O X H 0 , AJIFI A e p e B H H ~ ~ O I I U I OB e~KOa , HO nefi - ~ H T ~ C
J ~T H
~ ~ ~ B ~ C ~ HKTO T- OTP ~~I M
YIIPHXOAHTCR,
H~, YTO-
K a K H e AnR IIOnHOKpOBHOrO r O p O A C K O r 0 p a f i 0 H a HaLUHX ~ ~ e fOAHHO
i. OIlaCTb B M a r a 3 H H b I , n e p e X O A H T b LUHpOKHe H O n a C H b I e T p a H C n O p T H b I e
~ P O A O B O ~ ~ C T B ~MaTa3HHYHKH
H H ~ I ~ B ~ O ~ ~ L U rOpOAaX,
E I X KaK n p a B H J I 0 , 3 ~ P ye a n b H O C T b n p H 3 H a n H Pi B J I a A e n b u b I CeTeBbIX M a T a 3 H H O B
HmAb H e nP04BeTaK)T. O ~ ~ I Y3 H
T 0O 0H
llpH3HaK 3 a ~ ~ 0 f i ~ H f i~ A H B ~ P C H @ M apKeTOB, nOCTpOHBlUHe HOBbIe 3AaHIIR B CMeLUaHHOM C TOYKH ape-
P O B ~ H H O((cepofi
~~ 30HbI>>.
BO3paCTa rOpOACKOM OKpyXeHHEI, BMeCTO T o r 0 Y T O ~ 3~a nI O n H R T b n y C -
aca,qbr CT~~~B~C~HT-Tapa.
A O ~ P ~ I~Xa
~ e p e ~ IIYCTRYKOB
kifi H e n b 3 R H a 3 B a T b IIPOCTO-HallPOCTO rnyn
MH. B~PORTHO,OHM cAeJIZlJlH HawIy.ILUee H 3 B03MOXHOTO B HMeK)llpiXCH 3
n p a B K n 0 , H a ~ 0 fCTa,l(I1I1,
i KOr- IIJlaTbI, OHM MCKTIK)YaK)TC3 I13 IIPOeKTOB
HOMEIYeCKHX YUIOBHRX. T O P ~ O U Be ~H TIp~n p~H r O p O A H O r 0 T H n a B K a K
AHT(%[ CTOJIKH)'Tb(%[ C SKOHOMM- KnM MX C O O P y X e H M e OTKna,l(bIBaeTW H a
TOYKe 3KIIJIOTO MaCCHBa ILJIIOC XYAOCOYHaFI w e n O T K a IlpOAOBOnbCTBeHH
~ ~ ~ H O C BTB ~WK ~apema06
) H ~ O ~ ~ ~ A U ~ ~p eHl wHr . O ~
I 202 ] 11. Y C ~ O ~p U
a 3R~ 0 0 6 p a 3 ue~~ O J I ~ I U U20p0
X 6~0du~ocm
6 cmapblx
b ~ ~ ~ H U R Z I203 1
K o ~ ~ e p r r aH R
a rOpOgCKHX ycIaCTKaX, 3aCTPOeHHbIX 3 a a ~ ~ ~ c ~ a T p H B a f 0 TKaK HeYTO ~ ~ ~ H ~ A ~ x H
He o3acrry>KkiBaIOqee
C , TOrO, 4 ~ 0 -
OAHOrO BO3paCTa, HHOrAa IIOJlb3yeTCH B HaLUHAHH 3 i l q H ~ 0 f iOT yi"P03b1 co n ~ x H T bB H e r 0 K a K c 6 e p e x e ~T~a K~H, A e H b r H , B3RTbIe B3aGMb1. A BCe
PoHbI 6onee ~ @ @ ~ K T H B H ~H I6Xb I c ~ p e ep e a r H p y I O ~ H XKOHKYpeH YTO, A O C T H ~ H ~ ycnexa,
B Aamqero BOBMOXHOCT~s b 1 6 0 p a , n m g H ~ c e
3aQHTa, KOTOpaR RBJIHeTCH H e 6 o n b m e H H e MeHbIIte, Y e M KOMMepYe 3 E 3 K - 0 @ - ~ e - RH~e~y 3 e 3 X a I o T . B ~ ~ H H B H Y - BH e~T n~O 9xT H
~ HH
H o n o n H e f i , C 9 H T a e T c R B i?PZi,lJOCTPOHTeJlbHbIX KPJTaX B e C b M a "nporpec C T a p o r o a g a ~ w rK, O T O P ~ I Mn p e ~ e 6 p e r n ~ c e M m ~3 cpemero mac-
6b1
HbIM,> AenOM. H a n p H ~ e p IIpOeKT
, P e K O H C T P Y K ~ H H+ H n m e n b @ H f i c p e c y I o a H e C f f HeAOpOrHM BapHaHTOM B X H B Y q e M I I o J I H o ~X
~ H3HbIO
c a f i e ~ ~ i - X m nn ap e A y c M a T p x s a e T H C I I O J I ~ ~ O B ~M T o~A o B ~ O H H P O
HeH m H nIoAH, KOTOPbIe H w Y T B03MOXHOCTH 0 6 0 I ' a ~ H T b m ,3 a H H M Z 3 C b
c T p p q H e s HeABI?)fCHMOCTH. B YCIIeLUHbIX p a f i 0 H a x C T a p b I e 3AaHHR M a -
TOpbIe 6 y ~ B03BOAEITb
e ~ ero ~ ~ C T P O ~ ~~ ~P M ~ ~KO. C T P O H pa3pa60T
T ~ ~ E I my <<mp
B ropy>).
T a m e < < n ~ q e ~np0ex.r))
oG A n R p a f i o ~ a c, o r n a c H o KOTOPOMY P e C T O p a -CM aTf i~a ~ H - & i Y , rfle HOBH3Ha PaCCMaTPM-
ApyraR K ~ ~ ~ H O
B H e M H M e e T n p a B O OTKPbIBaTb TOnbKO OAHa P e C T O p a H H a R CeTb. E O n b m e H a KaK eAHHCTBeHHOe A ~ ~ % C T B ~ HCpeACTBO.
HO~ T ~ OTenH,
M IIOCTpOeHHbIe
e ~ o fcmga
TO co c ~ o e G i He cflm! ~ fKi ~ ~ C KpafioH
I I e p e c ~ p a ~ s a e ~ Yb R H ~ ~ r e T H a 3 a , CYHTaIoT CTaPbIMH H O T B e p r a I O T B I l O n b 3 y ApyrEIX, IIOHO-
~ ~ ~ K - K ~ HIIpeAOCTaBnReT
B Y A MOHOnOnHIO nOYTH H a BCIO TOPrOBnK) T o p p 6naronony.1~~
H 3 H a C ee IIOBePXHOCTHbIM ~ ~ € ! C K O M - B e C b M a CKO-
f C O ~ C T B ~ H H O C Tr M
MY UeHTPY n p H r O p O A H O r 0 T H n a , H a X O A S I ~ e M y C f B naB
3 a c ~ p o f i q H ~ aB. OrPOMHOM PeKOHCTPjWPYeMOM ~ ~ O - ~ ~ I I W pafi0
H O M M H O ~ HAIOARM
M H IIpeAIIpHRTHRM B 6 0 n b m H x r O p O f l a X COBep-
LUHHrTOHa r I I a ~ ~ b 1~f i~ C T P O ~T a~ m~e H Y W IIO BCeMy, HCKOpeHReT n
, CK ~e W H b I HOBbIe 3flaHEIR. B AOMe, nHLUY 3TY KHHrY, n O M e w e H m
KOHKYpeHqPfIO C c060ti. r k ! p ~ ~ ~ a y a J I b ~ bHIpfOi e K T n p e A y C M a T p H B m q
pmb~b1fT
i O P ~ O B IJeHTp
~ I ~ ~ IIpHrOpOAHOrO T H n a IIJIIOC HeKOTOpOe K OC$O~M~~HH~M
~ ~ P ~ ~ ~ T ~ I B ~ I ~ I I J Wq e p ~ ~ e m
f i y; 6pa~y~omfi
BO HaLUHX CTaPbIX 3HaKOMbIX -~ ~ ~ ~ P O C ~H eH6 0Hn b~L U
I H
X ~OAHHO c ~ o G n o n ~ ~ ~ y e~ cn y~n6~~ 6f ei p a n b ~ o l %
e ~ o ~ p a ~ m e napma;
AOBOnbCTBeHHbIX Mara3EIHOB. HO3KOHOMEICT TOPrOBOrO U e H T p a n p e g c K a y3bIKaJIbHOe O ~ U J ~ C T B O
ZICCOqEIaQHR
; aKKOpAeOHHCTOB; IIeHCHO-
YTO 3TH M a r a 3 H H b I MOrYT YXYALUHTb 6113~ec
M a B H O r O TOprOBOrO q e H T p a HE no nowe n a p a r s a i k c ~ nY ~a e M M a T e ; s e n o B e K , ~ o p q m q ~ f i
TOPOMY I I p H g e T C R HeCTH 6 p e BblCOKI?X
~ ~ H a w I a A H b I X PaCXOAOB. YTO~~I COBMeCTHTeJIbCTBY ~ ~ H H M ~ I O ~OHT ~I I~ ~C~ RB M
Ka O
T e~; CTOMa-
~
3 a q H T H T b , M a r a 3 H H b I HCKJIlO9kllIH H 3 IIpOeKTa. T ~ CTaHAapTH30BaHHbIe
K q e C K m na6opa~opm;
CTYAHR, rge y q a T P E i c o s a T b a K B a p e n b m ; H M a c -
HOnOnH3HPOBaHHb1e KYCKH CYppOraTHOrO r O p O A a BCycIHBaIOTcR H a M IIO G~xy-repnr?. B ~ m n Be~ I ~ X ~ B L U~HeX3 a ~ 0 nAO
r 0T O r o , K ~ RK 3 ~ e c b
AOM < < C T U I ~ H H P O B ~ HTHOOP~~~O B O $CeTH)).
~ a c b , G b m H r e n O B e K , A ~ B ~ B L UH H
a I I~p ~
O K a T CMOKHHrH, MeCTHOe OTAe-
M o ~ o I I o n H c ~ ~ ~I Iep O e pOBaHHe MOXeT 0 6 e c n e w ~
c e~KoT H poC$com3aH raHTRHCKaR T a H q e B m b H a R T p n I I a . B HOBOM ~ A ~ H HT aH-
KMM OAHOPOAHbIM B B03PaCTHOM OTHOLUeHHH H a Y H H a H H R M , H~~C$C$~K ,~e H a r u n o c b 661M e c T a . M nomenaee, Y e r o M ~ XOTHM,I -3~0
H ~cIa M
HbIM H ~ ~ C T O ~ IIO ~ 0 fCBO&
i CYTH, C $ I I H ~ H C O B ~ IYCneX.
~ HOO H 0 H e e*. qer0 MbI XOTHM, K a K H MHOXeCTBO H a M I I O A O ~ H ~- IX
3 T, O
~ 0 6 H~e K0H M M a H O B e H H e M ~ 0 n m e 6 ~ 0nfain O Y K H COTBOPHTb 3KBHB a H H e B IIOJIHOKPOBHOM p a s o ~ eK, O T O P ~ IHHbIe ~~ H3 HaC n O M O r y T me-
3 ~ 0 0 6 p a 3 ~Hecnoco6~o
~ O ~ O A C K Op ~a O ~ . OHO B KpYnHOM rOp0,qe H npe e IIOnHOKpOBHee.
H o ~ o Xe m O e CTpOkiTenbCTBO B 6 0 n b 1 u ~ xrOpOflaX T a K X e HeJIb-
Ke C6 0 n b p a~ 3 6~ p o~ c o HaKJIWHbIX
~ PaCXOAOB. TaTb ~ ~ C C ~ O P H 6 n~ aI M
r 0 ~EMY
. COnYTCTByIoT M H O r H e MHHYCbI, I? 4 e H a
Bo3pac~
3AaHHR C T09KEI 3 p e H I I R er0 IIOJIe3HOCTH H IIpHBn COB H MHHYCOB m R p a 3 H b I X n I O ~ e l %6 y g e ~ pa3HaR. H~KOTO-
TWIbHOCTH - 9 p e 3 B b 1 9 a f i ~ 0O T H O C H T e n b H O e IlOHRTHe. B IIOnHOKPOB n o s a T a m 6 b n b m y m n n o m a n b 3a T e x e A e H b r H ( m ~
p a f i o ~ 6onbmoro
e ropoga, K a x e T c R , H e T H s u e r o , YTO H M e m u H e B M ~ O P
T m H 6 b 1 UIHLUKOM CTaPbIM A/IR IICnOllb30BaHHR -EyIH &TIR 3 a M e H b I B KO HOMY W R nE*TIHnPOB. H ~ K O T O P XOYeTCH,
~IM 9 ~ 0 6 b CKB03b
1 CTeHY
HOM CYeTe YeM-TO HOBbIM. M 3 T a nOne3HOCTb CTapbIX C T ~ O ~ HCBR3aHa
H ~ ~
H m A b H e TOnbKO C HX aPXHTeKTYPHbIMH AOCTOHHCTBaMH H O Y a p O B a H H e
e ~c ,m o e n o c n e a ~ e esero
, M ~ XO-
I ~ 0 4 H JIM
0 M ~ ~I O K ~ ~ M C T ~ I n, y~c -T O ~ ~ I
B YHKarCKOM p a f i 0 H e 6 3 ~ - 0 C $ - , i J e - g ~ ~ 3HH OflHH BkiAaBIUHfi BIIAbI, H e I I p H
~ a ~ e n b ~ b 0l f6 i~, e ~ ~ a J I bH,I fKia 3 m O C b 6b1, O T X H B L U E I ~ ~
CBOe K ~ P K ~ C H ~ I ~ ~ p e ~ ~~o nep o c a0 TOM, , q o c ~ a - ~ T O ~ M Y ~ C Kr O
o ~p O
o~a-~es~bl.
i ~ ~ T I I A ~B T95
C ~ e C ? Y ~ oKf B OAOAnapOB
~ 3a K O M H ~ T Y * . Y a C T b r U I a T b I 3 KOII~fi
TaHueB, 3 a T e M OILRTb ~ T J I ~ T W X ~ C K~E I6~ , 3 a M~a mee p ~C K m
IIIeHkie X m k i W H b I X yWI0Bkifi HeKOTOpbIe O X O T H BHeCJIH
~ ~ ~ 661c06cTBe H x K a , 3 a T e M OIIRTb UIKOJIa, 3 a T e M K Y 3 H W a , 3 a T e @
~ a 6 p k i ~ a 3, a T e M
TPYAOM Pi H ~ O ~ ~ ~ T ~ T ~ J I ~ H JIlOAki
O C TI I ~
p HI 3TOM
O ; MH0fi pa3 XOTRT C a
<<Mmb~fi,T ~ ysepeH,
I s ~ sTa
o raso- x ~ n b 4 Aopororo
0 ~ HoBoro M r O p O A a M H P H a H e K m AOJUl CTapbIX 3 n a H k i f i rnK Y I I ~ T M B ~ ~ KHaHK
m H T a -OAHa a3 51 Bonq+zwei% CKOrO XWIOr0 MBCCUBB. OrO, T a K H BTOPkiYHOrO p a 3 ~ 0 0 6 p a 3 B
~ Y~CTHOCTM,
~ . CTapbIe 3 A a H m
nPIpaq~Hb1,no KOTOPOGMbI nOCfXMTIMCb IIOrpOMse, AOpOraR, - OT3
BB ~ L u H H ~ T o H - c K B ~ P --
B ~ ~ ? , , ~ y m-Ham
. O cny
cocen T O ~ ~ KTO M ~ WIR
I 3 a p o x , q e ~H~O B
~ ~ I X~ O P M
nepBmHoro pa3~006pa3m.
cnpamasaeT xeHa B KapaKaType, Hane- ~ o B ~~6 0yp ~ o f i n . EUIH 3 T a ( M H K Y ~ ~ ~ M W R ,e, T YCneUlHO, AOXOA OT 3fiaHkifi 3 a Y a C -
q a T a ~ ~ 0nfpi o ~ e c ~ p w erpynnofi
fi 3 p a C T a e T . r p 3 f i n M f i 3 f i O T M e Y a e T 3TOT ~ B K T rOBOPR
, 0 P b I H K e o6y-
B, O ~ O P Y ~ O B ~ H EZ
E IBCnOMOI'aTenbHbIX
~I YCJIYT, H ~ O ~ X O A H M ~ I X pa6o-
X m b R H p a 6 0 ~ b I . E e 3~ T H X ~ 0 ~ 6 E Z H a q HBf ~i @ ~ K T R B
nep~tlsHb1X T a M H H U e r O ELlIH IIOVTH H H g e r O H e 6 b m 0
aBTOMarHCTpaIlH, 3 a 6 H ~ b I JIerKOBbIMEI
e
BbIBaTb CBOH B03MOXHOCTH B IIJIaHe B T O p H g H O r O p a 3 ~ 0 0 6 p a 3 ~ ~ . H H 3 r O p O n a , 6 b m H HCTpa.IeHbI O r p O M -
~ P Y K J I H HH e M O X e T YCneLuHO KOHKYPHPOBaTb C IIPHrOpOA MhI, H H Y e r O CpaBHHMOrO B M a H e 3 a 6 0 ~ b W
1 IH AeHer H e 6 b m 0 YAWe-
3 a K P P H b I e H H3BeCTHbIe IIPOH3BO,L(CTBa, H q m H e HOBOe MeCTO. pa&
~ e p ~e
e M O ~ B~~ Ta c ~ o ~~penm, q e e H, ~ ~ ~ ~ C J I O BeH O~ ~e
, yc n e p y e ~ ~ m ne a ~ r ox p o ~ c c~~ ~a ep b 3~, eq a ~ m ,AOKM H ~ e n e 3 ~ b A1OeP O ~ M " .
-~
T a T b C f l 0 6 b 1 r p a ~ bI I P H r O P O n b I B UX H r P Y H H a UX YCJIOBLIFIX. y ~ P Y K I I R H ~ O A O ~ H~ O
OJ I ~ L U M H C T B
rOPOACKHX
Y P ~ ~ ~ O H OHBa X, O n R q H X C R
BCeM A p Y r H e M M C b I . ECJIH6pYKJIHH X O g e T Pi3BJIesb MaKCHM a p b I X 3AaHPifi, s e M e M y H W H O . M~ase
HbIX ~ ~ e ~ Xm e bfR iH p a 6 0 ~ b 1 OH , n O J I X e H IIOJIOXHTbCR r n a B H , M H O ~ H Mer0 Y ~ ~ C T K~ ~
0 nMr 0 eB P ~ M R~e X B ~ T ~~ O~ CO T ~ ~ ~ H H O ~ O
~ P ~ W I E ~orna-nu60
IH cyMeeT kicnonb-
K ~ MOXHO
K 6onee nonroro B ~ ~ M ~ n
HoH~ a HX H M ~ ~ eT ,
. OH p a c y q ~ e ~ n yn m c b ~H n p e u ~ y q e c ~ (a
s ay c n e r u ~ o er o p o n c ~ o e
~ O 6A 0 n b ~ IeI ~ O E I ~ B O A C T B ~ H Hn~ p
I Xe
n n p ~ ~n~e p~ef6i~ p a e ~ c~3; r p e K O H C T p Y K 4 M H ) 9 a C T O 0IIYCKaK)T CTOM-
B A p y r H e MecTa, seiv nepeesxae~
B~P~WIHH O. ~ H ~ KKo nOH s e c T B o m b H 0 fiOp0- MOCTb ~ O P O J I C K O3eMJIPi
~~ A 0 YPOBHR HEI-
CKHX 4 a 6 p H HeJWIOHHO
~ paCTeT. Mccnmo~ame,KOTOpOe BbInOJIHwI a M ~ H x ~ T T ~Ke
- CTOMMOCTM KOBpORbIX I I O K P ~ I T M ~
B 3AaHMRX. 9 ~ 0 6 b 3eMJIR
l CTOMna AOPO-
W H T a 6 p y K J I k i ~ c ~ o HHCTHTYTa
ro npa.r?.a", XOpOllIO 0 6 a ~ c m 3TO
e~
" C T I ~ K~o ~ HTCTSHJIEI
, Kora~
M QPBHK M~~c~~~IHHo.
M m O MeHRIoTCrr 4 1 1 3 1 1 9 e ~ ~ 1 1H, T e ~ e 6 0 n b L U H eI I e p e M e H b I , s T 0 n
TO n e p e M e H b I K x y n m e M y : n o c T e n e H H o e B e T u a H H e , o T A e n b H b I e
W T W ~ ~ ~B03HHKaH)WHe
HO TYT M T a M HOBbIe C ~ O C O HCnOnb30BaHLIR.
~ ~ I
CMOTPRT H a 3 T H HeMHOTHe ~ ~ C I I O P R A O ~I IHe p~e IM~e H b I H BEIMT B HH
3HaK, a n0p0fi H n p M s H H y HeKHX KOPeHHbIX Y X Y ~ L U ~ HYR n~ ~~ . v - -60
ARM X m b , 9 T O O K P Y r a H 3 M e H L m a C b . @ H ~ H ~ ~ c KOAHaKO,
H, O H a H3MeH
spe3~blsafi~
M0m O . TO H3MeHLZnOCb - 3 T 0 O W m e H E I R , KOTOP
3bIBaeT. O K ~ JIlpORBrrcIeT
T~ C T p a H H y I o H ~ C ~ O C O ~ H OMOAePHH3
CT~
AenaTbCR X H B e e , P e M O H T H p O B a T b c e 6 TaM,
~ rAe W H O , I I p H B n e K a T
H H e HOBOrO n O K O J I e H m . OH^ M e p T B a . @ ~ K T L ~ ~ COKHH a 6 b m a MepT
ro P o n a e H m , HO TO M ~ KTO O 3 a ~ e s m n, o K a ~ p y H ne H a s a n cMep
B KOHUe KOHUOB, KOrAa 6 e c n o n e 3 ~ 0 c ~IIpH3bIBOBb 3aC
K a B a , 3aHHTbCH PeMOHTOM H A a T b YIImKJJ 6ofi CTaHOBHTCR RCHa, np
ewe B 1785 r o ~ y~, o r g ca ~ a s a nBocyamy: < < P e a p~ao3 6 p o c a ~ ~ b nma 1e ~OJII,~OB~HHR,9 ~ 0 6 b AIOAA
1 ~a y n ~ ~6a bxm xoporuo~ pacnpeaene-
rOrO nALUeHbI, A K a K OHM H H CTapaIOTCR, Y HAX nnoxo n o n y s a e ~ c ~ M e H a AHR (06 3KOHOME19eCKHX I I p H 4 A H a X 3 ~ 0 iHi ~ O ~ X O A A M O C T H
YAO~CTBO B 0 3 H H K a e T 6 J l a r o ~ a p XK O H q e H T p a q H A ) ) . B r n a ~ 8).
e ~ T O 3~T AMH H b I e BAAbI AeRTenbHOCTZl (pa60~a,p a 3 B n e -
H a G n m ~ a ~ e n TO
r? & e n 0 3aHOBO OTKpbIBaIOT 3TY CBn3b B A ~ @ @ ~ K T I . I BB
HI ~U I M
~ B KOHUeHTpaUAIO, OHH A O n X H b I
H b I C ZlHTeHCABHbIM A C I I 0 n b 3 0 ~ a H P i e M~ O P O A C K O3eNLTIH.
~~ Ec-
aK)T MeCTO H BKJIIOsaIOT B ~ e 6 MFlJIOe
R 9ACAO AIOAefi,
~ T H
H ~ BOBCe
A H e CIIOCO~CTBYIOTp a 3 ~ 0 0 6 p a 3 H
~ ~ITOIIHOKPOBHK)
)
W H O 3 T 0 nogpo6~o
AOKa3bIBaTb.
To Xe C a M O e , OAHaKO, CIlpaBeAAHBO H B O T H O I I I ~ H A HXAJIOTO
9 T O I I P H H ~ ~ ~ O C T ~ TnAOTHOCTA
O ~ H O ~ ~H a C e A e H H R H e B O 3 M O X H O nOAA
B OpTOAOKCalIbHOM r p ~ 0 C T p O H T e Y I b C T B eH O P T O A O K C ~ ~ ~TeO-
HO~~
HqHOrO X O ~ R ~ ~ C T B ~
BbICOKM M O T H O C T b XHJIbIX eAAHALl nOJIb3YeTCR
~ e p ~ o@f~i ~ W I ~ @ E Irae
E I c, o q a m b a b l e n p o 6 n e ~ b 1 - OAHH conpo~ox,qae~cx
$ e ~ u r u ~ a a q ~~ e iei -
n b I X B rOpOAe, CpeAHRR rUIOTHOCTb X W I b I X eAEIHHr[ BABOe MeHbIIIe, Y e M 0 JlOYHOrO a ~ m u 3 IIJIOTHOCTM,
a TOYHbIX
P M T T ~ H X ~ ~ C - c K BHa
e p .O ~ ~ E I P H ~ I X
TeppEITOpW3X B AaHHhIX 0 rUIOTHOCTA B P ~ & % o H3 8~-x ,
P W O K E I COUEIZLJIbHbIe6ecnop%,q~EI, IUIOTHOCTb X W I b I X eAHH
H a YflPiBJIeHAe M m O . (ODMHHaYZlJIbHAK
B H b I O - ~ ~ O P K C K O6p)'KJIEIHe
M HaEI60nblllMM BOCXEIweHEIeM
~ P Y K J I E I H - X ~ ~ ~HO
T C .MOXHO 3aMeTEITb OAHO EIHTepeCHOe p a 3 n M s E I e . Ha O W H b T P ~ A H O~ e n a 0606we~m)),
~ b
X 3 T T e H e B O K P p 3TEIX @ e I I I e ~ e 6 e l l b H b y%iCTKOB
I~ PaCnOJIOXeHbI O s e H b I I O X ~ O B Z l J I C ROAMH rpaffOCTPOMTeJIb,
O A H ~ KBOA O n r O C P O 9 H O M n J I a H e O K p y X a m W e e rOpOA K O n b q O
K a ~OnTPfMZiJIbHafI
~ ~ a IIJIOTHOCTb HGlJIbIX eAMHHII B 6 0 J I b m 0 ~r o p o ~ e ? n n o ~ w o c ~ bCYIIMT
m 6 0 n b u ~ eHeIlPHHTHOCTM: er0 W e T c y ~ b 6 ((ce-
a
O T B ~6T y ~ BeYeM-TO
~ CXOAeH C OTB2TOM ~ M H K o J I ~HHa~BOII
3elwIW, OTBeTKir ~ H H K O J I ~ H . @ ~ H K ~ M O H ~ ~ H ~~ I OM C
I ?T ~ ~ ~O H~ H
B O J I ~ K ~ ~r o B
p o ~A o~MM, o~H IH ,~
C X O A H ~ I M0 6 p a 3 0 ~ BOIlpOC
, 06 o I I T M M Z U I ~ H OIIJIOTHOCTM
~ ~ H me,
O y T p a Y M B a I o T 6 b m y m r e o r p a @ H Y e c ~~ ~ E I ~ K
OnC
0 mTI I~H H b I M
n b I X eAWHM4 -BOnpOC @ ~ H K ~ ~ O H U ~ O B ~Ero . 0 3 M O X H O PeLUMTb, 0
H WHRe B
H O B ~ I B ~ F IHCa~~ ~ C T P ~ K T H
C ~O IOX~ ~ ~ X ~ H 0
H KOAWYeCTBe
H X 3 e m W , KO OT n m ~ e f iK
, oTopbIe no 3KOHOMM9eCKHM I.lrrW C 0 4 H m b H b I M
B kiAeaJIe CJIeAOBasIO 6b1 OTBeCTM TaKOMY-TO Yk1CJIynI0~efi ( X L I B ~ M
B X B ~ H C ~ I BBY ~
a C~T HT p ~X M 3 H b MX 0 6 W ~ a T e J I e f i , H a 3TH nORCa
e M noKJIaP,HcToM, ~ 0 0 6 p m a e 061qec~se).
~o~
~ O T H O C CJIMIIIKOM
T ~ M W a WIPi CJIHIIIKOM BWIWKa, n o q e ~ ~ ~bO ~J I e~ L U HTOpOAOM,
M 110rpy?KeHHbIe B O G ~ I ~ AIIR
H ~ HI e~r o
=OMoraeT, a M e N a e T ropOACKOMy p a 3 ~ 0 0 6 p a 3 w m . TOT A ~ @ ~ K T b ~ OHW
, J I M ~ ~ ~HO ~P OI A C K O
X ~M~ B H ~ H H OCHJIbI,
~ ~ I O ~ B O J L R X )CW
3TM-
~~~
P O B a H m W eCTb nPUYUHQ TOrO, YTO O H a CJIMIIIKOM MZiJIa I.lrrH CJIMLUKOM B
Ka. H ~ CMT O W O 6b1CMOTPeTb H a KJIOTHOCTb n p H M e P H O T a K Xe, KaK MM C
3TY KaTerOPMKJ nona,qaeT mac- r 0 p O A a - c W a B Y3KOM nOHMMaHMM: me-
oHa xoporuo p a 6 o ~ a eB~p. a 3 ~ b 1 xC J I ~ ~ F Io XH a 6 y g e ~paaaofi.
HTpaJJwI. n p H n p O ~ ~ y ~ O Y H ILTIOTHOCTH
O f i B H e M T e M H e M e H e e AOCTa-
b ~ ~ ~ C T B OeeBKOHCTPYKTHBHbIe
H M O TH a Y a ~A ~ T ~ CWIbI. 3 ~ TaO q K a IIOB
AY p a 3 H a . Pa3HaFi W H P a 3 H b I X I'OPOflOB, O H a pa3~ill1 H BHJTPH OAH
r O p O A a B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT TOrO, KaKyIO IIOMOIqb X W I H w a n O J I P a I o T OT
r H X UePBklYHbIX CIIOCO~OBHCIIOJIb30BaHHH I? OT I I o J I ~ ~ o B ~ T ~EpHBJIe
JI~~~,
MbIX H3BHe XHBOCTbH) ~ H I I K ~ ~ H O Cp
T a~fHi o) ~ a .
Tame p a f i o ~ b 1 KaK
, P H T T ~ H X ~ ~ CB -@I?nweJIb@r?~
CKB~~ H H
228 1 6 x o a u ~ o c m b8 ~ o n q e n m p a q u u
b , 3 T O A e n a I o R, YTO KPJTIHbIM r O p O A a M H W H a BbICOKm ~ O T -
Y ~ ~ e p w a T KaK n p ~ ~ e X IIJIOTHOCTW,
J T ~ ~M AOBeCTA
~ ~ ~ MX A 0 T a K O r O COCTORHKH, KOrAa
HOCTb XELTlbR M B ~ I C O K M
K ~O ~ @ @ H U H ~ H
lIOKPbITE3
T 3eMJIM, -3HaYMT, no pat- MM r e H e p a U H H p a 3 ~ 0 0 6 p a 3 m ) Y M o T H e H E I e
K g M C n y HaUIMX CaMbIX UeHHbIX 3KOHOMHrIeCKHX n p e H M ~ e C T B % . T b 3KOHOMHYeCKJ%3 CUllY rOPO4OB. hJTL0 O T P H U a T b TOT @KT, 9 T O MbI,
M e m y 1958 H 1980 r O A a M H , y K a 3 b I B a e T A O K T O p X a y 3 e p , H H a q w I , X M B W i l R B YCJIOBwIX ~ O P O A C K O3KOHO-
~
BbIPaCTH H a BellMrIMHY Me>rS4Y 57 MWIJIMOHaMH (B
neHMe C ~ A A O n X H O
r O p O ~ C K H Xape&JIOB, KaK 3TOY HaC HaIIPOTXXC€!HkIW IIOCJIeAHEIXAeCRTM
MCTOYHHKOM~ e ~ Z l J l 0er0
f i YaCTK, p a 3 y ~ e e ~ 6c ~y , ~ CaMM
p 3TK TOHaCeJIeHHOCTM H e 6 b 1 ~ T
b P~LUO~~MH
PO&% IIOTOMy 4TO OHM H e RBnRK)TCR IIOXMpaTfYHMM JlIo~ek,
m T a , He ki~ek
MeCTO ABa @ J W A ~ M ~ H T ~p a~mHE O
I9-
a H a KOHqeHTplipOBaHHbIe CKOJTIeHwI x H ~ € ! J I e f i M H e 6 y ~ 3bT H A B a
n0MCyTM CBO&.
O ~ M O H X l I b H OO ~ ~ C T I O B J I € ! H H ~ I M
6 0 n b m ~ eo 63ea
~~ r I~e n o ~ e 4 e c ~ oMt ai c c b I ,
O T H O C T xapamep-
npoMe>KyTOqHaR MOTHOCTb. P y n H b I X rOpO4OB, OYeHb YaCTO aBT0MaTHYeCKH CYMTaIoT =OM. TO
Mnki x e M ~ cIy M e e M k i 3 s n e q b B b I r o A y ~3 3 ~ 0 r nop w p o c T a
9 T O KOHIJeHTpalJUIO J I I o ~ e f HYXHO
i $ E I ~ M T ~ C K MHHMMkI3kIPOBaTb
H
11. Ycnoeu~p a 3 ~ 0 0 6 p a 3 ue ~
donbllluxz [ 231 1
BCeMH c n o c o 6 a ~YMeHbLIIaTb,
~: HaCKOJIbKO B03MOXCH0, CaMO
~ 0 fMaJIbIM
i rOPOAKaM ~ ~ ~ M F I T ~ X H O COTCH)@~
TH. CJIegyeT T a
KIIIO~OMp a 3 ~ 0 0 6 p a 3 ~n ep k~i c y l r l e e ~ O J I ~ I I I H K
MO H ~ ~ H T P H P
H ~ K O T OM
P H~@I ~~I ,
neHHeM. O ~ c m g can e g y e T , TO G e c n o ~ o f i ~ cylrlecma,
b~e
CR nH)AH, K O r f l a HX c o 6 ~ p a e ~BMeCTe
m MHOTO, H ~ O ~ X O ~ H pacnpegen~
M O
a nopwwa, T O ~ H OH a C O B ~ ~ M ~ Hn H~ nO q~ e~+ e p ~ e .
HO e C T b H ~ p y r 0 fBi 3 m R g . C B O ~ ~ C T B ~KPYIIHLIM
HH~I~
6onb111ofi 06'be~
H IIJIOTHOCTb HaCeneHkLR MOXHO C 9 H T a T b IIOAOXHTenLH
@ ~ K T O ~ ~ MBHe ,p R B HX 4eHHOCTb KaK ~ 0 q ~ e f i I L I e HCTO9HHKa
r0 XR3HeH
W b H b I e C ~ O C O ~H
L CI I I O ~ b 3 0 B a H H R ~ ) .
T~KOB
H e~
KOI TOPbIe H 3 <<CTPaLIIHnOK>),
n 0 6 y X f l a H ) ~ HKPYII-
~
MOMOCT~~~
BO, MHOrOM YHHKaJIbHbIX, H e I I p e g C K a J y e M b I X H Gnarogap~3 ropoAa IIpOTHBHTbCR p a 3 ~ 0 0 6 p a 3 ~ ~~ ) T
. cHy X f l e H H R O K a 3 b I B a H ) T
e 4 e 6onee qeHHbIX. ECJIHCTORTb H a ~ a ~ 0TO9Ke
f i 3PeHkLFI, 0TCH)Aa
ropogcKHx yuacTKoe cTana CTepHnmMM, csepxperna-
@~KTOM.
Te, H m O H e TOJIbKO 9eCTHO MHPHTLCR KaK C I $ E I ~ H ~ ~ C K H M bIM, B b I X O n O q e H H b I M M e p O I I p H R T H e M . O H H CTORT H a n y T H
CXeAyeT, 9 T O H m O IIPMBeTCTBOBaTb 3TO KaK Gnaro, IIOBbIIIIaTL, rge H e 0
AMMO qBeTeHkLR T O P O ~ C K OX~H~3 H H , KOHIJeHTpaqHH) JIIOgefi, A O ~ H B ~ T
3PHMO O X H B ~ € ! H H O n
~ ~y 6 n ~ s ~ oy fJ liE 1 9 ~ 0 f iX H 3 H H , MaKCHMaJIbHO o6ecne
B a T b H IIOOIIJPRTb 3KOHOMH9eCKOe H BH3yaJIbHOe p a 3 ~ 0 0 6 p a 3 ~ e . C ~ O X H On~e p e n n e ~ e p~ a~ 3e ~ b C 1 I~I O C O ~ O
HBCIIOJI~~OB~HHR
C H C T ~ MB3rJlRgOB,
~I KaK 6 b 1 OHM H H IIPeTeHAOBaJIH H bWHX ropogax - OTHIoAb H e XaOC. H ~ I I ~ o T H B3,T 0 Pa3HOBHAHOCTb
HHOrO H BbICOKOPa3BHTOTO nOpRAKa. ~ J I ~ B H3affa9a ~ R ~ 0 e fKiH H r H -
Tb, KaK 3TOT Y T o H ~ ~ H H I g~O~K p a 6 0 ~ a e ~ .
n 0~p R
M BCe Xe I I p H TOM, 4TO CJIOXHbIe CMeCEi H K O M ~ P ~ H ~ ~3E~I aE ~I H f i ,
YCIIeLIIHOrO
H C n O n b 3 0 B a H w I H YJIH9HbIX K a P T H H H ~ O ~ X O ~ ~ H M ~ I
HRpOBaHkLR rOpOgCKHX GOHO HOB, H e H e C e T n H p a 3 ~ 0 0 6 p a 3 ~C CO-
e
6 a ~ Toa K~H e MHHYCLI, KaK He3CTeTH9HOCTb, K O H ~ J I H K T ~ ' H ) ~CIIO-
H~
IIOnb30BaHHR H T p a H C n O p T H b I e 3 a T O p b 1 , O Y e M T B e P W T TPWOCTPOH-
Monsa Hnn~epa~ypa?
n p e g c ~ a ~ n e06~ 3mT H x M E i H y c a x O c H o B a H b I H a B n e q a T n e H H -
C I I O C O ~ C T B O BT
B TOM, 9 ~ 0 6 b 1 ~OT P~O A C K O ~X~ H 3 H H T O p O X a H , p a 3 M e I q
IIJIOTHO H BMeCTe C T e M p a 3 ~ 0 0 6 p a 3 ~ 0 , 0 6 e ~ nHM
e 9 XOpOIlIMe
~~a~ B03
HOCTH pa3BHTRff ~ O P O A C K OX~H~3 H H .
[ 233 I
133 ~ ~ ~ ~ Y M U ~ HOH
A HO~ K , R B ~ ~ ~ T~ cP RM ~ H ~ KUOBM~ T ~ L I Jr ~
~ OO,~e 0 ~p Oo ~ Bce, K p O M e OTJ(€!JlbHbIX ~ ~ ~ o c T ~ o H T ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ - ~ ~ o ~ K T M ~
CKOro p a 3 ~ 0 0 6 p a 3 ~HaoGopo~,
~ . TO n p ~ a ~ ~o fcai ~ ~ a p ~~ e c ~A poRfXi n o c ~ Gonee P ~ T ~ H HMO ~ I ~ ~~e sMe n oXn e p oK~ ,~ npasmo,
K C Y M T ~ OAHO-
~ T
YTO BOUaPIIeTCR H a rOPOACKI.7X TePPMTOPMRX, rae IlOlIHOKpOBHOe p a 3 H O o ae TaKOrO COpTa CTIMUIKOM T H e m H M , YTOG~IIIPMHHMaTb eTO 38 H @ 3 A .
p a 3 l l e n ~ 6 ~e
o C Y M ~ ~ OP O H ~ ~ ~ CAMGO
T M B, ~ I A O X J I O Cco
~ B P ~ M ~ H ~3~ M . B M ~ C T3OT O r 0 I I p H ~ ~ K T H Y ~ COAHOPOAHOCTM
K O ~ ~ MCnOlIb30Ba-
n p H 3 H a K M TOrO, YTO IIPOHCXOAMT C IIOIIY~PElrOPOAaMM,KOTOPbIe n O r n 0 ~ M ~ YaCTO
I BMAMM C03HaTeJIbHO n p M B H e C e H H b I e , MCKYCCTBeHHbIe pamI.7-
mTCR rOpOAaMM, HO OKa3bIBaH)TCR H e B COCTORHHH Pa3BHTbCR H BeCTM ce6 H e l r r H e M BMAe 3,L(aHMG. HO 3TM PaWIIYEIR T O X e IIOPOX&3IOT 3CTeTM-
3KOHOMMYeCKH KaK YCIIeIIIHbIe rOpOACKMe p a f i 0 ~ b 1 . T ~ Y A H O C T M .~ O C K O A ~ K3AaHMRM
Y I4 MX OKPYXeHkIH) H e X B a T a e T
U B ~ T Y ~WO ~~ O~ A C Kpa3~006pa3ae,
O ~ Y ~ M M
K ~ T ~ I I M ~ ~ T O ~ O cTHb1X pa3.lIMYHfi -TaKMX, KOTOPbIe nP0HCTeKaH)T 113I I o ~ H H H opas-
~ ~
CTIY)KI?T K O M ~ H H ~ U ~TaKkIX
L F I ~ ~ K T O P O BKaK
, C M e U l e H H e IIepBHYHbIX C ~ O C O ~ -
~ ~ n O n b 3 0 B a H M M , npMMeHRK)TCII BCRYeCKHe YXMqpeHEIR, ~~0661
HCnOJIb3OBaHWI, YaCTOTa YJIMU, p a 3 ~ 0 0 6 p a 3 ~3 e~ a ~ MBfOTHOUIeHkiM
i B03p euaw~ocmbp a 3 i r a s m .
T a I? H a K n W H b I X PaCXOAOB, aT a m e BbICOKaR KOHUeHTpaUMR nOJIb30BaT H~KOTO H 3~CaMbIX
~ I ~ BylIbrapHbIX I I p o R ~ i r e ~ M3f i~ 0TeHJ(eHIIMEI
5
H e C O I I p O B O ~ a e T C RT e M H MMHYCaMH, KaKMe 06619~0 npHIIMCbIBaeT pa C ~ Jewe
I B 1 9 5 2 ropy Ayrnac X~CK~YUI, ~ ~ ~ K >T~ yOp ~Pa nArchitec-
a
0 6 p a 3 ~ mr p w O C T p O H T e l I b H a R n C e B A 0 H a y K a . H m e R nOCTapafOCb 3 T 0 A
3 a T b M O ~ M C H L I T ~n, O Y e M y 3 T H <<MWHYCbI,,RBJIRIOTCR @ ~ H T ~ ~ M R MKOTOpf,
H,
K a K BCe ~ ~ H T ~ ~ EIIpMHkiMaeMbIe
I I ? , Y e p e C Y y p B C e p b e 3 , OTpMIJaTenbHO B n X TOprOBbIX TOYeK: KMOCKI? C XOT-AOraMM B @ O P M ~
XOT-AOrOB, KI?OC-
H3T H a P e a n b H Y K , AeRTeJIbHOCTb. X e H b I M B @ O P M ~POXKOB M CTaKaHsMKOB. TO 0 Y e B W H b I e IIPMMePbI
s e c K 0 f i OAHHaKOBOCTM, n b 1 ~ a f O q e f i C RC n O M O q b H ) ~ K C ~ H ~ M ~ H O H H ~ M ~
P a 3 6 e p e JVIH
~ ~ a ~ a ynmae p x q e ~ ~GYATO e, p a 3 ~ 0 0 6 p a 3 ~~e b 1 r . m ~ ~ ~ ~ H M K ~ J ~ ~ HB O b IG
r i r, m e T b M H O ~ H TaKMe x e c o c a -
~ e, x e n H no C ~ T H
nMB0. Bce H a CBeTe, p a 3 y M e e T C R , M O X e T B b I T i I m e T b Y p O m H B O , eCTIM CA b1e IIpeAIIpHRTPiX. M H C TX ~~ ~ C K ~o 6 ~p a ~ mBHMMaHMe H a TO, YTO
J L
M O X O . HO B 3TOM Y T B e p m e H H M COAePXMTCR ewe KOe-YTO. OHOnOJ(pa3 e c ~ p e l w r e a B~ be I r W e T b I I 0 - O C O ~ ~ H H O MH ~e ,Gyay~uH W I e M oco6ea-
BXT, pa3~006pa3kie
YTO I ' O ~ O A C K O~ cnoco60~H C I I O J I ~ ~ O B ~ HBP CMJI ~X ORBJIjleTCFI B 6onee M 3 0 q P e H H b I X K O H C T P m M X - B 3 K C T P a B a r a H T -
C B O CYTM
~ ~ YPOAAHBO B H e I I I H e M YTO )TaCTKEI, OTJIMYaIOWMeCR 0 m a X , AeCTHMIIaX, KpaCKaX, 3HaKaX. BO BCeM 3KCTPaBaTaHTHOM.
H O C T ~ HH T ~no
B , ~ I T J I ~ ~ ~ ~WIH
) CIIOII~~OB~HM ~ pUaIf ~i ~ e~f ei
~ Y pnerse
e H e g a ~ H MMCTeP
0 X ~ C K ~OST ~M Ie T m , YTO n p H 3 H a K H n o ~ o 6 ~ o r o
AaIoTcFI 3CTeTMYeCKOMy O ~ I I ~ ~ O ~ ~ X M B ~ H H I O . HOHM3Ma CTaJlM BMAHbI I? B COJIkiAHbIX II0 Wee C O O p y X e H w I X .
HOB p e m b ~ ~M
i ?~ H H OAHOPOAHOCT~WIM T ~ C H O ~
CXOACTB Aa, OHM H, I I p a B A a , BMAHbI - B O ~ H C H ~ IBAaHIIRX, X TOPrOBbIX
~ 0 6 kiCIIOJlb30BaHMR
0 ~ CTaBMT B e C b M a TpYAHbIe 3CTeTHYeCKHe npo6ne
E u 1 . 7 OAHHaKOBOCTb HCnOJIb30BaHEIR YeCTHO IIpeACTaBI.7 eccop apXMTeKT)'pbI H 3 K O J T Y I L I ~ H ~ ~yHHBepCMTeTa,
CKO~O npOKOM-
Y e M O H a RBlIReTCR, - OAEIHaKOBOCTbH), -TO OHa 6 y ~ Beb I~m m e T b 0 B 3H ~~
sari 3 T 0 R B ~ ~ H ~ n ep ~ p 0 p~ae3 ~ 0 0 6 p a 3 ~B~n, ) e ~ ~ e ~
<<O
pa3HO. ~ O B ~ P X H O C T H ~ I ~ ~ M O X e T BOCIIPHHHTb 3TO O A H O O ~ P
B3rJIRA ma Columbia University Forum 3a 1960 rog. ~ O ~ H H apXM- H O ~
Pa3HOBLWHOCTb IlOpRAKa, IIyCTb M C K F H O r O . HO B 3CTeTMYeCKOM NI H ,~ K J I I ~ ~~e~ B~ MTC CI I RO A ~ ~ O B ~ -
a 3 ~ 0 0 6 p a 3 k i e , name^ P ~ C K H ~
HCn0nb30BaHH~, 3 a B H C ? q H X OT I I P R T ~ ~ ~ ~ T ~ J CUnbI
I ~ H o OKpYrH,
G OT ee 0 6 n ~ 3 0 OT
~ ~~nm e r AOMa
o pa6o~ana+ a 6 p a ~ a 3 ~ 60b m o H e -
H ~ H H o ~ ~ ~ H ~KPo p~ oH
rIH
e rOBOPR,
. npo6ne~a,CHMBOnOM K O T O P O ~xBm ~
CBmKHYTmR, ~e p e m a e T c F I HH 6 0 ~ 3 ~p ab 3 ~ 0)0 6 p a 3 1 ~ 1 , HM ero BOAaB
B O ~ A ~ ~ ~ I Bmff 0I I I O A O P O A H O ~~KOHOMMY~CKOG
~ H~He~r ~
M ~ ~OYB~I. OT c a ~ b 1F
B ~ I C T ~ B ~ R IKaK B I P K H ~n ~P H M e P Y X a c O B , ~ P ~ ~ ~ P ~ * Q ~
EcTb A P F m KaTerOpHR cnoco6o~HCnOnb30BaHHR, KOT
rp~OcTpOHTenH H y n o n H O M O Y e H H b I e no 3OHHpOBaHHIO CYHTaK)T BP P M ~M. e m y T e M H e I I O X O X e , YTO M O P r H H n H <<nOXOPOHHbIe
0c06eHH~C J I H 3 T H C ~ O C O HCnOnb30BaHkiR
~ ~ I BKpameHb] Bm b I e Te I H ~ S ~ I B ~~ b~mM- a o p ~ -
aK M ~ HX e , KOMY-nH60 BpeAflT. C Y Ano
~
PHH. 3 T Y K a T e r o p H m B x o W T 6 a p b 1 , T e a T p b I , KnHHHKH, 6 ~ 3 ~Hen cp 0 ~ 3 ~ XHB~IX,A ~ ~ e p ~ ~ ~ H ~ rOPOACKI.IX b aIxr,X
H ~ ~ ~ a~ aHf i~o ~ yqe
CTBO. Ha C ~ M O MAerie O H a ~ p e ~ ~H oe Rfs ni R e T c ? ; A O B O A ~ IB n o n b s y T o r 0
3TH cn0c06b1 H C n O n b 3 0 B a H l l I I H W O XeCTKO KOHTPOnHPOBaTb, OCHOBaH
OnbITe n p H r O p o A o B PI YHbInMX, n O A B e p X e H H b I X B H Y T p e H H H M O n a C H o
"CePblX30H'), a OTHmAb H e ~ O n H O K P O B H b I XrOPOACKKX p a f i 0 H o B .
B K ~ a m e ~ HB R
X k i n y I O C p e A y HHbIX C ~ O C O ~ O
HBCnOnb30~
nPHHOC?T X o P O m r O "CepbIM 30HaM)), a B p w I l p H H e c T H M o l y , no
W O ((CepbIe 30HbI>)H e O ~ ~ C I I ~ Y I I B ~3I O
a T y W a K O B ( K ~ K~
q a ~ OT l 3 a q ~ ~
YY)KaKOB, KCTaTH ~ O B O P H ) .Ho, OnRTb-TaKR, 3 ~ nap o 6 n e ~ a
npoHcTeKa C~ MTH ~H T e p e C K ce6e, H e OAHH r o A , nOMHMO n P O q e r O ,
~H~YHMOC
mHUIKOM cna6oro pa3~006pa3m n0cpwa A O M H H ~ ~ ~ Y ICO U K~ ~ ~ ~~ H 0 H H p y e T ( < n O X O P O ~ ~ b3FiJI)). X OTO? 3 T 0 RBHO H e O T n Y r H B a -
~ f i ~ ~ O JIH
cep
nonHOKPoBHbIX rOPOACKHX pafio~ax,r A e BOBCIo q B e T e ~ b a , B K J I ~ ~ I B ~ IAeHbI'H
O ~ H ~B P e M O H T TaYHXaYCOB H a TOEXe YnH-
H 0 0 6 ~ a 3 a e , 3 T H C ~ O C O HCnOJIb30BaHHR
~ ~ I HHKOMY H e BpeAfiT. Eonee T ~ e c ~ e ~ Ho ~B~ ,e c T H p p q CpeACTBa
H x B OTKpbITae 0 6 ~ 0 ~ n e ~ ~ e
OHM H ~ O ~ X O A H- M mi60
~~ H 3 - 3 a C B O e r O I I p R M O r O B M a a B 6e3onacHo
Pa3BHTwe~ Y ~ J I H Y H ~KIOXH T ~ K T O BH n e p e ~ p e c ~~l ~c n~ or n~b a o ~ a ~ ~ , b ~xopomero
a p ~ ~ p ~AOM fi ~acca*.
K a K C P e A c T B o n o A A e p X K H A p y r H X B W O B p a 3 ~ 0 0 6 p a 3 ~~ ~P, H H O C ? ~ ~ ~ C T P ~ H ~Hn~e n~, Y A T OC M e P T b A O l I X H a 6b1Tb ~ e 3 a ~ e ~ a e M o B
3BaHHbIe n p R M b I e p e 3 y n b T a ~ b 1 . O 3~H ~H , o 6 c m a n a c b B E o c ~ o H cTo-
H H a e M o f i Y a c T b I o ~ O P O ~ C KX H e
3a TPYAoBbIMM C ~ O C O ~ ~HCnOJlb30BaHHtI
M H JIK),qBM M e p
K n e CTapbIe m & j ~ ~ qn ap H q e H T p a n b H b I X ~ O C T O H C K X X4 e P K B a X .
0XaHHH-ToMac 6 p P i ~ ) f ( ~ e H , Y b e M H e H H e ~ 0 3 0 6 n a ~ m 0-
, CKa3an
OMHeHHYIo I I O n b s y .
P a H O w I H nO3AHO HaYMHaIOT 3aHHMaTbCR H I I o ~ H T H K o H
~ ~a MeCTHOM ~ O B H B 9aCTHOCTH, H a MHOrMX GUHJIbIX,, Y n H q a X 6 o n b m ~ rOpOAOB,
x
~ E I E 06
I EIX n e p e B o g e a3 o g ~ o fKi a T e r o p m B gpyrym. n p e w o x e ~ oHeCK
KO AeCRTKOB K ~ T ~ ~ o P
EICIIOJIb30BaHEIR,
E I ~ ~ OHM T ~ ~ T ~ J I ~ H ~ ~06p
~ I I I E I M CaeMllJHKEI ~ ~ C ~ O ~ I O X H~a H
H eHf i O ~ ~
HeABEIXEIMOCTEI, EICnbITbIBaFI
KaCaTWlbCTBa K P e a J I b H b I M n p o 6 n e ~ EICIIOnb3OBaHEIH
a~ YnEIq B AEIBepcH ~ . ~ ~ O E I ~ nen0,
P ~ C I I I E I P ~ H E~IYI ~J I O Y H O ~OHM ~ ~ J YTO
I HH ~ Y ~ E I B E I T ~ ~ ~ -
qEIPOBaHHbIX rOPOgCKEIX pafio~ax. CKOnbKY EIX II03EIqEIIO M O X H O 6 b 1 n o CYeCTb H ~ ~ o c J I ~ ~ ~ o B ~ T ~ J I ~ H o
TO M O X H O P e K O M e H g O B a T b , e U H H e KaKEIe-TO T a M A e T a o p b I e nEIgepbI 3 ~ 0 r II~OTEIBOCTORHEIR,
o B n q e I o q M e ~ A ~ H E I R McEM
I a-
a c a M a T e o p e T m e c K a R 6 a 3 a , n e x a q m B o c H o B e TO TO n o c T a H o B n e H m , 3HeCaMEI H a I I e p B b I X 3 T a X a X EInkI X E I B Y q E I e B TaKEIX BAaHEIRX, C a -
gaeTccI B P e m m e n b H o M n e p e c ~ o ~ pne ?o c n e g c ~ 3~~~0 er on~e Y a n b H o r @TCR B TaKOM Xe KOH+JIEIKT~C ~ ( X W I b I M )30HkIPOBaHEIeM,
) KaK P O -
CTORTeJIbCTBa CTaJIa, B YaCTHOCTEI, CePkLR BbI3bIBaIOqEIX gOCa,4Y ki CMeX 3 f j y n o ~ ~ wIEI
m , no ~ p a f i ~ eMfeip e COYYBCTBYIoT B 3TOM KOHC#~JIEIKT~
a a ~ E I f iO ~ ~ ~ C T B ~ HO H
P ~ ~I H U ~E~IH~ B~ E I Y - B H ~ J Ha
X E I ~ ~ ~ I E IM
~ X ~ . M,> ~ E I ~ H ~ nCp E
~ IM
3TOM
. EIMeHHO MHOrOYEIGleHHbIM ((HCKEIJIbIM))CnO-
~ OE ~I Y ~ R P H
J I I O ~ H M ~ I~X O P O ~ ~ H ~EI M XE~ II ~X~ IYX ~ O ~ p
K a~f i X
o ~ aMM c n o n b 3 0 B a H E I R , PaCIIIEIpRBIUkiM B IIOCJIegHee B p e M R 6 ~ 3 ~ eYJIEIqa
c,
BKpaIIJIeHEIR P ~ ~ H O O ~ P ~ B BOCHOBHOM
~ H ~ ~I RX~ H ~ C O
MaJIbIX . OHM CY OM 0 6 ~ 3 a c~~a0 e f~ib 1 p o c I I I e fni p E I B J I e K a T e n b H O C T b I o EI UeHHOCTbIO
BYWT 6 n a r o g a p ~UCWIIoYeHEIHM E13 HbIHeLLIHHX IIpaBEIJI 3 0 H 0fi HeABEIXEIMOCTEI. TO IIJIIoCbI &JIR YnEIqbI, g e n a W q H e ee EIHTe-
B HaPJTIeHEIe 3TEIX I I p a B w I . MX npkiCyTCTBEIe BbIrOAHO BCeM, 6e3onac~ofi,EI ee XEITeJIEI 3 T 0 3 H a I o T . T y T H a r e H T C T B 0 HeflBEIXEI-
~e I I ~ O ~ B ~ Y ~HEIJ I O ~ H O ~r0n0ca.
O 0 6 c y x ~ e ~K~P ~i Te W I O C BOKPJT
~ BO M a J I e H b K O e k i 3 f l a T e n b C T B 0 , EI K H L I X H ~ IM~a~T a 3 k l H , EI P e C T O p a H ,
YkiTb H y x J a M p e a J I b ~ 0 f XkI3HEI.
i H ~ ~ ~ O C T~~aTwK0EfEI3 Ii I I p e w a r a e CTapbIMEI IIJIaKaTaMEI H 3CTaMnaMEI, ki KOHAEITePCKm, EI K O + ~ ~ ~ H R ,
~ e r 0 p E I fYXaCHbI.
i A O B OIIPOTEIB
~ 3aHeCeHkLR TaKEIX YJIOYeK B aYeYHaR, EI g B a IIpOAOBOJIbCTBeHHbIX MaI'a3EIHa, EI M ~ J I ~ H ~ 3KCIIe-
K E I ~ ~
B H ~ M nopoji
, n o p o w a m c T p a H H b I e H ~ e n p e g c ~ a s y e c~nbo~ceo 6 ~
nc
BOBaHEIR, H ~ O ~ ~ I Y H ~ I ~
KaPTIIHbI. HO 3 T 0 H e CJleAyeT CYHTaTb M3%RHO
B m H O e n p O R B n e H H e c a M 0 f i CyTH p a 3 ~ 0 0 6 p a 3 u ~C. I I O C O ~ C T B O B ~
3T ~
OAHa H 3 M H C C H ~~O J I ~ I I I H rOpOAOB.
X
248 1 11. Y c c n o e u ~
p a ~ ~ o o 6 p ea 6~0un b~u u x 2 0
III
O H ~ a 6 n 1 o ~ e H k iHH BbIBOAbI n O K a YTO CBOAHTCH K U I e A y m u e -
H a m l l X aMepHKaHCKkiX r O p O A a X H a M HYH(Hb1 BCe BHAbI pa3~006pa3~~,
HO n e p e n n e T e H H b I e ki n o , q a e p x H B a m w k i e ~ p y npyra.
r OHHH ~ H gna
~ I
Y T O ~ r~O Ip O A M O r ( $ Y H K ~ ~ ~ O H ~ ~ PAOO B
C T~ OT~~~ HHOKOHCTPYKTEIBHO, YTO-
0 XkiTeJIH MOrJIH I l O m e p X H B a T b H P a 3 B M B a T b CBOe O ~ I ~ ~ C TkiBqkiBki-
O
q ~ m3a
. YaCTb TOrO, YTO BXOAHT B COCTaB rOpOACKOr0 pa3~006pa3~1~1, -
OH M O r C 0 3 A a T b O ~ C T ~ H O B K Y ,
3KOHOMHYeCKki ki COqkiaJIbHO 6 n a r o -
,q.rm r e H e p a q k i k i pa3~006pa3m,g n H~a m y Y m e r o PacKpbITkiH HM
o T e a q u a n a , H ~ O ~ X O A I I Mc ~n Io x H o e n e p e r I J I e T e H H e n e p B k i Y H b I x cno-
nOJIb30BaHkiH, Y a C T a CeTKa YJIHq, TeCHOe COCeACTBO 3 ~ a H k i f pi a 3 H O -
s p a c ~ Ha B ~ I C O K o~ q e H T p a q m n m ~ e f i .
B masax, n o c B m q e H H b I x ~ T I U K Y ki B O ~ P O X ~ ~ H HI HI ~a M, e p e H a
eTb pm M O m b I X C K I I , C ~ I O C O ~ H ~BI O
X ~ A ~ ~ ~ C T B( O
K ~B K~IIOJIOXHTenb-
T~
O T ~ H ~ ~ T ~ J IH~aHPOCTO ) pa3~006pa3m ki XCH3HeHHofi 3 H e p r H H B TeX
P F H b I X rOPOAOB, KOTOPbIe H e O C J I ~ ~ J I ~OTCYTCTBHeM
H~I OAHOrO, ABJJX
mero wcna ki3 Y e T b I p e x H ~ O ~ X O A H M ~yIcXn o ~ ~pa3~006pa3m.
fi
CkiJIb13TH - B HX O T p H 4 a T e J I b H O M B a p H a H T e - c n e & m q ~ c ~e
e CTOnb AOXOAHOe. EUH~TIIOAH,
KOTOPbIX n p H ~ n e ~ Y
a AmO ~~C T B O
CKnOHHOCTb 9 p e 3 ~ b 1 9 a f i H 0YCneuTHOrO r O p O A C K o r 0 p a 3 ~ 0 0 6 p a 3 mK c a M o p pet W r H 0 9 a P O B b I B a K ) T C W r a ti ~ 0 3 6 j W A e ~ k i eB, O ~ P O M H ~ IKOJIHVeCT-
X
P W e H H I o ; CKnOHHOCTb OTAeJIbHbIX MaCCkiBHbIX 3 n e M e H T O B I ' O p O ~ c ~ o j i KamTCII H a 0 n p e ~ e r r e H H b I fFi a C T O K X M T b EZlIM p a 6 0 ~ a ~ TO
b ,OmTb-Ta-
AbI ( M H O T E I ~H 3 KOTOPbIX H ~ O ~ X O A H M
I? ~XIe J I a T e J I b H b I B O I I p e ~ e n e ~ ~ b ~ ~ o p~ b~6 e O ~ P ~ ~ ~ I ~ T yJ 3
e A a T a H B K O H K Y ~ ~ H T H6 O I H~ IfCUie r~M e H T BCe-
H O L U ~ H H R XOKa3bIBaTb
) M e p T B R u e e BJIEvIHHe H a CBOe OKpyHteHkie; B p e g H c ~ n o ~n b 3a0 ~ a ~ e n e f~i .O C K O ~ X
~ K~ Y~ ~ I ~ CAHIIIKOM
W H X MHOrO, T ~ X ,
B O ~ A ~ ~ ~ C HT ~BCLT?~~~ H J I ~ H OHaCeJIeHHR
CTP~ H a POCT p a 3 ~ 0 0 6 p a 3 cnoc ~~; OeBbIBaeT ce6e MeCTO KTIH COXpaHReT er0 3a co6oii, O T C O P T I I P O B ~ I B ~ -
HoCTb rOCYAaPCTBeHHbIX I? 9aCTHbIX A e H e r n p e n R T C T B O B a T b P a 3 B H T H m
P e M e H a M KaK CBOHM H ~ ~ ~ I T K OTM
a K, H HeAOCTaTKOM. K O H K ~ P ~ H ~OCHOBaHHaR
MR, Ha~PEI~~L~~~H p 0O3 H
CHT 9E~I0 f iTOP-
~ T LCIa n b I , p a 3 y M e e ~ c B
~ 3, a a M O C B R 3 a H b I ; ~ 0 0 6 q Bec e @ a T p a r H B a e T TJIaBHbIM 06pa30~ OTAenbHbIe YnHqbI. K o H K ~ P ~ OC- H ~ ,
P b I , B n H R I O q k i e H a n e p e M e H b I B 6 o n b r u a x rOpOAaX, B3aHMOCBR3aHb1. a~ ~a n p H B n e K a T W b H O C T L l JJYaCTKa W R X H 3 H H I?nM p a 6 0 ~ b 1 ,s a u e
HO H n O n e 3 H 0 , T e M H e M e H e e , ~ P O C E I TB3rXRA
~ H a K a m p E13 3THX C m n
HX n P H p O A Y I? HaJJYHBUILlCb HX P a C n 0 3 H a B a T b , M ~ MO
AWbHOCTLI. ~ O H R B I npoqecca B K
M3 3 ~ 0 r 0 O H K~ O~H ~ O BB ~ I X O A R Tn
o6e~a~en~~a
IIOIIbITaTbCFl C HMMH ~ O P O T ~ CKIII?, II 9 T O eIIJe JIyTUe, n p W a B a T b MM KOHCT ma HeCKOnbKO A O M H H H p p ~ H XC ~ O C O ~ OHBC I I O n b 3 0 B a H H R . HO no-
T L I B H ~XI a~p~a K T e p . ~ O M L ~ Mn pOR M O r 0 B O ~ A ~ ~ ~ C T BH La IPOCT
R
3TH CHnbI H H O r A a 3aTpYflHHIOT MAE? 0 6 n e r ~ a m
c ~o 3 ~ a 6~a 3~o ~e b 1 x
reaepaqaa p a 3 ~ 0 0 6 p a 3 m O . C T ~ ~ T3~11W I C M J I ~ I6e3 B H a M a H m , Arne
mile ~ P O ~ K T~~ Ia , q e ~ e ~a ~ n~ o b~ b~ ~ er u e~~O ~P O l eA C K OX~H~~ H ~ H H O I 3~~
? C 3 T O r 0 M O M e H T a ~ a H H b 1 fJJYaCTOK
i I I O C T e n e H H O GYAYT nOKl4-
~ H H6
, y ~ ~v~ O ~ ~ K C O B~ ~ eI Bn mar ~ a T ~~
~ , a s ~a a ~ a x q b r Ae B ruara
~ a, ~ c n o n b a p u k i ero
e c H H ~ I M H~ ~ S I F I M H~,e x e n ~a eKTO , no6e~m
n e p s a R a3 STHX M O W H ~ I Xcm -CKJIOHHOCT~T o r 0 ~ p e 3 ~ e ~ ~6 o p~b 6 e~, -f nOTOMy i 9 T O MHbIM 4eJDIM T a M 60nbrue H e T MeC-
ycneruaoro, TO B O ~ H H K ~B ~60nbmax T ropo~ax,K c a ~ o p a 3 p y r u e ~ aB m BH3y&7fbHO, T a K H @ J T I ~ E I o H & ~ ~ ~WHa C
o T O K CTaHOBHTCII 6onee OAHO-
CTBHe c a M 0 f i 3 ~ 0 fYCneLUHOCTH.
i C ~ M O P ~ ~ P ~ I I Ipa3~006pa3m
~HMKI MM. Bce 3KOHOMH4eCICHe MkiHYCbI, CBII3aHHbIe C HePaBHOMePHbIM PaC-
U ~ A C TKOTOpOrO
B M ~ ~RBAHeTCR IIOCTORHHOe ITepeMelJJeHHe U e H T p O ~ H H n f iB ~ ~ M ~ om,
~ ~Mo ~ eno H I ?C K O P B~ ~C ~ ~ ~e O ,~ ~ C T ~ B c eR 6TA~ O ~ ~ O
,Aaxe aJIR A O M t r H L I p Y I O ~ e r Ocnoc06a HCnOJlb30BaHkLFI MeCTO nOCTe-
Ba. 3 ~ Caw I a CO3AaeT < < 6 b 1 ~ m a ep>a>2 0 H b 1 H H e C e T H e M a r r y I o AOnW BHHbI 38 A e n a e T c R BCe M e H e e IIPIlrOAHbIM, K a K A e n i U C R k i M e H H 0 n0 3 ~ 0 fniP H -
AOK H 3 a ~ ~ 0HfaiO ~ I I I L I P H ~ IFXa c T K a x c<BHyTpeHHel-0 rOpOAa>>. e BCe M e H e e n p a r O A H b I M AnR aMLlHHCTPaTLlBHbIX O+HCOB MaHX3TTeH-
ayHTayH. CO B p e M e H e M y 9 a C T O K , B n p O m n O M C ~ 0 n yb c n e ~ ~ b ~ f i
C a ~ o p a 3 p y r u e pa3~006pa3m
~ ~ e M O ~ ITPOEICXOAHT~
~ T B ~ a c m ~ a YJIE~
6e x A a s r u H f i OT9aRHHYIO KOHKYpeH4HH3, ~ J I ~ K H I?~ nT p e ~ p a u a e T C R
MaprI?H&7fbHOe.
K ~ rlen0r0
X pafio~a.~ O U ~ A H~ Hy ~c ~~ a-
f ic a ~ b 1 f ci e p b e 3 ~ b 1 f i . B H ~ U H X6 o n b r u a x ~ O P O A ~MXO X H O YBIlAeTb M H O r O Y n H q , roe
K a ~ 6b1 a e n p a m o , npoacxo
p @ o p ~cya ~ o p a 3 p y r u e ~HH oqecc yxe a a ~ e p r u a e ~uapm ~ n a , a 6 a u e ~ c ~no~oii.
~ f i E C TYnHrlbI,
~
30BaHkLFI H a K ~ K O M JJYaCTKe
- ~ ~ 6 0r O p O A a CTaHOBEITCR ~ P ~ ~ B ~ R &non
H O n 0 6 n a 3 o c ~OT~K O T O P O ~R~>KI?BY, FJIaBHaR T O p r O B a R Y I I H 4 a ~ P U H B M Y -
~ 0 fHiY C ~ ~ I L I H
B LI~IIOM.
O~~ B C T I ~ A C T ~B ET ~O~ ycnexa,
~ O K O T O P ~ I~~e~ n p e xa. T p w 4 a ~ nbR T b JleT H a 3 a 3TO 6bli1a CaMaR 3aJ'pRaHaR ynaua. no-
a p n b a A 6 p a ~ cOAEIH
, H 3 FJIaBHbIX ee A O M O B n a W b q e B a, K p O M e TOrO,
r0-
HO~C TTp O I IKT e n b C T B a M
e K q p e 3 ~ b 1 9 a f i H oO ~ ~ ~ ~ O B ~ H H ~ I $r P~a A
MOXHO CKa3aTb, 3KOHOMHUeCKaR MoAa. 0X O ~ R ~ ~ C n
ToB c~~, p o a n
Ha 3 ~ 0 fynkiue
i ~e6onbruofiH 0 9 ~ 0 f iK J I Y ~
n06e~ki~enPi
B 3 ~ 0 f6i o p b 6 e 3a IIpOCTpaHCTBO n p e A c T a B
JIlllub ~ 3 K H fCi e r M e H T T o r 0 M H O ~ O O ~ ~ ~ 9~T IOIO~YCJIOBWIO
R , TOT0
YCneX. m e T b 3KpaH, 6 y + e ~r, ~ MOXHO
e ~ ~ I J IBOb I n P i ~ bK O + ~ , A O M a L U m 06-
EZlIH T e H e M H O r H e C I I O C O ~ ~IICnOJlb30BaHHR,
I 9 T O OKa3aJIHCb H a AaHHOM BKa - BCe 3 T 0 BIIOCJIeACTBHEI ILlHpOICO T E ~ ~ ~ ) ~ c H P O B ~3~ aO ~C e~ )~ . e H m
Te ~ a a 6 o n e ~e ~ I I ~ ~ I ~ ~~YAJTI
H ~ IA M AY
Y ~H ~, H ~ O B ~ti T ~ ~CJ IRH P O B ~ T ~ C I I ca n p ~ o 6 p e r nr 0~n y J I R p H O C T b . B AOIIOnHeHHe K AHeBHbIM n p O X O X I I M
[ 254 1 paspyuexue p a 3 n o o 6 p a 3 u ~ [ 255 1
y In~~ q nym ~ e fBi ~ e g e ps ~a c~b He~ B
a ~BbO C ~ M Y
OHH C T ~ nHp ~ ~ n e K ~a paiio~a,H a c e n e H H o r o H T a n b R H q a M H H XyAOXHHKaMH. T T ~ H~ o fnpo-
i
AbI, 9 T O CTHMYIIHPOB&lO POCT YHCJIa M a r a 3 H H O B , KOTOPbIe, B C B O Y~epea, ,YTO C y q e c T B o B a n a n a T H a A q a T b n e T ~ a a a~ ~e s, e p H x ne o c e T u T e n H
KoHCT~YKTHBH~IM
3JIeMeHTOM 06qeii 3AeIIIHefi CMeCH. ~ H B a~T MR0 -
K ~ IIKyxce nucma, ~ O A O ~ H ((,Z(BYXCMeHHaFD,
T a K H BeUePOM. ~FI y n H q a -~ K O a, B n o ~ e p m KaO T~O P~O ~~OHH
~ y W C T B O B m H , BHOCHJIa B K T IB~npw~ne-
HOMH9eCKH IIOAXOAIIqee MeCTO AJlR PeCTOpaHOB. MCTOPHH B O C ~ MYOn ~ q b~ ~ H O CM
T ~~ C KTa K~ AJTHH O B ~ I X~ k l ~ e n e fTi ,~ ~f
K~ In oIc e ~ k i ~ e n e fHi .b 1 ~ e
3TO nOATBepAIz?a. OH^ CTWIa BbI3bIBaTb H H T e p e C KOJIH9eCTBOM H p a 3 ~ o o 6 ~ ~
3 H e M PeCTOpaHOB. p a ~ oB~O, O ~ ~ ~ OTJIHYHO
- T O c n p a m ~ o ~ ~c O r0c~efi
f ~i Cc X~ ~ X H B ~ H H ~M
O ~ a s a n o c b ,TO 113 B c e x n p e ~ n p ~B o~c ~b ~~o fiyi in K q b I pecTo- e c n e 4 e H H e M HX ~ ~ ~ O ~ ~ C H O C TIIPHBJIeKaH)T
OHH H , HX B CJIHUIKOM 6 0 n b -
OnHqeCTBaX H B CJIHUIKOM ~ ~ ~ O T B ~ T C T B ~ H ~HCOT M
PO~HHH
Y , T O ~ T~a I-
a , npmeno K TOMY, YTO
s y ~ e e ~ c TO B O C ~ M ~c F~ Ia n ~a c 6 eo n b m e c n e u a a n H 3 a n n b I B M o r n 0 C YCIIeXOM B b a e p X a T b KaKOe 6b1 TO H H 6bIJI0 rOPOACKOe
POBaTbCH H a p e C T O p a ~ a X .M e m y T ~ M
H a J T J I ~n I I ~ 0 f ai B e H K , p a 3 ~ 0 0 6 p ~ ~ ~ ~ WecTBO. , 4 y 6 n ~ p o ~ a ~Hne reI ,p O n O p q H O H m b H O e p a 3 p a c ~ a c~ a~~eo r o
K T I Y ~ O Brmepefi
, H MasIeHbKHX OC$KCOB6bIJI0 BbITeCHeHO HeBbIpa3HTe3IbHb1 f j b m b ~ 0 r 0 cn0c06a HCIIOJIb30BaHklR, KaK nm6oro cnoc06a HCII0JIb30Ba-
MOHOJIHTHbIM XHJIbIM 3 A a H H e M C 0 9 e H b AOPOrHMH K B a P T H p a M H , CAaBae B 6 0 n b u k i ~r O p O A a x , H e I I p e M e H H O IIOApbIBaeT O C H O B Y e r 0 C O ~ C T B ~ H H O ~ ~
0 6~ b 1 9 H b I f iMOMeHT B 3 ~ 0 fHCTOpHH
M H B H a e M . F J T H H C T B ~ H H ~ eI ~ i -C ~ M eKaTeJIbHOCTH.
PaMC. B OTJIH9He OT ~ O J I ~ ~ L I H H CB T
J IB
aA~ e n b q e B HeABHXHMOCTH, KOTO M ~n pI H B b I W I H I I p e A C T a B m T b ce6e YJIHqbI HJIH n a C T K E l r O p O A a
na60 BOBCe H e 3 a y M b I B W H C b 0 n0CJIeACTBWIX n p O H C X O , & 3 ~ e r O ,na60 H n e H H b I M H no ( ~ ~ H K ~ H O H ~ J I ~ H
IIpH3HaKY:
OMY pa3BlleYeHklR, oC$HC~I,X H -
~ e n~ ~~ H i Y H ~ ~HC ~ O K O E ~ T
n e~p C I IJ I H ~ O Mycnexa, A 6 p a ~ c
e,q A o M a , T O p F O B m H T.A. T a K O H 0 H eCTb, HO JIkiIIIb A 0 H ~ K O T O P OC~ T
~ ~ ~ ~ H H ,
6 n m ~ a n3 a BbITeCHeHHeM C ~ J I H KHHXHbIX,
~ ~ I KaPTHHHbIX rmepeii, wry b HAeT 06 YCIIeIIlHbIX f l a C T K a X . H a n p w ~ e pYJIHqa, , rAe ~ a ~ 0BHA
fi
MaCTepCKHX H eAHHCTBeHHbIX B CBOeM P O A e M a r a 3 H H O B . OH ~ a 6 n m a m , or0 p a 3 ~ 0 0 6 p a 3 ~ 1 1 ,K a K T O p r O B m o~e>riqofi, CTaHOBHTW HaCTOnbKO
bIJIbHbIM, 9 T O TOPrOBJH O A ~ X , Z ( O
BbITeCHReT
~ IIOYTH BCe o C T ~ ~ H O
n p~H ,-
A e n , 9 T O 3TOT IIpOIJeCC C I I O C O ~ C T B ~OXHBJIeHHH)
~T A H B ~ P c H @ H K ~ ~ ~ ~ W W O K , nOTOMy 9 T O ee H a 9 H H a H ) T I I O K W a T b W I H H r H O P H P O B a T b T e ,
r H X YnHU, H BHAen n p H 3 T O M , YTO B O C ~ M ~ FI
MeJ(JIeHH0, HO B e p H 0 T e p R e ~ T e p e C y I o T A p y r k i e 3 n e M e H T b I BTOPH9HOrO p a 3 ~ 0 0 6 p a 3 ECJIH
~ ~ . K TO-
~ 0 0 6 p a 3 ~ eOH
. ~ O H R J I ,YTO e c n npoacxo~awee
~ ,qok,qe~ ,qo n o r H s e c e y n ~ q saa c ~ p o e AJIHHH~IMH
~a ~ n~ ,o x ~e e m a eii
~ s a p ~ m aYTO e ~6b1~b
KOHUa, B O C ~ M ~Y Fn HI q a p a H 0 I?JrH IIO3AHO YTPaTHT nOnYllIIPHOCTb H OK p O M C n O X H O r O I I e p e K P e C T H O r O HCnOJIb3OBaHH5I, TO B b I T e C H e H H e
w H a M e n K ITO~TOMY&~III 6011b~ueii Y ~ C T Hc ~ o e iHi e A B H x H M o c T H , pac ,~ a ~ e r o pn o~nfbia o ~ a ~ e n e isi e, ~ y u e Ke craraaqm, we^ 6 b 1 c ~ p e e .
X e H H 0 f i H a CTpaTerHYeCKOM yYaCTKe YJIHqbI, A 6 p a ~ CO3HaTenbHO c BbIHC
BWI T a K u X C'beMWHKOB, KOTOpbIe n o6a~m 6b1~K yIlHYH0fi CMeCH y cnoco6y n e p s m H o r o k i c n o n b 3 o ~ a ~-mHanpkiMep, ~ P H H H -
H e x e n H pecTopaHb1. Ho n o H c K u H e B c e r n a 6 b m ~ n e r m ~ BeAb
~ 1 ,3 ofi X a p a K T e p , - TO H a ~ a ~ ~ e - n k ClIOHTaHHbIe
i 6 0 HepeMeHbI
A O n X H b I 6bIJIH CI?JrbHO YCTJTlaTb P e C T O p a H a M B I I P H ~ ~ I J I ~ H o c T HTO
. CY
K o P H A O P B O ~ M O X H O C T--AZiXe
~~~ B 4HCTO KOMMePYeCKOM IIJIaHe. C a ~ o p a 3 p y ~ ep~a 3~ ~l 0e 0 6 p a 3 s nMOXHO ~ a 6 n ~ ) ~e
~ Ta O~J I ~
b-
BOPR, CHnbI, B b I I I Y w e H H b I e H a C B O ~ O A YH e 0 6 b 1 Y a f i H b 1 ~YCnexOM, a c T K a X y n H U , H O H BHYTPM 9 p e 3 ~ b I Y a f i H 0YCneIIIHbIX M a n e H b K H X
B O C ~ MYJIHqM O ~ ~ c a ~ 0 f6io n b m o f i ~ O T ~ H U H E U I ~~H ~O 0~ 3 0p fa 3i ~ 0 0 6 p a 3 ~ ~ C CH TOT Xe.
B,, BKTHBHOCTH. ~ ~ O V OAHH P~CCMOTPMM
B KaqeCTBe IIpH-
~fB A O J I ~ O C P O Y H OI ~I~ ~ ~ c ~ ~ Kycnexy
T H B K~ ~ T~KOBOMY.
K e p e K p e C T 0 K ~ ~ C T H ~ T - C T PHH6
T ~ 0 ~ - C TB
P@MHT
J I ~ A ~ J I ~ @ E-
I MM e C -
Ewe OAHa ~ 6 1 0 - ~ ~ O P KYCn HKq~a - F I T p e ~ b a PaCnOnOHceHHaR
, ewe HeCKOJIbKO JIeT H a 3 m TOPrOBaFI H H H a H aKTHBHOCTb, IIPHCmaR
noaarrercy, -n p e T e p n e s a e T c x o ~ a b r f inpoqecc, s a m e ~ m ~Aia in e K o , HO TH~T-CTPHT,A o c T n r a n a ~ b ~ c r u eTOYKH.
fi Y r n b r n e p e K p e c T K a 6 b m T~e M ,
3aHHb1fi C O A H O ~ O K O C T ~HHOrOH) POAa. 3 ~ Yan H q a H a n p O T m e H H H H e n T O p b I H a 3 b I B a I O T ((CTOIIpOqeHTHbIMH YYaCTKaMH,), TO e C T b P a C T -
mx K B a p T a n o B c T a n a ~ p e a ~ b ~ s an fo ni y~ mo p H a y T~PHCTOB,KOTOP~IXn
e,L(BHHcHMOCTH. OAHOH 3 YrnOBbIX 3 ~ a H H f 3i a H H M a l I 6 a ~T p~H .Apy-
CHe60nbmH~
(n0HaYZiJIy) , 4 0 6 a ~ n e H HOYHbIX
~ e ~ W I Y ~ O B .Bce 3 T 0 ~ ~ I J I O HKB, 9 ~ 0 6 b T1 O X e IIOIIaCTb H a < < c T o I I P o ~ ~ H T HYYaCTOK,),
~I~ K F l m H Ce-
U a H O C H H T e P e C H b I M H MeCTHbIMH M a r a 3 H H a M H H C X H 3 H b H ) C T ~ ~ H O C T m b H b I X YrAOBbIX 3 A a H H R . C T o r 0 MOMeHTa F a C T O K IIepeCTan
YeCKMg,
HanOnOBHHy ~ ~ I T O B K
O I~O. ~ Y OHee
T LUJ?M Mara3MHbI2 K c e -
[ 260 ] p a s p y u ~ e ~ upa3~006pasufl
e [ 261 1
$ ~ K T .T p e G o s a ~ b Y
, ~ 0 6 b 1 3 T 1 1JIK)AH B m e J I H , YTO HHBeCTHPOBaHHe HNO .B n e p H o A p o C T a H e M a I I a YaCTb HOBOrO p a 3 ~ 0 0 6 p a 3 w - 1 B03HWKaeT H e
IYGHT YCneX, 3 H a Y H T ~ p e 6 o s a CJIHIIIKOM
~ b M H O r O r O OT TeX, K T 0 B b I m e KO 3 a CYeT YerO-TO aYHHKWIbHOTO>>,HO M a J I 0 4 e H H O r 0 , HO H 3 a CYeT CY-
r0 W H H T yXe A O C T H r H p O e H B KOrO HOBbIe MeCTa, 0 6 n ~ a m q n~O eT e a x nP0AYKTOB A y G n ~ p o ~ aY ~ .e
~ m n w ~ pea 3~~ 0~0 6ep a 3 w - 1 conpo-
WIOM YCneXa, 3 a Y a C T Y BCeJLRIOT 3aMeIIIaTeJIbCTBO I? He)JE%epeHHOCTb, y M e H b U I e H H e M OAHHaKOBOCTH. ~ K O H O M H Y ~ C K ~
6Fo Ip b 6 a 3 a np0-
MY YTO OHM H e nOHHMaK)T, Y e M O ~ % R C H R ~ T CYCneX
R OAHHX MeCT H H e
ApyrHX. Bo-BTOP~IX,T a m e W p e n q e H m p a c n o n a r a m T AeHbraMpi H0 B ~ a ~ 0 f i -MOMeHT
TO OKa3bIBaeTCFI, YTO p a 3 ~ 0 0 6 p a 3 ~BbIpOC-
e
A a p R 3TOMY C ~ O C O ~ BbITeCHHTb
H ~ I ~ O A ~ L U Y IYaCTb
O KOHKYPeHTOB B K c m b H O , YTO n p a 6 a s n e ~ ~HOBOF0
ie p a 3 ~ 0 0 6 p a 3 mB03MOXHO 6 o n b m e f i
3 a npOCTpaHCTB0. T ~ K H0M
6 p a 3 0 ~ ~, ~ H H
K CTpaXOBbIe
H KOMnaHHEi, a
Xe n p e C T H X H b I e O $ H C ~ I , KOTOPbIM ~ ~ H K HI CTpaXOBbIe
I KOMIIaHHH OX aKOBOCTb YMeHbUIaeTCR He3HaYHTeJlbHO W I ? COBCeM H e Y M e H b m a -
A a m T ~ 3 a f i ~ b 1~, a H 6 o n e ~
e $ $ ~ K T K B H OCOeAHHFIEOT B ce6e X e n a H H e o 3 H a Y a e T , YTO aKTHBHOCTb H p a 3 ~ 0 0 6 p a 3 ~Hea A a H H O M P a C T K e
MOXHOCTb IIOCeJIkiTbCR H a ( < n p H r O P K e ) ) .& I E I ~ O C TApYr
~ K APYrY HM, KO n a n H K a . ECJIH n p ~ 6 a s n ~ e ~YTO-TO
c r r & ~ G C T B I ? T ~ ~HOBOe~ H O ( K ~ K ,H a -
, a x H M H o r H M A p y r H M ropoac
HO, B o n p e ~ e n e ~ ~Moe ip ie n o n e s ~ a K p, n e p s b ~ f 6i a H a~Y n o~M R H p o M n e p e K p e c T K e B @ ~ ? n ~ e n b $ ~ k TO
i),
n p e a n p E i R T m M . Ho TO H e ~ o s ~ e qBap eeA ~ a OT M e T o A k i s H o r o H M a c
H O P 0 BbITeCHeHHR CTOJIb MOILIHbIMH Y Y p e ~ e H H R M H YCIIeIIIHbIX npo nepeg HaMH npoqecc, ~ o ~ o p b n~o H
i ai Y a n y R s n R e T c R 3AO-
H H f i rOPOACKOI'0 p a 3 ~ 0 0 6 p a 3 ~ K~ 1~. TK O n b K O H a @HHOM YYaCTKe M, HO 3 a T e M , H e IIOMeHFIB X a p a K T e p a B K P H T H Y ~ C K UM~O~M e H T , CTa-
H Ia TYM a H a l I O T H R C H ~ P Y I I I ~ H H06-
CR BpeAOHOCHbIM. ~ P H X O ~ ~ L O~~
~ O B ~ H H F( 3I 8 CYeT Y e r O - T O A P Y ~ O I ' O
H a) Y E i H a e T C R C T a r H a q H R , H a H
npoqse~amq~
~Ee I P MOXOTHO
~I n o K m a m T c T a p o e r ~ e q oy,T p a T a s r r r ~ I~I ~ K T P O H H0O6~p~ a ~ ~ oCBH3H
~ O H R T M fi npao6peno H3BeCT-
nyH) IIpHBJIeKaTeJIbHOCTb. 6naro~apR
Pa3BHTHIO KOMIIbJOTePOB H aBTOMaTHKH: T ~ OAHH
M 113 KO-
S b I J I 0 6b1 HenPaBKTIbHO, OAHaKO, Y e p e C Y w $ H K C I ? P O B ~ T ~ x npoAyKTOB, B O ~ H H K ~ ~ BI pI e~ 3~ yXn b ~ a M
~ e~ U I P ~ H HOO
n e~p~a q H H
M a H H e H a OTAenbHblX (<BpeAHTeJIHX,, H 3 YHCJIa M H O ~ O O ~ P ~ ~r OHp ~
o AI X CepEiH o n e p a q ~ i i-
, 3T0 CHrHan, o n p e ~ e n ~ m um~ei ~i y m ~ yonepa-
m
C ~ O C O ~ OH B
C n O n b 3 0 B a H H R , IIyCTb AaXe H H a BbIAaIoQHXCR <(BpeflHT . C X O A ~ b l fnpoqecc
i 0 6 p a ~ ~ oCBR3H,
fi O C Y I I J ~ C T B ~ R ~HM
e 3JIeKTpOH-
~I~~
M ~ o r HA e p y r H e O K a 3 b I B a I o T POBHO T a K O e Xe 3KOHOMHYeCKOe A a B a XHMHYeCKHM n p e M , YTlpaBAReT, KaK HeAaBHO YCTaHOBHnH F e H b I e ,
O A e p X H s a m T POBHO T a m e x e n H p p o B b I n o 6 e ~ b 1 . e H n e M ~ e K o T 0 p b 1 xKJIeTOK. New York Times ~ ~ ' ~ R c H3 R
T 0~BOT
T KaK:
~ O A O T B O 6yfle~,
~ H ~ ~M H e KaXeTCFI, B3rJIRHYTb H a BCe 3TO
Ha n p 0 6 n e ~ y$YHK~MOHHPOB~HELR
FOPOAOB KaK TaKOBbIX. ~ ~ I ~ C Y T C T KOHeqHOrO
BM~ IIpOAyKTa B WIeTOqHOM BeWeCTBe 3aCTaBJLR-
B o - n e p s b ~ x MM
, ~ , c a ~ o p a 3 p p e pa
A o n m H b I ~ O H R T YTO ~ ~ e e T MeXaHIl3M, B ~ I P ~ ~ ~ T ~ I B ~K M
OLH I~J ~EHII l~pI~OGf l T , 3aMeJVIMTb
o6pasm 06yu1osne~oy c n e x o M , a H e ~ e y g a ~ e f i . MnEi IIpeKpaTMTb pa6o~y.TOT B W KJIeTOqHOrO IIOBeAeHkur AOKTOP
Bo-BTOP~IX, MbI AOJIXHbI IIOHRTb, YTO 3TOT I I p O q e C C ~ aP3 B m <cYMHbIMn.A BOT WIeTKa, KOTOPaSI Pi3MeHHJlaCb EUIH
~ O T TH
n p O A O n X e H H e M TeX me 3KOHOMHYeCKHX IIPOqeCCOB, KOTOPbIe np11 MyTMpOBaJIa, BeAeT c e 6 KaK
~ <<kiAIAEIOT>,,
IIpOAOnMaR 6 e 3 peIyAPipOBKH,
n e X y H 6 b 1 . n ~H ~ O ~ X O A E I M ~ I H e r o . P a s ~ o o 6 p a s H pea C T e T H a TOG MJIH
J&JH B b 1 3 b 1 ~ a e ~ oOf i ~ P ~ T H
CBR3bI0,
O ~ ~ ~ b I p a 6 a T b l B a ~BeWeCTBa,
b KOTOPbIe
~ O ~ O A C KT eOp p~H T O p H H Gnarogaprr ee 3KOHOMHYeCKHM B 0 3 efi COBCeM He HYH(Hb1.
H ~KOHOMMY~CK O~
IIpHBJIeKaTeJIbHOCTL?. B I I p O q e C C e POCTa pa
YaCTb KOHKYPeHTOB 3 8 IIPOCTPaHCTBO BbITeCHReTCR. f i J O 6 0 e rOpOACK0 ~ ~ ~ M H e K a x e T m , xopomo o n H c b I s a e T n o s e A e -
n o c n e n $pass,
~ o o 6 p a s H pea c T e T , no ~ p a f i ~ eMf ei p e OTYacTH, 3a c Y e T ~ e r o - TAOP P O r O . r o p o A c K H x ~ € ! p p H ~ ~ p H f irge
, y c n e m H o e p a 3 ~ 0 0 6 p a 3 ~paspymael.
e ce6~.
H a n p a r r r H s a e T c R C p a B H e H H e HeKOTOPbIX YCneUIHbIX rOPOACKLlX
nOJIb30BaHw-I M O W BbITeCHHTbCR, IIOCKOJIbKY IIPHHOCFIT CJIHUIKOM HH OB, n p H BCeM n p H C y q e M HM CJIOXHOM H H ~ O ~ ~ I Y ~3KOHOMHYe-
~ ~ H O M
3KOHOMLIYeCKyKJ o T n a Y y H a e q ~ ~ nnoqwa.
~ q y MM c n p a s e m y I E i B o CY H m b H O M n O p m K e , C KJIeTKaMH, HMeloIQHMEi n 0 & 0 6 ~ b I f i H3'bRH.
TaK11e RBneHLlR 3AOPOBbIMH, K O r A a <(yHHKWIbHbIe,, c n o c o 6 b 1 HCIIOJIb x B 6 0 n b m E i x ropogax, M ~ I n, m ~TBOPHM ~ , Y y g e c a , HO npe~e6pe-
H m -3 T 0 CBalIKM m,CTORHKM IIOAepHcaHHbIX MalrrHH W H sa6pome p a T ~ 0 f iCBSI3bH). K ~ HKa M M C n p a B H T b 3 T 0 Y I I r n e ~ E i e ?
B O ~ W ~ ~ O P O A C K ycnexe,
HOCT~ OM -n o n m w K a , no
n O M , HO B ~ I ~ O A HB O60nbllI0~
~ ~ ~ a n o r 0 ~ 0nfOin H T H K e , I I O A K p e n n H H )
~ ~ ~ e ~ c ~ ' # ' ~ ~3OHHpOBaHHe. ~ p y ~ o WH eb me - ~ ~ O P K C
Ka, p a C n O n 0 X e H H a R H a 6 a c ~ o c n o AOpOrOM
~~o p a C T K e , A o 6 a ~ mce ~~o e f i
pyre 6 o n b r n y I o 4eHHOCTb, U e M nm6oe MbICnHMOe
BaHMe 6 n k i 3 n e x a q ~ cnoco60~
x MCIIOJIb3OBaHPiJT. A o 6 a ~ m HMeHHO
e~ nOTO
=TO T a K p e 3 ~ O BbIAeJLReTCII, B k i 3 y m b H O H $YHK~HOHFL~I~HO. K o r ~ Aasne
a
r 0 p o X a H BbIHYAWIO H ~ H ) - ~ ~ o P K crOPOACKHe
K~~~ BJIaCTki OAOJIXEITb A e H b r H
nyrocYAaPcTBeHHoMy OpraHy, 9~0661OH MOr
P O B ~ O
T K~p e c T H b l e npkl6bLJlbHb1e 6 ~ 3 ~ e c bK
1 ,a p H e r k i - X o ~6 b 1 n T e M c a M
c o x P a H e H KaK ~ 0 ~ 4 e p ~ H b3m
l f iH 3 m co6pa~~fi
~ Y ~ c T3$$eKTHBHyIo
K ~ CMeCb C ~ O C O ~ OHCIIOJIb30BaHrn.
B Kopose rOBOpR,
r a H b I , OTBeTCTBeHHbIe 3a 0 6 q e c ~ s e ~ H 6nar0,
o e M O r y T XOpOllIO nOMOYb
X P a H e H H m p a 3 ~ 0 0 6 p a 3 ~ ae,c n H 6 y ~ npoasna
y ~
~ ~ 1 3 ~ 0 0 6 p CaI I3O C
~Ob~ O
~BHCIIOJIb30BaHEIII, 0 K P Y X a H ) W M X O ~ I Q ~ C T B ~ H ~
3AaHHH, B TO B p e M H K a K A e H e X H b I e BOJIHbI IlJIeUyTCII BOKPYr 3TMX 3 A a H
H e npoqb HX 3 a T O n H T b .
0 6 a 3 T H HHCTPYMeHTa - ~ H B e ~ ~ P f $ k i ~ H ~ y I o 3q0eHek l p 0
HeH3MeHHOCTb P a C n O J I O X e H k i a O ~ ~ ~ C T B ~ H
3 ~Ha H~ kIi fX-060
i CyTb
TenbHbIe CPencTBa npoTkiB c a ~ o p a 3 p y m ep ~~a
3 a T b , 3 a W H T H b I e 3 a r p a X , 4 e H H H , C ~ O C O ~ BHb I~AIe P~X a T b n O p b I B b I 3 K T a K o r o ycnexa, TO G Y A ~ THpK#iTbCR B rOPOACKHX 3 a M e H H T m X O ~ P ~ T -
s e c K o r o B e T p a , HO B c n p a e w m e n b H o r o r u T o p M a H a HHX BPHA n H
B c e p b e 3 PaCCsHTbIBaTb. n m 6 b 1 e $ O P M ~ I ~ O H H P O B ~ H P ~n106b1e
JT, $OPM~I rop BaHkifI H IlOJIy.JHTb T a m 3aWH-q.
C K O C~ T
~ P O E I T ~ ~ ~nOJIHTHKH,
HO~ n106b1e $ O P M ~ I H F U I O ~ O B OnOnHTHKH,
~~ CKO MOM~HT
KO, r A a r o p 0 ~ ~ ~p a0CfTiO K H a Y H H a e T BeCTH ce6a K a K
I , e MOT
6 b 1 Pa3YMHbIMM OHM H H ~ ~ L J I E H Aonro c
C m b H O M y 3KOHOMH9eCKOMy AaBJIeHklK). T ~ sK
a q e BCerO 6 b m 0 , H, BepORT b ~ q a f i ~Y oc n e m H b I M P ~ ~ ~ O H O3 M
H a,e T , K O r A a n p O H c x o A H T 3TOT Ka-
T ~ sKa q e ~ c e r 6
o y~e~. 2n o B o p o T . n 0 ~ 1 b 3 0 B a T W Hpassor0 p o ~ a a s e ~ e ~ ~ fai m
, ~am-
1 266 ] 111. C ~ n byl n a d ~ au 8 0 3 p 0 x d e f i ~ [ 267 1
wax HcYe3aTb, rope
T e , KoMY H P a B H T C B H a 6 n m f l a ~ b3a M ~ C T H O ~
CTOPOHbI, n P e K p a c H 0 B W T , KaK pa3~006pa3aea n p l ? s n e
H0 BHmT>
KaK B b I T e C m m T C R HeKOTOPbIe K a T e r O P H R H a C e n e H a H , KaK
-
H O O ~ P y~ ~~ e H~ b~ m a e ~ c no ,c o 6 e ~ ecna
~ o c a ~ na p ~ H w n e x a qH
~
BblTeCHReMbIX. 0 MHOrHX H 3 3THX C O ~ ~ I T
OHH
H ~& ~a x e 3HaH)T H a n e p e ~ ,
K n a c c ~ i ~ e cn~p E~i M
f ie p r p a H a s b I -x e n e s H o A o p o x H b I e n y a .
ropoacme p a c T m .
0 3 g e B c ~ s ~r pe a a H u H a n p a M b I K a I o Q a e K HHM
B ayuae x e n e 3 ~ 0 ~ 0 p o x ~ bny~ei?
1x pafioa, nexaqafi no O A H ~
OHY OT HEIX, M O m e T 6 b 1 ~ bn p m e HnEi xyxe pafioaa, nexarqero no ~ p y -
C T O P O H ~ .HOH a a x y A m m m B + E I ~ ~ I ~ ~ C nKn O
a HMe , K a x npasmo, ~ s n r r -
sacTo B 0 4 a p R e T c f l H a n p k l 6 p e X C H b 1 ~Y ~ ~ C T K60iIbl11~~
~ X TOPOAOB. TaMoH
06b1ss0 e 4 e C R n b H e e B b I p a x e H o , r e M y x e n e s ~ o , q o p o x n~ y~~xe gofl . W ~ T ex nop, n o ~ Ha e B c ~ y n a B~ nrpy
o ~ C H J I ~ IM H T ~ H C M B ~ O ~ O
HaKO 6 e ~ e He r H B n H e T c R m Y M H b I M , T P R 3 H b I M RJIH H e n P R H T H b I M B C H ~
c ~ o e fCi v H MeCTOM. M T ~ KrpaHpfUbI
, CKJIOHHbI CO3AaBaTb B A o n b ce6a w c T O T b I , nono-
0cTaTOYHOrO R C ~ O I l b 3 0 B a H H Rfi~?, rOBOPH no-&pyrOMy, npeAenbHaR
BepcuTeTcKux K a M n y c o B B K P m H b I X rOpOAaX, O ~ ~ ~ C T B ~ U H T~p oI BXB 4
H eH
xe r O ~ OKPaCOTbI,
~a ~ O J I ~ L U E~I X
O ~ ~ H H Z I ~He ~p Ip X f i& a x e Gon
H ~ 0 p R EI C T B n~p H B o f i H T K n p R M M T R B R 3 a 4 H H H H a COceAHeM F a c T K e , Pi sTa
napK0B0Ka3bIBamTa B e C b M a CKJIOHHbIMR K p W K y Pi KaK Y a c T o , n y c ~ b H ~ ~ U H 03~aqamuan
R, C K Y A H O ~YMUIO n o n b 3 0 ~ a ~ e n e 6RX
, 4enefi
CocToRHRe, n p e A I u e c m y r o w e e 3arHRBaHHIo.
O ~ H a ~ecru'i
o , 6 b 1 0 6 4 e n p R ~ ~ TTeOPEiR
W ~ P ~ O C T P O ~ T ~ J I ~ C T ~ ~3 ~ o ~ ~ ~ Y ~ H,
o T3HaYMT,
C R T e M XyHe mflee m o & o p o A H f l . 3an~cKa-
3ehmenOnb30BaHH~ 6b1~1aB e p H a M eCAR 6b1 THUIRHa W 9HCTOTa oKa3b1Ban p o ~ e c Pc w K a , BeTmaHXR.
M TO c e p b e 3 ~ 0 ,IIOTOMI YTO H e I I p e p b I B H o e + ~ 3 H s e c ~ o=epe-
e
0Ka3b1BaIoT, TO HMeHHO 3TM C ~ A B ~ K C) T~O nM
K y~3 0 H b I 6 m 6b1
~ q)e3Bb1yafi ~ a ~ nmAefi,
m e C aR y J I H 4 e C p a 3 H b I M H qeJRMH, -eAHH-
H ~ X O A R I I ~ ~ XH
H0 y c n e m H b I 3KOHOMHYeCKR EI ) K E ~ ~ H ~ C ~ O C OO ~~HR~ ~I ~ H O . HbI~CnOC060 6 e c n e q ~ y~ nb ~ g ~ y 6e3011ac~oc~b.
I O 3 ~ ~0A M H C T B ~ H H ~ I ~ ~
C K o n b 6 b 1 H H 6b1nki pa3JIH9HbT BO MHOrHX O T H o m e H m X x e j I e 3
H"AopOmHble n p M , MoPCKkIe p e g H b I e Gepera, KaMnyCbI, a B T o M a r x c T p m ~ opogcmx p a f i o ~ a3
0 ~p a 3 f l p 0 6 J l e ~ ~ b I XH, 3 0 n ~ p O B a H H b I wx c T -
6onbmRe napKOBoqHbIe m o 4 W K R R O ~ L U M P H n~aIp~K M , y HHX H M e e T m B% R ~ ~ C T O ~ 3~ 0HH .~ I X
HaFI 06umsePTa- CKJIOHHOCTb CO3&aBaTb OKOnO c e 6 y~ M ~ p a ~ o q ~ e A G c T p a ~ T ~MlIH
W H e CTOnb I l p f i M m B 3 a k i M o n o m e p m a pasnay-
rHHBamwneT@PPHTOPMR. M e U I H MbI B 3 r m ~ e MH a ropogcme F~CTKM, H n o c o 6 0 ~~ c n o n b 3 o ~ a a ~m OI ~ O A C KT eOp P~H T 0 p H I . r n o A o 6 ~ b I 3UaY
x He
Goneen p H B n e K a T e n b H b l e B ~ Y K B ~ ~ HCMbIUIe
O M -TO eCTb n p E I B n e K a m q ~
C O I I p H X e H a n 0 3 A H R . R T O p r O B j P I . < . .. > Y ~ M G C TI IB
pOOM 3 B e n O cw H ~ K O T O I ' p a~H H
~ uIb I~YMeHbLUaIOT R C I I O l I b 3 0 B a H H e T e M , YTO
mee s n e s a ~ n e ~a ~ ~X eO J R M H ~6 ~ 1 ~ 3 n e x a q ae kn ~ eK ~O ~T ,O pa ~ ~ HXeHHEI s YYacTBymT H e Bce. n p ~ l ~ -
~ e p e HHX e pn o c T p o e H H b I e no
~ a noeA ~~C R T Esesepa. ~ [ [ M ~n Ie p e n y r a ~ b ~ ~ ~oP T H -
CM , c ~ a 3 OH m OMY n p o e ~ m ~ y~ n b M~ ~e C C H B ~MX I. m H ~ e n n
a epece~am r p~ a a ~ u ~y y -
M b 1 TYT e A H H C T B e H H b l e , K T 0 3 a K p b l B a e T w I T a K n 0 3 a H O > > . H0 6 p a ~ ~ o
(06619~0, B 3 H a 9 K M b I X KOnH9eCTBaX, TOAbKO C 0 ~ ~ CTOPO- 0 5
M a c c s B a , M a K c H M y M c ABYX). A BOT m E i T e n H c o c e , q H H x ~ a c ~ eropoaa fi
nopofi M ~ MI O X e M 3aKJIlOYHTb, YTO c o 3 g a e ~ Tca~K a H n p ~ rue2 q a c ~ b mr p a ~ ~ ~e q yn e p e x o a ~a ~BHART B ~ e fnpeaeni wcnonbso-
HHYHaR nyCTOTa, IIO KOCBeHHOMY nPEi3HaKY, H a n P H M e P , K O r f l a B r a 3 e T R TePPRTOPHH.
O ~ ~ X B J I ~ HnHpHe w a r a e ~ nc o~ ~ p ~ c a ~ o rwre
l an ~~ a~: ~ ~ ~ T L ? K O M HK ~ T H ~ I ~ H~KOTO
p3~
HH~uIb ~I ~ 0 0 6 m erIPeTlHTCTBYIOT nepeKpeCTHOMy
n H Y ~ b 1 f &OM,
i H W a B H O O T P ~ M O H T M P O B ~ H H ~CIHOBbIMH
~~, MeAHbIMLl BOA0 o n b 3 0 B a H H I O T e p p H ~ o p H f i .0 6 b 1 9 H b l e I I p R M e P b l -H a 3 e M H b I e X W I e 3 H O -
B O A H ~ I M HT P Y ~ ~ M M &pec B ~ I A
n p, O g a e T m B C e r O 3 a 1 2 T ~ I AOmIaPOB.
~ Y O X H b I e ny?.H, CKOPOCTHbIe a B T O M a n l C T p a J l H a BOAHbIe nperp W b I .
ero ~ e c ~ o n o n o m e ~~a e : m rpaasuefi
y o r p o ~ ~ om
r oo r o ~ a c c a H~ a C y q e c ~ ~ yr pwa~~ b ~ n, e p e ~ p e c ~ a~con eo n b 3 0 s a ~ ~yeq
~ u rge e~
TOMarHCTpaJIbIO. OpOHbI, HO p e 3 K O r I w a e T C HaCTyruTeHEieM TeMHOTbI HJIH O n p e a M e H -
eMeHtl roga. 0 6 b 1 9 H b I G n p E i M e p - 6 o n b m ~ nea p K s .
H O ~H
, ~ ~ O H PH ~ OC ~~ P O C T ~ ~OTHy ~n H 1 y~ n ~ u ~e P O C T O ~OO W
H ~Eb K
~ ~ ~ H E C Tr ~P a H H u b I , BAOnb KOTOPbIX TePPLlTOPRH IIOTOMy HCnOJlb3y-
OIIaCHOCTH AIIH npOXOXkiX. O A HH~3 Y a c T e f i H ~ ~ O - ~ ~ O ~ Kp Ca fKi 0OH a~ O 4 T O C 0 3 A a H 3 q H M 3 T H r p a H H u b I MaCCRBHbIM e,I(HHWIHbIM 0 6 8 e ~ -
n ~ ~ r c a h - x a f-NIHHH~R
i~c y 3 ~ ~mO A O C O~ ,~ P ~ H M ~ ~c H 0 H~ ~~ R0CTO fi MaffHOM n e p E l M e T p e npL?CjVJa O 9 e H b HH3KaFI AHTeHCLlBHOCTb HC-
K a M w C O M , C gpyrofi -IIpOTIUKeHHbIM ~ I P H ~ P ~ X C HIIapKOM.
~IM n0n0ca COA -
b 3 0 B a H I I R 3eMJIH. ~ P R M ~ Po ~ ~ ~ c T B ~UeHTPbI,
H H ~ IPaCKUHYBIIIHeCH
~
XXT PI B H ~ T P ~ H HnHp ~e r p ~ b B1BHA~ ~ e p p a ~ o pT ~~f HIMXi H H ~ I XOP mllX FaCTKaX. B H ~ C T O R I I J HMOMeHT
~~ H ~ K ) - ~ ~ O P K C rOPOgCKillI
K~R KO-
wfi,y r p e ~ e ~ K i .661
~ yf ~ a B ~ HLI
I ~ O U I ~B H ~ T P H3 ~ 0 fIIOIIOC~I,
i B ~ I no r p q O C T p O P i T e A b C T B y IlpOeKTLlpyeT B 6 p y K I l H ~ (e ( r I p o ~ b I ~ e ~ H b 1 f i
X. OH^ O ~ % H B I ? I I ~YTO , n a p K s a f i ~ Ie
OO~ a K p o B nnowaga a YTO B H e M
neTPil% n l 0 ~ H
~ 3 6 e r a T
m o~r 0 I l p H r p a H H Y H O r O P a C T K a , YTO COCefiCTBYET C n p e g n p m T m x 6 y ~ TPYALIT~CX
y ~ 3000 YenOBeK. TpZTLiuaTb
0~0110
KOM. HO EOCTeIIeHHO PI n0YTEI HeOwYTHMO B C ~ O Y~ ~W ~~ ~ ~ H H B O C T ~ B H a a K p - 3 T 0 HaCTOnbKO H H 3 K m EIHTeHCHBHOCTb HCIIOJlb30Ba-
YTO w e c b ~ e G e s o n a c ~poa ,c n p o c T p a w v I a c b H a 6 6 n b 1 1 1 p H 66nb111yw T e p
T o p a m , n 0 K a K HbIHeIIIHeMY AHIO Pi3 ~ c e fIIOnOCbI i H e OCTaJIaCb TOnbKO
0 ~P O B H H C K O -
n e p e ~ T. ~~.
CTOpOHa O A H O YJIHLlbI,
~~ rge IIO3gHO B e Y e p O M MOXHO Y W l b I ~ a T b60nb111e,
[ 272 I y n a a ~ au 6 0 3 p 0 3 ~ a e ~
111. C u n b ~ f f p o u n m u e n p u z p n ~ u ~ ~ nycmom
nb~x
HLVI ~ O P O ~ ~ C3eMlIH, K O ~ ~a I00 a K p O B H M e I o T ~ a K 0 f Oi ~ P O M H n~e Ip ~
L I~M e ~ p , Ho, eCJIH B 3 r J I R H p b H a HLIX no-APYTOMY, C n e ~ I i a n b H b I T
e ePPH-
H a n p o T R x e H I i H ~ c e frip a H H q b I P a c T K a O K p y x a m q H e ero T e p p n T o p ~ ~ blfi BKJIW B H C n O n b 3 0 B a H H e o ~ I I J L I xT ~ P P ~ I T O P L TOT
I~~.
A p HCnOnb30BaTbCR crra6o. H)AH. C n e q ~ a n b H b l T
e eppr?TOpIiH -M C T O ~ H H KH n H CPMCTBO nPH-
K a K o s a 6b1 HH 6 b m a nparaaa,
n O n b 3 0 B a H H e (H M a n o e mcno nonbao~a~eneii)
BAOnb nep~~e~pa. 3 a y eW
~ H ~ I r o p o A c K H e yJlHqb~?
M T ~ Ko6a
, T H n a ~ e p p H ~ 0 p HHf ~i O ~ X O A U MAnff
~ I qHpKYnffqHki.
n p L I r p a ~ ~ s ~ nYCTOTbI
b 1 e K a K RBneHLIe CTaBRT B e H H R M B C e r A a C B O ~ ~ C T B ~HeKOTOpaff
HH~ HanpRXeH-
P O B , O C O ~ ~ H HTeX,
O KOTOPbIe H C K p e H H e q e H R T rOpOACKOe IIOnHOK
p a 3 ~ 0 0 6 p a 3 ~ 1 e H e n m 6 f f ~HH O M e p T B e H y p o n b m n o c ~ a s q a nmnefi
~ e m ee ~a WFIH C ~ O ~ ~ ~ O B06qeii
~ H H R
c w c e p o c r b . P a a r p a ~ ~ s e ~r o~B lo pes ,r T OHM nop CTOpOHbI, Ii TeM, 9 T O O H a M e I U a e T 3TOMY HCIIOJIb30-
co6 noBbICHTb LIHTeHCPiBHOCTb, IIpPiAaTb rOpO,I(y
K a w~ P W a B a J I L I CpeAHeBeKOBbIM r O p O A a
p q ~ B xAaymayxax, LI nerqe B c e r o L I ~ % R C H R T ~ C06 R
UHH a, ~ e A O B a T e n b H 0 H, H T ~ H C H $ L I K ~ ~ Hr OHp R3bIKe. EULI H a ~ a ~ o f i - n ~YJIMUe r 6 0 ,4enOBOrO U ~ H T BP 0~3 H H K a e T
r P a H M U b I M a H x 3 T T e H a I? C ~ H - @ ~ ~ H ~ C03AHCKO ) , B ~ e fyiM e H b m a e T c c I nemm q H p q J m u a a
e H H m < < i v e p T s m3 0 ~ a ) TO
M T e M H e ~ e ~ e~ ea m , ~e o r n ~a O I I ~ L Ur ~pHa ~ C T PiCIIOJlb30BaHIiR.
~ M ~ o r TO ~ an a e H x e 0 ~ a 3 b 1 -
KoHwHTpaqm'i ~ O ~ O A C K O ~ ~
LIHTeHCHBHOCTLI, K K O H O M H ~ ~ C K CTOnb
LI C e p b e 3 H b I M , YTO CTpaffaeT 6LI3Hec no T y MnH
H a IIOAOCa KaK T a K O B m P e n K O O T p a a e T 3T)' HHTeHCLIBH CTOPOHY OT ~ C M ~ P T 3OHM)). B O ~ ~ T a K a R < < M e p T B m3 0 ~ a )M)O X e T 6 b 1 ~ b
em B nonaofi i v e p e . eCTOM, W I H K ~ K L I M - J I H ~M
o aJIOIIOCeqaeMbIM ~ ~ M R T H L I K O M ,
T a ~ o ce ~ ~ 3 s p a q e n~o B~e oA eeH~H e n e r Y e 6 y ~ nOHffTb,
e ~ m o ~ a f f ~ o f i LInH
, n p O C T 0 C K O m e H L I e M ~ ~ H K O 3Ba ,K p b I B a -
MbICJIeHHo p a 3 ~ e n B~c e~ Tbe p p H T o p k i H B K ~ ~ I I H ~ropoaax
IX H a Asa T a n a . saca AHR. Y ~ 661 M OH^ HLI 6 m a ~ ~ K T L I ~ ~ Cee K pI o? n, b K ~ reo-
K
P ~ T O P ~ ~L I~ P B Okina,
~ O K O T O P ~ IH~H~ ~ ~ O B
O~TJMM,
Y ~ P M C enRTCTBIlH A n R o 6 q a x TeppLITopPffi ~0306naAmaH a A
c n e m 4 ~ s e c ~ o nr yo6 n H 9 ~ o r oa c n o n b a o ~ a n O C T a B q H K a n o n b s o ~ a ~ e n ef ifnis HLIX. H ~ ~ P F I X ~ H H nponana,
OCT~
a a ~ e p m m a c no6e~ofi
b OAHO~ i43 ~ CTOPOH.
a OTTyAa 0 6 p a ~ H
MelrSaIoTCR a3 OAHOrO M e C T a B A p p O e , o6qero T H n a M o x e T < < n e p e s a p H T b ) EinM
> npoL?r-
HOwT- aaHorAa e
Y ~ W ~ IM,H O r H e H e 6 0 n b ~ u L I enapm, g a C T b B O ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ CTTa K
BHLXI ~F nIe L l H a n b H b I Xy 9 a C T -
HHfi, no HHM MOXHO XOALITb ~ ~ 0 6 0K a~K IIO
~ U I H ~ 0Y J,I L I ~ ~ M . o r ~ 3TLI
a F ~ C ~TmK 1 pIa 3 ~ e p aB
L
b n0 ~ a. p ~ ~ a Bq HH- a~
a T O p O r o T I i n a , K O T O P ~ IM~ ~
T e p p L I ~ o p aB HOCTH o 6 ~ e a M
a e x q y c n e q a a n b a b I M a a O ~ I I I E I M MT ~ P P I I T O ~ H F I M E ?
m b H b I M , KaK npaBkuI0, M a n 0 E I C ~ O J I ~ ~ ~ K J T C F I H ~ ~ O ~ ~ TLH XUl l eL 3aBOAHI ~ M BCnneCKH GYPHOG a K -
c y ~ a p c ~ ~ eC O~~ ~
C ToB ~f Hi H O C T LaI , ~ o r B~~ a
~ c T H oH~ ? ; e yn1iqb1 anll paGoaa.
A o c m H b I nIo@lM, LIHOrAa H e T . Bce 3 T 0 H e C Y q e C T B e H H O . C Y I I J ~ C T B ~ H H O HO e u l l c n e ~ ~ a n Tb ~~P PmL I T O P ~R I B ~ R O~IIIHPHMM
~ T ~ ripe-
T O nmALI XOART B O K P F HHX W I H BAOnb HLIX, HO H e CKBO3b HHX. HeM, ee B O ~ ~ ~ ~ ~HeB03MOXHO
C T B H ~ HrHOPLIPOBaTb HnLI K O M ~ ~ H C M P O -
LI T o r A a IlnOAOTBOpHaR H a I I P R X e H H O C T b M e w y TePPLITOPMaM" ABYX
ro n H m b K a K npenRTCTBLIH AJIR ~ico6qefi)) nemefi ny H V ~B o B c e . K ~ M KH o r o nonesaoro TO $ H ~ H Y ~ C Knpe- O~
s e c m e n p e r p a b l , K a K M e c T a , K y A a n m m M na60 3a ae ( w r n~o M e x a TOMY WILIHHOMY B ~ I ~ P ~ H H Ocnoc06y MY Hcnonbaosa-
q M s a H3 a x o ~ a ~ b . q e f i T ~ ~ ~ L I T o ~ HKL ~I ?MKH O ~ OOHO ~ aefies ~ ~a i v Be ma-
~
C 3 ~ 0 fTOYKH
i 3PeHMFI BCe CIIeUHaJIbHbIe TePPLITOPHH B 6 o n b qeHTpaqaH n o n b a o ~ a ~ e n e iH
i ?e p e I I I a e M o c ~ b3 T O r 0 < < y p a B H e H H f f ) )
r O p O A a X -TOnbKO IIOMeXa W F I IiCnOJIb30BaHLVI O G ~ L I TX ~ P P H T O P L I ~ ~ . 6 n a c ~ nyCTOTbI
b BHYTPH o64efi T e p p a T o p H H . Bonpoc
[ 282 1 I
yqoGbi: y n a d o ~u nodeem 1283
OYTM CTOneTHe H a a m , paCCKa3bIBaeT HCTOPHR e I I k i ~ K O l I & l b ~ O f iU e p K -
r y a 3 0 H - C T P H T B HeCKOIIbKHX KBapT&TaX OT M O e r O AOMa. 3 ~ e c 6b b 1 n ~
OYKR H 3 a r O p O A H b I e ,L(OMa; 3 a T e M H 3 BCWO 3 T O r 0 C ~ O P -
n b ~ ropoxaa
x Hn o c n ~ p q e fni e p e n p o ~ a x no
e 3 a o 6 n a ~ ~ qb 1e ~ ~ q~
a ~ opog, n o 3 ~ ~ Oe Ke P Y X ~ H HC~T Ip e~M~u T e n b H o p a 3 p a c ~ a ~ -
ropOAOM. B o ~ p y CTaJlH
r C e A H T b c l ~ e 6 w b 1 JIIoAH
e H HMMElrpaHTH H 3
A~HHOMY n e p e ~ e l q a ~ ~b yc ~~ a - c ~HO
~OCTORHHO o ~3a ~. 0 ~ H O HH, C O Q H & T ~ H OMeCTO H e 6 b m 0 n p ~ c n o c 0 6 n e ~ o
A ~ ~ ~ C T BO m
Y T~bT- T a K H H a we C T a r H H p y I o q H X TePPHTOPHRX C ~ 1 1 3 ~ 0 f i ~ ~ 0 6A6O 1C T O ~ ~ HIOI ~ ~ ~ H ~HCX IIpHCyTCTBHe,
T H KaK H e n p a c n o c o 6 n e -
I ~o .~ A ~ ,~ H B J I ~ ~a
H ~ C ~ O C O ~ H O C (TM~ H K ~MH~ D O~ W ~ m
I X~ w e OMY n o n y n p ~ r o p o H ~ B H ~ UAHH.
b ~ H M3 3 ~ 0 r 0 T H X O ~ Oxmoro p a f i 0 -
HbIX r O p O X a H , KOTOPbIe IlPeBOCXOART HX B K O H K Y P ~ H T O C ~ O C O ~ H O COH
T~,
p a A O K C a n b ~ b 10~6 p a 3 0 ~Y J I p r u a e T COCTORHHe p a f i o ~ a ;H P e r a q H R y e 3 X m H OTAWbHbIMH CeMbRMH; OCTaBLUHXCR n P H X O X a H
~ K C ~ ~ T Y ~ T n0p0fi
~ I J H HB M ~ C T O3 ~ 0 r ~0P H B O A H TK ~ P ~ B P ~ ~ ~H~IIJIOT
H H H ) K O H ~ O BOXBaTEllIa n a H H K a , H OHH B b I e X m H C K O ~ O M ~. O K H H Y T Oqep-
~
cenea~oro,a n a ~ k i ~ ~yoqr ao c ~ B~nae p e ~ a c e n e ~ ~~yOm H Y HC
, a ~ nepemo
~ e K npuxoAy ~ ~ P K BCB. ~ C T ~ ee
H TpokiqbH O MHCCHO-
AOBOnbHO C m b H O e 6poxe~~e.) @ m ~ m nop e~, L (,H a 3 H a Y e H H b I M &JlR YAOBneTBOpeHHR AYXOBHbIX
E c n 6~b 1 ~e 661.~100 6 ~ ~ a ~ e n~epf m i 0 H6 6 e ~ ~ b npaesxax
1 x HRKOB, YHaCiIeAOBaBLUHX 6b1~10fi n O J I y n p H r O p O A . E I I H c K o ~ ~ J I ~ H ~ H
~~YGHHKH ~ ,o n e f i - ~ e ~ o nH e~i i W ~ A ~ In o~~ ~e pHn eX~ l u k+kia
ie MR OTKpblLla HOBYIO U e p K O B b H a M H O r O flXJlbllle K CeBepy M~Hx~T-
30Hb1, n p o 6 n e ~ Faa C T K O B C ~ 1 1 3 ~ 0XfHi ~ H ~ C ~ O C O ~ H O C C O ~ A ~ BJ IO~ K P ~
~ e HeO B ~ TUX&
I ~ ~ X E L T I O F~CTOK,
~~ r ~ ~ea p w r Ha ~ B O -
X H T ~ ~ H M, e I o U l H e B H ~ O P ,COXpaHHAaCb 6b1H, BOBMOXHO, 6 ~m C w a ; H b I H e TO 4 a ~ r ~a pbs ~ e ~M yMyMarrYHBaeT 0 TOM, me
a .c ~ o p m
Xenefi. C H l Y a U H m MOXHO YBHAeTb B H ~ K O T O P ~ Ipafi X b q b I COTBOPmHUeAmqm ~ P ~ A T P W O ~ Y .
@HH, r A e H a C T a r H H P y I o L p X yrIaCTKaX < c n p I m H Y H b I e , 6 e 3 0 n a c ~ 3a npOUIeALUHe AeCSITwIeTHR n P H Y H H b I @ O P M H P O B ~ H H RTPY-
B XOPOLUeM CaHHTaPHOM COCTORHHH)) IIYCTemT, a HX I l p e X H H e X n p O q e C C b 1 3 T O r O @ O P M H P O B ~ H H RH3MeHWnHCb H a Y A H B n e H H e M m O .
6 ~ p a m H~a HOBbIe
c~ M e C T a , no CYTH M m O 9 e M O T n H Y a I O q H e C R OT CT 0 3 g e c b TO, YTO cefiqac JLIoAu 6 b r c ~ p e ngO K k i q a m T F a C T K k i , KJIOxO n p H -
K p O M e TOTO, ZIT0 OHH n O K a e L q e H e OKPYXeHbI TOPOAOM. 1 T
6 n e ~ ~ bK e O P O A C K O ~XH3HM,
~ H ~py1q0661
P~C~POCTP~HRH)TC
QRmbLUe
r ~ CIIOHTaHHO
e @OPMHPYH)TCR CerOAHFi HOBbIe
~ K O H O M E I ~ ~ CH
K ~~ O
I O~ X O ~ E I M O
TeCHHTbCR,
CT~ IIOKPiAaIOT n a C T O K B M ~ c T b H O ~ H Xc ~ ~ y q m<x...> 3T0 ~ p y W 0 6 b 1R HOROG0 6 0 n o q ~ e 3a
B o r e ~M .
XOnOAHbIMM HOBbIMEI CTeHaMEl3aMYPOBaHHbIe B KEIPnE14
~THMM
M e m e H H o ~ P H ~ ~ I Bapynie,
~ W T y KOrO B ~ a ~ ~ bMOMeHT
l f i n 0 q TH
~ e T 3KO I.I c T e m o KPOH)T- yxac pi 0 6 e 3 ~ 0 n e ~ ~ o Bc ~ b0 . 6 p o ~ a ~ e p no-
e ~ ~ o G
nbITKe YCTpaHCiTb OAHO Ci3 COuHabHblX 30JI H a m e O ~ U ~ C T BYOC ~ T Y ~ ~ '
HenponOp4HOHiMLHO ~ ~ I C T P O . no ~pyrwepi nopoAEInO HOBbIe. B03MOHWOCTb n P O x E I B a H m BTaKOM
MaccHBe c H I . 1 3 ~ ~Ki tB ~ P T M P H OI ~J J I ~ T 3aBHCEIT
o~ n p e w e Bcero OT Go-
IoTf l p y A P Y a TaKMM o6pa30~.M~oraa3 T a C M ~ nH p~ ~ ~ n eK~ce6e
a e ~ x o ~ CeMbEI.
a i...> C e r p e r a q ~
M~ T no ~ P ~ H P~ e nKa rYa H HJIH
A ~ He
qBeTa KOXH -~ 1 m ~OTceKaeT
e2 O C T P ~ HOX
I ~ AOXOAa HJIH e r O OTCYT-
288 1 111. C u n b y
~ n a d ~ au e o s p o x d [ 289 I
3aHHbIX C P a c n q o ~~ e 3 ~ l ~ ~ e r p a 4npnsaaa,
~ e f i . BePORTHO, B TOM, z3HEI 6onee B ~ H O a, TO ~ e ~B e ~ e O .
OqeHb MHOrHe HX O ~ M T ~ T ~ Jme
I I ? HMelOT OnbIT T F I K o ~m~ 3 H H H, pa3ylvree K o c ~ e H H o OAHaKO,
, H a 3 T 0 X e J I a H H e O C T a T b a , pa3YMeeTC% BnH-
B3ma em c co6ofi KaK 3 ~ 0 4 ~ 1 0 ~ a ~ 1 b6arax. ~ b l f i MHCCHC 3 m e Jlypbe
~ @ ~ 3 w e c ~~ ~$ ~l K
e T O PX
~ aI p, a K T e p H b I e LWR A a ~ H o f iT e P P H T O P H H . Apa-
TPYUHH4aH ~ ~ - ~ O P K C K OCT0O4 H a J I b H O r O P P e W e H H R B H H o H c e ~ ~ ~ ~ (<gOMamHOCTb>>IlpHBbIYHbIX yflI?4 - 3TO,
~m ImHMO npoqerO?cBO-
OnHCbIBaR X H 3 H b B OAHOM TaKOM HOBOM M ~ C C H B3~ a, ~ e q a e ~ : O~ r $ ~ 3 ~ q e c ~ c~paxa.
o r o T p y ~ 0 6 b 1 ,rAe no nYCTbIM Y n H 4 a M CTPamHO
rge V C T B y e m b , TO T ~ BI OIIaCHOCTM, IIPOCTO H e C ~ O C O ~ CnOHTaH-
H ~ I
P e 3 Y n b T a T a M B c e x 3THX I I O c e q e H ~ l f [i p e s b y q e T o c e w b ~ x nepec
, TH ~3 T p ~ 0 6 ~ oCOCTOFIHHR.
r0 C Apyrofi CTOPOHbIj n m g H , pemHBmHe
neHHbIx B ~ O C Y A ~ P C T B ~ HXw10fi
H ~ I ~ ~MaCCMB, IIOCKOnbKy Eix cTapble
c n b I T b I B a m T O g e H b CHJIbHYH) IlPHBSI3aHHOCTb K c ~ o e fOi K P p e OHa
IIIETM X m b I M MaCCHBOM -B J I I ~ ~ OWM I F ~ T~P Y A H ~ Rpa6o~a.
H~ ReT BaZHyKl gaCTb XH3HH. OHMC9HTaH)T ee y ~ k ~ ~ a n b ~ Hoe 3f ai -
Mofi, spe3BbIYafi~o ueaaofi n p H BCeX ee HeAOCTaTKaX. M B 3TOM OHM
M H o r o o 6 p a 3 H e O T H O L U ~ H EHI ~I I~Y ~ J I H Y H ~ n
I ~e p c o ~ a ~ e H
f i3,
I,
nPMHYAHTenbHOr0 B b I c e n e H a n , H e s n o n H e n o a u M a m q u x ej-0 =pH xc m m b ~ ~ a 0 em~ ~ cs ~n e ~ ~ a ~ ~ y nO m R 6 0 n b ~ r"pode?
K pHF aa B ~ o ~ Beer-
H K ~ ~ H WOXHfJ
O , &f HenOBTOPIIMO. Y Y ~ C T K H ,BbIUJeAmHe W I H B b I X O m -
nepeMeWeHkIe ~ p m o 6HEI
, 3 a M Y p O B b l B a H H e HX ((B pip
EI CTemOu H e P a 3 P b I B a I O T KIIIOYeBOrO 3 B e H a -T o r 0 @aKTa, YTO HX ~ O K ~ 0 3 ~ ~flOCTaT0qHO
~ a e ~ p a 3 ~ ~ ~ 6 p aH 3X H
H3 ~H b C T a H O B H T a AOCTaTOq-
ClrHUrKoM MHOrEIe I3 U E i m K O M ~ ~ I C T P O no c ~ ~ c ~e T
I l ,O K a a H ) T B ~ ~ ~ ~ p e~c ~ o~g y A 0 6 ~ ~aBTOMaTH9eCKH
fi, P e l I I a e T CBoH n p 0 6 n e ~ b 1 M
. HOr-
M. n e p e ~ e u e ~H~3 aeM,y p O B b I B a H H e n H m b
HEl* ~ E noI H ~ O ~ X O A H M O C T H H~ npo&fCXoAHT -H n H , W L u e c ~ a 3 a ~~b~, J O L Tn~oCn Ce M a 0 6 b l q ~ ~
A ~ ~ C T B Y * TperpeccY, nOCTORHHOMY ABEIXeHHtO BCnHTb. T O ~ ~noaxe KO TCR, - ~ o HO 3 a T e M OCTaHaBnHBaeTCR H 3 - 3 a 0611-
me^ ~ a ~ o eBpeMSI,
~ P H Y M H ~no
I , K O T O P ~ I MO ~ H T ~ TT ~P ~ ~H MOW
O ~ OCT HH POCTOM K O ~ H Y ~ C T
C B O~ ~ O A H O ~XOW I b R , H H yMeHbLUeHHeM m O T -
HHX no c o 6 c ~ ~ e ~ B
~ ~oI ~
MOyP Y
K ,O r A a ~ K O H O M E I Y ~ C KHO ~ ~O ~ X O ~ m be 8
~ ~ ~ ~EUEI
~ 4KOPOTKO,
. B AaHHOM KOnHYeCTBe X W I b I X e A H H H 4
290 1 [ 291 1
P a a y ~ e e ~ cya ~, e ~ ~ xe ~
e ~ b r u wcrra ~ e n eo t~i p a m a kie ~ B ~ O C T O H C K O MH O ~ T - ~n W ~ ~ n p o c ~ o p H o M cme-
e p~e x o 6onee y
AbI, I? 3 T 0 , KaK MbI J'BHARM, T o m e B a X H O . HOH a A a ~ ~ b lMOMeHT
f i Cyqe
~LHHK)G b O~Y e H b nOXOX H a TO, 9TO IIPORBOLLUIO B ~ P H H B E ~ ~ - B ~ w I H ~ ~ .
HO A m H a C TO, 9 T O X l m b e YeXaBLUHX AOCTaTOqHO YaCTO 3aHkiMaK)T T e , Y T 0 6 ~~ O H R T H~ M , ~ I IIIH MeCTO ( H n H k i M e e T JIM ~ e c ~ ~o a) ~ o f i
HMeR B ~ I ~ O P ,
PeLUPiJI OCTaTbCR.
H B ~ R ~ T Cn kRi Y M e H b l z I e H H e H a C e n e H t r R n p H 3 H a K O M nonyJTIIpHo-
B ~ o e i~i b m - i i o p ~ c ~oo~i pi y r eK, O T O P ~ F IB n p o m n o ~ ~ ~KTO n y ~ m ~e c e ee
~ p y r nc p e ex, x 3 H a e T , HWO ~ O H R T COIIPOBOX-
~,
O IA,' b e M OTqeTlIkiBO IlpORBHnCR eUe B I 9 2 0
naHACKRMki T P ~ L U O ~ ~ MnE CR n~ TO y ~ e ~ b ~ ~H aeJ I~H qkH ei Me CYWeCTBeHHOrO 4 H C I I a C B O ~ O A H M X
K o r a a H a c e n e m e H a H a r r r e M n e p e n k i c H o M y Y a c T K e C H U ~ ~ AO
O C5000
~
q.K n p a ~ e p y~a, HeKOTOpbIX y q a c r K a x H E I X H ~M ~Oc ~ c a f i (HH
~ a B KO-
TRB 6500 B 1910-M ( ~ o r OHO B
~ a A O C T E I ~ ~nOk i ~ a ) . r 0 ~ b Aenpeccm
1 Hate ae H~ ~a B C ~ X )y ~ e ~ b m e ~~ la cl ee n e ~ k iBc 1930-e
r ~ O A~~HI . I L0 TUq~a C -
Hkie O I I B T ~H e M H O r O BbIpOCTIO, IIOCKOnbKy C e M b R HaYaJIki X R T b T e C H e e
a 0 r o p o ~ c ~ oOfKi p p e .
m a , K O T O P M ~6~b m MTZUI~RHCKP~MEI
T P ~ O ~ ~ MHI aIOAHOM , OTpmam
Cegyac R 6 b 1 x o ~ e n aOCTaHOBEiTbCR H a T p e ~ b e f ki3
i nepeMeH,
m~ a p m n~e yp e n ~ c ~ o ~ y ~ a Hc ar cretn e H H e p m o c n o Y m 19 ooo B xomqnx n p k i n o ~ a e ~3 ~ eT ~ ~ I I J O ~ H CoCTOHHMFI
O~O OH^ KOCBeHHO CBR-
n p H M e p H 0 I 2 000 B 1 9 2 0 - M , 3 a T e M OIMTb BbIPOCiIO A 0 IIOYTM I5 000 B r
A e n p e c c ~a~n, o
3 ~ ~ eKeo,r A a H a c T y n m a snoxa 6 n a r o c o c ~ o ~ ~ m,
CHOBa
A ~ B e p c p i + p i ~ a q k i~
ma c e n e ~ RA~IIJW
m, R3HYTPM. n m ~K o~T o, p b I e
WWIOCb H OCTaeTCR H a YpOBHe 9500. K a K R B M 0 e f i O K p V e , 3 T 0 YMeHb
He C O ~ p 0 ~ 0 ~ a J lC
oCM b~ H CT E I R HOBMM, IIPM
O a~ p O r 0 T ~ ~ I I ~ O ~HHa COa e~HO a no C B O ~ M+ H H ~ H C O B M M H 0 6 p a 3 0 s a ~ e n b H b 1A~O C T H x e H x f l M , 110
MCM~ W H ~ MUY~ C C ~OHO
~ ~ X ~ Q K . I O , H ~ M ~ AOIL?
O ~ H ~ Y ~ S YTO ~ F I
M p o c ~ ay T B ~ eCTb, HO P t e p e H H b I e , y H e K o T o P b I X
. ~ O ~ ~ I I I H H CYCneXH
C ~ ~ nepexoAm
H ~ R Bcpeg~~ macc.
ii Ha 060kix YIIOlVIRHYTbIX II
F a C T K a X , KOTOPbIe R nOTOMy B 3 l u r a KaK IIpPiMepbI oma6ne~mCKJ"IeHH0
TTO m O T H O C T b XMJIMX e A l l H H 4 T a M COXPaHFUIaCb H a O W H b C T ~ ~ ~ ~ J I ~ H O M BHe cBoeGo ~ pH ~~ Pr ~ ~C T P~~ ~ J T
I HRY MBRo BCeM 3TOM.
H e , K o n H q e C T ~ 0A e T e G CHM3WIOCb HeCKOnbKO M e H e e 3 H a Y x T e n b H 0 , YeM
r o p o ~ c ~ YHHOBHHKH
ne CerOAHR J I K I ~ R Tp a 3 m a r O n b C T B O B a T b
n e H W B 4eAOM; H a MeCTe OCTaBaJIMCb UIaBHbIM o 6 p a 3 0 nmAa ~ ceMefi~b1
wIaccy CTaHOBPfTCFI
KO T O r g a H a q H H a e T I I p R H w J l e X a T b K C p e A H e M y
" Ha ex n e p e r r ~ c y~r ~a c~~ ~r cxa x w a c e x e w a e sbrpocrro, ~ o e - r o~see ~ 3b y e x a ~133 r o p o ~ an, o ~ y n a pe a~~ q o
H, K o p g a , M 6 a p 6 e ~ mAa,
. 6onb111ae
~ ~ ~ H B ~ I ~ - B H Mr AHe JBCerAa
W ~ , XwIW YHTenbHO, H3-3a pOCTa s k l ~ a
J m A H CpeAHer0 WIM BblCOKOrO AOCrdTKa
a, 6 e 3 y a o ~ ~T0e p, R I o T CBOGc p e ~ ~ k i KJIaCC.
fi Ho o H H H e HY)fS4amTCR
eAIIHMII -rJIaBHblM 0 6 p a 3 0 ~3 a CseT
H ~ p y r r ~ HMKOrAa
o6 He G~LTO,B Te X e r0- MHOrOKBaPTHPHbIX AOMOB. O A H ~ K O
ALI H a c e n e ~ H ~e
e y M e a b m m o c b , IIOTO- AeTcKoe H a c e n e a H e TaM, KOTOpOe sce
acTeHxe. Eonbmkie ropofia C a M H c n o c o 6 ~ b B1 b I p a W M B a T b c p e f l ~ ~ f i
MY 'IT0 C K ~ ~ H H O C T HHe ~ H J I OH3HaYalIb- 6bu0 H U B K U M , H e yBeJ7M'IktrIOCb B TOG Ho q~06b1,n o ~ OHa p a C T e T , Y A e p X H B a T b er0 H a M e c T e K a K c ~ a 6 ~ -
HO. K ~ npasnno,
K ~a BTMX y q a n ~ a x nponopqHn. yIoqkifi+ a ~ ~ oKpa K, cnofi ~ a c e n e ~~~~a~, e p c w + ~ u ~ p cyem6 w ~ ~fi
[ 292 1 111. Cunbl y n a d ~ au eospo~ccae
yq06bi: y n a a o ~u n o d a e ~ [ 293 1
BHasme n o q a e M a e a k i KTO-JIH60 M3 CaMbIX Y C n e m H b I X X H T e -
xaHMR T a M > rAe oHEI X H B V , A 0 TOrO, K a K OHM C T a n H CpeAHEIM I U I ~ C C O yrrlo6~ E ~3I C ~ M H XyCnelIIHbIX H ~ M ~ E I ~ E I O MeCTHbIX
~ H ~ I X MOnOAbIX
HEiX OCTaBaTbCH, TO n H m b H e M H O r H e .
, q o 6 a s a e ~ c Ry i v e p e H H b I x Y c n e x o B , H T e x , P P
e npHBR3aHHOCTH Ba)f(Hee, zIeM flklqHbIe AOCTMXeHMR. no3AHee,
H ~ M ~ H ~ E I O ~ H OY O IK E I A ~ ~ LA ~ ~H H
C ~T E X H ~ I ~
M O X e T CyL4eCTBeHHO nOBbICHTbCR.
O ~ a e c3a M
~ H x ycneIIIHbIX H pelIIHTenbHbIX, MHe KaXeTCR,
e~ 0 ~ ~ C M 6 b I0a e TaK)fCe
~ H ~ O ~ X O ~ H MBbIXOAa H 3 T ~ ~ ~ 0 6 H 0 r 0
R. M60 he pen^^ 3TOT O T % ~ ~- Ano6e~a ~ a OaA H O ~~3~ Y X ~ C H ~ I X
eHEieM 6 0 n b I U H H c T ~ T
a pyqoG, -H a A rHe-
E O C T O H C K6a
H~~
rl?YHb~g, O C ~ f ejU IeH ~OH~M o~n o 8 I? H e H a F m c R n°KoPHoCTH
cHx nap eAr.) H M M H r ~e OXOTHO. TO TaK, CKOnb OG-~~KT~B-
H)T. M 3 A e c b n P o R B
TW r e T T 0 M a T e p H m b H b I e Y a O B H R EI C 0 4 H a b H o e
KYAa 60~16-
cPeAHeroMacca, B PiCb AYXOM n o ~ o p ~ 0 c T EEI. In o p a x e ~ s e c ~y~~a ;a 6 cb u o
M s ~ ~~ C~ ~ O K O ~3aTH ~a m C eRO ~ ~ ~ C T eB aO H, 6131 n e r K O CXOAmH
CTB~ n p o f j n e ~c, KOTOP~IMEIconpaxeaa M M M E I ~ P ~ U E L HO R , no ~ p a f i ~ e g
H & ~ H nCHXOAOrHH ( < ~ o c ~ o A c T B Y K ' Upa-
~ o ~ o ~ ~ H o B B~ CTOPOHY
111~ J~~
pe OHM ~ 3 6 a ~ n e OT ~ bM1~ e H P i f EI
i A e M O p a J I E I 3 a ~ H E I ,X a p a K T e p H b I x ((~e
eCTb X H B b I e EI 3 H e P r H q H b I e ~ ~ A HHa-Y
HblX" T P Y L ~ O OHH
~. ~ ~ I C T PBnEIBaIOTCR
O B Y J I H Y H p n y 6 n ~ s X~ Hp~ H 0 ~ ,
AeRTenbHo CHOP
B P W n a T a K xopo
YCneUIHbIMH ki3 ero ~ e ~ e fTOi ,co c ~ a p o fOi K P Y ~ H
6 p e ~TOT
~ . @KT, 9TO genOBeK B ~ e fOCTaeTCR,
i
K P ~ M ~ BbIHrpbIBaIOT OT IIoA'beMa M npweame, H M e
HMX,
I'Ae M O X H O XEITb IlOJIHOqeHH
HX YCnYraM YqaCTOK r O p O A a , b160paB
~ P M ~ H ~ K~O0 3MH a T e n b H O ~~O K~npHMepy,
. HOPT-~HA , Mono-
~ O A C K XM3HbH).
O ~ ~ CHHK noApo6Hoo 6 a ~ c ~M Hme , s T o )KEITb B 3TOM p a 5 o ~ pe
e "He
H ~ B ~ ~ P H ~ ~ 0I B
6 I0ITMnOB
I~ M~ ~ YBeIIMqEIBaIoT pa3~oo6p c ~ p ~ p O B a T b M b I C n b , OH B b I m e n CO M H O 3a
3TY ~
I ?K,a s m , q T O X H B Y W m B HeM
' I H O ~~ ~ C T P O ~ ~ HK C
[ 294 1 1295 1
Ceiiqac OH, e a 661
~ ~ ~ X O T ~MJ OI ,r 6 b 1 n e p e e x a ~ b R ~ y ~ a TO
m , 3TM p a f i 0 H b 1 ~ Y A VPi A m b m e T e P R T b HerP"TRH-
peAHHG mace n o s ~ k ci T ~ K xOe ~~ ~ I C T P O T OC ~K ~a K, o f i O H @OPME.I-
B b I x o A a HeT, a nOTOMy, YTO MM 3AeCb HpaBHTCSl>>.
YHMqTOXCeHMe
~@@~KTMBH O~ AMCKPHM~HaLJHFiB ) K p i ~ I b ~px
HaxB ~ e ~ M~e H e~e 3 aqM e T~H a R6A H B ~ ~ C H ~ H Kk l~3 ~ RBT P ~ O
H pMp H
M R ~ K Or O B O p R , C A e p X M B a e T n O A ' b e M T P Y W O ~ H ~ IpX a fio~-
o ~KaK
B h e p k i ~ eTOT npouecc B
rOBOPRT, C e r O ~ m
HaR ~ ~ K T H ~ ~n pCe KKp aHT H n C R H B qen
B Pa3BaTI.IH TO cwTam ~ p a G M~ e~ O B
nmTHO H e c ~ e ~ n a ~ 3TO
b ~ M
~ o) r, n 0 6 b 1 0 3 ~ a ~ a ~ b ,
g H B~ x m ~ pxa k o ~ a xc, ~ p y r o g .
XOTRM ~ I a,M e p k i K a H q b 1 , n m 6 n O
~ X ~B a C T a T b a ~ ~ I C T P O T OC K~ a~- ,
OAHOPoAHbIM M n n CM€xIaHHbIM. E y ~ 3bT 0 TaK, y
rOpofloB -B 0 3 M O X H 0 , C a M O e M a J o e , 0 q e M H a M
cR; noA'beM ~ p m o-
6 n o 6 0 s ~ b r f IIpOAYKT
i MH~I
p O A a B 3 K o H O ~ k l Y e ~ K oHf ic o q ~ m b a o f i0 6 n a c ~ ~ x .
K o r ~ Paa c T O K BbIIIIeJI H3TP
3aHO CApyrHM.
B H ~ T T P ~ H H~ ~HX ~, H pecypco
~ I X
H3 T P W O ~ H O ~ OCOCTORHMR --&JIR AOCTPDKeHEIR JIIOflbMEI ycnexa,
C ~ ~ ~ H K ~HU~ H T P H ,- JJ U B e T H O r O H a c e n e H n R , B TOM q H C n e
MYH
T P Y ~ O ~M n~HXn p o m e A m e r o ~ e p e HEX,a
y 6enb1x. B KaKOM-TO CMbICTIe HaJIHYMe 3 T H X P e C y p C O B n p O f f B n R e T C R y q ~ e
663
HbrX ewe Gonee p a 3 H T e n b H 0 , B e A b 3 T 0 IlpOMCXOAMT B O n p e K H r o p a s ~ o
Gonee A a n e K H e M e c T a B
3a~HMamT osepem H a peKOHC'=PYKUH*, no-
H a C a e H m (KOTOPO~, KOHeUHO, HOCHT I I O C T ~ ~ ~ H aHH~eIoGBanb
~ ~ , OHM ~ y ~ ~e ~an peH BeJ I e K a T e J b H b I n O T e H r l H m b H b l x 3acT~0fi-
H n p F H X BnMFfTenbHbIX 3aHHTepeCOBaHHbIX flHU)'.
nOAHHMamwHXa ~ p m 0 6 a xKOMMepgeCKHe IIpe,LpIpr?rrTHR, K ~ nK p a~ Hpiq~o nOgrOTOBKe ~ ~ ~ o c T P o H T ~apXEITeKTOPOB
~ I ~ % , H~Ipa-
CTaHOBRTa Gonee P ~ ~ H O O ~ P ~ ~ kiHYCIIeLUHbIMH.
~ I M W b ~ ~ B e H H f , I XYHHOBHHKOB H e n p O T H B O P e q H T 3TOMY n 0 6 w e H H mpas-
Tb TpyL406b~, ynyqmamqpie c B o e n o n o x e H k I e . H a o 6 o p o T , Bee, Gnaro~a-
m ~ T ~ 9~0661
~ ~ C
~ O TbB O,P H T ~noEicTHHe K H n v e e , H H T e p e c H o e ki u ~ p eMy3TH flmAH C T m H C n e q H m x c T a M H , n o A K p e n n R e T 3TO ~ O ~ Y W ~ H N ~ ,
~ ~ ~K a K o e B03HHKJIO
~ ~ B HeKOTOPbIX
~ ~ HaLUHX
~ CTaPbIX
a T p m o3G a ~ ~ , HH P O B K H , HCIIOlIb30BaHEISI, K
O ~ ~ ~ L U e HmHa H O ~ + $ ' ~ U M ~ Hn°KPblTm
T~
3a + a ~ ~ a c ~ ~ s nee pce H
~ aoc e%
neHHocTH B C o s e T a H m C OgeHb P~HT~HCHBHOCTH
CMelIIeHMFf H X a p a K T e p a AeRTmbHoCTH ycneuIHO noA-
,
mOTHOCTbm X m b I X eAHHHU IIJImC, KOHesHO, T P H A P ~ H X6 a 3 0 B b I X YCITOB wHecR T p y w ~~6e ~k 1 3 6 e X ~AeMOHCTPHPYmT
o C B O ~ C T B AHaMeT-
~,
reaepanaa p a 3 ~ 0 0 6 p a 3 ~ ~ . npo~HB0nOnOXHbI~
e ~ e an n~ ea 3~a p ~ oropoaa-c~a.
ro M ~ a q OHM
e
m f l Y c n e m H O r O BbIXOAa H 3 T P ~ O ~ H O ~ O
COCTORHHR ~ eofj~
n o a ~ ~ M a m q H e ~cpay L 4 0 6 b 1BeCbMa YR3BHMbI H B A p F O M OTHO-
M Y T ~ ~ Op aGs o~~ y~9,T~0 6 by1 I I O X e n a T b OCTaTbCR. HOH ~ o ~ x o ~ ~ ~ ~ HHKTO~e M O ~ CKOnOTHTb
~ T H a HHX COCTOITHPfe. Ass PfCTosHHKaXO-
MX A e H e r B ( j O I I b ~ p i x ropogax -3 T 0 , BO-nePBbIX, (<Beq-
HeYAawHBbIe
KOTOPYm p a 3 6 ~ n ~ M b OrHe nOAHHMalowHeG3 T p y q 0 6 ~ 9
c H ~a. e,, TpyL406b~, B O - B ~ ~ p b I X T e, p p H T O P H H c B ~ I C O K O a ~p~ e ~ ~ ~nnamfi
ofi H ~ H
BCerO HenPaKTHgHOCTb CBII3aHa C HeB03MOXHOCTbH3 p a 3 ~ 0 6 b I T bn e ~ b r ~ coKofi CTOMMOCT~H)~ ~ M J I HB. b ~ x o w w m ~3 ~ p y w 0 6 ~ 0COCTORHHR
r0 OKPY-
YcoBePrueHc~~o~a~ Hm a HOBbIe
, 3AaHHR H H a K o M M e p s e c K H e n p e ~ n p m ~ He n e p e m a s H B a e T , K ~ K c, ~ o p e~e c e r on, e p e m a s ~ ~ m P aaH b m e B ~ na-
KaK pas TO B p e M R , K O r m ~ O T ~ ~ ~ H BOOBCeM
C T 3TOM
~ o ~ o c T~f ~ ~ ~ T ~ ~ a M Tpm06H~fi H~~BHXHMOCTH BbIXHMaBmHM
, Pf3 He0nbITHbIXnmAefi
YAoBneTBope~~ Meo r n 0 6 b 1 C b I r P a T b PeLUaH)UJyIO p 0 n b . H e n p a ~ - ~ - ~ r ~ ~ ~ 0 MOXHO, o H a nepec~ana 6 6 1 ~ bTaKPfM lInOAOPOAHbIM n O n e M An'
cBH3aHa c TPYAHOCTRMH, B03HHKaIOIlJHMH H3-3a H ~ O ~ X O ~ H M O p C
a T
~ ~b
mHn03Xe OCY4eCTBnRTb MHOXeCTBO KOHKpeTHbIX, AeTXIbHbIX n e p e ~ e ~ o ~ U e H T p H p o B a H H b 1"Be9HbIe))
e T P Y U J O ~ ~ IC. Apyofi CTOPoHM, OHa He
SI ewe B e P H Y c b K 3 ~ 0n5p o 6 n e ~ eB A B ~ XmeAyIownx masax.
~OMMMO 3THX OTHOCHTenbHO MRrKHX (HO M O ~ H ~ I X~ )P ~ I I R T a s p y m e a ~p ~ a 3 H 0 0 6 p a 3 ~OH^ ~ . n p O C T 0 0 6 e c n e q ~ ~ npHnaYHoe,
ae~
nOAHHMamwHMCR T P Y W O ~ ~CerOAHFI M r p 0 3 ~~~ ~ C O J I I O T H=pen
O~ B ~ ~ H H M ~OC T~ O O ~ H T ~ H Mn F
m Ig R M , 0 6 n r i q a m w ~no
~ 6 o n b m e f i sacTH
CTBHe - p a 3 p y u I e ~ ~ f e .
C ~ no
M ce6e KT J'MeHbLUeHHR CKveHHOCTH A e n a e T ~pyqo
lIblfi vaCToK
~ ~ e 3 ~ b 1 9 aC
f iO~ ~0 ~ I ~ ~ H H T ~
&7E O ~~ IHMm~
A3 ~~ H O G gaCTHqH0 ~ O ~ T O MeAHHCTBeHHbIe,
Y KT0 B o 3 p a x a e T n P o T H B p a 3 p ~ e H H I T
PaCsHCTKH noA H o B o e CTPOHTenbCTBO. Ha 4 0 ~ CeT p a m H O n e p e ~ a c e n e ~ ~ b HMaIoqHxw
~ ~ ~ ( O4C O0~ ~ H6 HeO ~ ~ n y ewe
~~ Hae ~ a s m nepee3XaTb
H
H, ~ M e m q H ~
e ~ f j o p-) 3, T 0 T e , KT0 B HHX X H B e T EIJIH BeAeT 6 ~ 3 -
np°CTOB.K ~ " Tor%
~ e F a C T O K O T n H s a e T C R CPaBHHTenbHbIM C O ~ H ~ ~ H ~ I OHH n b ~ ~ a Om~ '~~ R
a C H I ?HenOHFITnMBbIM
T~ 3 K c n e p T a M j q T O 3T0
[ 299 1
n~"qeccbl,K o T o P b I e H A F B n 0 A H N M a K ) ~ H X C I IT P ~ I ~ O OCHOBaHb1
~ ~ X , H~ TO B P e m yCTape~JXe$i. < < O A HH3~r n a B H b I X np06nen1 HblHeUI-
QaKTe,q T O 3KOHOMHKa O r p O M H O r O ropoga, e a H o H a p a 6 o ~ a xopour
e~ -- n H C m OH, - KaK BOCIIPemTCTBOBaTb OTTOKY EZ3 c ~ J I ~ c KiVeCT-
o~
BLpHFb p a 6 0 ~ ~ Haa~3eMJIJO
a - 3a,4aYa, MOXeT B ~ I TI3~B, b 1 l l o ~ ~ ~ ~ -
I'3' HerPaMOTHbIX- B K B ~ H @ H ~ M P O B ~ H H(a
~ n0p0fi
IX dame 0 6 p ~ ~ ~ ~ KaK B e p H J T b C e S I b C K p IlpOMbILIJneHHOCTb B CenbCKyIO A H ~ J I H I ~ ? "
n K ) ~ e f i , M H O r H x HOBHqKOR -R OIIbITHbIX P o p O X a H , Xayap~3MiqanCX qW1bH3 IIepeXkiTpkiTb B c e x 3TEIX H O B O R B A ~ H ~ ~ ~ ~
B s o c ~ o HeCKOnbKo
~e YenoBeK 3 a npegenaMki ~ o p T - 3 ~ ~ x KOMMePCaHTOB H B C e B 0 3 M O M I X I l p e . A n p E Z ~ m ~ a T a e f ci , ~ H B ~ B ~ ~ ~
RCmH MHeera n o A a e M ~ ~ ~ ~ T H ~ H Y ~ ~c eK0 6~b I~Y M ? k, i0
H bIl M 6 ~ ~ 0 ~ ~ cBoes
~ ~C ~ O C O ~ H O C T6~eK3 )K O H q a BbICKaKHBaTb, Ka3ZUlOCb, HEI0TKYAa.
MH, CBfl3aHHbIMH C T e M , YTO CCTaM X H B p ~ H q t i n x f i q b ~ ) Korga ,. Gbma A m ~ HX ~C B bO ~ OA~~~~ ~~ IC T B3aCTaBHTb
HG, IlOAYHHRTbCR X ~ C T K H M8MpeK-
[ 300 1
~ o J I ~ U I H H C T B IOI e p e M e H , I I p O H C X O A R ~ H XB KPYIIHbIX r O p O A a X
ofi H ,qeJIoBoii coepax, (PHH~Hc~~PJ'IoTcR Pi o 6 p e ~ a 1 oO ~Y e p T a H H R IIO-
TBOM T p e X rJIaBHbIX T H n O B A e H e r . ~ O C K O J I ~ K
A eYH b r H -Y p e 3 ~ b l Y a g -
Hblfi U ? i C m p Y M e H m , K a K B e A y T c e 6 OHH,
~ T a K BeAYT c e 6 H~ H a U I H
Bn0pmKe Y ~ ~ I B ~ H ~ R ~ ~ U I HMyIUeCTBa
O ~ O B O ~ O
CaMbIe BaXiHbIe H 3 3THX
K BH ~ ~ H M H o - c ~ ~ P ~ ~ ~ T W ~
aXOBaHHIo XW3HH, KOMMepYeCKkie ~ ~ H ki
. ~ O M H M OHHX C W e C T B p T p a 3 J I H s H b I e K a T e r O p H H H H ~ o J I ~ U I H OX p r a -
[ 303 1
eaHnPHnTmCOBaTb BCe K ~ M H C C I I O H H b I e T~KLIMH
. A e H b r a M H +pfHaHcH n p ~ ~ o f rOPOACKHe
i ~ ~ b YJIPiqbI B X O p O U e e Y ~ T paGo- ~ ~ ~ ~
c;r MHOrOe, =mC7Ie H H O r A a KoHCTpyKTHBHble H nosreaab~e npoe ~~ (=TO n p e m e ~ c e r oo 3 ~ a ~ CO3AaBaTb
a e ~ y m o ~ r~e H e~P a -
Haki60neeTHnasHb~fia ~ a f i - 3 K C I I n Y a T a T O p C K O e +HHaHcEipoBaHL?e Hoo6pa3~ff) - 3 ~ 0 p a 6 o ~ aKOTOPYK)
, H a A O H a q H H a T b KaK M O x H O
CT~0fiKHYHbmb1X3aYPxAHbIX 3AaHHfi B T P ~ O ~ H ~LAI ~~H HnoR 3aoGnay HO, c ApyrofiCTOPOH~I,3 ~ pa6o~a
a HHKOrAa H H t I r A e H e M O x e T
qeHaM.
3'~AeHbr* w H n O T e q H O r O P b I H K a -TO CaMOe, YTO A e ~ b ~ ~
T O B w K o B - a K y n m R ZHqHbIX + H H ~ H C O B .
acneKToB.K ~ b H 3~3THX
g TEInOB H r p a e T CBOH, P O n b B + H H ~ H C ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ b A e~H b em . Ho ~ b JIHILIeHbI
1 3 T O r 0 H e 3 a M e H u M O r O HHCTPYMeHTa.
P e M e H B ~ O P O , ~ C KHO~ ~A~B H ~ M o c T H . ~ ~ x e n cyq ~r ao q ~ m B, K O T O MbI ~ ~HOllaJIR, H u K a K H e n b 3 R H a -
X o ~ o m noo H H M Z H BCe HX p a 3 A H q H R -B O C O ~ ~ H H O C ~ ~ E 1 3 6 e ~ HHaoGopo~,
~g+ 9 ~ 0 6 b l e C03&aTb,
e n o T p e 6m0J ~i mE a3 cf H
b
pa3nE14HH M e m y TeHeBbIMH A e H b r a M H Ei 3aKOHHbIMH rocy~apc a ~ e n b a o c T nmneg,
b npOHHKHYTbIX A O ~ P ~ ~ M I e P e H m M H (nnmc,
H aEM
Ta, He n"mamqBMa
K ~co CTOPOH~I
~ I I I O A~~ ~OHI?
~ : H ~~ ~ T3 a~c
C TO n ~ KHYTb
H H B ~ C T I ? ~ O B ~B
H KaTaKJIkI3MbI
H~ TaKOrO porn. K ~ cKK a 3 m KOHqe
cmbHefiIUHe nHBHH, CMbIBaIOLqHe ~ ~ o , ~ o ~ o UA H
O ~IlOYBbI.
~I # 0 raga ~a ~ o ~ @ e p e ~ no
q ~PeKOHCTPYKUUH
I ? rOPOAOBAPTYP MOTnH>n p a -
a T a b ToproBofi n m a T M C m , <(HeKOTOpbIer O p O A a npao6pes1~,H c n o n b -
30Bemb.r ~ ~ o c ~ ~noKOflLlJeecR
~ ~ ~ Hea n np O YbH o M~ OCHOB
~ ~ ~ , mbHbIe (POHA~I,T a K MHOrO 3e&mI?, H a K O T O P O ~He ~ peKoH-
CTBnReT H e q e P b I B H b I e I? I I O C T ~ ~ ~ H
n eHp ~e ~I e~ a b r n, o o w p f l e ~ ,YTO r & g e p a n b ~ o e a r e H T C T B 0 no ~ ~ I H ~ H C ~ Px HOn HBq H~O rHO ~ ~
T m b c T B a C T m o ~ b I p a ~ I ? B a T~b p p ~ e g r ypoXaH
u ~ e cOpHblxTpaB'''
c o 3 A a m W H M H BCe 6onee ~ ( # I + ~ K T E I B H ~ K
nepeMeHaMH, I~O M ~ R H ~ ~ M P a Y ~ ~p ef mi H 3 M M O T ~nHp 0 3 B F m A H C c o H a H c o M K O ~ W ~ W
Hcnonb30BaHm. ~ O A % ~ H 3MT P ~ W O ~ H OC~OOC T O R H ~[ n p Bcefi
~ T ~ W XK O H + e P e ~ qr ~~ f i3 e
,B F a T rJIaBHbIM o 6 p a 3 0 ~ ~ H ~ ~ H O0 He- C T H
AHMOCTx ( ( n p H m T b BM~OB,,EI o ( ( ~ ~ H H T ~ ~ ~ C O O ~BHCO-
~ EBI ~ HH ~HC M OB
X ~ & - ~ )H e Y w ~ H H b l g ,HO H e 6 b l ~ ~ p b npouecc.
~ 3TO lg Bc~~xfi X KpaCEIBhIX FOPOAOB,,, a T a m e MYAPbIe 3aMeYaHm
HH ~ A O P O B ~ IH
C ~ O ~ ~ a npoem,
b ~ b YGT O ~ er0
~ I pe3YJIbTaTbI c o x p a m )~K ~ I ~ H ~ C K)Y K 6 y m e q 1 H H B ~ C T H ~ O B ~ H ~B~3. I~H0) fc@epe
i -@ ~ K T npH6bmH".
~ P
3a B b ~ f i a q e f iHnOTeYHbIX KpeAHTOB I? B n O X e H H e M A e H e r B CTPO-
~ ~6 0
e 3, ~ a CTOHT
~ ~ 3 ~a 6 ~o ~ ,0
a np116bmH -B ~ O J I ~ ~ E I H CmT aB e~ B
THPOBaTba, M O A ~ P H H ~ H P O B ~ T ~CO3AaBaTb
CR, HOBbIe RCTOYHHKH HHT ~ a 3a60Ta
a 0 3 a ~ ~I T~P H~~ ~~I Ho,
~ fM .K
i pOMe Toro, 3a ~ o A o ~ ~
[ 306 I 1307 1
y M e H b m e H H R TeCHOTbI. OHMyXe H e 6b1nH O G H T ~ T ~ J I R MTHP Y W O ~
Ha C K O T O ~ O ~ ~ HH~B~ 3TOM
X, AeCHTEliIeTHH X H T e J I H 63K-0+-,qe-fipA3 a~ en^ X M T ~no T ~ ~ O ~ CTaHAaPTaM.
H ~ I M
B w r K ) s m H c b B IIPO+COK)~HYH) A e R T e n b H O C T b H a M R c 0 1 1 e p e p a 6 a ~ b ~ ~ ~ ~ T AH B ~~ e n a H -
m OCTaBaTbcR H a MeCTe H Y n p U a T b Y u O B m
npeflnpmTHRX. O ~ E T P ~HFaIHCO~B O O ~ P ~ T ~ H H~~OI O~ B M T O CHTE ~T c I I o ~ ~ ~ ~ -6 b m M HeCOBMeCTHMbI, HOTOM)' YTO HHKTO H e M O r n O v H T b K p e A H -
Anfl n P e O A O n e H H R 6 b ~ n b HaqHOHZLilbHbIX
1~ ~ P O T I I B O P ~ Z I EBI ~n~ p
, o m o P~ A a r o y c ~ p O f i c ~ B O .K ~ PiK Ho~T- HA, E ~ K - ~ @ - A ~ -6 bR1 nP 3Aa H~e C e H
P b I B a B r u H x p a f i 0 H H a ~ ~ C T HeCKOnbKO
H , OYeHb c n o c o 6 ~ b 1 Jx I I o ~ e fp
i eum~ P ~ b ~ cnpiCOK>>
f i B OTHOITIeHHH MnOTeYHbIX K P e A m O * .
3AaTb M e C T H w OPraHH3aqHH) -T a K H a 3 b I B a e ~ b I f COBeT
i 63~-0+-~~-fi Ho B A ~ H H O Mcj1Fae H M e n a C b O p r a H M 3 a 4 H R , cnoco6~mB3RTb-
n o 3 ~ COBeTa
~ r 3BYYHT rOpAO: ~ c M ~H Ia p, o n , 6 y , q e c~a M H o n p e ~ e n ~ ~ b
p e m e H H e n p o 6 n e ~ b 1 .~
c c n e ~ o ~~ aP O~ B~ ~eA, ~ HC HO BO~ ~T O M5 3 ~ 4 -
c ~ ~ b 6C ~~ "B.B~o MHOrOM T ~ T ~K a K ~ e f i c T B y e Tn p a ~ ~ ~
C T m A ~ ~ ? C T B O BTaK,
~ 3 n, o ~ a a m oZIT0
, 6 1 1 3 ~ e ~ b XMTeJIH
1, H O p r a H H 3 a 4 H H pafio~aHMemT
CTBO. OH 6onee 3aMKHj'T H +opMZLileH B O P r a H H 3 a q H O H H O M IZTIaHe, q e M 06
~ w a ~H,06nmae~
H b I e a c c o q t r a q r~ p ropaa~o60nb111efi s n a c ~ b m KOTO , 6 ~a~~
c6epera~enbHb ~ aBxH.~ T P Hp a f i o ~ a6 b 1 n 0 p e m e H O , YTO 3 ~ 1 3
406~oro
C O C T O I I H ~ ,r n ~ ~ e 3n~a0 r o
p a f i o ~ anpegnom~O C T ~ (HT ~~O ~T O H~ 6 ~ ~ sa
1 AOMOB, ~anbrrre6 n a r o y c ~ p o f i c ~ Bnoun0
o B TaKoM Mac-
y>Ke HaYZLilki nOTHXOHbKy ~ J I ~ ~ o ~ c T ~ ~ HH y B
M e~HTb m
~ acT bR CK)nIeHHOCTb
~ c T K ~M
~ X
M H ~ ~ H x ~) .C T H
O p~r aIH~
H 3 a q H H , B O C O ~ ~ H H O C TpL e? n k l r ~ 0 3 ~
y6ewana HX OCTaBaTbCR.
e OAHaKO, TbICXZIH xHTt%efi XOTenH 6naroyc~p
B ~ e c C~TeM, OBaHHOCTb H rOTOBHOCTb K COTpY2lHHYeCTBY. A G ~ H K H P ~ IB, CBOm
'
Ee B o s r n a s m a e n s c r t o n 6 e p ~ a p g 6 o n b m o r o n a p r t a . ~ M H C K Eonacm
I Teo
Ax. COuMOnOr KPaMMHaJIMCT pal0 M C I I O C O ~ ~c I O 3 ~ a ~OmA O ~ H ~ I X
Con A. AJIMHCKEIM , 4 ~ 0 3 e + 6. M a r a ~ , o p r a H ~ i 3 a u a iBi K H a r e < < P w a ~ a n b r ,
K O T O P L I ~6bu1 TOP@ AMpeKTOpOM He- nofi%e~!n.
cOBbIe
X ~ T e n6b1
~ ~AyMaTb,
b YTO APyrEIM CTpaHaM Mb1 OKs acnpocTpaH!3IoTa rapaHTHa.
AeHexHp noMowbYMHee, Y e M rOPOACKkiM pafiOHaMy ceGRAoMa. ~ ( j ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~HoI IH
o Ta~ Y b ~~I ~b~nPkiHOCaT
n H
PbIHoK l TY OYe-
Y~ nonb3y1 YTO OH 6b1c~poM YYTKO CoeAaHReT CnPOc H a AeHbra
H e x s a T ~nocTeneHHbIX
a AeHer o n y c ~ o r u a epafio
~ meHHbIM npeArroxeHaeM. HO OH M O W 3 npHHoCHTb B ~ e oco-
~ ,
HHM KaYeCTBaM n p ~ c n 0 ~ 0 6 n e ~K~ropogc~ofi
b1e
IG TMn pa3BklTHR.
HaKaKOfiHaAeWbI Y GOHO HOB, B KOTopbrX OTCyTCTBye
HeT K ~ yK3 ~ a n aH a ce6e X ~e
H T ~ ~63~-0@-Ae-flpA3,
H c ~ oafHPR-
i
60nbmee Y H ~ Y reHepaqaa
O CJIOB H~~ pa3~oo6
AeHbra KaK T a K Pi f l
co3AaHm 3THX YCJIOBHG,
MeHbI BeTXPiX CTPO€!HH$~. e n b c ~ ~coApyrO%,
, KaK npaBHn0, He CWecTByeT. 3 ~ cBrr3b
a TaK crra-
EmH AeHbra a 3 TPWaqaoHHbrx YacTHbIx MCTOYHEIKOB H~ I 959 roAy, KorAa OAHH 113 c6epera~enbHblx
6,aHKoB 6 ~ ~ a ~ a
H a nocTeneHHbIe nepeMeHb1, TO KYAa OHEI ~ g y ~ ?
qacTb H3 BKJIaAbIBaeTCRR IlllaHOBbIe ~a
CTPYwMa O ~ H O B ~ ewe
~ H ~~ O; J I ~ Y
EaC
IT -B c a ~ o p
~b R
06~a3m, YHaYTO)fCeHae TOTO, YTO AOCTkirnO s b ~ ~ a m q e rycnexa.
oa
M ~ o rAeHer
o BKJlWbIBaeTCRH e B ropoga, a
B ~ ~ H M O A ~ ~ ~ C TTOnbKO
B O B ~ CTAPJTEIMH
~ K p p H b I M E I EIrPOKaMEI -3 a e ~ q ~
MH OrPOMHbIX CYMM, 3 a T p a q H B a e M b I X H a J l I E I p o ~ o ~ a c r u ~ a 6 ~ pe3-e
b1e
xeT a K K y p a T H o K p e n M T o B a T b eAEIHEIYHbIX n
O T n P a B m m 4 H X m H a OTAbIX OTnYCKHEIKOB,
a c T H o r o KpenEITOBaHwI IIpOeKTOB P e K O H C T p Y W m H O ~ H O B ~ ~60-
H ~ ~ W ~
A e ~ b r ~~ a, n p a ~ m e ~a
~ ropoac~oe
b ~ e CT~OHT~~CT~
BeO f, i c
H ~ I M H e EI3-3a TOrO, YTO HX n 0 6 y x ~ ~ aKm
IoT ~ O ~ O ~ o6pa30~ TOM^
~ KaKHe-n
60 BHYTPeHHHe H m H WUf C m b I . OHMI I o T o M ~ , ~ ~ ~ ~ KaTaKJIEI3MHy
c T B ~ T
KH, MH, O ~ W ~ C T B O
I I, O T ~ ~ ~ O OT E I EIMeHHO 3 ~ 0 r 0M
B ~HHX . ~p Ie m m H ,
3T0 6~ae~ x"poUo W R Hat, MbI 3 T 0 n o n F H A E I . H ~ I MbIH ~I l p H H H M a e M 3~
K a K n P e a H a s e p ~ a Eora
~ ~ e ~ E CRCTeMbI.
I BaHkIe EICnOnb30BZUIOCb q e n e H a n p a B n e H H 0 m c o 3 A a ~ mT e x m E I HHbIX
Aa~*e B 3 r m H e M B CBeTe T O ~ O o
, 4 e M~ ~ n I p o m H q T O EIMeH- a H T o B n c e B a O r o p o , q a EI ~JIH noaame~mr o p o a c K o r o p a 3 ~ 0 0 6 ~ a 3 m
He.
~
HO MbI B K O H u e K O H 4 0 B A O I I Y C T ~ E I ,H a TPEIK a T e r o p E i t r A e H e r , o p ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
HamHroPoAa. H a q ~ Cec ~a ~ 0 fBi a X H o f i EI3 HHx -c T ~ ~ H U E I O H H H~ eI rXo c y -
A a p c T B e H H b I X HCT04HEIKOB K p e a H T a .
meR
0 H a n p a B n e H H M rPOMZQHbIXAeHe3KHbIX CpegCTB H a pa
XeHHoen p E I r o p o n H o e CTPORTenbCTBO 3(1 Czlem z o p o d c ~ w r p a u " o ~oc
o~, e ~ b O1 ~ ' ~ R B ~ R K ) TBCHRe 3 a K O H a H a
H a Z X ~ O ~ H On M u k e , ~e 6 b m a ~ 3 0 6 p e r o c y f i a p m ~ e ~n~omm e p x ~ a n o g o 6 ~ b 1 xK a T a K n H 3 M O B CYHTa-
a YeM-TO CaMO ~060ji p a 3 y ~ e I O a P i M C R3
. ~ 0IIO
, MHeHLIm rOCYaapCTBa> erO
ne3~615B K J I ~B n p e o 6 p a 3 0 s a ~ ~r oeP o A o B .
HHH He B O 3 H H m H eCTeCTBeHHbIM I I y T e M BH OT B H H M a H H H r O C Y A a p C T B a , OAHaKO, y c K o n b 3 a e T T O T (baKT,
T ~ K O B O OHM
~ ~ . BO3HHKnEI B c p e ~ ~e b 1 c o ~ o n o 6 b 1~ xb ~ c n ~ ~ ~ ae n ye i ~i , 0,n o m e p x ~ ~ nopo6~oe
~ag K ~ T ~ K ~ H ~ M HH ~C ~I ICOK~ O ~ ~~ O B Y~a H
c THH ~
o-
0 6nare 0 6 ~ e c ~B~1930-e
a . TOAH, K o r A a ~ e a e p a n b ~ yor rep a B n e H H e HHBeCTEIpOBaHI4$3 B ~ O ~ ~ L U ropoaax,E I X OHO ~ a m ceo ~ e p m a e H ~~BR~ ~ I -
I I H q H M M B O n P O c a M ~ b I p a 6 0 ~ a nMeTOAbI
0 CT e T ~ n ~ e g e n e ~~b160p
~ b ~ Mi i e w p a 3 A H 9 H b I M H @ O P M ~ M HqaCTHOrO kiH-
[ 320 1
Y ~ ~ ~6O bH R~ 3TT~0 , M ~ AOJIXH~I
I I I O H R T ~ , YTO r O C Y a a p c T ~ e p M m b H b I aKTkiBOB,
x e M y H e IIJIaTflT A r n e 3 a A o c p o Y H o e npeKpa-
HbleC Y ~ C E I A M HH a CnnOUIHYH) PinH B ~ I ~ O P O Z I H WPaCYPiCTKY ~ O P O A C K H ~ q e ~ ~a ap ee ~ ~ ~ b O~ C, K O a~ p~ eK~ ~~Ka~, K
n p a ~ m on, ~ e ~ y c ~ a ~ p H ~ ~
B myqae n p M ~ j ' A I I T e n b H O r 0 O T Y M e H W I aBTOMaTHgeCKOe n p e K p a -
H°CTb O n H p a e T c R ewe a H a KOnOCCaJIbHbIe, e C n M P i x n p 0 C y M M ~ p ~ ~ U e H k i e K o H T p a K T a M e m y B l I w e n b q e M ki a p e H A a T o p o M 6 e 3 B W K O ~ ~
H ~ A o ~ ~ o B oC ~Y ~~ CHH ~~ MI P~~ . KoMneHcaqHki a p e W a T o P Y .
n o n y r a e T , no CyrqecTBy, H H s e r o .
n p a B a H a n P ~ H Y A H T e A b H O eO T Y Y W e H H e C O ~ C T B ~ H H O C T H
n p, H H a 4 n e
MaMH O ~ H O B J I ~ H H HOCyWeCTBIIIIeMOrO
, B OTHOLUeHPiH O T f i t Y I b ~ b ~yqac
x
6e3 $ ~ K T ~ ~ C K O ~~ ~O E I O ~ ~ ~ T ~ ~,Y ~ yrposa
P ~~C IHI OMJ I R TCH npHHyfiH A n ~ e ~ a ~ynm
p b an ~ e 6onee
q s e 3 a~40 000 A o M a p o B . yepe3 ~ e -
H o r O OTYj'X,4eHPiR. o m a e T c Rrocy&ap-
CKonbKo n e T 3 g a H H e , B KOTOPOM O H a HaXOAMTa,
~ P ~ B
H a On p ~ H y A ~ T e A b H OO eT V y W e H P i e , A a B H O ~ s ~ e c ~ CTBOM. BCBKOMneHCaqHfl, KOTOPYK) OH B K O H W KOHUOB n o n v m , -
Pi n0ne3HOe KaK CPeACTBO n p M o 6 p e ~ e ~ wC1O ~ C T B ~ H H O C T ~
H, e 0 6 x o ~ ~ ~ ~ f i TO 3000 AOJJAapOB 3 a 060p)'fio~a~He, KOTOPbIe e M Y nP"mocb 3ama-
T M ~Ab e p m a T m m 3aKJIwHofl H a ABMXCHMOe HMyUeCTBO. T a ~ 06pa-
m
HPiM T e n e p b n P H M e H R T b C R M K C O ~ C T B ~ H H O C TO~TI ,Y Y W ~ ~ M O OM, OH nOnHOCTbKl n O T e p m TO, s T 0 BAOXCm B A e n o .
YaCTHOrO ~ C n O A b 3 0 B a H M XPi YaCTHOrO H 3 m e ~ e n~ pm~ 6 b m 3~ . ~ n 0p ~
3 ~ neYaJ&Hm
a M C T O P ~0I 6 b 1 y ~ a7
,TJR P a C T K O B , r A e B e A e T m X H -
YTO ~ O C Y A ~ P C T B O nOCPeACTB0 CBOMX 3aKOHOAaTtYIbHbIX O p r a ~ o ~ popfTenbCTB0 HllH peKOHCTPYK4HR, M HeYAHBnTenbHO, YTO nPOTHBno-
eT npaBOO c m e c T B n R T b B ~ I ~ O
M Pe W y Pa3JIMqHbIMPi YaCTHbIMPi n p e A n p H blx C X ~ M
O T ~ ~ R H HnpOTeCTYIOT
O 6 ~ 3 H e ~ M e H b B1 e, A Y w n e A e n a Ha3THX
O s e ~ nbe r K o B O ~ O ) K E I BMHY
T~ B 6 0 n b ~ u M xrop
3a yna,qo~
TpaHCnOpT.. . H a HMMHrpaHTOB.. . H a K a n p k i 3 b I C p e A H e r O KsraCCa. HO
HbI 3TOrO ynaJKa 6onee r n y 6 o ~ aH CJIOXHbI. O ~ kCBR3aHbI
i C HaUIkiMki n
CTaBlIeHkL?MPi 0 TOM, YTO H a M H W H O , ki C HaLukiM He3HaHMeM TOFO, K ~ K @
~ H O H k i P Y I O T6 0 n b L u k l e ropoaa. O O P M ~klCIIOJIb30BaHMR
I - M OTKa3
r"poacKogflacToK, H ~ X O W I ~ E I ~B~COCTORHIIH
CR WwKa, MO)~CH~ KoHOAaTeAbHbIX, @ H H ~ H C O B ~ I XapXHTeKTYPHbIX
,
OXBaTATb eAHHbIMnPOeKTOM El nepeCTpOHTb. OHOn061.inOCb 06qeC MeHTOB, IIpHMeHReMbIX K ~ o ~ ~ ~ H M ~ ~ P ~
BeHHorO o A o 6 P e ~ m
K ~ ~ H O M ~ C I I I ~T ~o ~ ~
H Oo ~
p e~K o c K ~ ~
6onbmax ropoqax eCTbJIIoJ(J3, UIRlDKOM G ~ A H ~ qI ~~ ,0 6 b 1 m a T3a~ ~ ~
-
N H n K 4 H b ~ e0 6 n ~ . r ~ a u t i ~nl e p ~ o m a c c ~ o e
BAOxteHMe cpq a ~ o OHH,
e KaK COBePUIeHHO n P a B m b H O noAcKa3b1-
HaM H a m a o f j r q e c T B e H ~ m COBeCTb, H M e I o T n P a B o 3 a H H M a T b . 6onee To-
w~M e X a H ~ 3 M~ O P O A C K M Xx r n u ~ ~ bOpraHOB
l x no KpagHefi M~~~ M H o r a X r O p O A a x c a M no ce6e sanac m a w ~ ~ H ~ K O MY M T O
~ ~~ ~I I, ~ W -
6 eB3 ~B3RTOK.
A ~ ~ ~ C T B O T ~ Bce 3 T 0 H e M m b ~ Ae O C T H N ~ H ~ . 6e3 CKF~HHOCTEI, H H ~ O ~ X O A ~A~~~~~~~~~ M O ~
KO n p e B b I I u a e T H e n o C p e A C T B e H H b I e $ H H ~ H ~ ~ ~
3 T O ~ H p a B A a , H e M m b I e AOCTHXe
HaR pacqHcTKaT ~ P P ~ T O P Hn ~e~p, e ~ e q e ~~~ ~
l e~ 4a x0N6~ ~,M Y P O B no ~ p a k ~ e~fei p ~a
e H e K O T O P P 9 a C T b rOPOACKOr0 XPmbFI-
CTPOEITenbCTBO X m b I X MaCCHBOB IIO eAHHOMy n p o e ~ vCOPTHPOBK~
, 5 H I I C H ~ OTBeT
I ~ ~ H a BOIlpOc 0 ~ P ~ ~ ~ H ~ X C Y ~ C
O C T ~ B I I I I ~nTp o c T O p AiIa B ~ I ~ cnoco60s
O P ~ c~6ca-
nmACKOe C 0 3 H a H k l e K a K r p ~ O C T P O M T e I I b H b 1 e06pa3bIa K ~ H
Ka 6 B ~ H ~ KaK
R , @ H H ~ H C O B ~ I TaK
X , ti
TaKTkiqeCKHX MeTOAOB, rPaAOCTPOklTeXH, Aa H 06b1qHbIe Ho n o c ~ o ~ p a T KaKHMH
e , 3anyTaHHbIMH H ~ T ~ ~ KMoXHO
H M ~
6 0 n b I u n H ~CBOeM,
~~e CTaHOBflT(X B TyIIHK, KOrAa a) 3 ~ knpkiqPiHbI,
i A a B H a B o n p o c 0 H n X HeMHO-
ce6e r o ~ o PeKOHCTPYKUklK)
~ c ~ 6 e 3 BCerO 3 T O r 0 . Y T O ~B ~~ II ~ T H
AonxHbl ~ a 3 0 6 p a ~ Cb nae p B O H a s ~ b H b I M K O~ T~~ ~ ,
3 a 6 n y > ~ ~ Hea ~
nOKOtiTCfl B C f l ~ 0 0 6 p a X a e ~KaO~ H C T P m a f l .
~ 3HaKOMaR A 0 B O C e M H q q a T a n e cqmma,
O A HMOfl ~ TO p 06ecneveaa c nOMOWbH) Y ~ C T H OkiHHWaTHBbl.
~
H°K p o X n a e T c a ~K. 3 ~ a
C K B 0 3 b M ~ T ~ P H H C K In y? I~I O B O ~ H H I U Iy~
paHHeMAeTcTBe, c T e x nap, YTO 6 b 1 O H a Hki C I I b I m m a 0 A e T o HMO, C y 6 ~ ~ ~ ~ p ~ XKTIkIIIJa
~ a ~ H 8 bO nI XeH b I B O m O q a T b ce6e AeMoH-
OHa> 'yflFa ~ ~ ~M Eo I f~ O
i ~ P ~ T ~YXMTPRJlaCb
T ~ ~ ~ HCOeAHH
O ~ p o ~ a n~p abH u H n b I XOpOIIIerO n p O e K T E I p o B a H R ~a rp~OcTpoHTenbcTBa.
paTb3T0 C O c ~ ~n ee fpi~ o ~ a ~ a J I b OHL0L ~~ I I ~ K T
O ~~~K
. HoM
6pa3 %O -p a c H b l f T OTBeT, EI IlOCJleACTBE3 e r O P a c H b I . CeMaHTa-
me OHa yaHaBma, TeM, Ka3aJIOCb 6b1, 6 0 n b 1 u e A O K a 3 a T e n b c ~nonyrm
~ RBIIReT H a ~ n l o a e ~ o, m o p b l ~e
e M O ~ Y ~
HaeR.A o ~ o n b ~C oB O ~ O ~ P ~ ~C H~ O~ CI OM ~ OOH^ M ny qacrnnoii u H u y U a m U 6 b l H, CIIeAoBaTenbHoj
~7
MblX YHRBepCmbHbIX, W O W P e H H b I X EI BMeCTe C T e M yApFa HbI KaKHM-TO EiHbIM 06pa30~. HOB e A b pemb-
YecKRx c n o c o 6 ~ o c ~ eHa f i . K a m O e O I I p o B e p r H y T o e 06y,flcHeHHe y H e e
x"AMnocb HoBoe, HeBo3MOXCHO 661110 ~ ~ ~ Y T O X ee H 3a6nymAeH
T ~
0 6 ~ y 6 a , TaK c K a 3 a T b , eI-0 BeTBki. q ~ 0 6 b 1~ C K O ~ ~ HeeHc Tn ~o ~ ~ b B~ ~f Ii a n p t i ~ e p~, E r n H r r T H b I eH Y W V I 3aKnmYeHHb1Xs
H e o 6 x o ~ a6 ~bo ~ Hoa Y a T b C aHaTOMHki n y n K a . K o r ~ ee a KOB B O T K P ~ I T O M ope anti YMaJIHLLleHHbIx. q a c ~ ~ npeAnpXHXMa- oe
HmEI ee n e p B o H a q m b H o e n p O C T O e H e I l O H E l M a H t i e TBOCnOC06H y ~~o B n e T B 0 p H T b06b1YHb1e X H n H q H b I e H Y m b l IIoYTH
nynKa, OHa OseHb 6 b 1 c Tqmm-ina ~~ Apyrym a 3 o q p e ~ ~ y m x a ~ pesb, e H~~ X O A R T C HB 0 ~ 0 6 n0O f~l o x e H M a
c n o c o 6 H o c ~ b , Gonee ~ ~ H ~ A ~ X H B ~ I OH^ O Wp ~a Ic q~ k. i c ~ ~ n a ocTarrb nOTOMy, YTO ~e ~ o z y m n n a m u m b 3a
- 9 ~ 0 OH^ n 0 3 ~ 0 n ~ 3KCIIepMMeHTELTbHO
na n p O B e p H T b KaK B @ ~ 3 H q e -
KOTOPbIX CerOAHfl W c T O CTaHOBHTCfl B03MOXHbIM JIkiILIb 6 n a r o ~ a rocyR
p~ r p a ~ ~ c ~ p o ~ ~ eTn~ O b P~HbH r. e
CTBeHHbIM C Y ~ C ~ ~ H R M * .
~ C ~ O C O ~ OILTIaYHBaTb
H ~ I X CTOHMOCTb
cyAapcTBa, K o T o P b I e Y H a C B03HHKJIH R pa3BkLlIHCb. B 3THX n p o r p a ~ ~ a x MY, K a K BOCnOnHHTb p a 3 H M w Memy
, CKOnbKO KHJlbe CTOHT. & b e npM
q e M - T o rnoJbK0 'JoToMy, TO OHO n p e ~ o c ~ a s n f~a
l e 3~T 0 c y 6 c ~ k i H .
111360o n o c p e A o B a H H 0 B BPI-
cyqkifi,
CTBO, HrPamqee P O n b A O M O B n W e n b q a , B KOHTeKCT BC r0 4~06b1O C y 4 e a B m T b 3T0B pa3-
Besah34He 3a CTPOHTenbCTBO X H J I b R H p p a B n e H H e H M B n 0 f i 0 6 ~ ~ ~ ~
Rx, BesHo p a 6 0 ~ o ~ a-
6 0 f l T m I I ,K a K 6b1 HX K a n p I l 3 H b I e ~en~ MeTOA -OTHmAb H e n o T o M y ,
O P ~ ~ H H ~ ~ ~ nOCKOnbKY
H R M , 6 X C 6 y ~ 6 ep ~a ~ Hb a c e 6 HX
~ + Y H K n~ ~ ~ p a c x o A b 1 , KCTaTki TOBOpR, O Y e H b BbICOKH B C n F a e r o C y A a P c T B e H H o r 0
r O c y a a p C T B e H H b I X AOMOB 0MaYEIBaK)T H 3 ~ ~ ~K B ea P Tf mia -
~ ~ P ~ H T~ H
x ~R~ o A H o3KOHOMHYeCKEI
G BbIrOAHO
AonXHa 6 y ~ paCnpOCTpaHRTbCR
e ~ neH H ~ I ~ ~
Ha~ M O P T M ~ ~ ~ M O pa6osero B p e M e H k i 6 0 ~ 4 C0BaliAaJIH3MOM,
~ YeM n m 6 b 1 e )fCmbqbI
a. B r o c y a a p C T B e H H b I X AOMaX K B a p T M a T a C Y ~ C M A M P Y ~ T C R
T P W q a ~ b m ~ R T ~ H ) A ~ C R TI'OAaMH,
~H) a TaKEIe B a p k i a q k i H X e n a T e n b ~ b I
b@fH H3 @ ~ K T O P O B ,nOOL4pRmL4klX p a 3 ~ 0 0 6 p a 3 ~
THe n o B 3ga B ~ I B O ~ , R T Ca3
R YpaBHeHHR.
B C M c T e M e r a p a H ~ k i p 0 ~ a H H 0 Kt iB a p T I l A a T b I K a n H T m b H b I e 3 a -
lIofi K ~ a p ~ n n a ~ Mo fo i r n 6 b 1 ~ bCHeCeHbI anki n e p e o 6 o p y ~ o ~ B, OCTaIOTCR B Y p a B H e H H H , O ~ P e A e n R m q e M
KBapTnnaTY.
IUeHHO PiHOrO X a p a K T e p a HCIIOAb30BaHkul. ~ ~ ~ Y C T I O B H COO ,
nOCTeneHHOCTb H e n P e p b I B H O C T b HOBOrO C T p O k i T m b c T B a B C~~CHAHPOB~H
KB~ aFpRT n n a T b I , KanMTaJIbHbIe 3 a T p a T b 1
r o C R 3THM ApFHMH CIIOCO~~M
AHO n, X H a IIpHBeCTH
nome K o T o P b I x 3AaHMR ELTIH kiX I I e p B O H a Y a J I b H b I e mav, K a n H T m b H b I e 3 a T p a T b I H ~ O ~ X O , L ( H MnOO K p b I B a T b . n p e ~ % m e c T -
MR EIX yepea K s a p T n n a T y COCTOHT B m e A w w e M : C Y ~ C L W H R
~ P paC.IeTe
H 3KOHOMkiYeCKH B ~ I ~ ? O A HKO
B a~p~
e , q o n X H a 6 y a e a~C n O l I b 3 0 B a T b C R COPTxPOBKM nm~efi
BaHHR80nra; H y X H o 6 y ~ VeH T~b I B a T b , K p O M e TOrO, paCXOAb1 ~a ~ e ~ y q ~ o x o ~KaK
a ~H , ~ H ~ ~ ~6 X
b 1H~ aOe K
~O, r A a C Y ~ C W ~ L IHI a K m m J I b H b l e 3 8 -
PeMoHT O ~ ~ W M B ~ XHm bMR ~, MeHRlOIJJHeCR B COOTBeTCTBHki C n o ~ y n aTbI @ W K C ~ p ~ ~+ ~a K~ T ~o ~
b ,l ~
XeCTKO B C T P O ~ H H
B ~ ~ ~ ~n p o X H B a - KT
T~~~~~ 6 b) I Y ~ b l f i( ~ ~ K T O P
C ~ O C O ~ H O C T(~0 H ,
YqkiTbIBaeM
n"qa= O m e x a T c ~ o c ~1x60
y P a l 4 HCIIOJIb30BaHMR ~ ~ I WH
I H ~ I MC ~ O C O ~ ~ O
0 OAHO 113 T ~ CXT H X H ~ ~ H H3X0 n , H e 3HaMT. ECJDi H x H e YHHqTOxHTb,
n ~ 6 H03 - 3 a BeTXOCTM 3 ~ a H M f i . n 0 w ~ Ce H O C ~
~A~HHG rae
, OHM B O A ~ T ~ ,
HOBOe CTPOMT~JI~CTBO, KaK
Mbl C M O x e M nPHBHOCkITb H a AaHHYKJ T e p p H T O p M I O npox~ R, A O ~ X H OHCKOpeHHTb, a n p H - OHM n p o c T 0 nepeMeUamTcR 'OcW-
HMe KaK OAHH nePBHZIHbIX C ~ O C O ~ O
HCB n O S I b 3 0 B a H m HAH n ~ ~ b ~ gm a ~ b cTapHx s A a ~ u gKaK
, OIHT~~T- H H WOaHa H3 Tme-
HIOIO H ~ C ~ ~ ~ 30HY.
r 344 I [ 345 I
M ~ 6 Ib 1 T O r A a H M e n H no C ~ T MT e me pe3YnbTaTb1, BHHY 3 a KOTO-
a~BTOMO~KM ~ Ho. m ~ nOBTOpHTb
o AOaOBHO:
e~pawaro~csr
B H~YTO P b ~ m O e ~eCBfi3HOe9
6 a ~ m ~ o c XTa p~a ~. T e p H b I O
e CO~~HHOCT
M%e c~T p a 3 M b I B a m T m no
AH0 n H q o . Ha O W H b CPiJIbHo n O c T P a A a B m x
.
TOPLIFIX.. M T.A.))
M 6 a 1 ~ 3 0 6 p eHJIH
T o r g a a B ~ o M o 6 k i A kIlpHTunOCb
i c ~ ~H 3 B n e q b H 3
HMs.MGO ~ W P M , q ~ 0 6 b 1m T b M p a 6 0 T a T b B T a K H x H e n O A x O A R Y M x W
J43-3a a B T 0 ~ 0 6 w 1 e f i . e ~6ecc0-
roponax, n o ~ a n o 6 ~ n ~6b1c ~b B T O M O ~ E U I I ? ~ 3 6 a ~ n OT H ~
T p a H c n o p ~ ~ abp~T e p k i a , n a p I c o B o q H b I e m o q a K E I , GeHsO
paBoqHbIe CTaHqHH, M a r a 3 k i H b I ki 6 a H K k i Anff ~ B T O M -OBCe~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ C~omo
6 b 1 a m a ~ b BOIIpOCOM,
c ~ K a K m Aonx pa3pylneHwr,Bbl-
MOqHble H e f l O M n M b ~ eHHCTpYMeHTbI p a 3 p y m e ~ n ~P O A O B .
~O
i KPYIIHbIX rOPOALIX, H a CaMoM aerie cBa3aHa
More a B T 0 M 0 6 k l J l ~ ~ P B
ynkiqbI TePflWT ~ A H H C T B O n
, p e ~ p a q a m B~ Hce~q T O p b I m O e ki HeCBff3H0 a ~ -
mc~ O ~ H n~ pI eM~ e 6 p e x e ~KAPY-
se~
I 348 1
IV. T a ~ m u u e c ~ ~u ee m o [ 349 1
K H j r a P a x H H n o n a e 3 ~ ~ b 1n ey T n B o K p Y r n e m e x o a ~ o s30Hb1 Bo3
C ~ ~ C ~ H ropona,
JGI a ero p a c u r r e a e a ~ ~ . rap am^ f l m e ~ BOBHe,
o HO T o r A a OT I I p a K T H q H o C T m KOH4eHTPHP0BaH-
,rrnoTHo ~ ~ ~ K o B ~ H patioaa,
H o ~ o rne y n o 6 ~ 0n e p e n B H r a T b c H n e * K o M ,
x a P a K T e P , KaK o n ~ neperrn
o
r 354 I/ [ 355 I
IV. T a ~ r n u l l e c ~ u~ee m o d b r r 8 . 3 p o a u n ropodoe unu omcee a e r n o ~ o 6 u n e d ?
OH n O n p mKOnOCCmbHYH) ~ E I @ P Y
I I I: e C T H w q a T b MEIJLTIH~ ~ x TO A O ~ ~ B ~ R ~ ewe
e ~ n B TOrO, T C FHI ~ M H M
~ a~m H
OH , 3 ~ 3 4He-
~ ewe
KBi4'IPaTHb1X
+FOB M O C T O B O ~ ~nOMHMO
, IIPOCTpaHCTBa AJIR napKOBKLI. M ~ W ~ 3Ha T, e M ewe H e M H O r O MaIIIHH, H e T a K XOPOmO B"aHbl. HO,
cpaBHeHHH: cefiqac ~ e ~ 0 p a 3 B P i ~ bA Ia fy Hi T a y H pacnonaraeT T o n b ~ ~ m~M e m e ~ ~noJIOXHTeJIbHZH
efi, 06paTHaEl CBR3b p a 6 o T a e T . 5b1cT-
M m H O H a M R KBwpaTHbIX ~ ~ T O B . ~ ~ r n e ~ K~6 e0 nf bi ~,e f ~i B T O M O ~ ~ V IAOCTFHOCTH
~ H O ~ ~ HeH36elKH0
Ho B TO Xe MrHOBeHMe, KOrAa r p m nonyqm ~ 3'137w + p Y
H ~ b ~ M O H O B O, H a caenmacb yc~apesmeg
4 a TM M s p e s ~ b ~ s a3aHHf i ~ ~ Hero T p a H C n O p T a , Bo-BTopbrx, p a 3 p e x e ~ H~ pe a c ~ e ~Ca~ I~O C~Oe~ OKC-
B
Y T O ~H~M Ie T b T a K M H O r O MOCTOBbIX, a e n o B 0 f i q e H T p aonmelr o ~ a PI, ~ CJleaOBaTenbHO,
m ewe 6 0 n b ~ Ha m a B a ~ ~ o ~
CWIbHO PaCnPOCTPaHMTbCl B m H p b . CJIeflOBaTGlbH0, a a H H o e K o n H q e c ~ ~ n a p q o ~ pc o c ~ a~ B T O M O ~ Z ~aOC'IynHOCTH
~ H O ~ ~ n p H o&HoBpe-
HO"HqeCKHX C ~ O C O ~ OHCIIOJIb30BaHHR
B 6 y ~ BeH e~M pacnpegene~ocpaB H O Y~M ~ H ~ U ~ H w HHHT ~ H C H B H O C T HHCnOJlb30BaHMR AOCTHr ~ ~ a f i ~ e f i
TenbHO HennOTHO. Y T 0 6 b 1 IIOJlb30BaTbCR 3THMH p a 3 n H q H b I M H ~ J I ~ M ~ H T s b I p = e H H R B n o c - ~ ~ , q x e n eI?c ~e O ~ TTE~ IK O ~
me%C T ~ ~ - B AH ~ T -
~ H
H A~F Iropa3~o
~ ~ W A O J I ~~ Y MeHbIIIe n o n a r a T b c n H a x o ~ b 6 y a
, Gofib
Ha e3Ay. 3 ~ 0 C R J I b H e e Y B e n H Y H T I I O T P ~ ~ H O CBTYJIMYHOM
~ npoCTp
cTBe -maqe ~ e H 3 6 e x ~~b l a c a ~T poa H~C n O~p TeH b I e n p 0 6 ~P~ ~. ~ J I ~ ~a y a o B n e T B o p R e T ~ y x A b JI I H m b H e 3 H a Y H T e n b H O r O M e H b I I I H H C T B a
cn0c06b1 H c n o f l ~ 3 O B a H m I ,no H ~ O G X O ~ H M O C TAOBOJIbHO
H B a n e K O OTCTO 30sa~enee.M ~ H X ~ T- T KaK
~ H p a 3 T ~ K CJIy.~afi.
O ~ O A HH~3 M e p , npMHFI-
apyr OT apya, ~ O T P ~ ~ Pa yT 6 n ~ p o s a ~napKOBOYHbIX
m 3 0 H , I I O C K O J I ~Cn
~T m~ o t j n e r s e H~ YCKOpeHHR
~ e c b ~~ e3Ab1, C O C T O ~ n aB TOM, ABHXe-
HCnOJIb30BaHHR, n p M B J I e K a m L q ~ en m ~ e fBi p a a ~ o e ~ p e ~ AH^, f l 6 M A, Y L ~ H Mc c e ~ e p a
y r ~ p o K H M~ B ~ H W ~a mr, c ~ e n a onA~H o c T o P o H -
p a c n o n o x e H b I HeAoCTaTOrIHO KOMnaKTHO JIJR (<IIOCMeHHOrO,, ~ c n o n b 3 0 ~ . A B T O ~ Y CK~a IK, H B e C b I T P O Y I ? ~T~p a H C n O p T , CTanM e 3 A M T b no o a ~ o f i
3THX 3 0 ~ 3~ ~. 00
3HaYaeT eqe 60nbuee p a 3 x ~ x e A~a y~H T
e ayHa
pacnp
cTpaHeHHe era B u H P b , YTO, B CBOIO O Y e p e A b , ~ 60nburer
n o ~ p e 6 y eewe H~TH
neLUKOM g ~ ~ aH H H ~ K
I X
B a p T m a , Y e r O H e H a a O 6 b 1 n o 6b1 A e n a T b
B Y C T O P O H H ~ MA B H X e H H H .
B H F P R AayHTayHa. Ha O Y e H b p a ~ ~ ecTaAHM
fi ~ T O npoqec
~ O C a ~ co605,
o n e p e ~ o aH ~ I O - ~ ~ O P K C K MaBeHIO
X H a OaHOCTOPOHee
0 6 w e c T s e ~ H b ~ f i T p a H C n O p T C T a H e T COBepLUeHHO H ~ ~ @ + ~ K Tc TO^
H ~ H ~ ~ ~ x e ~ ~~n e q sa e ~co60B Y M e H b I G e H M e n O n b 3 0 B a H H R ~ B T O ~ Y C ~KM ~~ . ~ a
3~eHm ~ e fycrryr,
K a n~ o ~ ~ e 6 H ~ e ero i T a K H IIOCTaBIQHKOB. C J I O B O ~ ,H~ 6 HI?xI ~ ~ I B I I In Ha ~c c a x ~ p b ~HHKTO
? ~e 3 ~ a e HO, ~ , no B ~ P C M H ~ B T O ~ Y C -
HHKaKOro C R R 3 H O r 0 A a y H T a y H a -6 y ~ e nTM U b HeKZH p a C T e K m a a pa KOM~~HHH
3 T, a YaCTb I I a C C a X R p O B -n H ) a H H e BnOnHe onpeaenHBurH-
xeHHmm K C a , H ~ C ~ O C rOe H~e PHH p~O B a T b TOT 0 6 a e rOpO,qCKH
~ I e HHX, CYHTaIOT CIIeUHanHCTbI K O M n a H H H ,
e ~ o ~ o p b 113 one^^^^^^
O ~ ~ Y > K ~ TO B p ~a 3H~ 0~ 0 ,6 p a 3 ~He ~ O ~ ~ T C Ts bB1 6O0 p a , YTO ~ e o p e ope ~ e m ~yB T O ~ Y C OHMM H A M B H ~ Y ~ I I ~ HT~PIaM
H C n O P T O M ; flpyrHe,
BK3b'IO)f(HbI A a H H O r O HaCeJIeHllR H A a H H o f i BKOHOMHKH. bIBIuHe p a f i o HBBHe,
~ peruam~,CTOHT n~ H C ~ O ~ ~ ~ Op aBf i~o H~YCH- aH ~
K a U~n U e T PIO OH, q e M 60nb111e ~ P O C T P ~ H C Tn Bp~e a o c ~ a ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ o ~ o p b npEiAeTCR
~ e IIOTpaTMTb, B TO B p e M H KaK e c T b A p y H e
CR 60nbmPi~ rOpOAax ~BTOMO~HJIRM
T ,e M 6 0 n b m e CT~HOBHTCR ma B M e p O T K ~ ~ ~ TOT~ nOe3AKH
C R BHYTPR p a f i o ~ aK. a K 0 G ~ ~ I B ~ nepea
I ~ O P
HCn0nb30BaHH~, qTo~ P H B O A H TK HOBOMY y B e n m e H k i m IIpOCTpaHCTBa. CTOm,
I.I HH B03HHKUZH paasaua B ~ A O ~ C oT xBa s~a n a c b p i r 3~ ~ ~ 3 x n m ~ e f i
Bpemb~og
XmEWH MbI H e C p a 3 Y n e p e n p b ~ r ~ OT
~ ~
a ~ MH
e T aToq~02,
q T 0 6 b 1 OHW C T m H I I P H H H M a T b H H b I e P e m e H m , Y e M paHbrue.
nMoHoB K B w a T H b I X @FOB M O C T O B O ~K~LUeCTHWIJaTH M m H O H a M , H 1103 n o p ~ on p 3TOM,
~ YTO POCT ~ B T O M O ~ H J I ~ HnOTOKa,
O~O n O n F H O OKaab1-
w ~ fOi~ p H q a T e f i b H O eBO~,L@CTBH~ HaO ~ W ~ C T B ~ T
HpH
a H~c nI o~p T~ , npH-
" n 0 ~ 0 6 H ~
PaCToqMTeJIbHOCTb ECIIOJIb30BaHEIR I I a p K O B o q H b I e moms- OHT a m e c o 3 A a e T 40-
wecerOAm M0XU30 YaCTO Ha6JIK)AaTb AH, ~ y 6 n ~ i p y 1 0 1 q ~ e T e , q T o piMewTCR
K y B e n H q e H H H ) qHCJIa TpaHCnOPTHbIX CpeACTB.
A a F T a w a x > c o 3 H a T e n b H o CIIpOeK- BA~JIOBO
s a~c T P i ~ a y ~ ~ pi anoy~ e
~ qae - ~ e n b ~ bHI e~ ~ A O ~ C T B
aAFI ~ e X O A O B , 3aCTaBnflR H x A o n b u e
nem maTb
THPoBaHHbIX TaK, ~ T O G HX
~ I~icnonb- p a M nycryMT. C O B M ~ C T PiCnOJlb30-
HO~ exoAa aBeam.
30BaHlre6bIJIoA P O ~ H ~ I MT. ~ K~ , 0 ~ b l f i B ~ H En106b1x
I ~ rOpoACKMx c p q c 06-
~ ~ C n o ~ o w b T~ ~, HX ~ M
H H ~ I Xn a J I n R a T M B O B M ~ H x ~ T T3 ~a BO-
H
o ' r r l e c ~ ~ e ~ ~ bUr ef H
i T p H a K p a W IIHTTC- W m M B a H m -H e T O ~ ~ K
*apKOB
O
J, neT (1948-r956) y B e n M q w I e ~ e g H e B H b 1 ini P H T O K n H 9 H b I X T p a H c n o p T -
~ Y P ~ C K OA~a O
y H T a F a , p a 3 6 p o c a ~ ~ b r ~ i ~.rM a r a s a H o B , H o lr IIapKOBOYHbrX mo-
~ T A ~ J R H H OT~ BI C~e r o O C T ~ J I ~ H O ~ O , 4 W O K Pi MOCTOBbIX -T p e 6 y e 60JIb- ~ H a ~36%, XOTFI 3TO COOTBeTCTBYeT JIHmb
CpeacTB H ~ B H ~ a o faOne i =pH-
AonxeH nPeA'JCTaBnnTb WEI B e q e p H e r O III0fi K O M I I ~ K T H O C T ~ ~ . a m w ~M
x ~ B nH0 J~ I b 3 0 ~ a ~ e J l M
e~ ~ H x ~ T T83%
~ HK~o T, o P b I X IIPHe3maK'T
[ 360 3 [ 361 1
Ho K o r A a ~ a ~ op af fi i 0 ~H a M e p e H H O P e K O H c T P Y a P Y m T , yT06b1
BaTb TaKm
P a C T p a T y 3eMJIH l4 T a K O e KOJlHYeCTBO I I o e a ~ H
o a~nHyHblx
6 n a r o f l a p R C B O ~ ~ C T B ~ HHHMO~ ~H~ 3 ~ 0Kf Oi H u e H T p a q a p i (3aecb,
H o s e c u e H a p Y r u a e T c R -Aaxe B nparopo~e).
B~ M H O r O M T a K a R 2Ke H y W a - I4 B JIHYHOM ~ B T O M O ~ ~ ~ ~
H C n ~ p TeCHOTbI.
~~~fi
q e 6 o~n b m e B ropoae ~ e p p a ~ o p 3~ af ci r, n p o e ~ ~ no
b ~ nnaHY
x
o c m a l o T CBOHM Xe BOAHTenRM.
Ha T e p p p i T o p w r X , nOABepXCeHHbIX B-HKOMY HeC9aCTbm 'KY-
r o P o A o B , KOHueHTpaukiFi n
n ~ o M e ~ o y ~ IIJIoTHO
b ~ e
were 3 -~ H o r o y H C n e H H b I ne e m e x O A H b l e R e P e x o A b I .
~ ~ O0T O~K ,
q ~ 0 6 b 1nOnJTyMTb OT9eTJlHBOe I I p e A c T a B n e H k l e 0 K ~ H @ ~
9acTm
n P H C O e A H H x m T a K UpOTeCTaM;
y ~ a e ~ ~ ' f ~ r r l ca pf o
~ b 1 6 e p ~a i ~. mHcToB. He A a e T HM n p o e x a ~ b ,me^ ~a sanpewamw*fi C * ~ H ~ J I
r p a ~ o c ~ p o a ~ eynn no n, H o
H b I e r o P o A c K H e npeAcTasEiTenEi B ~ I C O K O
Ho e m A~a B n e H E i e H H ~ I Xc m , I I ~ O T H B O ~ O ~ C TT B
p a~ ~ ~ ~ X
c o ~ p a q a Me c~n O n b 3 O B a H H e T p a H c n O p T a m T nPHMePOM erO OT-
* 3 . 4 E e~K 0 ~ ~ ~ +HJla-
~ ,AHPeKTOp nOCTpOUTb KOTOP~IOOH npemarm,
~enb&&ic~oi'i KOMHCCHH no r p m o - O T C ~aB~ ~ o ~ 0 6 H J l er f0ip O A a M H T a K p e A K o 6 b I ~ a e Ta e a c T B H e M
B~IIILXMc ~ ~ K ~ T ~ ~ME I~ IK:o~H a, p H~ u
CTPOMTenbCTBY, p a C C K a 3 a l MHe, TO CKOBO~OAK~!>>
W O T H B H H K H CKOPOCTHO~%M a r H C T p m H ,
Ta T p a H c n o p T H o r o I I o T O K a . n o K p a f i ~ e f Mi e p e n p o f i o n x a T e n b H 0
XeHHR a B T 0 6 ~ ~ ~B a~H-q k i H a , 9JG3CTBHTeJlbHaFI K J G 3 e n ~ q e ~ k 1m~
~) me r o p o g o ~M ~ e3THX MeTOAOB C p a 3 Y CTaHOBflTCR BHAHbI, emki
? ~ o r a3
IUeHHIo o6aero K o n H g e C T B a MBLUHH, - H e H3MeHHJIaCb. Aa H B o g p f ~ b, q T p~e q b A o n X H a ~ T H eH06 OTCeBe a ~ ~ 0 ~ 0 6 l v 1 20poae,
6e fi a 06 oT:
a B T 0 6 ~ c 0 B ~ ~ K a ~ Poa 3f HiH U b I H e II09YBCTBOBaJIH. ( Y ~ o ~ H o M o ~ ~ ~ ~ x 2 o p o a o ~~. P H ~ O A THa K~ HI e MeTOAbI, KOTOPbIe A a m T nPOCTOP ApyrMM
6 XH X e J I a T e ~X b H b I M rOpO,qCKHM
~ C~I I O C O ~ ~ HCn0nb30BaHm,
~
M ~ ~ ~
JEiMbIX nOACgeTOB m f l RCCneAOBaHHR M a P J X p j T O B IIOe3AOK, ~ O - B ~ J ~ M O ~4pyJQmxM c H ~ ~ K A ~~MBHT O M O ~ ~ ~ T J PI a~H H
c nOo P~T a~.
HeuHTepecyeT,K y f i a n o A e B m H c b er0 M H P H r n b I MaLUHH. P ~ ~ ~ O B OHPa O B B03b~eMK , IIpHMePY, n p o 6 n e ~ y p a 3 M e U e H M R TPoTYaPHbrX
~36erae~.)
T e M y OH
~ O A O ~ H n pOo n a B L U M M naCCEiXCP7paM ~ B T O ~ Y C O~a B a ~ e ~ m TCKOfiHrPbI, -K O T O P J~ I W H I I ~ I T ~ I ~ pT e~ uRa ~ x
b i nonynffpHbIx
H°CTOPOHHHM A B H X e H R e M 3 T H MaLUHHbI - no ~ p a f i ~ eMfeip e HeK m~ H Y ) ~ ( H ~mI ~ p 0 K H TpOTYaPbI.
3~0l-0 e Ha H e K o T o P b I X TpOTyapax
Y T O ~ 3~TI0 O n p a B A a T b .
~OMMMO
CY>KeHI?SI M O C T O B O ~3THMH H APJTHMII CII I I P H B ~ P
~ H
~ M p~a P
3 H E i q b I B Y A O ~ C T BM~ e W y Bkf-
KpaWaTb T P ~ H C ~ O P T H (conp
~ I ~ ~~ Y A H~ yTM e H b I I I e H H e KBapTaJlOB
IIOTOK 0~0pm0 a ~ O C - ~ ~ A C T B HnR eX p e ~ o a~ a~ e ~a~ m OA-
B n m 6 0 mycrae
~amweecrrPOCTOM q ~ c n an e m e x o g ~ b nepexogo~),
~x ~ Y H ~ I Xa ~ ~ o ~ o 6 ~ n e t~ iB T O ~ Y C O B .b l ~ r -
H AJIR
XoAHMOe ma r e H e p a r l m pa3~006pa3m. me2 - TO n p o ~ r p b I L urn ~ B T O ~ Y C O B .
B c n e A y ~ o U I e Gm a B e , I I O C B R W ~ H H OBM3YaAbHOMY
~ IIO~RA n o n ~ o c ~ b ~K eI I I 3 6 U p a ~ e n b ~OTCeB
b l g TpaHCnopTa MoXeT H a
rax y n ~ u a 3xa ~ p y A H H T bABHKeHMe r p y 3 0 B H K O B ~ B T O ~ Y C OTBa K X e , K a K
m H 3 a q H R K o T o P b I X A O n X H a ~ ~ ~ ~ O T BCKa3aTbCR
O ~ H OHa ropo H ~ I Xa B ~ 0 ~ 0 6 W I e f i .
H BMeCTe C T e M YMeHbUTHTb B03MOXHOCTH ~ B T O M O ~ H ~ ~THp aOH~C O
nop~ r p y 3 0 H~~ ~B T~O ~~ Y -
C ~CaMH
I ce6e Ba3KHbIe n p O R B n e H H R
Cnoc060~V e n H Y I I B a T b Y A O ~ C T B O ,HHTeHCHBHOCTb H npHBeTnHBOCTb r0p0 C K O HHT~HCHBHOCTH
~ U KOHUeHTpaUIIII. M,KaK O G M C H ~ H H X e , no-
CKHX WBCTKOB, O T P a H H 4 H B W B TO Xe B p e M H IIOJlb3OBaHHe ~ B T O M O ~ E I J I R M
OpbIe ~ 0 l - 6~
n ~HCnOAb30BaTbCR KaK FUlbTepHaTHBa T p a c c e , KorAa Ha
R H H o 3 w e p X H B a e T , n o 6 y m a B O A H T ~ J OTKa3bIBaTbCR
I~~~ OT H C n O n b 3 3 H H K a e T S a T O p , H ~ O ~ X O ~ H3M
a aOH a a T b n p o A w a H H O pacnonoXeH-
3THX YnHq. TO, OnRTb-TaKH, IIPHBOAHT K 6onee C B O ~ O ~ ~ H O MGbICTpO Y ~ y n ~ ~~ aT TH
~~ x~ H; KAOXXHbI,
H H e MeIUaFI JIOKmbHOMY HCnOnb30Ba-
ABHXeHHIO ~ B T O ~ Y C O B . ynHq, n p e c e K a T b n o n b I T K H BofiHTenefi CIIIHBaTb Y ~ H W Ic T P ~ C C B
O O~ ~ A H -
M a ~ r p Cas~H T a e T , TTO 8 HHTeHCMBHO HCIlOJlb3yeMOM g a p T a y Enaro~apH 3 T H M me pa^ C K O ~ O C T H ~ Ra r ~ c ~ p ~a on r bn a C W X T ~
He ca"blfi P e m H c ~ ~ s H b l cnoco6
fi n o n y q m b B x e n a ~ e n b ~~ oe ~c neme
~ e KO CKBO3HOMY A B H X e H H m .
H w YnHrlY- 3TO 3aTPYAHHTb HCnOJIb30BaHHe YJlElqbI ~ B T O M O ~ ~ R ~ ~ n o ~ b a o ~ HeKOTOpbIMH
a~~e C%e3AaMH, B e A W H M H B T c T o H a c e -
HblM O ~ P ~ ~C nOO M
MO w b H ) C I ? ~ H ~ J I ~ HCOH%C T ~ M ~AI )0 ~ a ~c ~~e nfe i bIe p a f i o ~ b l , ~ e , q o ~ m6b1 b o l I b K o rPY30BHKaM I4 ~ B T ~ ~ Y ~ ~ M .
O pa3pelUa~T
P ~ ~ B H oBc ~~oR~ o n o n a r a m w yHmA e m M a ~ r p a 06 ~ a~ 3 6 J f ~ a -
~a pa3-~pyroii,,;c n e ~ y ~e ~a ma ea n p e ~ n~ a~ pb ~ o H~CTORHKY.
~y KorAa aB o c ~ a~, 6 6npemoxma
1 n o q Y M a T b o IIOMOWH ~ ~ Y ~ O B H K Gonbmux
~ M
M~~~~~~~ H C n O J I b 3 0 B a H H e YJIHqbI CBeAeTCH n O s T H K OAHHM ~ P Y ~ O B M K ~ ax. rpy30~pfKJf HHX X H 3 H e H H O B W b I . r p y 3 0 ~ ~3TO ~ o~ 6- u m -
qTO-TO Ha Heen P H B 0 3 f l 4 H M I . Z ~ HTO-TO ~ O B R I ~ H M ee, C T ~ T Y Cn e ~ e x o ~ ~ e. 3 ~ p0a 6 0 q ~ eM ~ C TB~ H. a C T O R w e e B p e M f f y HaC, ~ a o 6 o p oH~a,
MOXHO c ~ e n a O~ @
b H ~ H ~ J I ~ H6~eI3MO C O ~ ~ ~I OX T P R C ~ H H,IIY~?~KJ IO ~ O - ~ H ~ ~ ~ q a AxB H X e H s e rPY30BHKOB o r p a H H s e H o . H a n p ~ ~ eBpH, ~ B - ~ ~ o P -
~ e o 6 x o ~ ~ ~ oB n
c o
~p 1m . r~ KOMneHCaqMH
e n e p e a a n p a ~ m 6~0 bn b m O f i 02a B e H m H n a p ~ - a ~ e H~ P
mY ~ O B H Ka H
anpewe~b13M
a CKJI~Y~HH~M
6 ~ n e fBH&3T
i CMbICn XHBHEI PYKOBOAHTeJIH K O M n a H H H General Motors
A p y H e nIOAH, TeCHO CBH3aHHbIe C 3 T H M ~ E I ~ H ~ C3KOHOMRWCKkf
O M KTIH r
6 0 ~ n0p e A a H H b I e e M y 3MOUHOHtUIbHO. C T O J I ~3 a M e s a T e n b H O e COeARHeH
~ W I O C O @ I I ECI IIOBCeAHeBHbIMfl AeJIaMH 3aCJIJOKMBaeT C K O p e e IIOXBtUIbI, 4
KPHTMKM. T p y A H e e , OAHaKO, IIOHSITb, n O Y e M y lIpOH3ROACTBO EI no~pe6~1e~
~ B T O M O ~ AOJIXHO
- ~ ~ COCTaBJIFITb CMbICJI X H 3 H H B C ~ GCTpaHbI.
CXOAH~IM
0 6 p a 3 0 ~ ,n O H H T H a 3 a B O p O X e H H O C T b T e X
ropona co c
A O C T ~n p H r u n a c b H a 1 9 2 0 - e , B w e H H e M JIy=1e3ap~oro
M H a B T O C T p q a M H , O ~ M ~ H Y H BKa3aBZUeI'OCR
O O P r a H H Y H b I M IlOpOX,4eHH
~ B T O M O ~ H J I ~ H 3nOXM.
O# no ~ p a f i ~ eMf ei p e 3 T 0 6 b 1 n a Tor&? HOBaR
B qaCTHOCTH, JVIR J l I O ~ e f M3
i IlOKOJIeHElFI P06ep~aMoseca, K O T O P ~ pI ~ ~
CTpyMpOBtUI H ~ I O - ~ ~ O3 ~T 0K 6, b 1 n a P a H K a J I b H a t I R BOJIHYIOUaH IIAeH, B
HHKZUaFI B rOAbI, K O r A a p a 3 B H B a J H C b HX YMbI H ~ O P M R P O B ~ J I HBC3~
M H ~ I MAeHTeJIFIM C B O ~ ~ C T B ~ HKHpO
e n K O AepXaTbCFI 3a CBOH 6b1nb1e
n e K T y U b H b I e BOCTOprH, n o ~ o 6 IIOCTapeBLUHM
~0 K p a C a B H U a M , KOTO
OCTaIoTOl B e p H b I M R MOAaM H I I p H V e C K a M c B 0 e f i 3 a x ~ a T b I ~ a I O L q eMOJI
fi
[ 380 I IV. T a ~ m u q e c ~ ~
u ee m o
P a ~ c ~ a ~ p a ropoa ~ a T b- a aaxe r o p o A c K y m O K P Y ~ Y- K ~ K
, - r n T a 6 ~app X H T e K T J J P H y 3 w a Y y , KaK T o , YTO M o x H o nOnHOCTbl0 yno-
y a T b , n p e B p a T H B B ~ p i c q ~ r u r x H u p o B a H H no e p o ~ 3 ~ e HCKYCCTBa,
~ e ~ ~ e
B ~ s y a n b ~~bO~~gH A O K : HT B n a C T b B O m H 6 ~ yIIbITiL?Cb
, IIOAMeHPiTb X H 3 H b HCKYCCTBOM.
P e s y n b ~ a TC T O n b T R X e J I O r O CMeIIIeHRR I I O H R T H ~H e M O x e T
era r p a ~ ~ q b ~ HW ~ H ~ H ~ HR
I OIICK~CCTBOM.
, TOT Pe3YJlbTaT -T a K C W A e P M m . Ha cBo-
M B03MOXIIOCTkl:
e qyrena rOpOAOB.
K a K Bee n p e ~ e ~ 3 H
R au A e R T e n b H O C T b B c@epeH C K y c c T B a , & a -
O T C T O R a p i e OT n p a B A b I I? nWLUeHHbIe Y B a X e H n R K M a T e P E a Y J P e M e c -
--
opoAc~og TaKCHAepMIlkI CTaHOBkITCR B PYKaX e r O B R A H ~ n~p a ~K T~a -X
Bee Gonee M a H e p H b I M ki K a n p H 3 H b I M . 3 ~ eAWHCTBeHHaR
0 AOcTynHaR
CaMbMC?OmblXfl HHTeHCRBHbIX IIPORBJIeHkMX. no 3 T 0 g npMqpfHe c m e c ~ ~ @ o p ~pa3BWTkiR.
a
6a30~0e~ C T ~ T E ~ ~o Cr pKa HOa ~s e H a e B OTHOUreHWki TOrO, YTO MOmO Ta Bee 3 ~ - 0 y 6 ~ ~ a 1 0 1 q e e mEI3Hb (Pi WCK~CCTBO)~ J I O Y ~ O T P ~ ~ ~ ~ H H ~
r"PoAo~c ~ a a ~ 6 bo n:b z u o i i 20p0a ne oxe em 6 b ~ r n npozuseae~ueM
b ucKyccm C C T B ~ P~ ~. ~ Y J I ~- T ~~ Te06orarqe~~e, a o 6 e a ~ ex~1 5~3 ~e1 4 .
M c K ~H ~~O ~~X O~ A ~~HMaoMO B Bki3yaJIbHofi o p r a ~ ~ 3 a rap q ~ n C m e c ~ ~ yKoHeYHO,e~, BO3MOXHOCTb TOTO, 9 ~ 0 6 b COTBOPeHHe
1
AoB> KaK B A p y r H x x H 3 H e H H b I X c@epax:OHO n o ~ o r a He a~M nyqme no
MaTb XW3Hb, BbICBegHBaeT ee CMMCJIM, BbIRBXReT CBR3b M e m y X H ~ H ~ K ) , H ~ L Uo
~ R ~ TB W ~6Mw e c ~ ~ e .
T"PmB O n n O u a e T B ce6e ~ a q b 1 f Pi3 i HaC, Ei XW3HbIO B H e HaC. B o ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ P, oHn p e , q e n e ~ ~ byc~10BklRX
~x O H 0 M O X e T nPOHCXOAxTb H a OC-
rnaBHOe,m3-3aqerO MbI H m a e M c f l B HCKyCCTBe, - C r o c n o c o 6 yfjex ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
AaTb O , HCJSYCCTBO w ) K E I ~ Hnepeme.re-
q T o M b I n m A H . O A H ~ KXOTR ~ K p b ~O ~~ Uo ~~C T BW ~ ~, BHO ~ I ~ ~ C HTCBn b~I T,b I B a I O U e M T e x H o n o r a q e -
Hbl M ~ W Y co6ofi, OHPI -H e WHO I? TO xe. n y r a ~ ~ Bq3TOM a BOnPOCe -OA. eaa ~ p y & ~ ~ Bn~~ c, p a 3 s ~ n a ~ ' 0
e ~n ~ w 6eu~l ec c~~ M ~ e O ~ ~~ ~T I T ~ T W
Ha W3 nPk19WH ma4eBHbIX Pe3YJIbTaTOB, KOTOPbIe IlPPiHOCHT A ~ R T ~ J ~ H o c T ~ T R ~ ~K
e o 6~ x o ~ ~ q M o c EUlR
T b , 0 6 b 1 9 a k HnkI T P W H U m HaBR3b1BaeT BCeM
r"poacKWx ~ ~ 3 a f i ~ e p o ~B ~. I P ~ ~ O T K6onee EI K a q e C T B e H H b I x mpa- ~ O M AY~ c ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ H H P o B I~ ?H~ H
~ IY? I~O~ T ~ J I ~B H
O ToHcOTm~e H H H qene5
T~~~~~ TaKTHK ~ m a f i O~WaH b B a X H O H a B e c T W 3 g e c b f l c ~ 0 c l - b . a ~ e p n a ~ rao~~c , q ~ m H H Oy ,~ ~ C ~ O B J I C~OHr nHa c~H eI M~ no n o B o A y T p e -
M c ~M M~ ~ CBOW ~ ~ @ OoP M ~ In o p ~ ~waOHH
~ ~T 0c06b1e , oTnHqa- a ~ w f i~, o ~ o p b ~I Te WM a T e p R a n b I HaKJlaAbIBamT, A ~ c ~
IoTcRcTpOrocTbm. XYAOKHMK,C KaKHM 6b1MaTepRaJlOM OH HH pa60Tm, sbl- ~ p o nH b ~ C Ao T B o p e H H b I M k I T a K H M o 6 p a 3 0 ~
@OPM~MH.
6 u ~ a e mHeqTo O ?p r a H ~ 3 y ~
H m R q H O r O R ~ O ~ E U RI ~ e ~k J 6 p ac o~3 A ~a B~m~ , T B ~~0 r j ' Tc o 3 A a B a T b A e p e B H H ti, M O X e T 6 b m , A a x e r o p o A a HeKoero
nP0J33BeAeHae, H a x o m u e e c c I noA ero K o H T p o n e n f . Pasy~ee-i-c~, y XYAOxHW-
Ka HepenKO 6b1saeTo w w e H H e , 9 T o H M n e p a T I l B b I er0 T p y A a (TO e c T b ~ b 1 6 0 - 3BeAeHHRMH WCKyCcTBa.
pa, KoTo~blfiOH QeflaJI B H v P R AaHHOrO ~ a ~ e p a a nKa O) H T P O J ~ ~ Per0 ~ ~ca-
T 0 am
Ho 3 ~ ~e myyak H ~ MMO X e T 6b1Tb R H T e p e c H o P a c c M a T -
T ~ ~ ~ H 0 0 6 ' b f l ~ ~ AOBOJIbHO-TaKR
~ ~ b ~ f i , 9~flecHb1fipe3YnbTaT 3 ~ 0 ~ 0
np"qecca ( e o r ~
H ~ ~ H P ~ T ~ ~ ~O pHr a O ~ R, Pi K O H T P o n b fleficTBYmT
H WC3 aTq W H g H b I e TBOPeHHR C BOCXHK(eHMeM Mnki H o ~ T a ~ ~ b r W e fn ie q a n b H O
COrnaCHH Memy
~0605)M O X e T 6 b 1 ~ bnpOW3Be,qeHaenf k i c ~ y c c ~T~ a~ . K B ~ T ~ C0 R
TOM, n o v e ~ y HaC H e M O X e T 6 b I T b KaK Y H n X .
'JrTb n P O ~ e C C a - A ~ C ~ ~ ~ R ~q p~e 3 ~B b~1 9~a f ai ~ 0~B~~ b~ I~C fKi~ , T ~ J I ~ - y ~ a nco ~ o ~e
~ yM O X e T 6b1Tb K a K Y HWX, 9 T O B TaKHX O ~ U ~ C T -
Hb1aBb160~E 1 3 m 3 H e H H O r 0 1 1 3 0 6 ~ 1 Ha
~ ~ . OH^ BceoXBaTHofi n o n H o T b I pi ~ O A - ax O r p a H W q e H m B O ~ M O X H OPiC3 aTn p~e ~ T b~1 , K a c a m w e a nmHOCTR, BblXO-
IlEIHH0 6 e c ~ 0 ~ eCJIOXHOCTPI
~ ~ ~ f i W 3 H H WCKYCCTBo n p o k i a ~ o n b ~ co , ~ ~ ~ o n ~ q - ~ a e 3a~p ao ~ ~MaTepPi-lanOB
pi r? K O H U ~ I I U M G W
, Cnonb3YeMbIxnPMco3Aa-
H0 a 6 c ~ ~ a K T HBo3TOM
. er0 UeHHOCTb, B 3TOM I I C T O ~ H R Ker0 c06cTBeHHOrO n p o w 3 s e ~ e ~RxCf iK ~ C C T 1B13~064efi MaCCbI n 0 B c e A ~ e ~ ~mo 3f iH z . 3 T W
n o p W K a H CBFI3HOCTW.
a ~ x y e ~ 3ma n p e ~ b p1a c n p O C T p a H R I O T C R H a BCe c @ e p b I B O ~ M O ~ H O C T ~ ~ ~
(B TOM ZIHCTIe H a HHTeJUIeKTYUibHbIe BO~MO?KHOCTH)H ~ J I Rer0 M a T e p H & T b H o r O W e c T B o B a H m AoflX-
AYJIIoAbMH K a K TaKOBbIe. ~ T OrpaHHrieHEiFI
H M 3 a I I p e T b I MbI BOCnp ,~ ~ C O J I I ~ T HH~HIeMO C n o P n M b I M K O H T p O f l e M a p -
K a K H e H m H O e H HeBbIHOCHMOe BbIXOJIaUHBaHHe XH3HEi, KaK ee 3
3 T a T 4 e T H a R (H my60~0 ~ ~ ~ K ~ H o HH H
r n e~ XRg a) O K p a m E l ~ O p e H H H B H 3 y ~ b H O r On O p a K a B ropoaax 6e3 cTpeM-
co60fi p O n H 3 r~P a A O C T p O H T e J I b H O r 0 ABMXeHHR B A y X e r0p0ga-cqa H,
~ p a f i ~ e~fei p ~e a e o n o r ~ s eHc~ C~K~O,J I ~ Kyiuepxrra
O ero A O M H H W P Y ~ ~ a. OHH H e B COCTORHEIH H~GTEIM H On
~ p~ b , H e MOW
TeMyr a P M o H H H nOpRAKa, HaBFl3bIBaeMbIX H 3 a ~ o p m l l ~ a e
HbIM ~ P W O C T P O E I T ~ J I ~ C T B O M . o c o 6 ~ o r oIIOMOYb KPYIIHbIM rOPOAaM.
Hwema H a B03HHKHOBeHHe B KOHeYHOM HTOr
c @ o ~ ~ I I p o ~ HCKYCCTBOM
a ~ ~ o f i H a OCHOBe C O r n a C m (WIH CK H T HCK~CCTBO
~ H a MeCTO M 3 H H rOpOACKHM &H3afi-
aTHTbCR K c ~ p a ~ e r06naropax~~am11~efi
a~, ~ c -
H ~ I X~ e o p a fBi A y x e
ropoga-cma, ecna OHEI C o x p a H R m c e 6 B~ ZIHCTOT
m e i i n ~ e 3 a ~ ~roo pr ooA a H r 0 p 0 A a KpaCOTbI. B YaCTHOCTH, fi H a M IIOHRTb n p H C j 7 4 H e X H 3 H H C M b I m b I ee no-
AElqHefi MOXHO O ~ % R C H H TTOT
~ @ ~ K TZIT0
, H e Aanee
IIC M ~M@~P
r oA
B O, P R B K H H X < < K y ~ ~ b ~ O
yAp a~ L I I Hro
X Ka, C B O ~ ~ C T B ~ H6 0H~O
1 b~m~o l v r yrOPoAY.
H ~ M
JJoCTORHHO B T O J I K O B ~ I B ~ I O rJIYTIYH)
T J I O X b 0 nOpHAKe
i 384 1 ~ ee m o
IV. T a ~ r n u l t e c ~ u [ 385 1
C ~pyr0fiCTOPOHbI, BIIeYaTJIeHHe HeCKOHYaeMOCTH H e RBJIReTCH aFopO fix n ~ ~ A O ~~ ~ B 6O Y H~YJlMq,
~ I Xb n p~
OAOX
~ e H H b I X M e W y ~ J I M ~ ~OCHOB-
M H
C K o r o n o p m K a H ~ O ~ X O A H M ~ I3M
T ;0 B n e Y a T J I e H H e MOXHO M H H M M H ~ ~ , J P O ~ fi C ~ T K H M
, O ~ OOT p a X a T b HX CBH3b C C ~ T K O ~ ~ .
6 e 3 m e p 6 a AJIR $ ~ H K ~ H O H ~ ~ nHo pO ~ KOa .
flA Eonee T o r o , TaKaFi MEIHHM 3 oe~ o # ,n p o c ~ o fAnR
C o e g ~ ~ e 6~ a H i IIOHHMaHHR perymp~ofi
n 0 A Y e p K H B a - m 6 b 1 HHTeHCHBHOCTb -IIOAJIHHHO 3HaYHMOe K a Y e c ~ ~ ~ . T ~ M C~H aI M e p e H H O H e p e I y X R p H b I M H BCTaBKaMH B m e ynw, nponoXeH-
B O ~ H ~ I MYnII9HbIMH
H OTPe3KaMH H I I O n e p e Y H b I M H Y I I H ~ a M H O
. ~~IKHOB~H AJIR T p a H c n o p T a , M O X H O BO BCH) ee UIHPHHY, OT T p o T Y a p a A" TpoTyapa~
6 n a r o p a 3 y ~ HH
e Y B a X e H H e K rOpOACKOMy p a 3 ~ 0 0 6 p a 3 ~ 1 0 , COeAHHeHHbI 3 6 H ~ bM & 7 1 e ~ b ~ f inape; BH3YilllbHYH) npewm ~ a 3 ~ 6~~o o ~ ~
C ~ O H H M ~ H MTOrO, ~ M 9 T O H e p e r y X X p H O C T b KaK TaKOBaFI B ~ O A O ~ H O M
[ 390 1 [ 391 1
'Aecb '03AaBaTb A e P e B b R KJIR H e 6 0 n b m ~ e(Pi, 6 y g e H~ q e a T b c g , npMaT + o ~ a n b ~ b3 n~eH
hteHT B flmbHefi Y ~ M Y H O ~
B~OP~
n a)p K O B b I e CTPOeHRR R C K y J I b n ~ y p b ~ . - c n o c o 6 c ~ ~ pa3~006pa3rm.
eKTEi~e ye~ MHb1e Y n R q b I , ynapa*wre-
ApyrRx c n F a x m e M e H T 3 p E l ~ W l b H o r HCTBa, K a K BOAOeMbI, KaMnycbl El 6onbruRe
He =perpaWaTbn p R M y m YnHUY, a 6 b 1 ~ 3b a a H ~ e Ml l l ~ prpynnofi
i sAaH T OCTaBnRTb 6e3 B H 3 Y m b H b I X n p e r p a . He
A B R H ~ O f BnePeA
i Pi3 o6meH nEiHRH R 06pa3ymwefi B ~ I C cTaprcofi ~ ~ Y n H q a , ~ ~ K ~ H Y E ~ B TaKEIM
~ ~ ~ ~o 6H p Ca 3J 0I~A, o n x H a 3TO AeMoHCTPH-
ruexoAoB. n " ~ f l ~ BbICTYIIOB,
o B 0 3 M O X H b I BbIeMKR b, HO ~ e ~ 0 ~ 0 p Ab oIn X
e Hbl- R paAEl 0 T A a n e H ~ o f iKapTaHblqero-To
cToPoHe YnHqb~T
: o r A a 3 a a ~ ~o er p,a H E i Y m s a m r q e e m a 3 y cA m b H e G CT W coo6weam 0 MecToHaxo>tiqeHRR
, p q a n o c b m a e M o r 0 M ~ XAenOM
C M O T P H T a KaK B R 3 y a J I b H Wnperpqa. 4 6 1 , 4 ~n0o n e 3 ~ 0AJIR 0 p H e H T a 4 R E i ( n o ~ o 6 w b l ne p H M e T b l
K o e - K O ~BOBMOxHO,
~, nOKa)KeTCEI, YTO BCe 3 T 0 BM3YmbHOe
qePmBaHEle HHTeHCHBHOCTEl EICIIOJlb30BaHHj3 YJlHq M O X e T GbITb aOBon HOG npeflCTaBHMOCTr?)) ropom).
n O A a B n E I m ~H ~ ~ A ~ ~X ~ ~C Y ~ I I O B ~ ~HO I MH. e T a K . pafioHbI,
H ~3TO B-~pe~bxX
BH, B Y m b H b I e YJlkIYHbIe n p e r p m b l AOnxHbl @yHK-
MHoroB R 3 Y m b ~ b ~ ~ ~nperpw, n m ~ b B ~ p~e a n b a o f i XUBHM, KaK npaamo, H K ~ M H ,a < ( y r n a M W ) , 3a K O T O P ~ IM~ O ~ H O
3a-
KoroH e Y c T P a m a m ~PI H e n 0 A a B n R I o T ; Y a w e ax M o x H o O x a p a K ~ e p x ~ ~ ~
, KPoMe Toro, R x n e I T e ~ o c n p
K a K A p p e c T B e ~ H b ~ e H, a ~ o n x 6e6 1~~ Ob ~ X O A H On Y~ T~b B o K P p BH-
Pafioabl. n"aTqwiaeTc~
FiKqeHTPipyeTcR H H T ~ H C H B H O C TH~
~ nyl.6, HCHo B M A M M ~yIe~n o B e r n
mHOrOj K a K Y a O B e ~ e ~ ~ ~mf 3i H E I , R ~ K I J ~ H T M ~ Y ~ TOCHFa IB c ~ o ~ x pe O T K P ~ I B ~ H ~nWe Rp ~e ~~ Hz,iiv HOBYm
6nR3KRx n p o R B n e H m x . r o p o A C K a H 6 e 3 r p a ~ E i q ~ o c ~ b m q e e C B O ~ ~ C T BnOp e A H a M e P e H H 0 co3AaH-
x a p a ~ ~ e p k i 3 0 s anno ~ o f i ~ b a~PfXi a T e K T O P
~OCT~RMOCTR. ~ a a p ~ ~ ~e oH~ ,o p b ~ fi,
pa3'bRCHRR CBOZ A H ~ ~ ~ H ~ Pn ~Cz K
H qHM ~n b 1 9
M c n o n b 3 ~ ~ BR3YaJ7bHbIX
a ~ ~ e YJlkIqHbIX nperpap, H e numeHo,
HaKO, nOABOAHbIX K ~ M H ~ G . e A O ~ > K 6~ bHl T b OKOHYaTenbHbIM".
B " - n e ~ ~ b ~ xH, e T 0~0601-0
CMblCJIa t l c n o n b 3 O B a ~ b~x TaM, r~~ B - y e ~ s e p T L I x ,A ~ ~ C T B ~ H H OB H
C 3TY~m b H b I X n p e r p a A
CYTCTBYmT 3PHMbIe CBHAeTeJIbCTBa Y Z I E I Y H O ~RHT ~ 0 EICKnWqeHkLFI M3 n p a B m a . ne~e60~4RB
peYMBbre AeTanH. E(3Il.r y n R 4 a + ~ K T M Y ~ C Knpe,qc
H MU T o r 0 HHOrO T R n a , MbI M O X e M CBeCTEi BCm n o n b 3 y Ha HeT.
, e a a ~a O ~ ~CTOPOHe
~ f iYJIHqbI IIJlU3a RAeT 3 a ~ a a o f iTo
, Ba3Y-
TRBHOCT% TO B R 3 Y a b H a t f nperpana ~e n p o ~ c ~ e ~ ,n e p e c ~ a 6b1Tb
e ~ ynlluefi, H e r o B o P R y>Ke
+ ~ P M YnoPfl4Ka. B R a y a X b ~ o eo r o p m m a
(B IznaHe r o p o ~ c ~ oI?HT~HCRBHOCTH)
fi BOC~PMH a pIa ,3 3a p a 3 0 ~ ,npocTo cPKamT
y a m T c a H e B BHge H C ~ ~ Y ~ H W ynMW
npeTeHqHo3HocTb H e 6onee TOrO. 3 p R ~ ~ l b ~ b l e M O ~ Y TA r n e C03AaTb H e I I p k U I ~ H b l f i3@@eKT CTeCHeHHOCTH.
B - ~ R T ~ I~x R, 3 y a n b ynaqaan
~ a ~ nperpaqa no c ~ o e f~i P M P O A ~
CHBHOCTM, C O v C T B m m R MM~ ~~~OII~CHOC ~ T~ HH, H M ~ T ~ ~ ~ H o c T ~ , B ~ I Oo q e p e f l b , PI ee K~~~~~~~ ED MHoroM
HmeHHo'
n ~ 6 f l ~ ~m~3 oH G
M 3KOHOMMYeCICHX B O ~ M O - O C T ~ ~ ~3. ~ ~0
0 BPTHHbl. Emw 3 T a nperpwa 6 a ~ m b H a ~
AenaTbTOnbKO Y e T b I p e 6 a 3 0 ~ b r1e ~
HepaTOpa p a 3 ~ 0 0 6 ~ a 3 ~ .
B ~ - ~ ~ HOe T ~
H ~ bO ~~X O~& E, I M O CH
THw e m T b B C r~ ~ yn e
p~gcm aC T a H q m , rpynna ~ E Z ~ I ~ O P AkYTR
OB q C ' W o 4 e e H 3a6porueHHoe
qbl BR3YmbHb1MH n P e r P r W a M H ; 3 T 0 6b1 A r n e H a r o m o C B O 0~ ~ 0 CKYKY.
6 ~
KoHUe KOHqOB, 6 0 n b ~ 1 0 Gr O p O A -IIITyKa o6uepHa, M HeT H H q e r p q R o H a n b H 0 CBOZM p a 3 ~ e p a M .E cn~
BEI3ymbHaR y n H 4 H a R nperpaAa,
r" yT06b~BPemOT B p e M e H R nOATBepX,&iTb 3TOT ($IaKT KJIH BO MMMO npoqero, KpaCMBa, 3 T 0 6 0 n b m m YAaqa, H o , AoMoraRcb 6onbmo~
he^. ( K C T ~ T H ewe
, OAHO n p e ~ ~ y w e c c~a nH -o ~e KpaCoTbI CnRmKOM Y>K n c e p b e 3 , M ~ OIU e H b YaCTO o n a a e M IloMne3-
TOM> qTO A m b H E l e B W b I C PIX BePIIIEiH ena am^ b. Kpaco~a H e B c e r A a K HalIIRM Y W a M , H o MbI B n p a B e omAaTb, qT06b1
m b H b I e n p e r p q b I M M ~ X Mn p m k i s ~ b ~ f i~ a m He H T ~ P ~ C H ~ I ~ nm-
r 392 1 [ 393 1
O P ~ ~ H T M KaK
P ~ IXBCTBYeT
, o ~ O B-
E13 C a ~ o r C ~ , TO ~a ~ l l o ~ a ~ rO bT ~ Eb I ~~ H
~~ ~~l M Ho
P K BOT ~ ~ a m ~ee 0
e f4 i~ ~-
OpEIeHTaqHH. Ho xopomlle oPMeHTEIpbI B ~ O J I ~ L U M b ~ .TO O T n H g N e H r p a e T HaCTOnbKo B m m , A o M f l H ~ P pmo n~b ,~
KpOMe ABe A p y r H e ($YHKUREI, CBR3aHHbIe O B H~B m e T ~060fi
y 6 e f i E I ~ e ~ b H j TK)'llbMHHaqHm
O B C ~ YG ~ H ~ Kap-
H O ~
n"pRAKa.B o - n e ~ ~ b ~OHM
x , nOA9ePKEIBaK)T (Pi B 0 3 B e n~~ TOM, TO r a 6 a p M T a ~ POi H a r O p a 3 A O M e H b m e CoceAHMx 3 ~ a ~ ~ f i .
T a ~ O xr e~ (aa ~i nm6oro) p a s ~ e p aHa TOM x e BbIxrPbIm-
cBoeroO K p p e ~ M
mB ~ H 6 n~a r oI a a p c 1 s~onlyO T ~ H Y H I O B
. 3TOM 3 K c m
HOM 3aFIBneHHH O CaMHX ce6e COAePXHTCR EIMrLJlPll@fTHOe 3 & q B n e ~ ~ ~ rOBoPRwe
B a T b C T O C~m~b H O e 0ur)rureHHe BH3yaXbHOro n o p m K a , He
eHHR 60nbruaxropoAoB n P k l C m e M HM U O p m ~ e B
. O-BTOP~
B~ ~,
NeXOT q ~ 0 6 b 1~ e f l a 3TO npaBY.
~ b T a K H e I I p I l H m e H H O , IIO 'ceCTeCTBeHHOMY"
OpaeHTHpbl M o w H W l e M T b BaXCHOCTb T ~ K MxM
e ~ e n ~ ~ o n e n H b OpWeHTHPOM
IAl RBnReTCR H ~ I O - ~ O P K -
pacTKa,
KoToPbIe B m H b I @YHKUHOH~JI~HO
HO, ~y ~ E I ~ ~ H O pTa ~c Kn o~ n, o x e ~ BHYTPM
~ a ~ K O M M ~ P ~ ~ CMK~ OT ~-
n o A T B e P W e H a H Pi BO3BejlMYeHHEi 3TOTO r$a~~a. a n e p e c e q e H M p i TOG aBeHICJ Ei COPOXB T O P O ~ynMqbl, HO ZITorO Hmb3R
Y~~~~~ ce6e 3 ~ kAi O ~ O ~ H M T ~ ~ ~ n ~ ( j n p i q ~ ~b M , P H M ~BP C ~ H - @ P ~ H ~ C Kn O~ >~ T C -
~ ~ J I H O T ~ KH~~XI T
MMeH)T TOT HeAOCTaTOK, S T 0 CTORT cpeAnwpeX-
b @ ~ n OHEI
.
Ma P a 3 n n Y H O r O H a 3 H a q e H M R : M H O r O e TYT 3 a B H C H T OT O K P Y X ~ ~ ~ H CJIMIIIKOM cna6o KOHTPaCTnPYIoT n ~ 6 r0 $ ~ ~ ~
~ O A C K O ~ TCpeAbI. K o H e s H O Xe, 3PMTeflbHO.
PaccMOT~
CH~a~z I a n a p o n b OPEIeHTHPOB K a K ~ ~ O B O ~ B ~ C T H e r ~ pee Y b W ~ T0 H ~ O ~ X O A E I M O C TBE CMemaHHoM
B m a ~ 8, I nep-
P ~ ~ H O ~m a 3~n p a Y~ a H TOTO,
P ~q T 0 ~ ~ . B ~ H MH~r O
, B O p U n a 0 @ H K U M O H ~ J I ~ H O 3Ha9eHEiHTogeY-
M
T C R , B TOM, TO ~a CRO
POW P ~ ~ Y M ~ ~ COCTOMT HHI B ~ X C H ~OI X~ U ~ ~ C T B ~ H
~AH~ H
I XMBHYTPH
G noBceAHeB-
a BblarpbIrnHo. O A H ~ KBOA O ~ ~ B OHK~ O ~ X O A H M OY, T O ~ OH
~ I +pi
mCZH3 6nmaarner~ O K P W e H m , M 3TO-TO H a M Ce
H e y A O t j ~ H~ H
yro~mbHbIX a COT p~a~T b 1 n e p B f l q H o r o pa3-
~ ~ ~ K O H O M H ~p H
Hm - 3T0 r n a B H b I e OPMeHTHPbI B ~ O J I ~ I I I H rXO p O A
a3pfR, 3 T R n O M n e 3 H b I e OCTPOBa OTJIRqaIOTCR TeM, HX3AaHm OgeHb
PbIX 3aBMCRT>XOPOLUO W I H U O X O OHH BbIIIOnHHIO ~c-onbsyro~ CBOE
IIOTeHqEIaJI K a K OpMeHTEIPbI. O H M C K P W b I B a m T Brie-
MbT 60nb'uMH~T~y ca
O P H e H T H P O B H H O r O POAil: K MOHYMeHTaM, K nppa, XOTR no OTAenbHOCTH MOFJlH 6b1 B b I r m e T b q p e 3 B b 1 -
3 a M e T H b I M @ O H T ~ H ~EIMT.A. 3 ~ . cepb-
f j b ~ C~kbl M B O ~ a M MTOpOACKOrO p a 3 ~ 0 0 6 ~ a kf3T0
Y 6 ~ ~ ~ ~ e OTnHYEVr
n b ~ b BO
~ eB H e l I I H e
Aa B b I P a c T a m ~ B xapamepe
M3 O T ~ M Y E ~ ~ ~ ero M c n O n b 3 0 B a H m OppieHTMPOB - ~ O J I ~ ~ I I H XM m b I X .
C K ~ X
BoPHna B r n a ~ e12.OAHOH TO me 3 ~ a ~ Ma e nopoG~ e n a m ~nco nsM T K E i n p e B p a T E i T b s ~ a B o~p H ~
e H TeH P 3a
BCerO n ~ m 60nbmer0,
b Mcoce~e$paswepa HJIH 3 a
Y ~ y CTEZIIHCTH-
E ~ X aMp a K T e p O M E I C I I O n b 3 O B a H ~T a K o e 3 A a H H e no cme-
n0nb30BaHHHRBflfleTCSf nPaBELIIOM, a H e kICKJ1K)YeHEIeM. O T ~ I ~ T ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
eHTHpaB o M H o r o M 3aBHCMT OT B ~ ~ E I M O O T H O I U ~ H M ~e Tm y H ~ M
OKPW cnonwre~OHO H AOITOnHMTenbHYH) @ P K U ~ ~ - ~ ~
wefi roponc~oiicpe~ofi. p a 3 ~ o ~ 6 p a 3~ C
~ neo J I b 3 0 B a H I . u r . @ ~ K T M ~ ~ COHO
K Hn b I T a e T -
e -
B H b m - f l o p K e 4 e p K O B b CR. T P O H ~B ~ aI g a n YOJLTI-CTP~~ TO BHYTPPI r O p O ~ C K O r 0IIOpRAKa CaMOe B m H O e -3TO pa3-
porno M3Bec~Hb1fiM 3 @ @ e K ~ P i ~ H b lOPEIeHTHp.
fi HO3 T a UePKOBb
BonbHo 6 n e ~ ~ 3b n e1 M~e H T O M rOPOACKOr0 ~ M 3 a f i H a ,H ~ X O A H COH^
~ B ~ H H ~ apXMTeKTYPHbIX
I X IIIWeBpOB, BorIJIoaeHHoe B waHMEi
rPWnbluep~neGm~ a w e rp)TJIIbI 3 4 a ~ w f <i < c r ? ~ ~ o n w ~ e c ~npqa.
oro. , 6 y ~C~To ~ PUIH
L p a s ~ e -p3 ~ 0 BCe, n o n y q a e T OT 1 ~ 1 b 3 o ~ a ~ e -
secKasrB b u e n e H H o c T b UepKBI? CB. T p o H q b l , K O T o p a B CBO
r q E I T OTHmAb H e 6neAH0, OTYaCTPi 0 6 ' b R ~ I H e ~
BblrOAHb
a C n e ~ y Oe T~M ~ T H T B~ n, p O Y e M , YTO HeKOTOPbIe 3AaH% rnaBHbIM
eM Ha T - 0 6 ~ a CTbIKe
3 ~ ~ABYX
~ YJIHII H H a B03BbIlIIeHHM, H M q H e M KOTOpblX IBJIReTCR a Y X a T X O P O m H M H OpMeHTUPaMEI
[ 394 1 [ 395 I
Arne 6 e c c ~ b 1 c n e H H b l fBi CYUJHOCTHOM m a ~ Oe p k i e H ~ ~ p e A k i H ~ q b~3
~ M H O ~ ~ ~ X A ~ C H T 3KaOa B~ H f H
i MeCT, H 3 KOTOPbIX C m W b I n a e T -
pe aKTkiBHOCTki, C Y m no BCeMy, n O B b l l D a e T yAOBJleTBOpeHH0cTb n o n b 3 0 B k i q ~ Kma p T a H a . M ~HIe M O X e M n 0 3 T O M Y m n a r a T b C R H a 3aK0H 6 0 n b m m
neB- H a n ~ k i ~B eC ~e H,T - J y H c e IIOCpeAEI H e K a 3 k i C T O r o K o M M e p y e c Hnki ~a crryqafiB ~ a , q e w e n O n Y q H T b Bki3yaJlbHbIe a K U e H T b I H M e H H o
[ 398 I IV. T a K m u q e c ~ u ~
eemoa 1399
CTBo T ~ K yJM4bl
O ~ MOXHO, KBKR 06mc~wra,C ~ e n ~ @np aer M e H T b I , A 0 n 0 n H R m q H e Pin o A A e p X H B a -
X C T B O m y Y a f i ~ b 1 Xge~mefi.
~ ~ O A O ~~H EHI @
~ EII K ~ U E M
I RO X e T 6b1Tb b
MHoxecTBa =mAefi c ~ p o ~ ~ b
Bo M H o r M ~O T H O ~ 3TO ~ H
0 C m e C T B n R T b CBOR 6ecqEIcne~Hb1e
IIOAJIEIHHOe
~ q y A 0 . Mbl He IonXHP
ma-
6b1Tb
HHTCHCEIBHO t I C n O n b 3 y e M b I M YJIHqaM, r A e MHO , w, ~ ~ 0 6H6e1CTapaTbCfl a€!.lIaTb3T0 xEIBOe c o 6 p a ~ E I e B3a-
K a T o p a 3 p H T a b n O n y Y a e T JIEILIIb BEI3yaj~bHbIfiH a M e K H a
1 e n a e T OH c a M , ~ i c n o n b 3 y xTOT Ha-
6 0 n b q w YaCTb 0 6 % e ~ ~ 1 m m q epf ai 6 0 ~ b A
M e K W f l OPraHEI3aqHEI YBHAeHHOrO. E ~ k OH
i BEIAHT B COBePLUeHHO Pa3HbIX
MeCTaX OAEIH Pi TOT Xe YHEI@IIKZITOP, OH BCKOpe H a Y I l H a e T ~ ~ C C O ~ H ~ T ~ ~ ~ H ~
--
. Z , BO MHOrHX m
C T a 6 m b ~ b ~ ~ I OHH m x C m b H O 3 a T P Y A m m T noflAepxa-
C T p a H e , KaK H a m a . Y T O ~CnaCTEi
~I CaMH 3 T H BJIOxeHEI% MaCCMBbI He-
q e ~ ~=TJIR
n p e o 6 p a 3 0 ~ a ~ bB H e s T o o eY ~ J T O B ~ Y ~ C K P O C J I~~ ~ ~ ~ H ~
AM ~ P O ~ K T H P O BGonee
~ H ~ K P Y ~ H ~ I~XO P O A C K H XeAI.ZHHU -pafioHoB.
pafioa 4 ' ~ 3 ~ 4 e MCKPOMCaH
c ~ ~ MaCCHBaMH Ei EiX n p E l r p a ~ m ~ nyc
b 1 ~ ~ ~ T MaCCHBbI,
H KaK BCfIKHe T P Y W O ~ ~HI Y
, WaWTCR BblxOAe
0 6 ~ o r COCTORHHR.
o 3 ~ IT. Z, Mnposero,
~ O0 ~ H ~ Z I~~O M O q~-0
OHM A O n x H b I
M a e H b K M X BHJ'TPeHHMX WaCTKOB, TO OH H e M O x e T GbITb
CJTEiLUKOM pa A eHp x E i B a T b B ce6e x H ~ e n e $ ~
C ~ O C O ~ H ~ IyM e ~ ~ ~ b 103Ha-
@ 3T0 6 0 ~ .
cMblcneCJIOBa,AOCTaTOYHO CBR3HbIM H K P Y ~ H ~ I M
9 ,~ 0 6 ~ 1
cepbesaoea ~ a q e ~ ~ i e .
AonxH0 Hafi~MCb
MeCTO &JIIIR BTOPMrIHOrO p a 3 ~ 0 0 6 p a 3 k i ~C, O O T B e T C T B m q e - r u ~ xr oaA a M p j ~ r c pp a 3 n M q H b I M M n p O e K T a M M O Y M W e H H o r o M M30nMp0BaH-
r" cneKTpy o 6 a e ~ 3TOMY
y COeAMHeHMH) HHTeHCMBHbIX n e P B M Y H b I X Hero 0 6 a e ~ ~ ~ e ~ ~ ~ - q~e H~T pna pb e ~m ~n nocTpoMTb H o r o BMeCTO Ae-
c n o c o 6 0 B MCnOnb30BaHMR; Ei, pa3YMeeTCR, CYIIJeCTBYeT npo6neMa H ~ X B ~ T - noBofi U e H T p , r ~ Oe ~ ~ ~ C T B M~ KyJIbTYPHbIe H H ~ I ~ 0 6 a e ~ ~ Cb "1O r p MrpaTb
Kki CTaPbIX 3 A a ~ M f A
i n R BTOPMqHOrO p a 3 ~ 0 0 6 p a 30TnHYaH)IIJeroCR
~~, ~OC- B a x H y ~p o n b M K ~ ~K e o 6 x o ~ k i ~I LbelpeB M s H b I e cnoco6b1Hcn0nb30BaHMR,
TaTorHornMPOKHM CneKTPOM. EUIMKOPOTKO, n p o 6 n e ~ aB TOM, 9 ~ M0 H O ~ H ~ ki K a K OPMeHTMPbI.
KOMnoHeHTbI O ~ ~ ~ C T B ~ H H ~ I X
M KYJIbTYpHbIX U e H T p O B HMeH)T C M ~ ~ Io n~ b - M, c a, ~ b 1 i JI~.IIUMB
KOH~~HO i C I I O C O ~CnacTl? nm60fi c T p a A a m -
P a M K a x MHTeHCMBHOrO MClTOnb30BaHMR H a M a H e p A a y ~ ~ a ~y n~ lal wHfie A E I H 0 0 6 p a 3 M e ~MaCCMB ewe 80 TOrO, K a K OH nocTpoeH,- BoBpeMR
~ ~ ~ O A C KU eOH T
~ pOa , M IlOIIbITKki 3 a C T a B M T b MX CJIYXMTb TaKMM
TOrO, K a K OHM 6 b m M I I p e B p a q e H b I B OCTpOBa, CPOAHM n O n b I T K a M 3 a -
CTaBMTb ropy A B M H ~ T ~ CKRM ~ ~ o M ~ T Y .
Eonee Y a K T M Y H b I M B 6 0 n b l L r H ~ c ~c r~r yeY a e B n O A x o ~ Ko peMH-
~
X ~ H T P O Bc TeYeHEieM
accpegoToreHMe ~ T M U
T e r p a u a k i M H e n p e a c ~ a ~ n a e T cp R
B ~ ~ M ~ H
P ~HC. C ~ ~ A O T O YM~OH
X eMT ~IIPOMCXOAEiTb n0 M e p e B03HMKHOBeHEIFI
- ~ e JTIYCKaTb B O ~ M O X H O C T ~T~ ~a. ~
6 n a r 0 n ~ M f i ~ ~ b ~c x~ ~ a ~ E i~f Ji I. ~ B H o H m
H ,a n p M M e p , B O r n a ~ e r r b Q K
B03MOXHOCTb BO3HMKJIa ~ ~ I J I O ~ o~ r,a a B A ~ O B O M
qeHTperOpoAaflMKBwHpOBaJIM B O K 3 m E P O A - C T P E I T - ~ MT X~e~J e~3~H H
oAo-
n p o 6 n e ~n p O C T 0 H e A O n X H b I 6 b m a B O ~ H H K H Y T ~E! c n ~6b1 TOnbKO A ~ ~ ~ C T B Y -
W q H e 113 JIyYLUEIX n 0 6 y x g e ~ ~ lZIRHOBHEIKEI
G E13 TOPOACKOrO n p a B H T W I b C T B a
M n p o s H x OpraHOB 6 n ~ 3 ~H0a,Y p O B H e J I H s ~ 0 f nPRBR3aHHOCTM,
i 3HaTIEI YJIH-
UbI EI p a f i o ~ b l 9, b I o X R 3 H b EIX n p O e K T b I 3 a T p a r R B a I o T CaMbIM HeIIOCpeACTBeH-
HbIM 0 6 p a 3 0 ~EClrEI
! 6b1 TOnbKO OHkI XOTb B ~ a ~ 0 f i -M TeOp e nOHRMaTIEI, TO
0 6 ~ ~ e ~ efnl ka 1~ ~ o Tfeip P H T O P H E I U e H R T B C B O ~ $X R 3 H R M ~ O Y ~ M YO !s e ~ b
MHOTEIe KOH@IHKT~I H e B03HEIKnI.I 6 b 1 BOBCe, e U I R 6b1 ~ P ~ O C T P O R T e J IMAPY-
R
rile T a K H a 3 b I B a e M b I e C I I e ~ M a l I H C T b IXOTb B K~KOS-TO
M e p e n p e A C T a B n m E I Ce-
6e, no KaKRM 3aKOHaM @YHKIJHOHEIP~WT 6 0 n b m n e r O p O E l , R YBaXaJlEI 3 T H 3a-
KOHbI. B APyrEIX C J I P a R X HanEIQO T e MJlM EIHbIe @ O P M ~ @
I ~BoPEITEI~M~ -
CJJWIKEI W I R npOEI3BOnbHbIe aMEIHHCTPaTEIBHbIe peLIIeHlC3; ~ 3 6 a p a ~Be0 n3 - ~
M Y q e H b I , HO H e 3 H a I o T , H a KOrO B O 3 n O X R T b OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb EI K y A a o6pa-
O ~ ~ ~ C T B C n y~m aHH E IH
R B~ 6 Io n~ b m o r~O p O A e O s e H b s a C T o
TEITbCR 3 a n o ~ o n @ m . K p o ~ T e o r o , s a c T o (XOTR H e ~ c e r g a C) O T H ~nmaefi,
I
IlpeACTaBnRIoT co6ofi n 1 0 6 0 n b I ~ ~ o eM e p O n p E I R T H e , O&HOBpeMeHHO 0 6 e c ~ ~ -
KOTOpbIe rIOXepTBOBZLZM AHeBHbIM 3 a p a 6 0 ~ K o w~ I, H AOrOBOpEIJIMCb 0 npn-
p a x m a m q e e I? 0 6 ~ a ~ e x n ~ a 1 o uTe, e eH. a K O T O P ~ I XR 6b1~ma s a q e BCerO,
CMOTpe 3aAeTbMEI, W l H I l p M R W I k l ~ e ~ eCf c060fi i Pi sac 3a W C O M TepIIRT MX ep-
npOHCXOWIT ~ a ~ bB Tl OgP O ~ZIeTBepr B 3AaHRM H ~ K J - ~ ~ O P K C K OTO
TOPOACKOro
saHMe y c e 6H ~a K o n e m x , o K a 3 b r B a m T c ~O ~ M ~ H ~BCe T ~6 Ib :m o p e L u e H o Ao TO-
COBeTa H IlOCBHlI{eHbI BOIIpOCaM, ~ p e 6 p q k PeLIIeHkLFI
l ~ r n a B H O r 0 rOpO&CKO-
r0, KaK OHH C M O r n R B ~ I C K ~ ~ ~ T ~ C R * .
ro y n p a B n a m q e r o o p r a H a - 6 m f i x e ~ ~ oKOMHCCHR. ii B o n p o c b ~n o R s m I o T a
E q e c w n b ~ e 0g 6 e c ~ y p a x ~ o~I uayeq e~H a e , K o T o p o e y ~ e 6 ~
B EOBeCTKe AHR 6 n a r o ~ a IpI p~e J ( B a P E I T e n b H 0 M y IIpOTalIKEIBaHEIKJ, IlpOTaCKH-
B03HkIKaeT 9 F b I l 0 3 X e : M H O r H e n p 0 6 n e ~ b 1HaXOARTCR B H e Y b e r O 6b1 TO H H
BaHEIH) W R H T P E I r a M CO CTOpOHbI J I i Q ~ e f i , HaXOARIQRXCR KaK BHYTPEI r O p O g -
6 b m 0 KOHTPOILIT. OHHCTIRLIIKOM ClrOXHbI EI pa3BeTBIIeHHbI; CTIEILUKOM MHOrO
CKLlX O p r a H O B BnaCTEI, T a K EI B H e RX.
p a 3 ~ 0 0 6 p a 3 ~ bH1 ~~ B ~ ~ H , R ycnyr
O A Y ~ n e p e n n e T e H b 1 B OAHOM M e c T e -
r o p o m a ~ e X, e n a i Q q H e ~ ~, B K J T KC ~
B ~ I C K ~ ~ ~ TO~~ CP X R ~ p y , UIMLUKOM MHOTO, 9~06b1
BO BCeM 3TOM p a 3 0 6 p a ~ b c ~ 1H, e r O B O p R YXe 0 TOM,
K I I p e 3 H A e H T a M IIHTH rOpOACKHX OKpYrOB, K HaWAbHEIKY KOHTPOJI~HO-@N-
~ I T O Y~~ ~MIY - H M ~ Yn O
AM~ 0 9 b MJIEI ~ T O - H E I ~ YP aLC~I ~I y T a T b CwIaMEI OTAeJIbHbIX,
H a H c o B o r o y n p a B n e H m EI K n p e A c e , q a T e n I o r o p o A c K o r o c o B e T a , K o T o p b I e CH-
6ecnopmos~opaCKHH)'BllIEIXCH MyHEIukInZLZbHbIX affMEIHHCTpaTRBHbIX EIM-
WIT H a B03BbIUIeHEIR H a I T O ~ Y K P J T ICO
K~ ~ b e R T O p r l e 6 o n b r u o r o KPaCHBOrO
aM
n e p H 6 , O A H a 3a A p y T 0 f i M3AaJIeKa I I p R H E I M a l O q R X OflHOCTOPOHHHe M e p b I .
3aJla. m R n y 6 n ~31g e~c b~-P m b I 6 e n b 1 x C E I A ~ H MC ~BbICOKEiMEI
~ CnHHKaMH;
O m ~ Bb0 3 H H K a e T a C C O q R a q W CO CTIenLlaMR, 0 ~ ~ b I B a H ) ~ k I M
CJIOHa.
EI 6ec-
H a 3TRX Xe CHAeHbRX P a 3 M e q a l O T C R EI AOJIXHOCTHbIe JIEI4a p a 3 H O r 0 YPOBHR,
n O M O q H O C T b EI B b I T e K a I o q m R 3 H e e ~ ~ C ~ I J I O A H O C T ~ IIOsTH @ M ~ H Y ~ C -
ycMJIMfi
no CnOPHbIM
~ b 1 6 0 p ~ b lEIe H a 3 H a s e H H b I e , 4 ~ 0 6 b 1B b I C T P a T b 38 MnEI n P O T A B
KLI sYgCTByWTCFI H a 3TMX UQ'IllaHEIRX.
BOnpOCaM. M H O ~ ClrYrUaHMR
A~ IIPOXOART C ~ O K O ~ ~EIH~O~ I C T P O HO ; 3arIaCTyIO
Ho, C ~ p J T 0 fCTOpOHbI,
i OHM BHYIlIaIoT HaJ(e)KAY O ~ ~ I E XI E~I B
MO ~
OHH n p ~ 1 0 6 p e ~ a
6my p ~ b l fXi a p a K T e p EI m f f T C H H e TOnbKO BeCb A e H b , HO EI A 0
3 H e p r E I H , Cepbe3HOCTEI R 3 A P a B O r O CMbIClra, KOTOPbIe n p O R B n R I o T IIO 3TOMY
rny60~0fiH09EI. U e n b l e C e r M e H T b I r o p o f i c ~ o f iXEI3HH, n p 0 6 n e M b 1 OAHOG
uTy.IaH, CTOnb M H O r R e r O p O X a H e . T 0HB bOI e JIIOAEI -B TOM YHCTIe
A ~ C O ~ ~p m
OKPJTH 3a ~ p ~ ~ f i , p a G 0 ~ a3a ApJTEIM BCTaIoT I l e p q H a M H X H B b e M
OAHOrO
-
M G e m b r e , ki H C n b I T b l B a l O m e J(EICKPkIMEIHa4MH), EI ~ e 0 6 p a 3 0 ~ Z l H ~ b I BApYC
e
B 3TOM 3me.A CKOnbKO I I P E I M ~ ~ ~ T w ~ H ~ I x ~ E I ~ H%o Ic ~ T ~H ~~KOMEICCMH
~I ! q-
IlIaIoT, BMeUEIBaIoTCff H nopol? H a M e C T e EbIHOCRT P e m e H H R , K a K @eoflaJlb- * T ~ KB, nHCbMe B N e w Y 0 r k Times KOMMCCMR. B ~ a s m OHH e YCTPORT 38-
o n e p e c M o T p e ycrasa C~sma M. AB- KPbITOe 3aCCAaHMe [ ~ H ) A X ~ T H W KOMHC-
I
H b I e IIpaBEITf3R B C p e f l ~ P i eB e K a .
a e ~ cs,n e H ropogcxoro c o s e T a u 6 b 1 ~ - CwI ItpOBOAHT 3aKPbITble 3aCe,ilaHwI
fl I l p E I C T p a C T w I a C b K 3aCeAaHEiRM 610,qxe~~ofi KOMEICCEIEI KaK
IIIHk IIpe3HAeHT OKpJTa M ~ H x ~ T T ~ H , no CpeAaM HaKaHyHe I I y 6 , ~ H s ~ b lmy- x
IlblJIKaR EI r n y 6 0 ~ 0 B O E n e Y e H H a R F a C T H H q a 110~06~blx C l r y I U a ~ R f iEI H e MO- IIMIIIeT: d p 0 ~ e g J T n MOHH f i n M s H b 1 e r u a a a f i ] a Bce H a Hem p e m a T ; s a ~ e ~
ry H e c o n e p e x E i s a T b , K o r A a 3,qecb r o p ~ s oO ~ C ~ X ~ ~ I On pToC6 nRe ~ k . 1 K a K o r o - CAylua~lt?? KoHesHo. HOMbI, H M e m U H e ~~
IIpMrJIacRT ~ ~ K ~ ~ C T B ~ H H O C T ~ ,
H E I ~ Y A p~Y r O r O pafio~a WIEI 6e,qb1 ~ a ~ 0 f i - ~ R 6 y A
f l Pb J T OOKPJTH.
~ COAHO~ OIIbIT, 3HaeM, sTO 3T0 03HaYaeT. 3 T H el? BbICKa3aTbCR, 6 y ~ Cp~ e fqpe3BbI- i
~ a YTO pe-
U I y l u a H m 6 y ~ nyo ~~ o 6 TeM, %I?HO B e M H B b l M EI~COAMTHO rJIyXH
CTOPOHbI, BCe 3 T 0 BbI3bIBaeT AOCaAy H YHbIHEIe. B q b CTOJlb MHOrEIe W3 3THX
IYJIRpHO IIPOBOAHT C C ~ Y ~~ CH ) ~ ~ T H X K ee ronocy,,.
K o r ~ ~a e n yae n o s e Y e c K H e B p e a n b ~ o c ~ Bk ~i I X O A Z T H O B ~ I ~
HHaPOHM*.OHHMYAPO, a 3 a q a c T y H ) H KPElCHOPeYHBO paCCKa3bIJjaK)~ 0 O ~ e mo?fCHOCTpf,
~ b e # 4 H C T B e H H O e , YTO MOXHO c A e n a T b , - pa3pa60TaTb
3HamTH e n O c p e A C T B e H H O H 3 X H 3 H H . OHHC X a p O M rOBOpRT 0 CBOXX eAcTBa, ~ O ~ B O ~ K Jc U ~ ~ B ~ Rc cTk i~~ yc a R
~ H 4 H e f iH a HOBOM ypoBHeATIb-
60~ax-o 3 a 6 0 ~ MeCTHbIX,
a ~ HO O T H H ) A ~~e Y ~ K M X nopos,
. p a 3 y ~ e e ~ ~ T e p H a T-
~ ~TO,
a YTo f l b m ~ M
c a ~ @ oMeTKO p ~ H a 3 B M ~ P ~ C C T P O ~ (un-
K O ~ ~
YaT Pi rnmOCTH,
n O X b , kl U O B a , nPOAHKTOBaHHbIe H a r n b I M H ~ BKP
H building), HeH36exH~ii flnH O ~ Q ~ C T B H ~e C, ~ O C O ~ H OcnpaBnRTbcR
~O
cnom~ocTbm,Ha ~ o ~ o p o f i 6 a 3 k i p y e ~ c RH OT ~ 0 ~ 0 XiBHCkiT.
OHO ~ 0 2
F ~ ~ X ~ O C T Hc ~Oe p~X,y l I p O K l e H H O e ,n C e B A o r o P o A c K o e rpaAo-
3b1BaeT, qTO M H n O H H M a e M c p b ~ O A O ~ H n
~0I1
X 1 0 ~ I 3 ~ o ~He ~
O~q efH
. iM ~ a e T p o ~ ~ e n Hf ,n ~ ~ C ~ eo ~ A ~~ k 1r3 a f~i ~K,pO T O~P b I~e MbI ~ ~ cero-
~ HMeeM ~
no 3ampaM.
' O P O X ~ H ~W e A p o H a m n e H b I OnbITOM XH3HM, OTB~TCTB~HH~~_ -p a 3 ~ 0 B n f l H O C T b< < ~ ~ c c T P o ~ ~ GOJI~LIIMX
KH)) ~oPoAOB. XOTR BceMy3T0MY
TM 3a60Tb1. L Z H H ~ ~ MBCTpeYaeTCR, HO BCTpeYaeTCR H B e p a , YTo, KOHeyHO, = o M o r n H C @ O P M ~ P O B ~ T ~PCe R
a K q E l O H H b I e TeOpH", @aKTHYecm caHKukio-
~ m ~BCerO.
e e H a p o B a ~ m ~He n p o m a ~ p i ~ m ~~e
rOpOACKYK) ~ ~ ~ C C T P O ~ KnYp a) K
)T, HKaa mH-
BoceMbn p a ~ ~ ~ e n CaARWHX
efi, H a B03BbIIUeHHH ( ~ a MX 3 ~ ~ ~RHae
~ r p a ~ o c T p o M T e n b c T B aT a K O r O P O f l a OCHOBaHbI c e r O A H R He Ha
crrpaMH I xa X , H e B 0 3 M o m 0 , H60
Hapofla, KaK nPHHFIT0 B o @ H ~ H ~ J I ~ HK ~p T ~ e o p ~H ~e axa ~. e T H o~in O C T e n e H H 0 , n p H TOM, YTO r O P O A C K a qMHHHCTPa-
crrFa~w
6onr
b me
e 3~
H a~
Tb o
eA~~ J H
~ 3Xa 6 o ~ a ~x O C ~ O A- )T,o m e He K ~ K H ~ - T H B H ~ RC T p y K T p a OTCTaJla B p a 3 B M T H H OT P O c T a BenHYHHbl CnOmHOCTM
H * ~ Y AT~ ~ ~M a n ~ p~ i ~e A H ~ EOJI~LIIMHCTEO
K H . M3 HaC, npHCYTCTBYmqHX, 60nbuHx ~ O P O A O B ,rOpOACKaR <<pacc~pofi~a))
c ~ a n an, p a ~ c e fci~ o e fPi ~ ~ P Y -
A w a m , OTAaeT HM A O n X H O e XOTR 6 b 1 3 a H ~ ~ o J I ~ L u opG ,e ~ m~a H ~ c GbITb
k m ~ ~ e n b ~ o cn~ppai K ~ K , BCeB03MOXHbIX rpw"-
~ P i ~ He ~~O~~ X~OfAiH M O C T AJIR
,
HMHY07b1LZIaHHbIMH a nOAYqHTb OT HHX a a q a r y OT c ~ e p x p p o q e ~ co~cTo-
fi cTpoaTenefipi ~ A M ~ H ~ c T P ~ T OKOTOPbIe
~ O B , T O K e HaXOAflTCR H a n°CblnKaX
POHb1 aCneqHanHCTOB)'- U e n U O B , O I I J , ~ b I B a I o ~ HCJIOHa.
X MM n p H c M a T p H - CynepMeHoB.O T B ~ TEl~nIm 6 b 1 e BOnPOCbI, C B R 3 a H H b l e C @ M ~ ~ ~
BaeMa HaIUHM npaBHTeJIRM c0 BCeM BHHMaHEIeM, H a KaKOe cnocotjHbI.MX -aMM r o ~ o me
p ~ 0 er0 C O U H ~ ~ H H~ 3I KXO f f O M M q e C m X H F -
rOpOAa (He
3Heprm2 Y"? V n e H k I e H Y e n O B e Y e C K a O T ~ ~ I B Y H B O CBTq~e n O M 3 a w ~ ~ a - Aax), ~e ~ o z y m
~e 6blmb T M ~ O B ~ I M H~ ,~ ~ x ~ ~ o c T H paCTOYHTenbHbIMM
~ I M H ,
mTAOBePHR'fl He BkIAena 6b1 n P H Y H H O X H A a T b H a M H O r O 6 0 n b m e r 0 , GbI c~~pxynpOqeHHbIMH e ,u H 3 T H OTBeTbI AaIOT ~ A M H H H C T P ~ T H B H ~ ' ~
Mbl Hamfin Gonee A O C T O ~ ~ H ~ ITO
X . H e MaJIbYMKH H a nocbln~ax yMYxypi~~. Mbl, p p a ~ ~ ~C
m na ~
e C 0 6n O~ H H~
M a~
T h~ e H H T b A e p X a T b n o A KoHTPO-
, qb
3 ~ M0F ~ H H ~ IH a ~ O C ~ YKc y~ nXe p ~ e ~ a . i j e c y p f m e ~ ~ bM~Heo m e c T B a X H B ~ I X , ~ H H K ~ ~ H m~~~~~~
~ I X , B3aHM0-
6e~a YTO OHM nb1TaK)TCR WMeTb ACnO cC O K P O B ~ H H ~ I ~ ~ CBR3aHHbIX ~ e ~ m e s .
AeTmMH OrPoMHOrO r o p o A a , B T o B p e M KaK O p r a H k i 3 a q H o H H ~CTpJTKTJIpa, n o n p o 6 y e ~n e p e Y H U M T b q e n H , K K O T O P ~ I MA O n m O CTPeMHTb-
npa3BaHHaR
o I c a 3 b I B a T b HM n O A A e p K K Y , c H a 6 m a T b HX COBeTaMH, H H @ ~ P - r p a ~ q ~ e~m p i~OHO~X ObY ~ ~T A O~ ~ M~TrOPOACKOr0
~ ~M , nOJIHOKPoBm.
MHPoBaTb
HX, HanPaBJlFITb HX H OKa3bIBaTb H a HMXAaBneHHe, a H a x p o ~ ~ q ~ a . l3zpl.1 r o p o A C K O r 0 n o n H o K p O B H
~ ~ O ~ X O AB K
~ ~m MrOpOA-
O ~
M
H H ~ a ~ o3 rn ooA e f i c T ~ aB o BCeM 3TOM H e T -~a 3 n ~o ~ e ef i c ~ B~ ab ,I p m a ~ ~ q e - c ~ o r PagoHe
vr ~~MwnHpoBaT H bKaTFUIH3HpOBaTb
'Om n e p e m W P I B a H ~ HOTBeTCTBeHHOCTH H a A p p I ? x . E C Tgonee
~ Y e M no- 06aeMpa3Hoo6pa3pin n m ~ e fkii C ~ O C O ~ OH BC n O n b 3 o B a H H R H MaKcHManbHo
HRTHaS-I H e c n 0 c 0 6 ~ ~ ~ H
~ abm e r O 0 6 I q e c T B a HATH B H O r Y C HCTOpHYeCKHMH LZIHPOKHfi era C n e K T p ; 3TO -OCHOBa ~ K O H O M E I Y ~ C KMO O~ W r o p o A a , co-
nepeMeHaMH, npeAaRBmIo4HMK ~ H e M y BbICOKMe T p e t j ~ ~ a H m . qnanbHoG x n 3 ~ e ~ n 0 ~ 0 H6n p~H ~T R~r a~T eH nbHOcTK 3TOr0 rpwocTpO-
M C T O P H Y ~ C KnHe~p e ~ e a b ~~ o, ~ o p bRr Be AaHHOM w a e m e m H T e n H ~ O f l x H b KOHKpeTHO
I O I I P ~ A ~ ~ T~ I IeT r~Ho
, ~AOCTB ~ KOHKP~THJJIXM~C-
~T
BHm,-3T0He TOSIbKO ~ P o M ~ ApOCT H ~pTa 3~M e p O B ~ O ~ ~ L I ~OPOAOB,
I H X HO T a x n n f i r e ~ e p a q ps a~3 ~ o o 6 p a 3 p i ~a, 3 a T e M B c e M H C H n a M M CTpeMMTbCR
r P O M ~ H b l f i POCT OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH B B O I I ~ O C ~)KH.JIF,R, X C O ~ H ~ ~ ogec- H O ~ O K BOCnOJIHeHHK) H e A O C T a m q e r O .
neYeHm, 3 A P a B O O X P a e H m , 0 6 p a 3 0 s a ~ mH PerYJlFITHBHOrO II.ilm~po~a~rn, pa^ r o p o , q c K o r o n o n ~ o K p o B M RH ~ O ~ X O A E I Mc O
o 3 A a B a m PI n"A-
KOTOP6 p e Ha~ c e 6 ~K~ P w H b I e M ) ' H H ~ H I ~ ~ J ~ H T ~H T ~b I .~ 3 - ~eh OAHHOK
~ ~ ~ e p x ~ ~ e~ n pa e p~b I bB H b I eCeTH MeCTHbIX YnHgHbIX O K P w , Ha YbaX
B c ~ o e fHi ~ C ~ O C O ~ H O Co T~Hp e a r a p o s a H ~ ab c T o n b ~ Y ~ O K Y nKe Jp e M e H y 06- BaTenefi a ~ e @ o p ~ a n b H ~b B~nxa A e n b U e B ) MOXHO
} M a K C H M a n b H O paCCqPI-
cToRTenbcTBW e K B a T H b l M H @ ~ ~ E I O H ~ J I ~ Hn ~p IeMoH6 p a 3 0 ~ ~B WMH- ~m~~ TbIBaTb i 0 6 r r l e c T ~ e ~ ~ MecTax,
n n a H e n o A , q e p x a ~ p i6~e 3 0 n a c ~ o c T k B bIx
HHCTpaTHBH05~ P ~ A O C T P O H T ~ ? ~C H ~ r y P e . Bce ~ p ~ ~ e f a M
T POy K i emp H ~
- e ~ e n p ~ H m e H H o nrp oH C M O T p a 3 a HI'PaH)UIIIMH B HHX AeTbMH> KOHTPOm3a
KaHcKHe rop"Aa oKa3aJIHCb B TaKOM ? ~ Te~ I I H K ~ . e MH, YT06b1 OHH ~ ~ I I HCTOYHaKOM
H ~ ~ H ~ K O M UC~TM IH n0Ab3b1,a He Y T P ~ ~ ~ ~ ,
P a A H r O p O A C K O r 0 ~ O ~ H O K p O B HHR~ O ~ X O A H M~OO P O T ~c pa3-
~ R 3
Cpenk~ ~ on~p o 6 n e ~ 6a o~n b m a x rOpOAOB c e r o ~ ~ c r
~ c n e p no
PYmHTenbHbrMB O ~ A ~ ~ ~ C TnBp HKr p~aMH H Y H b I X IIYCTOT, c ~ ~ c o ca-~ ~ T B ~ ~ p a~~ n p~0 C T~p a H W I O C bM H e H H e , ~ Y A T On p 0 6 n e ~ b 1 3 T H ,peBblIueAmHe
DHPOKO
M o a ~ e H T H @ HrKo pao~xaa ~H K ~ Xw~eJIefi
K ~ ~ ~ O H AOCTaTOYHO
O B , K p p ~ ~ ~ ~ , 3a paMm n O H H M a H H R H KOHTPO~LFI~ P W O C T P O H TH~apyrHx ~ ~ ~ ~ WMHHacTpa-
P ~ ~ H O O ~ P ~ ~
6 0H r ~a I~ X y ~
b B1 H~y T P e H H H M H H B H e r U H H M H CBR3RMH, ~ 6 T~
~ P O B~
nerqe
, 6y,ge~ p e m a T b , e U H y K p w H H T b paccMaTpHBaeMbreTePPHTO-
cnpaBnaTbcR c TPYAHbIMn H H e H 3 6 e X ~ b l ~IIPaKTHYeCKHMki
H npoGneMaMH p n H~~ C n O n b 3 0 B a T bdjonee M a ~ ~ T Z l 6 H b lnOAXOD).
fl 3 ~ 3CKanH3",
0 nopox-
X H 3 H H B 6 0 n b I l l 0 ~ropoae, A e H ~ b l f i E I H T e m e ~ ~ ) I ~ ~b ~ C
~ ~2 O M O ~ H O CPTe ~r K
Ho) .~ K
, a K c K a 3 m KTO-TO
P~~ r o P o A c K o r 0 IIoJIHOKPOBIIR H ~ O ~ X O ~ E ICMT Op e M H T b a K B ~ ~ - c rOPbK~c f l p o ~ l l e f i , 3 T 0 YaCTb C W H , H W e X H O n p e B b I m a m q m pasMepaM
x " ~ T ~ Y W oHG3 T P Y ~ O ~ H OCOCTORHIIR,
~O C O ~ A ~ By ~c nR o ~ lAl J~~ RTOTO, 9 ~ 0 6 ~ ~ K p F H e f i m ~~3 T ~ P P H T O P E IYbHX ~, n p 0 6 n e ~MbI H e MO)fCeM Pemmb.
K ~ MO)~CHO
K 6 0 n b m e HX x ~ ~ e n e KTO
f i , 6 b 1 OHH HII ~ HC, T a B m H C b Ha
~ U IO Met-
Te, KOraa
y HHX B 0 3 H H K a e T B ~ I ~ O PH,, CSIeAOBaTenbHO, 1 aM H~~KJIOH-
9~06bT OrpOMHOrO r 0 p 0 ~ B
npa~menbcTBo a am^ AHH- 3 ~ B0C ~ ~ O - H ~ BnpaBH- C ~ ~ O
HO PO-0 w - m ~ e s e c ~pa3~006pa3~e
oe Hnog,qeprnsanacb n p e e M C T B e H ~ 0 ~ ~ ~ T e n b c T B o ropoaa c p e ~ ~ eB ef ni w m H b I , T O ~ ~ KP eOn m e H H o e ~ f l o n K~ oeH c e p -
c 0 0 6 ~ e c T ~Bam, m q a l o W e r O KaK CTapOXHcwrOB, T a K H H O B O ~ P E I ~ ~ I B ~ ~ ~ . B ~ T H B H ~ I0M6 p a 3 0 ~ o e - ~ ~~ aH ~C ~ O C O ~K 6onee ~ ~ H KPFH~IM
H O ~ 3 a ~ a ~ a ~ .
P~~ rOPOACKOrO nOnHOKPOBkLFI H ~ O ~ X O A H MnOe p e B O A H T b ca- TO n p H H e c n o CTpaHHbIe pe3ynbTaTb1, B KOHeYHOM CYeTe AeCTPYKTHBHbIe, no-
M"pa3pymeHHe P ~ ~ H O O ~ P ~A p~ yH r HRe KaTaKJIM3MHYeCKHe cn0coijb1~ c - TOMY YTO K p y r r ~ e f i mr~ 0ep 0 ~ an o p o > y q a l o ~ n p a ~ ~ ~n p~o e6 nce ~~~B1~KOP- ,e
IIonb30BaHEIR A e H e r B KOHCTpYKTHBHOe PYCJIO, o 6 p y 6 a ~ p a 3 p Y l I I H ~ e n b ~ ~ ~ ~ ~e O T n H q H b I e OT n p o d n e ~B, 0 3 H H K a K ) 4 H X B r o p o A a x c p e A H e r O pasMepa'
B 0 3 M 0 cxO A~H ~ OC~~~ O~
T POH~~ I,,H CTHMYJIHPYR p a c u ~ p e ~ kci pe e ~ b ~ , E c T b , p a 3 y M e e T c R j H Y ~ P T CXOACTB~.
~ I K ~ BKC F I K I ?~~ ~a c e n e ~ ~ b ~ f i
ronpIIR~H0fi p e a H 3 a 4 H P i nOJIe3HbIX JIIOACKMX m a H O B , C A p ~ o f i . K p w ~ e f i m ~ropoa
rry~m, f i H M e e T TePPMTOPHlo, K O T O P O ~H~m O w p a m n , cO-
Pa.4~
r o p o A C K O r 0 nOnHOKpOBHR H ~ O ~ X O ~ ~nEp O
~RMCOm T b BH- 3AaBm
p a 3 H o o t j p a 3 ~ b ~ e ~ y x 6 b 1 M,
. K ~ BK6 0 n b m H H c ~ ~~ ea c e n e ~ n~F K
b T~o x
B
'yanbHblfi nOpRAOK 60nbm01-o r o p o A a , C O A ~ R C T B Y RPa3BFiTHK) BbICBe- M e H b m e r o p a a ~ e p aB
, KpyTIHe2mEIX ~ O P O A ~~ XO ~ H Y HHOnpaKTHYHo OPraHH-
sHBaHHm ero @ Y H K U ~ O H ~ J I ~ H O nI 'oOp f f ~ K a ,a ~e H a p y L U a R TOT ~ o P R ~ ~ ~3 0 B u B a T b 3 T H ~ p 6 bIIO1 BepTHKaJIbHOMy n p H H q H r r y . K w a c r r ~ 6HMeeTa
H ~e O T P H 4 a R ero. C B ~ rf i O P ~ o pn r a~~y:~r r p~a ~~n e ~ napKOB,
ae 3 ~ p a ~ o o x p a T ~ Pea H~c n
mo P T a ,
3 a ~ a q Ba 4 e n 0 ~~, ~ ~ Y C J I O B H ~e aKofi ~ e n o a a e ~ -
O , R B ~ R ~ T CT R ~ W I H ~ H OX ~O O
~ R ~ C T 60nb~114,
B~, I R~, H ~ H O ~ O X O ~ nH-
B O A O C H ~ ~ X ~ H IY ~ ~ ~ C T B ~ ,
HO'J KaKofiB b I r n q H T H a I I e p ~ b 1 BBrJIHA,
8 ~ 6 BCe
0 3 T H YaCTHbIe U e n H B3aH- q e H 3 ~ p o ~ an~o nmH ,q H H , CaHHTaPHH EI T.A. B p e m o T B p e M e H H ~o~~~~~~~
M°CBR3aHb1; m 3 0 3 M O X H 0 ~ @ @ ~ K T I ? B HI lOp e c i I e A O B a T b OAHy H 3 HHX, H e ripe- HoBbre m m 6 b r : ~ p a m e no ~ m 6 o p b 6 e c ~ ~ ~ P F I ~ HB ~O H~ H A Y~areHTcTBa
~M~ ,
c n e ~ Oy A~H O B ~ ~ M ~ H (H H OB KaK0fi-TO M e p e ~ B T O M ~ T H Y ~ C KOHC)T a b H b I X . T ~ M no p e K O H C T p m H H , O p r a H b I , B e A a m W H e 0 6 q e c T ~ e ~ T~p abH1c n~o P T o M , Pi T.n.
He MeHeeqenHT a K o r o P o A a H e M O T 6 b 1 ~ bAOCTHrHYTbI, eCnM T e , KTO OTBe- O , q ~ a ~BoB,M P ,KOJIOCCaJIbHOl'O
~ 0 6 5 e ~ paa 6 o ~ b B1 K P F H ~ ~ ~ ~ X
9 a e T 3 a A H a r H o c T H K y , 3 a TaKTHKY, 3a n p a ~ ~ ~ ~ ep c e~ k~ i oe ~ e H~3 a ~ Hx a q ~ ~ ropoaax, ~ T oH p r a ~ Bb HHX, ~ axe c a ~ b T~~ ew H w O H H ~ I ~A, O n x H b I P a H O MnH
pemH3a4Hm~H e n o H H M a m T , YTO OHH AeJlaIOT. M IlOHHMaTb 3 T 0 OHM A O ~ ~ H ~ I n o 3 ~ O~ ~0 P ~ ~ O B MHOrOYHCJIeHHbIe
~ I B ~ T ~ BHYTPeHHHe n o A P a 3 A e n e H m -
He 0 6 0 6 ~ e ~ Ha oB ,T e p M H H a X KOHKPeTHbIX, YHHK&JlbHbIX YYaCTKoB r o p o ~ a , M ~ o r ~3 ~ ~e T H Xn o ~ p a 3 ~ e J I e ~ kTi Of iX e B e p T H K m b H b I : ropoA-
KoTOPblMH HMemT Aeno. M ~ o r oH e 3 TOrO, YTO HM H ~ O ~ X O A E I M3 HO a T b , OHH C K ~ 0pl-a~
fi A e n H T c@py c B 0 e f i OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH H a s a c T H , K a > y q a M3KoT0-
MorYT Y3HaTb TOnbKO OT MeCTHbIX x H T V I ~ G , IIOCKOJIbKY, K p O M e HMX, HHKTO p b B ~~ e p~p H T 0 p H a b H O MM a H e OXBaTbIBaeT O I I R T b - T a m BeCb ropOA.HanpH-
A o c T a T o Y H b I M O ~ ' ~ ~ MCOBM~ A ~ H ~eHpacn0narae.r.
~ Mep,B H ~ T P Hy n p a ~ n e ~n am p K O B M O r p C03AaBaTbCR OTAenbI, o T B e q a m q H e
T a K O r O r p W O C T p O H T e J I b C T B a HeflOCTaTOYHO, YT06b1 W M H - 3 a ~ p e ~ e c ~ Hb a rc ae x A e H m , yX0A 3a TePpHTOPHfiMH, AH3afiH HrPoBbIX nno-
HHCTpaTOPbl, c ~ ~ e nOHHMaJlH o c o 6 e ~ ~ o c -
~ a 6 o ~ a Bm6 ~0 n~ be m ~ ~ ognac~efi, WOK, y B e c a H T e n b H b I e I l p O r p a M M b I H T.A. H H a X O i m W H e a n o A eAHHblM py-
T H K O H K P e ~ cpeacms u M M ~ ~ O ~H
~ b ~ ~ o 6 u y 3 1 c u s a ~H U ~KO. ~ X O A H~ M 6 ,b ma
7 0O 1 KOBOAC-BOM. Y n p a ~ n e )~K H ~JeI P ~ ~ I J H OX~ OO ~ R ~ ~ CMTO X B e~T n O A P a 3 A e n R T b a
nOHHMmH-H nOHHMaJIH A o c K O H a b ~ -
o O C O ~ ~ H H O C TKOHKpeTHbIXMecm.
H ~a q a c ~OTBeTCTBeHHbIe
~, 3a Bb160p YYaCTKOB k i HX ~ H a a f i 3a ~ , TeKmHfi pe-
o w e p M e H cnoco6e~
T o n b ~C IlOHFITb 6 o n b m o f i ropoa KaK qenoe MOHT, 3a ~ 0 q H m b H O 0 e 6 e c n e ~ e ~3 ~ a0e ,~ 6 X0m ~b U O B H T.A.; K m a H 3 YaC-
UTIH KaK C O B O K p H O C T b P ~ ~ ~ O HBOAOCTaTOYHO
B M e n K H X ~ I O A P O ~ H O C T R AJIH
X ~ e 5~,O A ~ H H R I O ~ H X0614e~yCR PFOBOACTBY, c a m H M e e T cnoxHymcTpYK-
Y T O ~ O~ PIr a H H 3 0 B b I B a T b K0HCTp)XTHBHbIe A ~ ~ C HT~ B3 ~6 e~ re p~a -~ ~ Typy. TO x e c a M o e MOXHO ~ ~ a 3 0a rOPOACKHX ~ b O P ~ ~ HO ~~ XP ~ ~ O B ~ H H ~
3 F H b I X 9 H e W H b I X , AeCTPYKTHBHbIX AeficTBHfi. H COqHaJIbHOrO O ~ ~ C ~ ~ Y ~ 0H KOMHCCHRX M F I , no ~ ~ w o c T P o H T ~ T.A. ~ ~ ~ ~ B ~
~ O M H M OPaCIIpeAeJIeHElR OTBeTCTBeHHOCTEI IIO B e p T k I K a J l b H o ~ y OAHO~
TP~ e T b W OKPJTa B P a M K a X CEICTeMbI C O U O ~ ~ C I I ~ ~o~ H~~ I~
TRp,~
p f f~ a i-
IIpPiHlJEIny, MHOrEIe aMEIHEICTPaTEIBHbIe O p r a H b I AeJIRTcR H r O p E I 3 0 H T a n b ~ 0 , I J a ~ o f ir p a A O C T p O E I T e J I b H O r 0 n e p C O H a J I a , IIoJIoBEIHo~~OAHOl-0 U K o J I b ~ o r o
H a meppUmOpUaAbHble CerMeHTbI, AJLFI 06JIeFIeHEIR c6opa ~ H @ o P M ~ I J E I E Im~
, p a f i o ~ aOAHOG
, T P e T b I O A P Y r O r O IUKOJIbHOrO p a f i o ~ aABYMR , AeBRTbIMEI
n p o B e A e H m p a 6 o ~~, E EI TI o r 0 EI Apyroro. M ~t iIM e e M , B YaCTHOCTH, noan- T p e T b e r O IIIKOJIbHOrO P ~ G o H ~ ,
ABylMR C ~ O ~ O B E I HI I O
o J~I E~I ~ ~ ~ ~ c K E I M
WEaIC T K a -
4 e f i c ~ E I YYaCTKEI,
e O K p y r a , 0 6 p a 3 0 ~ a H H b 1 eCEICTeMaMEI 3 A p a B O O X p a H e ~ k i ~ MEI EI 6 e r n b 1 B3rJH&OM
~ ynOIIHOMOYeHHOr0 no TpaHCIIOpTJ'.
H COLJEIaJIbHOTO 06ecne9e~k111, IIIKOJIbHbIe EI n a p K O B b I e TeppEITopEIaJIbHb1e n p E I n o ~ o 6 ~ oOpraHEI3auEIH
fi HEIKTO E13 OTBeTCTBeHHbIX IIEILI H e
IIO,L(pa3AeJIeHEIR EI T.A. B IIOJIHOM BeAeHEIEI nRTEI H b m - ~ ~ O P K C K I I X
OKPYrOB, BOCnpEIHEIMaJI 6b1 H b m - x e g ~ e XOTR ~ , ero H a c e n e m e c o c T a B n a e T B c e r o
BO3rJIaBnReMbIX np€!3EIAeHTaMH, HaXOAEITCR PRA CJIF~, l X a B H b I M 0 6 p a 3 0 ~ 165000 qeJIOBeK, KaK KOHKPeTHOe MeCTO. OAHMB W W E I 6b1 TOJIbKO W O @par-
KaCaIoIIJEIXCR YJIHLI (HO H e T ~ ~ H C ~ O EI
P EIHXeHepHbIX
T ~ ) BOnPOCOB. MeHT; APYrzle B W W E I 6 b 1 er0 ueJIRKOM, HO PaCMblBYaTO, KaK CpaBHEITWbHO H e -
Kanqoe E13 MHOrOqEICneHHbIX BHJ'TpeHHEIX IIoflpa3Aen€!~EIfi, Bep- ropamo 6 o n b m e r o . n
W e c T s e m y m r a c T b sero-TO p n~o ~ o 6 ~ oOfPi ~ ~ H E I ~ ~ ~ M E I
THKaJIbHbIX ti rOPEI30HTanbHbIX, n o - C B O e M y OCMbIClleHHO, TO eCTb O C M ~ I C J I ~ H - rOpOACKMe crry.nc6b1, BKJImYatI rpZl,4OCTPOEITWbCTBO, H e MOrJIEI ~ ~IA~GCTBOB~T~
HO B BaKYYMe. B M e c ~ e B
, KaTerOpLlRX OrpOMHOrO r O p O A a , OHM A a m T XaOC. ~ ~ ~ ~ K T EI B H O~ ~ G C T B O XOTb
H B ~ T C~K~KOG-TO ~ 0 J I e fPa3J'MHOCTEI.
i
B rOpOAe C P ~ A BeJIEIYEIHbI,
H ~ ~ He3aBEICIIMO OT er0 B H y T P e H H H x O A H ~ KEIMeHHO
O T a K MbI I I b I T a e M c 3 C O ~ ~ I CBeAeHEIR,
P ~ T ~ OKa3bI-
. ropoa,
n o ~ p a 3 ~ e n eEI~~~7 f1 i~ x 6c ,H r y a u m B K o p H e E I H ~P~CCMOTPHM no- B a T b JImARM YCnYrEI EI IIpOeKTEIPOBaTb ~ ~ C T P O ~B~HaIIIEIX
K Y KPYIIH~~~IIIMX
1 bg m - X e i i ~ e ~ r,qe
~ 0 6 ~ bH y , n p o x m a e T Bcero 165 ooo r e n o s e K . n p T a~K o M r0poAax. n p E I 3TOM, eCTeCTBeHH0, n p 0 6 n e ~ b 1 ,KOTOPbIe IIO9TEI BCe XOTRT pe-
p a s ~ e p ropoAa
e rnasa T o r o ~ E m Io r o a g M m w i c T p a T m H o r o o p r a H a H ero IIIEIT~EI KOTOPbIe p e m a e M b 1 , O K ~ ~ ~ I B ~
3 a~n pTe A n a M H s b e r o 6 b 1 TO HH 6b1-
C eR
IIOMOIIJHRKW M O r y T , eCJIH XOTRT, J I e r K O EI H e I I P E I H Y m e H H O IIOAAePXEIBaTb JIO IIOHHMaHEIR EI KOHTPOnR.
CBR3b EI KOOPAEIHEIPOBaTb A ~ ~ ~ C T B C
H PYKOBOACTBOM
FI BCeX IIP09EIX O P ~ ~ H O B Y ~ e n m b ~~ oe o 6 p a x a e ~ y@
mp a r ~ e ~ ~ a~uo~~ m
o p, yR m
O~PEI-
( P ~ ~ Y M JIM
H ~ 3TEI
I ~ ~ G C T B- L ~KOHeYHO,
R BOIIpOC ApJTofi). COBZUla IIpEIMeHEITenbHO K H b m - X e f i ~ e ~ By AeCRTb
, HnEI IIRTbAeCRT p a 3 AJIR
TO eIIJe 6onee B a X H O , rJIaBbI 3TEIX O p r a H O B H EIX IIOMOIIJHEIKH rOpOflOB c H a c e n e H H e M OT n o n y T o p a 80 B O C ~ M E IM m u n i o H o B ( ~ O M H R~ PEI
B ropoAe c p e A H e r o p a a ~ e p MOW
a 6 b 1 ~ bC n e u w a n H c T a M k l c p a 3 y B ABYX o6~1ac- TOM, YTO n p M c m E I e EIM TPYAHOCTEI, ~ p e 6 y m I I J k i e n o H M M a H m EI p e a r H p o B a -
TRX: BO-IIepBbIX, C n e u E I ~ H C T a M E BI c ~ 0 e f~ i 4 e p OTBeTCTBeHHOCTEI,
e BO-BTO- HEIR, p a c T y T c POCTOM H a c e n e H k i R H e B a p k ~ + ~ e ~ ~ ~ ea cB ~r eoo fMi e ,T p m e -
PbIX -CIIe4HaJIEICTaMM no H b m - X e G s e H y . & M I I H M C T P ~ T O ~(ki K T 0 6b1 TO HH CKO$ ~ ~ O ~ ~ ~ C C 3Ma E~ Ie )M,
BbIYJIeHEITe pa3JIEIqHbIe ~ 4 e p b OTBeTCTBeHHOCTIl
1
6bI.710 ~ p y r ~ fMi O) X e T XOPOIIIO Y 3 H a T b EI IIOHRTb A a H H O e MeCTO, JIEIJXb COY& E13 M ~ C T H OI I y
~ T~a H E I u b I EI COeAEIHEITe EIX B r p O M a A H b I e 6 1 o p o ~ p a ~ E I 9 e -
T a AJInIlTeJIbHbIe C O ~ C T B ~ H H
H ~~~I J~I I ~ A ~ HI?EpIaR
3 b I C K a H H R C IIOIIfleHEIeM c K a e MMnepHu.
ewe 6onb111efi I I H @ O P M ~ ~ E I 113
I I B T O P ~ I Xp y -~ OT B H ~ ~ I ~ nEmI ~ i B op-
Xe tKaK ~ T ELUEIPOKO
I PaCKHHJ'BIIIEIeCR EI XaOTMYeCKEI p a 3 A e J I e H H b I e H a
$ O X e T 6 b 1 ~ bo ~ o 6 p a m e ~ a
r a H a X BJIaCTEI, T a K M B H e EIX. % C T ~ 3TEIX C B ~ A ~ H E I M YaCTEI EIMnepEIEI COeAEIHeHbI M e w co60fi J I ~ ~ E I ~ E I H T ~KOOPAEIHauEIH,
MEI KOH-
B K a p T a X W ~aGnkiuax,
YaCTh - H e M O X e T . XEIBOG, HO H e 0 6 1 1 3 a ~ e n b ~ BbIAa-
0 T ~~HI L U K O Ms a n y ~ a ~ Aaxe
i c ~ m e t i~. T EJ II ~ ~ E I P W H C
c y n b ~ a u a f EI ~ b r PJIR T o r o ,
mIIJkific3 yM, K O M ~ E I H E I ~~ T
~REcIp e A c T B a , B n o n H e cnoco6e~
nOHHTb H b m - X e f i - Y T O ~ EIX~ IM O X H O G~IJIOHarJIRAHO ~ 3 0 6 p a 3 k i ~ H b e, rOBOpR 0 TOM, Y T O ~ ~ I
BeH. n p E I J I m 6 0 YpOBHe
~ YMCTBeHHMX C ~ O C O ~ H O APJTOrO
C T ~ ~ ~ cnoc06a XOPO- UIJCKHTb H W e X H b I M E I H yyBCTBUTeJIbHbIMEI rIPOBOAHEIKaMEI M e M e A O M C T B e H -
1110 IIOHHTb TO WIEI H H O e MeCTO H e W e C T B Y e T . HOrO B3aEIMOnOHUMaHEIR, WIEI K a H a J I a M H A n R H ~ K o I T ~ ~ H EHI H
o @
~ ~o ~ M ~ ~ E I E I
K o p o ~ eTOBOPR, H b m - X e f i ~ KaK
e ~ WMEIHEICTPaTEIBHaFI CTPyICTY- 0 KOHKpeTHbIX MeCTaX, HnEI MaPUIPYTaMEI A ~ ~ C T B M PeaJIEI3auEIEI
PJIR ~ ~ ma-
pa P a C n O J I a r a e T BCTPOeHHbIM @ ~ K T O P O MO T H O C E I T ~ J I ~ HCBRBHOCTEI,
O~~ KaKO- HOB. M r p w a a e , EI A o n x H o c T H b I e n w a MOT n n y T a T b B BTUX n a6~pn~~ax
B~IM R B m e T c R ero p a a ~ e p . ~ € ! C K O H ~ ~ AOJIro,
HO MHHYR T a M I? TYT M e p T B b I e KOCTH MHOTEIX ~ E . I J I ~ I X
HaAem,
O T H O C M T ~ J ICBR3HOCTb
~ H ~ F ~ TaKOrO rOpOAa, KaK H b K 3 - X e f i ~ e H , norti6111~x
OT EICTOIIJeHEIR.
B mMEIHEICTPaTHBHOM IIJIaHe BOCIIpHHEIMaeTCR K a K AOJIXHOe. 3 ~ e c MOIYT
b T ~ KB ,6 a n ~ H M o p OAHa
e EICKylUeHHaEI rpyIIna r p W a H , IIOJIb3y-
6 b 1 ~ bCBOM n y T H IIOBbILUeHLlR ~ @ @ ~ K T H B H O C TBI ?WMHHHCTPaTHBHOM EI EIHbIX RCb H H C ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ COBeTaMH
C K H M HH H e COBepIIIaEI K ~ K H X - J I E I ~H
Oe B e p H b I X EIJIEI
acnemax, HO, p a s ~ e e ~HEIKOMY c ~ , H B r o n o B y H e npEiAeT p e O p r a H H 3 0 B a T b HeHyXHbIX ~ e f i c ~ u~e ~n bi~if roA
i, noTpaTma Ha coseqaHm, neperoBopb1,
~ I pacnonaran o ~ ~ oB fO iC ~ M O
e ~ Y T O ~ OH
H b m - X e f i ~ TaK, y n~p~a B n e H m nap- .
3aIIpOCbI EI I I O n y e H H e p a 3 p e I I I e ~ E I f i ,9~0661..IIOCTaBEITb B MeCTHOM YJIHY-
KOB, IIIeCTbK) C YeTBePTbH) OKPJTaMEI B P a M K a X CHCTeMbI 3APaBOOXPaHeHHR, HOM n a p K e C K y J I b n l y p y M e a s e m ! n p 0 C ~ b 1 YCOBepmeHCTBOBaHLlR
e CTaHOBRTCR
21. Ynpaenenue p a i i o ~ a ~
uuux npoeKrnuposaHue [ 421 1
p e a J I b ~ b 1 GC ~ O C OGOGTH
O ~ W I H YCKOPEITb n p O I J e A y p b 1 B H Y T P H H a 3 H E i Y a e M 0 f i
BaHHR -I I O I I p O C T y H e B 0 3 M O X H b I M M . p e 6 p q E Ie
~ I O P O K P ~ T M E IO, ~ ~ I Y H~ O e v e 6 0 n b I I l H x 3 a ~ p a ~ y c K J I H Hf i B ~ ~ M ~ H H " .
B C I I O M H H M 0 n y 6 n k i ~ 0 ~ a H H y I BO New York Times B aBrycTe ~ O J I E I T H Y ~ C KAH~ ~ ~ C T B EMI R
AaBIIeHRe BCerAa 6 y ~ H y~ O~~ X O A M -
1960r O A a HCTOPWIO 0 n O X a p e B M H O r O K B a p T M p H O M A O M e , H a x o A R ~ e ~ c ~ MbI K a K C P W C T B O 60pb6b1H p a 3 p e I I I e H W - I P e a J I b H b I X KOH@JIMKTOBH H T e p e C O B
B C O ~ C T B ~ H H O C TrH AOM,IIHIIIeT ra-
O p O A a , K O q a n O C T p ~ 2 L X HI I I e C T b Y e J I O B e K . H M H ~ H H # ,EI T a K H A O n X H O 6 b 1 ~Bb C a M O ~ P a B j T f l I O U l e M C R0 6 q e c ~ ~Apyroe
e.
3eTa, ( ( e q eB 6 b ~H1a 3 B a H O ~ H ~ H JHI oOB ~ L~U K O B~ ~O T Y e T e ~ O P O A C K O -
@e~p&JIe @no, Y T O C e r O A H R BO B C e X K ~ ~ I I H ~ ~ ~r OL pUO HA aXX O r p O M H b I X y c ~ n ~ ( Kf Oi T O -
ro y n p a B n e H m no 60pb6e c n o m a p a M a , n e p e g a H H o M y n p a B n e H m no ~ A ~ H H - p b I e I I O Y T H H R K O r A a H e I I p 3 4 J I a r a H ) ~ c R )~ p e 6 y Arne
e ~ IIOIIbITKa CBeCTH B O e A H -
RM,>. Y I I O J I H O M O ~ ~ HIIO
H ~3 IA ~a H~ M R M , 3 a q H U m C B O e B e A O M C T B O , CKa3aJ1, Y T 0 H O H 3 a H H T e P e C O B a T b ~ 0 f Hi n H H H 0 f i K O H K P ~ T H O $ T npo6ne~oii, BO~HHKLLI~~~
I I O A Y H H e H H b I e e M y H H C n e K T O p b I AOJIrO I I b I T W R C b I I O I I a C T b BHJ'TPb 3 A a H H R , B K O H K P e T H O M M e C T e , H ~ O ~ X O , I ~ I MC I~I eI qXH 2 l J I H C T O B H 3 H e C K O n b K R X r O p O A -
B X J I K J Ynepxoa
~ nocne 16 M M , K o r A a O H O nepemno B r O p O A C K y I o C O ~ C T B ~ H - . C a M O e C M e U I H O e , Y T O , e U I E I H K O r A a 3 T H < < M e p b Ino YCTaHOESTe-
CKHX C T I Y ) K ~HO
H O C T ~ r. a s e ~ a
npoAonxaeT: H H H ) ~ ~ ~ 3 e f i K, a, K, HX H a 3 b I B a I O T B H ~ I O - ~ ~ O P K CKKOOM ~R C
~ CRH no rpa.Z(OCTpOM-
TeJIbCTBy, BCe-TaKR H a K O H e q IIpHHHMaIOTCR H CBR3b M e m y CneqH&JIHCTaMM
K ~ YTBepXJpeT
K Y I I o ~ H o M o Y ~ H H ~Y
I ~I I~p ,a B n e H A e IIO H~ABMXHMOCTM Y C T a H a B n H B a e T c R , O ~ ~ I Y H3 TO0 C B R 3 b M e K P J J I I O A b M H H e C B e A m H M H . H a m -
[ ~ O ~ O A C KBeAOMCTBO,
O~ KOTOPOMY IIpHH&DJleXI?T 3 ~ a ~ H~ee A
l OMKJr0 IIIMGcnoc06 O C 0 3 H a T b BCIO CIIOXHOCTb OKPyTH B 60JIbILI0M r O p O A e -3 T 0 IIO-
yIIpa.neHI?e no 3AaHIIRM, YTO I I P H O ~ P ~ J OZITOTAOM, JIHllIb I HXIJIR. n p 0 6 0 ~ a ~O ~bI J I C H H Tn~p o 6 n e ~ b 1 3 ~ 0 Of iK P ~ ~Y ~HK E I Mc n e q H a n H c T a M ~3 pa3-
M TOJlbKO 2 5 A H ~ CIIyCTH
G y B e A O l w r e H H e 3aBepIUELnO C B O I~ I ~v b IIO 610- H b I X l?OpOACKHX am6.Bce p a B H 0 Y T O I I p O r p b I 3 a T b C X C K B O 3 b IIOAyLUKY.
POKPaTkiYeCKHM K a H m a M , CIIYCTMBIUHCb C 2 0 - r O 3 T m a 3AaHMH MYHH- X R T ~ J 6 I o~ n~b ~m ~ rxO p O A O B B e Y H O I I O p H q a I O T 3 a H e A O C T a T O K
qcInanHTeTa, rge H a x o A k i T a F p a B n e H M e no ~ A ~ H I ? H M~a, 18-Ei3~m, H H T e p e C a K A e R T e n b H O C T H ~ O P O A C K Oa A
~M~ k i H H C T p a Q H H . ~ 0 p a 3 H ~ e J I b H 0.4-
0,
I?Ae p a C n 0 n O X e H O T A U XKITI?1I[HOI'O X O ~ R $ T C T B ~ [B COCTaBe T o r 0 Ke H a K O , Y T O OHM COXPaHRIOT K H e f i X O T b K ~ K O G - THOH T e p e C .
y n p a ~ n e ~ m2 ]5.m n x , K o r A a ~ ~ + o p ~ na pqH m
m a B oTAen, O T l y n a C H O BM~C H O B a B CBOHX I I p O H H q a T e n b H b I X C T a T b R X B New York
Il03BOHLUlEI B p p a B n e H I ? e IIO HeABHKHMOCTH I? I I O T ~ ~ ~ AOnyC-
O B ~ H Times 0 I I p e C T y l I H O C T H C p e A R H e C O B e p I L I e H H O n e T H M X X Y P H a J J H C T rapp1.1~0~
THTb B AOM HHCIIeKTOpOB. B ~ a s a n erOBOpHT
, YIIO~HOMOY~HH IIO~ I ~ C o n c 6 e p 1 . r r O B O P H T 0 H ~ ~ I O K O I I ~ ~ RH M
a B~ RI AX I I p e J I R T C T B R R X K Y C O B e P L I I e H -
3 A a H M M , T a M OTBeYanM, YTO Y HHX H e T KJIIOYefi. S ~ B R ~I I e~p e rHO - C ~ C T B O B a H H H ) , K a K O B b l M M R B n R I O T C R y.HcaCaIoIU,e @ p a r M e H ~ k i p ~ ~ a HHH
H@m OP-
B O P ~ I .i... > B cy660~y[13 a ~ r y c ~ aK]o, r a a n p o u 3 o m e n noxap, OHM I H H C~T PRa L l H R , @ ~ ~ ~ M ~ H T ? ~ P OO B
M a l J H R , @ ~ ~ ~ M ~ H T H ~ o aBA M~ EH T-~ H H ~ R
ewe H e 6 6 ~ OKOHYeHbI.
7 ~ B IIOHeAf3IbHHK HX B O ~ O ~ H O B P COTpYAHHK
UI
y n p a s n e H m no ~ A ~ H K R MKOTOP~IE~
, H m e r o H e 3 H m o rromape.. .
" &qa, 0 6 n ~ a m l q ~ Oi eC O ~ ~ I MHH-
H c ~ 6
CITOHCOPOB n p ~ 3 ~ a n <<He : y ~ pac-
y
T e P e C a M H , H H O r A a KlIaTHT B n M T e n b - CKa3bIBaTb BBM CKa3KM I? rOBOPHTb, YTO
E U I H B e C b 3 T O T m H O T R 3 M H 3 O ~ J I ~ C T~R H c T oKOMMYHEIKaL(HEI
~ ~ HbIM I l H q a M , Y ~ 0 6 b lT e IIOMOrUlM H M MbI H a H R n H B a p o ~ IIO
a K B K O ~ ~ - TAPY-
O
T a K r P O M 0 3 A O K , 6 e c n o n e 3 e ~H H y A e H , K O r A a 0 H e M s H T a e I I I b , T O H a C K O n b K O (pa@ BbIrOAbI, K O H ~ Y H O )
MX ~ H Y H O % roEi n p H s E i H e , H e ~ 3 - 3 aero s n m e n b -
n p e o A o n e s a T b T ~ ~ A H O C T HYTO
, n o 6 m a - HOCTM. M ~MeCRqaMM I XAaJIH B C T p e s
Xe 60JIee rPOM03AOK, 6ecnone3e~H H Y A e H O H ,DJLH T e X , K T 0 I I b I T a e T C R C H H M
C yIIOlIHOM09eHHbIMM, OTBeYaK)1I[HMH
e T O ~ ~ I Y H r~ pI X
W a H OpraHM30BbIBaTb
cJI~~BEIT~C
flIOflM
H! C H q e m a M M , nH)AM 3 H e P ~ H Y H b I H
e H H M q H a T H B H b I e , IIPH-
r p y n n o B o eAaBneHue ~ , ~ M M H M C T ~ ~ -3 a ~ A P ~ B O O X ~ ~ H3 a~ 6Ho pMb ~6 y, c no-
~a
X O A H I l J H e p a 6 0 T a ~ bB 3 T H H M I I e p H H , I I O 9 T R H e k l 3 6 e X H 0 CTaHOBHTCFI 6 e 3 p a 3 - TOpOB Y e p e s B ~ I ~ O P H ~AOnXCHOCTHbIX
IX m a p a i v u , c rna~oG roponc~ofinonuqm
nHYHbIMtI H B ~ ~ I - 3 ~ 0 r ~o p
M M e 6 y ec a~M o c o x p a H e H H e (Arne H e c o x p a H e - J H q . T ~ KOAHH
, H 3 CKaHAmOB, CBR3BH- H T.A., -a IIOTOM OH 6pm T ~ ~ ~ + O H H ~ K J
' , ryT X e A e n O CABMraAOCb
T ~ Y ~ K )H
H H e AOJIXHOCTH, K a K WICTO A y M a W T , a HMeHHO c U M O C O X ~ ~ H ~ H H ~ ) . HbIX C T ~ O A C K ~O ~~K~o H c T P ) X U M ~ ~ ~
c M ~ P T B OTOYKIIO.
~ r a 3 e ~ na p o A o n m a e T :
B H b I O - M O P K ~ ,K a C m C R D J I a ~ e ~ eCWA-
fi
M e c n H nepeAaYa nonea~b~x
c ~ e ~ e ~ I?w~ f@i @ ~ K T ~ I BKOOPAR-
H~A
HH C. 6 a p o ~ y ( n p e c c - c e ~ p e ~ a p~m b m - <&ip0~K a T e r o p u s e c K a o T p M q a e T , YTO
Ha4MFI T a K T P Y A H b I BHJrIPH M Y H H q H I I & j I b H b I X O p r a H O B , T O K a K H t e T P Y A H b I R My- $ ~ O ~ K C K Onyqepa
~O A ~ M o K ~ ~ T H Y ~ c K o ~ BBFUICR
~ 3 a AeHbrI? ,,yCKOpHTb I I p O X O M e -
Y H T e J I b H b I O H H ,4JIR T e X , K O M Y I I P R X O A M T C R H M e T b CO B C e M 3 T H M A e n O H ~ B H ~ ! IIapTHM K a p ~ P i &K. ~ a Aecan~o)CO H m e nerr B r o p o A c K w x ~ p e x n e ~ ~ ~ x " .
C K O6b1
~ H~H 6b1n0T R X e n O , AOJIrO -Aa H A O p O r O , KCTaTR, -O P r a H H 3 0 B a T b CTOpOHbr LUeCTM CnOHCOpOB C Y ~ C W W ~ - ,,R TOnbKO YCTpOHn ABa COBeWaHWI -
p y e M b I x ~3 4 e n e p m b ~ o r 61ome~a
o B y I I p a B n e H H M 3ApaBOOXpaHeHMR
r p y n n o B o e n o n H T m e c K o e A a m e H t I e H a B ~ I ~ O P H r~oIp Xo A c K H x ~ e ~ ~ e n em-
f i ,
IIPOeKTOB ~ O P O A C X OPeKOHCTPYKqMM.
~ M B YIIpaBneHMM 6 0 p b 6 b 1 C nomapa-
TeTIFIM 6 0 n b L I I k i ~r O P O A O B C T a H O B R T U l RCHO, Y T O 3 a . I a C T y I o 3 T 0 € !AHH(~B~HH~I~~ Cornac~oNew York Post, OAHH M3 3TMX MH", - c ~ a 3 a OH)).
n
HPiKTO, BWIl09aFI KOMLICCHK) IIO rpZlJ(OCTPOHTeJIbCTBY, H e C I I O C O ~ IIOHPiMaTb
~H
yUacTKH ropoaa H H a Y e , HeXeJIH Y e p e a y p 0606we~~
w IoH Y e p e c s y p @par-
MeHTHPOBaHHO.
K ~ o M ~ KaK KOOpAHHaTOpbI @ H ~ I ? Y ~ c K HIIpOeKTOB
TOrO, x ApjTHX
rOpOfiCKHX O p r a H O B KOMHCCHH 6 0 n b n I e f i YaCTbK) PaCCMaTpHBaIoT IIpe,ilJlOXe-
E ~ I T J JMHeHHe,
~T YTO 3TOT O ~ C T P ~ K ~ E I O H H3~TM
a HHePTHOCTb
, - HI?II J I H L Unoule
~ T o r o , KaK r o p o A c K H e R n a c T H w r H~H H e o p r a ~ ~ 3 XOTR
a q ~ ~
C03HaTeJIbHaFI JIHHELR IIOBeAeHHR HJIH, IIO ~ e ~ b I l I e M
f ie p e , I I 0 6 0 Y ~ b I f Ii I p o - 6b1 I I p e g B a p H T e J I b H O OIIpeAenRJOT, YTO OHH XOTeJIH6bI CAeJIaTb. M 3 AeCfITKOB
AyKT TeX HJIH LIHblX CKBepHbIX ~ I O P O K ~ ~ T H Y ~ CKaYeCTB.
KHX <<nLIqe~epHe,,, HCTOYHHKOB 3 T H IIpeAJlOXeHHR IIpEIXO&HT B KOMPiCCHK) rpmOCTpOHTeJIb-
( ( 6 K ) p o ~ p a ~ H Y e c ~PeBHOCTb,,,
aFI < ( K O p H C T H a3aHHTepeCOBaHHOCTb B C o x p a - CTBY, KOTOpaFI 3amW AOJIXHa peLIIHTb, E?MeK)T JIH OHH CMbICA Ap)T OTHOCH-
H e H H H CTaTJJC-KBOn, <(HMH a BCe HaKlIeBaTb,, - 3 T H CAOBa H BbIPZiXeHHR IIO- TeJIbHO i 3 r J I m O B C ~ M KOMHC-
$4 B CBeTe H H @ o ~ M ~ ~ H~H0 ,~ q e I I q k iHf B O ~
CTORHHO MOXHO WlbILIIaTb OT r O p O X a H , OTYaFIBIIIHXCR ~ero-nn60
fl06H~ba CHH. HOX H 3 H e H H O ~ a X ~ b 1IIepHOA
f i m R KOOpAHHaqHH C B ~ ~ ~ -
~ Ha0HU S80
X O w e H H R M H IIO J I ~ ~ H P E I H T r~OMp O ~ C K H XP i ~ I I e p H f i ~. ~ ~ Y C A O B H
3 TOH, CKBep- 6peMR B ~ I P ~ ~ O TAKa XH e I I p e A B a p H I e J I b H b I X I I p e p i r o X e ~ k l fHi TaKTHKki HX pe-
H b I e K a q e C T B a IIPkiCYTCTBYIoT (cpeaa, T a K MHOrO JIlOAefi AeJIaloT T a K M a - EiJIH3aqHH B J I K ) ~ O MKOHKPeTHOM MeCTe.
A 0 IIOJIe3HOrO I I e p e A JIHqOM TaKHX H Y w , ,ZJR HHX B e C b M a I I H T ~ T ~ J I ~ HHO
~), P a 3 y ~ e e T c R IIpEI
, T ~ K O ~~ %
e p e a J I H c T E I s ~ 0CHCTeMe
fi KOOPAHHa-
I I ~ ~ B o I I ~ H Y H 6He no b~1~H e RBJIReTCR JIHYHaFI 3JlOHaMePeHHOCTb. Arne CBRTbIe T O P H H e C I I O C O ~ HH
~HI Y e r O KOOPAHHHPOBaTb CaMH m R c e 6 ~H, e rOBO-
H e M O r A H 6 b 1 XOPOLIIO f l e i % ~ ~ ~B T
~ ~ aK ~CHCTeMe.
Ob ~ pR y>Ke0 K O O P A H H a ~ H HYy>KEIX IIPOeKTOB. @ C U I ~ ~ J I ~ @ H ~K ~O C
MKHC
O C~ H~ ~
I I~0~
B ~ ~ oBCeMy
f i WMHHHCTPaTHBHaFI CTPj'KTYpa KO- K a K TaKOBaFI, rPZlJJOCTPOLITeJIbCTBY BOCXHwaIOTcR KaK 0 ~ ~ 0113f JIPLIIHX
i B C T p a H e , H, B e P o -
mopym nblmanucb u nblmammcfi npucnoco6umb K cumyayuu, zae o d ~ m u RTHO, CO BCeMM OTOBOPKaMM, O H a T ~ K O B O
RBJIReTCR.
~ ~ HOK O r A a nbITaeLLlbCR
n p u c n o c o 6 n e ~ ~Heu06ofimucb.f l K ) ~ c ~ Haena
e YaCTO pa3BHBaK)TCR HMeH- B ~ C H H T n~o ,Y e M y ( ( n p o ~ e ~ a q b ~ ) ,n1o6a~oe
':, A e T H r q e KOMHCCHH, B peanmoc-
HO TaK. ~ P IIOBbILUeHHM
H CJIOXHOCTH AOCTHraeTCR YPOBeHb, K O r A a H Y X H a TI? B b I r m p , m maqe, HexeJlH B npoeme, OT ee A q e K T o p a c r r b ~ r u a m b ,TO yn-
IIOJIJHHHaFI ~ 3 0 6 p e ~ a ~ e J I b ~ o c ~ b . P a B J I e H H e YJIHLl H e YAOBHJIO m e K ) H H e COBCeM IIPaBkIJIbHO cAeJlaJI0 TPOTYaPbI,
TO H e TO y r r p a B n e H n e n a p K o B , H e TO y n p a m e a k i e no m w r ~ w ~ xoo~s ~yf i c r ~ y ,
Y ~ 0 6 b CIIPaBHTbCR
1 C npo6ne~oii 6 0H~, 6 -
~ M H H L I C T P ~ T E I B H@Op~ a~ r ~ e ~ ~ a q H Me YJIOBEZTIH HAeK) EI H a I I O p T a Y u i r H C ~ ~ C T ~ ~ K T H OT-
H e TO 3 a ~ ~ p 0 f i w H K H ~ I M E I
LUHe r O p O A a WeJIaJIH JIHIIlb OAHy C m e C T B e H H y I o IIOIIbITKy IIPORBHTb ~so6pe- KPbITbIMM IIpOCTPaHCTBaMH, YTO MHOI'He rOpOACKHe y I I p a m e H H R , OTBeYaIo-
TaTeJIbHOCTb, y.IpeAHB KOMHCCHH no rPWOCTPOHTeJIbCTBY. W H e 3a YJIMYHYIO O ~ C T ~ H O B K Y
H ,e yJIOBKlIH W e K ) -H, rJIaBHOe, YTO r 0 p O X a -
B T e O p H H T a m e KOMHCCHH -I I p e K p a C H b I e 2l,l(MEIHHCTPaTHBHbIe H e H e YAOBkIIIH H A e l o . M B C e 3 T H I I O ~ ~ P O ~ H OHaCTOJIbKO
CTM YTOMHTeJIbHbI
K O O P ~ H H a T O P b I .K ~ CyIQeCTBeHHbIe
K 3JIeMCHTbI a M e P H K a H C K H X I'OPOACKHX H TRrOMOTHbI PJLR rp2iAOCTpOHTeAR, 4 T 0 , Y e M 6JIyXiJla~b IIO WMHHHCTPaTHB-
CHCTeM YIIPaBJIeHHR OHM BOBHHWIH H e T a K AaBHO - B ~ o J I ~ ~ I I H H c TCBOeM
B~ HbIM J I ~ ~ H ~ H HBTT q~eM
T H b I X IIOIIbITKaX CWIeHTb B O W H H O KYCOYKH IIPOULTIO-
B IIOWleAHHe A B W q a T b IIRTb A e T KaK IIPRMOG OTWIHK H a O Y ~ B I W H ~ ~ ~ I UHYeK
- ) r 0 A ~ e fPi I A e a J I b ~ o f KaPTHHbI,
i OH rOpa3AO 6 o n b r u e YAOBJIeTBOPeHKFI M O X e T IIO-
C I I O C O ~ H O C rOpOACKHX
T~ mMHHHCTpaTHBHbIX O p r a H O B K O O P ~ H H P i p O B a T bpas- J I F H T b , TBOPR PJUl HOBbIX MeCT HOBbIe (<l'f,4eH)) 0 TOM, YTO MOrAO 6b1 T a M 6 b 1 ~ b .
n m H b I e nrraHb1, B n e K y I Q a e 3 a co6oii @ H ~ H ~ ~ C
n eK M e~H b I B ropone.
p eH M,IIO CYTH, 3 T 0 ewe IIpOCTbIe B e w H IIO CPaBHeHHK) C YpOBHeM KOOPAHHaUHII,
k k 0 6 p e ~ e ~ P OKa3aJlOCb
ie HeyAaYHbIM IIO ~ 0 fIIpHYHHe,
i 9 T O OH0 H ~ O ~ X O ~ ~ HAJlR
M ~PeIIIeHMR
I M TaKHX A ~ ~ C T B H T ~ J ITPYAHbIX
~HO rPmOCTPOH-
~ y 6 J I H p y ea
~ ,B HeKOTOpbIX OTHOLIIeHELRX ycyry6me~
T e C a M b I e HeAOCTaTKM, TeAbHbIX n p o g n e ~K, a K BbIXOA H 3 ~ p y I Q o 6 ~ 0 COCTORHHR,
ro ~ ~ ~ o I I ~ c H o c T ~ ,
C KOTOPbIMH AOJIXHO ~ O P O T ~ C R . IIpORCHeHHe BH3yaJIbHOrO rOpOACKOr0 I I O p m K a H C03AaHHe 6 J I a r o I I p W I ~ ~ o f i
KOMHCCHHIIO rPmOCTPOHTeJIbCTBY, KaK H HHbIe q M H H H C T P a - ~KOHOMHY~CK O ~ ~ PJLR p a 3 ~ 0 0 6 p a 3 E L R .
CpeAbI
THBHbIe HMIIepHH, IIO C m e C T B y O P r a H H 3 0 B a H b I I I 0 B e P T H K Z l b H O M y IIPHHUH- B HbIHeLIIHHX YCAOBHRX KOMHCCHH IIO rpaAOCTpOHTeJIbCTBy -
I I y C B e P T H K a n b H b I M A e J I e H H e M OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH IIOA eAHHbIM KOMaHAOBa- 3T0 He ~ @ @ ~ K T M B H ~ I ~
HHCTPYMeHTbI I I O H H M a H H R H K O O P A H H a ~ H MBCeX
H H e M , AOIIOJIHReMbIM K O e - r A e , eCAH 3 T O r 0 ~ p e 6 y He ~~ O ~ X O ~ H M OCUIH
C T ~
~ ~ J I ~ c o o ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~HC oC cMTC ~T ~
, MH
r O~PI HM3 0 H T ~ b H b I M
WeHeHHeM ( p a g 0 ~ b 1
peKOHCTp)WqHH, 3 0 H b I K O H C e P B a ~ H HH T.A.). BT ~ K CHCTeMe
O ~ IIO-IIpeXHeMy
1 424 1 IV. T a ~ r n u . c e c ~ ~u e r n o d b l
JIaTb, -B k l X H e e 3 H a T b ~ a ~ ~ b0 Il I fp ei ~ e J I e ~ ~ byYaCTOK,
lfi Y e M 3 H a T b , CKOJIb-
TOEXe K a T e r O p I ? H K Y ~ H K O BCTaBHTCR H a A P y r H X y Y a C T K a X
KO K Y ~ H K O BI13
W YTO C HHMH T a M IIpOI?CXOAHT. H I I K ~ KI ?OH~ o~~3~~ ~ I I e p ~ H 3H0e fn bi 3 R 3 a M e H H T b
Y ~B ~
6 0 J I b I l l H ~rOpOAOB. ~ O M O HM a ~ 0CI?TYaUI?I?
fi HeJIb3R. MX COTPYAHI?KEI H e B r p m 0 C T p O H T e J I b C T B e IIOHHMaHIle KOHKPeTHOrO MeCTa, KaKaR 6 b 1 3 a ~ a I~I ea-
0 6 n a ~ a l Ho H~ e M O I ' T o 6 n a a ~ AOCTaTOYHbIMH
b 3HaHLIRMH 0 KOHKPeTHblx r0- pea HaMI? HI? C T O N l a -p a 3 p a 6 0 ~ ~ a
IIpOeKTa, KOOpAHHarZHR HJII? IIpOrHO3.
pOACKHX yYaCTKaX, Y T O ~ AeJIaTb
~ I YTO-nH60 I?HOe, KaK 6b1 OHH HI? CTap&nI?cb.
Aaxe e U H 6b1 I?X r p ~ O C T p O I ? T e J I b H b I eHAeH H3MeHPUIHCb I? OT B H A ~ H I fly- ?~~ M 3 0 6 p e ~ a ~ e n b ~H
o cF ~Hba H e T
l, JR TOrO, Y T O ~ H&TH
~ I C I I O C O ~KOOPAWHa-
~I
~ e s a p ~ oropo~a-cma
ro K p a c o T b I OHI? n o n b I T a n H c b nepefi~wK IIOPJIHHHOM~ uI?H H a 0 6 0 6 I q e H ~ 0BePXY,
~ a @IH TOrO, Y T O ~ C~nIW a T b KOOPAI?HauMH) B 0 3 -
~ ~ ~ ~ O C T ~ O P ~ TOHM C T B ~ 61
~ J IH ~e CMOrJII? , I?M 3 a H I I M a T b C R . y HHX H e T A a X e M O X H O ~T~a M , rAe H y M a B ~ e fOi C T p e e B C e r O , - H a OTAeJIbHbIX yYaCTKaX,
CpeACTB @lR ~ 6 0 p Ha IIOHHMaHLIR H ~ O ~ X O A H MAO~ T~ Z~ U I ~ H OM~H~O, r O r p a H H o f i KOHKPeTHbIX I? YHIIKanbHbIX.
H H @ o ~ M ~ I J H I--HeT,
? BO-IIepBbIX, IIOTOMY, YTO I?X C O ~ C T B ~ H CHT~p yI K
~ T y p b ~H e E c n KOPOTKO
~ - 6 0 J I b I U H e ropona H ~ O ~ X O A H MpOa 3 ~ e n H~ a ~ b
rOWTCR IIOHHMaHLIR 6 0 J I b m t i ~rOPOAOB, BO-BTOPbIX, IIOTOMY, YTO TaKHMH aAMWHI?CTpaTI?BHbIe p a f i o ~ b l OHH
. AOJIXHbI C T a T b 3 J I e M e H T a M H r O P H 3 O H -
Xe CTPyKTypHbIMI? IIOpOKaMI? C T p m a I o T I? A p F H e r O p 0 A C K H e O p r a H b I . TXlIbHOrO YJleHeHWR ~ O ~ O A C K O ~ ~
FlAMHHHCTpalJHI?, HO YJleHeHIlR H e 6ecc~c-
kiHTepec~0O
e ~ C T O R T ~ ~ ~ C TKBaOc ,a m r q e e a K O O ~ A H H ~ ~ B
H 6I ?0 n b - TeMHOrO, a eAI?HOrO AJIH BCeX aCIIeKTOB MYHHlJHIIiUIbHOrO YIIPaBJIeHHR.
IUHX I'OpOAaX KaK B c@pe ? ~ ~I?, B o6nacr~
c6opa C B ~ A ~ H ITaK A ~ ~ ~ C T B LM
I Ra :B H O e , A A M I ? H H c T P ~ T I ? B H ~ I p~ a f i 0 ~ b 1AOJIXHbI OTpa>rcaTb IIepBHYHOe, 6aaosoe pa3-
-
r A e TaKtW KOOPAMHaIJLIR H ~ O ~ X O A W M ~ 3, T 0 M e m Pa3nI?YHbIMH Cnyx6a~~ AeneHI?e BHYTPH ~ O J I ~ L U H H C rOPOACKWX
TB~ OpraHOB.
H a MeCTHOM P O B H e . M B 3TOM CYTb AWa. TOT T H n KOOPAMHauHH -OAHOBpe- ~ J I ~ B H ~ IAOJIXHOCTHHMH
MH JIHlJaMH O p r a H a , IIOAYkiHeHHbIMH
MeHHO ~ a ~ b lTPYAH~IG
f i I? ~ a ~ b l~ f ~i b l fKi o. o p ~ ~ ~ a um
((BBePX-BHM3>> B YW10- JIHIUb rOpOACKOMy yIIOJIHOMOYeHHOMy B A ~ H H O T~p a~C n H , AOJIXHbI 6 b 1 ~ b
BLIRX B e p T H K a n b H O r O p a 3 A W I a OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH H donee IIpOCTa, H H e CTOJIb ~ ~ I % o H H mMHHI?CTPaTOPbI.
~I~ K a M b ~ i ?H 3 HHX AOJIXeH B e A a T b BCeMH CTOPO-
O ~A.H ~ KHMeHHO
H3HeHHO H ~ O ~ X O A H M O 0 B ~ P T H K ~ J I ~ KOOPAHHalJHH
Ho~~ 3a- H a M H AeRTeJIbHOCTH C O O T B ~ T C T U
B pJ 6Wb~ ~ ~ p a f i o ~ ee; M y AOJIX-
1 B~CBOeM
~ o T H T c R HbIHeIlIHRFI i?lAMHHHCTpaTHBHaR C T p y K l 7 p a , 3aTpYAHRH BCe I I P 0 4 H e ee HbI IIOAYHHRTbCR COTPYAHHKH, OTBeTCTBeHHbIe 38 IIpeAOCTaBJIeHEle A ~ H H O ~ ~
THIIbI, a KOOPAHHauHH) H a MeCTHOM P O B H e AeTItW IIOIIpOCTy H ~ B O ~ M O ) K H O ~ ~ . Y W 1 y H MeJIKMM I'OPOACKHM YYaCTKaM. P a f i o ~ ~ I'paHHIJH
b ~ e AOAXHbI 6 b 1 ~ 06-
b
Teopm a A M H H H C T P H p O B a H E 3 B KPYIIHbIX r O p O A a X I I p H A a e T WHMI? PJIR BCeX ~ T I ~ ~ B J I ~YbR
H HAeRTWIbHOCTb
~ ~ , HeIIOCpeACTBeHHO C B R 3 a H a
M~CTHO KOOPAI?HaIJI?H
~~ OYeHb MZUIO 3HaYeHLIR. ~ J I ~ B H Y I POJIb
O B 3 ~ 0 fTeOPHH
i C X H 3 H b H ) P ~ ~ ~ O HHOCBI I p O e K T H P O B a H H e M 1 ? 3 ~ e ~ e ~ IB? HHX,
fi -YIIpaBJIe-
H r p a I o T n p e c n o s y T b I e KOMHCCHH no r p m o c ~ p o ~ ~ e n b ~c P~ ~~ Oy C. T P O H T ~ M e c n e ~ e ~m~K oen ~a M, H , no-
HHG, B e n a m r q I ? x T p a H C n o p T o M , C O ~ M ~ J I ~ H0~6I M
HPaBHTCFI AYMaTb 0 ce6e, YTO OHH HMelOT AeJIO C rOpOAOM B lJeJIOM, B IlIHpO- n ~ u a e f in, a p K a M a , 0 6 e c n e ~ e r~o ~p oe ~~ c ~ onrpoa B o n o p R A K a , 3 ~ p a ~ o o x p a -
KOM W I a H e , H YTO HX lJeHHOCTb BeJIHKa, IIOCKOJIbKY OHH < ( B H W TBClO KaPTH- HeHMeM, C ~ ~ C ~ H ~ O B X
~WH I bI R?, ~6 0M
p b 6 0 2 C I I O X a p a M H , 30HI?pOBaHHeM,
H r > . HOC a M a H a e H , ~ Y A T OOHH AOJlXHM B W e T b <<BClOKaPTHHY>>,B IIPHHIJHIIe I'paOCTpOHTeJlbCTBOM.
HeBepHa. ~ O M H M O
IlpOeKTI?pOBaHMH ~ B T O M ~ ~ H C ( T
K ~~Y~~ C
J TI B~KOTOPOI'O
O~ ~ K w b ~ f p i a f i ~ ~ ~ bm lMfHi H H C T P a T O P AOJIXeH 6 y ~ 3 eH a~T b K a K
OTBpaTI?TeJIbHO -OrYaCTH nOTOMy, T O HHKTO H e IIOHHMaeT n p o 6 n e ~
yYaCT- ~ a f i 0 ~T
CBOH) OTpaWIb AeRTVIbHOCTH, T a K I? C B O p . a~m
A B O ~ ~ H KOMIIeTeHT-
~FI
KOB, IIO KOTOPbIM OHM I I P O X O ~ T
H )IIPaKTHYeCKH YWCTO ~ H ) A x ~ T H oA ~e R~T W b - HOCTb BIIOJIHe IIO C w I a M XHBOMY, HO H e 0 6 ~ 3 a ~ e J I BbIAaIOIQeMYCR
b ~ 0 yMy -
HOCTI? IIO O ~ O C H O B ~ H I ? H )paCIIpeAeJIeHI?lO PaCXOAOB H a ~ J I ~ ~ o ~ c T ~ o ~ ~ c T B o , O C O ~ ~ H HeCJlI?
O B p a f i o ~ ep a 6 0 ~ a H H) ~Ap)TI?e ZIAMHHI?CTPaTOPbI, KOTOpbIe
3 a K J I m b I B a e M b I X B IIPOeKTbI ~ H ) A X ~ T O Bpa6o~a
, rOpOACKI?X K O M M C C H ~I I~0 rpa- CMOTPRT H a H e r 0 nOA AP)THMH )TJIaMH 3peHI?R H T O X e 0TBeYaH)T 3a IIOHHMa-
AOCTPOI?TeJIbCTBy H HX COTPYAHHKOB P e n K O , no I I p a B A e rOBOPR, I?MeeT 0 6 % - HI?e H 0 6 C J l y W k i ~ a ~ H
Aea H H O r O MeCTa K a K MeCTa.
eKTOM u e J I b 1 g r O p O A KaK O P r a H H 3 M . ~ T WMHHIICTPaTHBHbIe
H p a f i 0 ~ b l A O J I X H b6
I y ~ COOTBeTCTBO-
y ~
~OYTM
BCe l7Pi3AOCTPOHTeJIbCTBO B CWIY c a ~ 0 fIIpPipOflbI
i 3TOr0 B a T b peaJlbHOCTH, nPHMeHRTbCR K ~ e f ia, H e @ P ~ ~ M ~ H T I ? ~ ee
O B
COrJIaCHO
~ T ~
BaHRTHR, IIO I I p a B A e rOBOPR, COCTOHT 113 C P a B H H T e n b H O M ~ ~ O M ~ C L U T ~ ~ H ~ I X K ~ K O M ~ - J I HHOBOMY
~O IUIaHy. OHMAOJIXHbI 6 y a y ~
IIpI?MeWITbC4 K CmeCTBO-
H C I I ~ ~ J I ? @ H Y ~ C KA
I ?~X~ ~ C T BCOBePIUaeMbIX
EI~~, T a M I? 3.4'33, H a KOHKPeTHbIX BaHHH) P ~ ~ ~ O H OyXe
B , A ~ ~ ~ c T B Y ~ O I Q(I?JIH
H X IIOTeHlJHiUIbHO C I I O C O ~ H ~ I X
YJIHlJaX, B KOHKPeTHbIX O K P $ T ~
HXpafio~ax.~ T O G 3~HIa T b , IIOJIb3y W I H B p e A A ~ ~ ~ C T B O B ~ THeYTO
KaK ~ ) no-HaCTORUJeMy BeCOMOe B COlJHanbHOM H IIOJIHTH-
IIpHHeCJlO TO I?III? H H O e A ~ ~ ~ c T B-H ki~ 4, ~ 0 6 b 1 3 H a T b ,YTO ~ 0 0 6 H~F eH O Ae- secKoM nnaHe, o q e M R r o B o p m a B rnase 6.
* M ~ C T HccM3PbI>)
~ I ~ B IIOAO~HOM T a M OKa3hlBaIOTCR W I e H b I 3aKOHOAaTeXb- cnoco60~kiCIIOnb3OBaHEiFI rOpOACKOI'0 p a f i 0 H a ; I I 0 3 T O M Y Y k i C n e H H O C T b H a C e -
CMbICJIe B03HMKafOT, CYm n0 BCeMy, B 3 a - m T a T a , K K O T O ~ ~ I Mor-
Horoco6pa~m , n e H mB m a K a K @ ~ K T o O~T, K O T O P O r O 3aBkiCkiTer0 p a 3 M e p . B r J I a B e 6 , IIOCBR-
BMCMMOCTM OT ABYX +~KTOPOB: OT C B O ~ ~aa -0 YerO-TO A O ~ H T ~ CBI IrOpOA- WeaaoFi r o p o g c ~ o f oi K p y r e , R Aana s M n k i p k i s e c K o e o n p e A e n e H k i e ~ @ @ ~ K T U B -
~ o c r y r r ~ Moycnexa
c ~ ~ B npeaocTasne- CKOGFiAMMHMCTPaqMM, K a K n p a B w I 0 ,
H O r O p a f i 0 H a : O H A O n X e H 6 b 1 ~AbO C T a T O Y H O BeJIMK ( n o H ~ C ~ J I ~ H H K~) ~ ),0 6 b 1
HMM x e n a e M o r o , c O ~ H CTOPOHM,
O ~ M OT 0 6 p a q a m ~ c nTOAbKO JIMIUb IIOTOhly, s T 0
q M a a ki36~pa~eneG, c apyrog. Ms-sa MX P i 3 6 M p a ~ e J I b H b l O
e K p y a HaMMeHb-
Y C I I e L u H O O T C T a M B a T b CBOH P i H T e p e C b I H a r O p O A C K O M P O B H e , H O H e H a C T O n b K O
n e p B o r o + a ~ ~ o op +a ~ i u ~ m b ~ ab or nex - mkie B ropoae ( n p ~ ~ e no
p ~115o ooo se- B t X k i K , Y ~ 0 6 b O1 T A e J I b H b I e Y J l k i Y H b I e O K P y l T 6bIJIki B H e M I I O T e P R H b I ki O C T a B a -
HOCTM, KOTOpbIe OHM 3aHMMaIOT, H e p e a - nose^). Xopom~e~ b m - f i o p ~ c aerry-
w e nkiCb 6 e 3 BHkiMaHkiR. C O O T B ~ T C T Bq k~i @~p ~a ~ ~Y RA B~a PTb k i P O B a T b C R O T
KO P a m M s a m T c n same B npeaenax O ~ H O - T a T b I 3aKOHOaaTWIbHOl% c o 6 p a ~ m
30 000 Y e J I O B e K B T a K M X rOpOAFiX, K a K EOCTOHki E Z U I T ~ ~ M O PA0, M k i H k i M Y M a I I p k i -
ro ropoaa. Ho BTOPOG+ a ~ ~ Toopx e I I I T a T a H a M H O r O 6 o n b m e MMeIOT A e n O
, BO MHOrMX ropoaax
BcutteH. T ~ KXOTR B EiHTepecax rpax,qaa c r o p o a c m M a M e p H 0 B I 0 0 000 AJIR K ~ Y I I H ~ ~ I I I E I X ~ O PI IOp k~i OB 0B3 M O ) K H O M M a K C H M Y M e I I p k i -
MeCTHbIMM ~ ~ M 3 p a M IYaCTO
. I ~ ~ CTaHOBRTCR BJIaCTRMM, 9 e M C BJIaCTRMM IIITaTa, M n o - M e p H 0 B 200 000. O A H ~ K O ~ @ @ ~ K T H B H OBbIIIOnHeHklFI
AJIR ~O p a f i 0 ~ W
0 M
~ kiHki-
A_enJTaTbI r O p O ~ C K M XCOBeTOB, &lHH h I O - p0G M r p a I O T X M 3 H e H H O B a X H Y I O P O A b C T p a T k i B H b I X @yHKlJkifi 30 0 0 0 , R C Y H T a I o , MaTIOBaTO; 6onee P e M k i C T k i Y H b I M
M o p ~ a3TO H e X a p a K T e p H O , IIOCKOJIbKy U M e H H O K a K r O p O A C M e AeRTeXM, XOTH
MMHkiMYMOM 6 y ~ 50e 000.
~ M ~ K c M M I~I PI k~i M~e P H O B 2 0 0 000, O A H a K O , O T H O -
T a M A e n J T a T b I ~ 3 6 a p a m ~ OT
c nCJIMUIKOM + O P M ~ ~ H3TO
O COBePIIIeHHO H e BXOAMT
6 o n b m o r o sEicna rpax,qae ( n p u ~ e p ~ o TOT HeKMfi
B K p J T MX O ~ R ~ ~ H H O C ~ ~ ~ . CYp-
CkiTCR ki K a A M M H M C T p a T k i B H b I M @YHWWM p a g o ~ aa, H e TOJlbKO K C O I J k i M b H b I M
300 000); sawe MeCTHbIMM aM3paMMn poraT pafioaaofi n o n ~ ~ ~ i s e m
c ~ o3G~ ~ . ki I I O n k i T k i Y e C K k i M , I I O T O M y Y T O I I p e B b I I I I e H k i e 3 ~ 0 f iq k i @ p b 1 A e n a e T H e B 0 3 M O X -
HbIM BOCnpELFITHe p a f i 0 ~ a
H KaK q W O e , H B AOCTaTOYHO MWIKHX ~ O A ~ O ~ H O C T F I X . YeCKHe r P a H M q b I , IIPenfITCTBYIOqHe COBMeCTHOMY n P O e K T H P O B a H M m 13 CO-
6 0 J I b I I I H e r O p O A a K H a C T O R q e M y B p e M e H H n p e B p a T H n H C b B COCTaBHbIe YaC- BM~CTHO
nO~U
~ e p X K e TaKHX 3 a ~ e ~ e ~ BHyTPH
H f i apeana, AOnXHbI, TaKHM r~6-
TH e q e 6onee K p y n H b I x 0 6 p a 3 o ~ a ~ ~+i ~
i ,r y p ~ p y m Bq M~ axT e p E i a n a x ne- p a 3 o ~n, p e o A o n e s a T b c R .
p e n a c H H a c e n e H u R K a K c T a H A a p T H b I e r o p o A c K H e a p e a m . T a ~ o fapean
i M ~ e x( ( m M H H H C T P a q H H a p e a J I a ) ) n O I T y n R p H a H e TOnbKO C p e A H
BwrwsaeT B c e 6 K ~ P Y ~ H M $ 'ropoa
~ (nopofi H e OAHH, KaK, H a n p m e p , apea- rpa,qoc~po~~enefi; cym no B c e i u y , o H a n p H m n a c b no a p e H M H o r k i M xpyn-
AbI ~ b r n - f i o p ~ - ~ bHJIH m aC~ ~~ H - @ ~ ~ H ~ E ~ C K aOT -a ~mKe CBR3aHHble ~~H~), HbIM ~ E I ~ H ~ C M ~KOTOpbIe
H ~ M , 3aXBnRIOT B ~ ~ C Y M C ~ ~ Hp eHY a~ XI , XYTO 3 T 0
c HHM M a n b I e ropoaa, ~ e 6 o n b m r~oep o ~ a - C ~ ~ T HAHe pKe BHH, H H npsropo- B e C b M a p a q H 0 ~ a J I b ~ b l fcnoc06
i O C Y q e C T B n R T b ( ( y n p a B n e ~ Y e c ~ H $ '6i ~ 3 ~ e c > > .
A ~ I n, e x a q H e B H e n o n H T ~ Y e c K H xr p a H k i q K p y n H o r o ropoaa, HO BXOARlqkTe ,@PI AeMOHCTPaqHH 3 Z l ~ p ~ f l ~ e ~KOTOPbIe
Hfi, HCnbITbIBaIOT CerOAHR IIpOeKTH-
B er0 3KOHOMHYeCKYIO I3 COqHaXbHYIO O P ~ W T Y .P a 3 ~ e p b CTaH&?lpTHbIX 1 PO- POBUJHKH H rpi3AOCTpOHTenH B TaKHX apeanax, CTOPOHHHKH 3 ~ 0 fHi A e H HC-
p o n c K a x a p e a n o B , KaK r e o r p a @ w e c ~ a e T ,a K H B m a H e Y H C n e H H o c T H H a c e - nOnb3YIOT CTaHAapTHbIe H a r J I W H b I e flOKa3aTenbCTBa -nOJIHTH9eCKHe K a p -
J l e H H R , KOHeYHO, ~ e 0 6 b 1 9 a f i ~B0b I p O C n H 3a n O C J I e A H H e I l R T H a f l q a T b n e T . B q e H T p e KaPTbI -KPJ'llHm, 6poca10qmc~
TbI a p e a n o B . B ma3a, a K K y p a T H m
~ P H Y H H TOMY
~I -BO-IlepBbIX, K a T a w I H 3 M H Y e C K H e A e H b r H , HaBOAHHBIIIHe a o ~ aK, O T O P O ~B~e A a e T a,qMkiHMcTpaUwI q e H T p a n b H o r o ropoaa apeana. Ha ne-
O K P a H H b I 6 0 n b m ~ xrOPOAOB H OCTaBHBLUHe C a M H 3 T H r O p O A a H a rOJIOAHOM pH@epHH -M e U I a H H H a IIepeKpbIBaIOILIMXCR, A Y ~ I I H P Y I O ~ H A
XpYr A p y r a ,
n a f i ~ eo, s e M R r o B o p H n a B r n a B e 16; BO-BTOP~IX, TO, YTO 6 0 n b m ~ eropoga CTHCH)'TbIX jTaCTKOB, 3a KOTOPbIe OTBeYaIOT BnaCTH MaJIbIX H CPeAHHX r O p 0 -
HeAOCTaTOYHO XOPOLUO @YHK~HOHHPOB~JIEI
K a K 6 0 n b z u u e Z O P O ~ Q ;H B-TPeTb- AOB, ~ P ~ + C T B a BT a, l u K e BCeB03MOXHbIX CITeqHanbHbIX m M H H H C T p a -
P ,~ ~ ~ O H O
EIX, TO, YTO POCT IlPHrOpO,Z(OB H lIO.llyIIpHrOpOAOB, ~ b 1 3 ~ a ~ ~ElePBMMH
b l f i THBHbIX O K p V O B , B03HHKIUHX B OTBeT H a ~ p e 6 o ~ a ~ m H B HeKOTO-
MOMeHTa
ABYMR IIPHYHHaMH, npHBOAELn K n O r n O l I J e H H I o p a 3 P 0 3 H e H H b I X B IIpOLUJIOM PbIX C n j T a R X 3 a X O m W H X H a T e p p H T O p H I O qeHTpELTbHOr0 r 0 p O g a .
A e p e B e H b H MaJIbIX rOPOAOB. % i ~ a r c ~apean,~ f i K npmxepy, COCTOHT, ~ O M H M O~ y ~ ~ q ~ n m b -
y m M H H H C T p a T H B H 0 O ~ O C O ~ ~ ~ HHaCeJIeHHbIX
H ~ I X IIYHKTOB, CO- ~ 0 faiA M H H H C T p a q H H C a M O r O % K Z ~ ~ O ,I I P H M e P H O H 3 TbICRYH pa3JIHYHbIX
C T a B J I R I O ~ H X~ O ~ O A C K O ~ ~ MHOrO O ~ ~ nHp o
apean, X g n e ~o, c o 6 e ~ rpaA0-
~o IIpHJIeraIOlIJHX flpyl? K ApyrY EYrH 9aCTHYHO IlepeKpbIBaIOIUHXCR MeCTHbIX m-
CTpOHTenbHbIX. M M ~ H H O apean, a H e 6 o n b m o f i r O p O A K a K T ~ K O B O-~ CaMaR
~ MHHHCTPaTHBHbIX e A H H H 4 . B 1957 r O A y B 174 H a U H X rOpOACKEvt apeaJIaX Ha-
3 H a Y H M a R e A H H H q a , K O r A a P e Y b H A e T 0 3 a r P R 3 H e H H H BOAM, 0 KPYnHbIX CYHTbIBaJIOCb 16 2 1 0 OTAenbHbIX ~ M H H H C T P -
~ ~HH
a C~T O
~R w a R K ~ L U ~ !
TPaHCnOpTHbIX npo6ne~ax,
0 Cepbe3HbIX crry.IaRX H e p a q H O H a n b H O r O ELnH na- < & p e f i o ~ o en o c K y T H o e oAemo,)-c r a H A a p T H a R ~ e ~ a + o pHC-
a,
ry6aoro 3 e ~ n e n o n b a o ~ oa n~o A
~ g~e p, x a H H H YPOBHR r p y H T O B b I X BOA, 06 nOnb3yeMaR no 3TOMY IIOBOAY, BO MHOrOM O H a TOYHa. B ~ I B OAeJIaeTCR
A Ta-
O x p a H e A H K O ~ ?I I p H p O A b I H O ~ L U H P H ~ V
IXa C T K O B , IIPHrOAHbIX A n H OTAbIXa, ~ 0 f iJIOCKJ'THbIe
: Ogema~ M M H H C T P ~ L
HVe C~I I~O~C O ~ H MTOJIKOM @YHKJJHoHH-
o c 6 e p e x e H~H~~ ~
I XP e c y p c o B . p O B a T b H H e M O r y T CnJ9KHTb ~ ~ ~ O T O C I I O C O OCHOBOG
~ H O ~ ~ &JIR IUIaHHPOBaHkFFI
~ o c K o ~ ~ K BCe
) ! 3TH P e a J I b H b I e I3 B a X H b I e n p o 6 n e ~ b Cr m e C T B y - n e f i c ~ ~B ~~ fa ic l u ~ a 6apeana.
ax
IOT M IlOCKOJIbKY B mMHHHCTPaTHBHOM TLElHe MM H e P a C I I O n a r a e M OYeHb JW M BRp e M e H H B TaKMX 3 0 H a X HAeR ( ( m M H H H C T p a q H I 3 ape-
B ~ ~ OT
XOpOLUHMH CpeACTBaMH EIX peLUeHHR, 6 b m a p a 3 ~ a 6 0 ~ KaO~Hal J e n q w I ((mMI3- ma,, BbIHoCHTCH H a r O n O C O B a H H e . M 3 6 ~ p a ~ HeyMOJIHMO
e n ~ H HeH3MeHHO
H H C T P a q H H apema)).C o r n a c ~ 3 o ~ 0K2O H q e n q H E I , IlOJIHTMYeCKM 0 6 0 ~ 0 6 n e ~ - O T B e p r a I O T ee*.
H b I e H a c e n e H H b I e ~ ~ H K T coxpama
~ I , 3 a c06ofi n o n E i T w e c K y m C ~ M O ~ ~ I T H O C T ~ M I I p a B W l b H O A e n a m T , HeCMOTPR H a OCTPYIO H ~ O ~ X O A M M O C T ~
kl He3aBHCMMOCTb B YHCTO MeCTHbIX BOnPOCaX, AOJIXHbI BMeCTe C T e M 0 6 % - B COBMeCTHbIX H C K O O P ~ H H H P O B ~ H H ~ I X ~ ~ ~ C TH
Ba~nLp aFBI X
n e, H H b I X H a P e I I I e -
eAHHHTbCrr H a @ ~ A ~ ~ ~ T H B
HaYaJIaX
H ~ I X H C @ O P M I ? P O B ~ Tn~p a B H T e n b C T B 0 ape- m e M H o r a x o 6 q ~ nxp o 6 n e ~apeana (a T a m e B @ ~ ~ a ~ c noo ~A goe pf xi K e
ma, H M e m q e e IUHPOKHe n o n H o M o q m B m a H e r p m o c T p o H T e n b c T B a H npo- a e~ q~ e) 6onee OCTPYIO H ~ O ~ X O A H M O CBTM
~ T M X A ~ ~ ~ C TH BH H ~~CTHO KOOPAH-
~~
e K T H P O B a H H R H P a C I I O n a r a I O q e e a A M H H H C T p a T H B H b I M H O p r a H a M H AJIR H a q H H M e m y pa3AHYHbIMH ~ M H H H C T P a T H B H b I M He A H H H q a M H apema. npa-
Pea.iTH3aqHH IIpOeKTOB. A o n HaJIOrOBbIX
~ n0cT)TIlIe~Hfi OT Ka3yqOrO HaCeJIeH- BHJIbHO AeJIafOT IIOTOMj', YTO B A ~ ~ ~ C T B H T ~ J I ~ H Y OH CaTCHH e T H H C T p a T e r H H ,
HOrO nYHKTa AOJIXHa I I e p e A a B a T b C r r m M H H H C T p a q H M apema, YTO, IIOMHMO
IIpOYeI-0, CHHMaJIO 6b1 C K P Y I I H ~ ~ ~ L U rOPOAOB
HX YaCTb @ H H ~ H C O B O ~6Op e ~ e - " ~ ~ c K J I I ~ Y COCTaBJuIeT
~HI?~ apet3JI HaffeJImEi ZiAMkiHLICTpalIkIH) CTOJIb Ma-
C UeHTPOM B M a f i a ~ E i OAH~KO, . 9~06b1 JIo~ BJIaCTbIo, s T 0 HOBOBBeAeHMe, no
HH, KOTOPOe OHH HeC)PT 6 e 3 ~ 0 3 ~ e 3IIO3BOJHX
~ ~ 0 , I I e p H @ e p H H IIOJIb30BaTbCg
~ i s 6 ~ i p a 0~ge0n6~p m 3geCb ~ Wem am- CyuTeCTBy, CBfXOCb K CEiMBOJIll'4eCKOMy
HMeK)WHMHUI B qeHTpa.iTbHOM rOpOfle p a 3 H O r O P O A a 3 a B e A e H l H M H . ~ o J I E I T H - M P ~ H E I C T P ~ ~a ~p IeLmI a n , ee CTOPOHHE~KH xecly.
[ 434 1 IV. T a ~ m u q e c ~ ~u ee r n a a b ~
H H TaKTHKH, KOTOPbIe 0 6 e c n e ~ m6b1~ ~ @ @ ~ K T E I B H Y Ipa6ory
O ~ M H H H c ~ ~ ~ -
4 H H H nPOeKTHPOBIlJHKOB B ~ a c m ~ a 6KpflHOI'O
ax apema.
K a p ~ bC
~ I,I O M O q b I o KOTOPbIX H a M (<Pa3%RCHRIOT,, C Y ~ ~ C T B ~ . .
C H T a q H I o , C O A e p X a T YYAOBHwHyIO JIOXb. A K K Y P ~ T H ~ RY, H C T e H b K a 30.
~ ) ~ 4 ~mMHHHCTPaIJHIO 4eHTpaJIbHOI'O ropona ape-
Ha, ~ 3 0 6 p a ~ a("XHHYIO,) K a ~ o r opons sanasy
cTasHT nepea H a M a
ma, - H a CaMOM A e n e , p a 3 y ~ e e ~ nmo c, I c y T H o e oaemo, ewe 6onee 6peAoBoe,
Y e M TO, KOTOPOe 0 6 p a 3 y m ~MeCTHbIe m M H H H C T P a 4 H H H a n e p H @ e p H H .
M 3 6 ~ p a ~ BnOJIHe
e n ~ O ~ O C H O B ~ H HOTKa3bIBaEOTCSI
O 06%enMmTb-
T ~O T O P O ~0~6 e p ~ y n a c b6b1 M ~ C T H 6ecnOMOq-
B @enepaqHIo, O~ILIKPHOCK O~~
6osrbruofi ropoa?
HOCTbIO, ~ ~ ~ X ~ ~ O C
C BT Hy I~
ePX I wM
IPO e H,H b I M n P O e K T H P O B a H H e M H WMH-
H H C T P ~ T M B H ~ I XaOCOM,
M - 1460 H M e H H O 3 T 0 OTAMYaeT C e r O n H R K p y n H b I e
M ~ H E I ~ H ~ ~ E IKame
T ~ T ~I I Ip e. E i M m e C T B a I I e p e A OTCyTCTBkieM n p o e K T H p o -
BaHHR A a e T ~ ~ C ~ O M O ~ H nepen
O C T~ ~~ O ~ K T H P O B ~ H K ~ M H - ~ ~ X B ~ T Y H K ~ M H ? M b ~ m e ~ HKaK
e , ki MHbIe B q b I AeRTenbHOCTH, H M e e T CBOm
Ka~Pien p e H M y q e c T B a nepeA ( ( ~ ~ ~ A o BJIOCKYTHbIM
~ I M OAelmOMx M e n ~ n x TerEiIo H CBOIO TaKTHKY. 9 ~ 0 6 b 1 , p a 3 M b I m 0 6 0 n b ~ u k i xrOpOAaX, n p l l ~ 0 ~ E i ~ b
O K P m b I X H npHrOPOAHbIX ~ M H H H C T A~a e~T K
~ PM
F H~a R~ W M H H H C T p a 4 m , XOTb K Y e w - T O IIYTHOMY, B-0 IIOHHMaTb, K U K O Z O ~ O 3m ~ a~ Y y OHH R e p e A ~ a -
B Y b H ~ n a 6 H p P i ~ T HHKTO
ax H e B COCTORHHH p a 3 0 6 p a ~ b C S H
I H~GTH
~Opory? C T ~ B R T ,~6 o0p a 3 H b I X s a ~ a q a xH ~ O ~ X O A H MPOa 3 M b I m n R T b n o - p a 3 H o M Y .
y H a C yXe e C T b mMMHPiCTpaTHBHbIf2 eAHHH4b1, KOTOpbIe KPH- Kame c n o c o 6 b 1 M b I m e H W r C 6 0 n b m e f i BepORTHOCTbIO n P H H e C p n o n b 3 Y no-
KOM K P H Y a T 0 H ~ O ~ X O ~ H M O CHOBbIX,
TR C ~T HP~ ~I X
~ ~ ~ O T O C ~ O C O T H
~ T~ ~ HK -~ MOW YCTaHfJBHTb HCTHHY, 3aBklCHT H e OT TOrO, KaK MbI nPeAnOYEiTaeM pas-
THK, 0 6 e c n e ~ k l ~ a m y
q ~n xp a ~ n e K~ P~Ye~ H ~ I MapeH ma^^ H ~ ~ O ~ K T H ~ O B ~ - M~IWRT~ H a A ~ H H ~ TeMy,IO a OT c m e c T B a Ama.
H k i e B HHX. JI H M e I O B BHnY 6 0 n b m ~ reO p O A a K a K T a K O B b I e . ~ @ @ ~ K T E I B ~ ~ M 3 M H O ~ H XpeBOflIOJpiOHHbIX I I e p e M e H , r I p O H 3 O E w r n k i x B XX B e -
CEiCTeMa W p a B n e H w I K P W H b I M H rOPOACKHMEi O ~ P ~ ~ O B ~A H
O n~MMa 6bITb
M Ke,noxmyfi, c a ~ b m~ ye 6 o ~ -~3e~ 0 n e p e ~ e H b B1 H a m H x yMCTBeHHbIX n o A -
p a 3 p a 6 0 ~ aH ~B
a H e A p e H a BHaYaJIe B H y m p L l 6 0 n b I L I ~ I'OpOAOB,
x r A e ee H c n o n b - xo~axK ~ C a e f i o B a H H H )MMpa. WMeIO B BHAY H e M ~ x ~ H ~ M ~ 0~3 r ,c a KMe-M ~ ~
3 0 B a H H I O H e MeILIaIoT H H K a K H e ( ~ H K C H P O B ~ H H ~I~
IIOnEiTHYeCKHe TpaHHqbI.
T O A ~ aI ~ m ~ 3COBepmeHMII
a OTKP~ITH~
B, ~ I P ~ ~ O T M
~ 0H3 rH
OM~ YI e~n o B e K a ,
BOTr A e H ~ aMe A y e T 3 K C n e p H M e H T H p O B a T b C MeTO&?lMH PelUeHHR K P P H b I X H O B ~ cI ~~ p a ~MbIIIUIeHklR.
e r ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~ B oH 6~p Ia M 3 0 3TH
~ MeTOAbI p a 3 B n B a n H c b
0 6 4 n~p 0~6 n e ~H, e HaHOCR H e H Y X H O r O yqep6a M m b I M HaCeAeHHbIM nyHK- B c @ e p e ecTecTBeHHbIX H a y K HOyMCTBeHHbIe 0 3 a P e H H H H H H T e n n e K T y m b -
T a M ti ~ P O ~ ~ Cc aC~ ~o yMn p a ~ n e ~ m i .
HW o ~ ~ a rKOTOPbIe a, B HEiX IIpORBnRIoTCR, IIOCTeneHHO B O ~ A ~ ~ ~ C T B Y I H OT a
E c n ~~ p y n ~ e f i m k r0p0aa
ie p a ~ n e ~ k iK
H ~ P ~ T y~n R ~ Oo O, P A H H ~ - n p y r ~ 0e 6 f l a c T ~H ~ ~ I C K ~ nHpHo 6~ n~e .~ b 1 KOTOPbIe
, npeWe K a 3 a H c b H e nos-
41111 H nPOeKTHPOBaHHE0 H a A O C T P H O M IIOHEIMaHHH) P ~ ~ ~ O H HYpOBHe,
OM TO ~ a r n q ~ ~H ~~M ~S We Ya, H e B b I r n R m T CTOAb H e n p k i C T P H b I M H . Fonee T o -
MbI K a K O ~ L ~ ~ C T BB O 3, M O X H 0 , A O p a C T e M Pi A 0 TOrO, Y T O ~ p~ aI 3 0 6 p a ~ ~ c ~ T o , c a M a n p H p o ~ HeKOTOpbIX
a ~ 1 ~3 T H X n p o 6 n e ~o ~ a 3 a n a c b~e ~ a ~ oK2~, K
c ( ( ~ P ~ A O B ~ IAMOHC K ~ T H ~ I MoZ ~ e m a y~n p~a ~x n e s m6onee K P ~ H ~ I Mape- E ~
p a ~ b m e p m ~ .
aAaMH. C e r 0 . 4 ~ ~ H e B COCTORHHH 3 T 0 C A e n a T b . Y H a C H e T p a 3 Y M H O r O
MbI y T o 6 b 1 ~ O H R T YTO
~ , 06qero ~ T IH I ~ P ~ M B
~MHb ~
I CIn H T e n b H b I X
~ ~ ~ K T H ~ ~~ O C AKXOO ~ Ky
A ~ ~~ Po O ~ K T H ~ O BB~~Ha cHr~u ~ a 6 a x
~O n p a s n e ~ a c~pe~erm
HMxe W T c ~ O I I ~ I L I H M ErOpOAaMEi,
I H ~ O ~ X O A HHM
e M~H o r o y r q 6 ~ ~ b -
KPYnHb1X rOPOACKHX 0 6 p a 3 0 ~ a ~ ~ fe C -
i T b nHILIb B C e M e H e e ZlAeKBaTHbIe a B HCTOPHIO H a p ~ o f M
i ~ I C I I Hn. p e ~ p a c ~ b 1OYepK
fi 3 ~ 0 fHCTOPHH
i H ee H H T e P -
a A a n T a U k i k i WMHHHCTpaTHBHbIX MeTOAOB, X a p a K T e p H b I X &lHI'OPOAOB CpeA- n p e T a q m C o n e p x a T c R B 3CCe 0 H a y K e H CIIOXHOCTH B m e r o A H o M OTYeTe @OH-
~ e fBenkisEiHbI.
i
na Po~+emepa3 a 1958ran, K o T o p o e H a n E i c m AOKTOP Y O P P ~ H Y H B ~ Pnome
cBoefi OTCTaBKEi c AOIIXHOCTH ~ ~ 4 e - n p e 3 @ ~ o
~ ~e ano
~a ~e caT e c T B e H H b I M
pj M ~ A H ~ ~ H C K~Ha My ~ a R
M IIpHBeAYAOBOIIbHO
. ASIHHHbIe 4 H T a T b I 3C-
ce, ~ 6 TO,
0 YTO n E i m e T ~ 0 K T o Yp H s e p , MMeeT n p R M O e O T H O m e H H e K p a 3 M b I m -
n e H m M 0 6 o n b m H x roponax. K o C B ~ H H ~ I M 0 6 p a 3 0 ~era 3 a M e = I a H m B c w M e
A a m T npaKTpJYeCKH BCIo H H T e ~ e K ~ a T I b H HCTOPHm
~IO rp&aOCTPOHTenbCTBa.
AOKTOPY H BB ~b I A~e J I f f e T T P H C T W H H P a 3 B H T m H ~ V H OM~~ I~c - Y e c K 0 f i MeXaHHKH, l l p e ~ ~ a 3 ~ a Y e ~AJIR
~ bPeLUeHkIR
I f i HeOPZQHU30BaH-
n H : I) c n o c o 6 ~ o c ~p ebr u a T b n p o c T b I e 3agasa; 2) c n o c o 6 ~ o c P~ebU a T b H e o p - K O - U ~ O X C H ~s~w
Xa y . c: ...
raHH30BaHHO-CJIOXHbIe 3 m a s H ; 3) C I I O C O ~ H OPC
e IT
I I~a T b O P r a H k l 3 0 B a ~ ~ 0 - q ~ 0 6 b IIOHHTb
1 CYTb HAeM, PaCCMOTpHM BHaYiUIe IlpOCTyIO wlrrK)CTpa-
CJIOXHbIe 3masPi. 4HIO. K ~ ~ C C H Y ~ C
AMHaMHKa
K~R XIX CTOJIeTMR 6 b m a XOpOUIO IIpMCIlO-
I IH H a 3 b I B a e T 3 W a 9 k i , C O A e p X a q H e A B a ~ ~ K T O P ~
~ P O C T ~ I MO - c o 6 n e ~ Ka aHaJIH3YM IIpegCKa3aHHIO ABHXeHMR eAHHMYHOI'0 l l I a p a H 3
A B e n e p e M e H H b I e , K O T O P b I e H e I l O C P e A C T B e H H O 3aBMCIIT A
P y O T ApYra, H 3 T 0 , C J I O H O B O ~KOCTM
~ O M < .. . > MOXHO (XOTII BblYMC-
H a ~ W I ~ X ~ A HCTOJle.
p a 3 b 1 s a e ~AOKTOP Y ~ s e p6, b u 1n~e p ~ b 1 e p a 3 ~ o s u d ~ o c 3r n~u a sK,o T o p b I e H a - nMTf3IbHbIe TpYAHOCTH HapaCTaH3T YAMBHTe7bHO ~ ~ I C T P OI l)p O a H a n H -
yKa cMornapemaTb: 3 H p O B a T b A B H X e H H e AByX M A a X e T P e X ~ W I ~ R P A H IIIaPOB.
~IX < ...> HO
K a K TOJIbKO KOJIHYeCTBO IIlaPOB AOCTHI'aeT AecRTH W l H I I R T H w q a T M ,
rpy6o MOXHO CKa3aTb, 4 T O 3 a l l e p H O A C XVII IIO XIX BeK +H3MKa H a - KaK IlpM M r p e B IlyJI, 3affaYa CTaHOBMTCR CJIMUIKOM T H K ~ -
~ OH e~ 113-
3a 3TM T P R C T a J l e T
yYWIaCb P e I I I a T b 3 W a Y H C A B m I l e p e M e H H b I M H . 3a K ~ K H X - ~ HT~~OO ~ ~ T H Y ~ C K M X T P Y A HaOIlpOCTO
CT~~, IIOTOMy, 4 T O
H ~ Y pKa 3~ p a 6 o ~ a n ~a K c I I ~ ~ H M ~ H T Z I H
J ~aHiUIMTH4eCKHe
~ H ~ I ~ MeTOAbr o67,e~B ~ I Y H C I I ~ HIHl p~H~ TaKOM KOJIMYeCTBe l l e p e M e H H b l X IlpeBbILUa-
pemeam s a ~ ar A~ e,o A H a senE.rsHHa - H a n p m v e p , AaarreHHerasa - e T H a u m n p a x T m e c m e BO~MOXHOCTH.
3aBHCMT rJlaBHbIM 0 6 p a 3 0 ~OT H ~ K AOp y~r 0 g BenHYMHbI -H a l l p H - ~ P ~ A C T ce6e,
~ B ~OAHaKO,
T ~ 0 r p 0 ~ H b l f i6 W I b R p ~ H b l fCTOJl
i C MKTUIH-
M e p , OT o 6 a e ~ rasa.
a C y ~ BTHX
b s a ~ ao ~n pl e A e m e T m T e M @ ~ K T O M , OHaMEI UIapOB. < .. .> 3FlAaYa, KaK 3 T 0 HM YAMBMTenbHO, CTma H e
YTO < ...> IlOBeAeHHe I l e p B o f i BeJIMYMHbI M o m 0 OIlHCaTb C P ~~YMHO~ T P ~ A H a~J I~e r,Y e , IlOCKOJIbKy T e I I e p b IlpHMeHMMbI MeTOAbI CTaTMC-
ee 3aBHCHMOCTb OT BTO-
TOYHOCTbIO, IlpHHHMaR BO B H H M a H H e JlHlllb THY€!CKOG MeXaHHKM. A ~ T ~ IlpOWIenMTb
~ H o ABMXeHHe OAHOrO
p0fi BWMYMHbI I4 npe~e6permH e CTOnb 3HaZlMTeJlbHbIM B O ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ C T B E I - KOHKPeTHOI'O lllapa, KOHeYHO, H e YAaCTcR; HO MOXHO C p a 3 y M ~ 0 f iCTe-
e M HHbIX +BKTOPOB. I l e H b H TOVHOCTM OTBeTHTb H a T a K H e Ba3KHbIe BOIlPOCbI, KaK: KCKoJIb-
n o n o 6 ~ b 1 e3 M a Y H C A B m IlepeMeHHbIMM B UeJIOM IlpOCTbI ll0 CTpYI(- KO B CpeAHeM IIIapOB YAapFIeTcR 3 a CeKyHAy 0 A a H ~ b l fW
i aCTOK 6 0 p -
Type < ...>, I? IlpOCTOTa 6 b m a H ~ O ~ X O A M M ~YWIOBHeM
IM npOrpeCCa H a ~ a ? )d, ; a ~ o Cep e A H e e paCCTORHkie IIpOXOAMT map M e m yA B W
T 0 f i CTaAHM Pa3BHTHJI HaYKM. ~ ~ u < ...>
c o y A a p e H m M M c ~ p y r ruapa~a?,,
6onee TOTO, O K a 3 m O C b , 4TO 3TM IlPOCTbIe IIO CYTM CBO& TeOPkIM 3 M a Y y C OrpOMHbIM KOJIMZleCTBOM IIlapOB MOXHO H a 3 B a T b (CHeOpra-
H 3KCllepHMeHTbI MOl'y'I 6b1Tb MCTOYHMKOM KOJIOCCiUIbHOI'O I l p O r p e C - H H ~ O B ~ H H O - W I O X H O< .
~ ~ ,~,,> IIOTOMY YTO MeCTOIlOnOXeHMe llIapOB,
Ca + H ~ M Y ~ c K M xH a y K .< . ..> M M ~ H H O3 T a H a y K a , O C H O B a H H a H a ABylc H a n p a s n e H H e M C K O P O C T ~ax ,qBE.rxeHm p a c n p e A m e H b I C J I J ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ H ~ I M
n e p e M e H H b I x , a m o m a B n e p M o A AO 1900 roaa O C H O B ~ H I a m i x Teo- 0 6 p a 3 0 ~ .< ...> Ho, HeCMOTPR H a C J I y Y a f i ~ o eW I H HeM3BeCTHOe IIOBe-
pa&c s e T a , s ~ y ~T ae m, a , a n e K T p m e c T s a , <...> n o A a p m a H a M T e n e - A e H H e BCeX I I e p e M e H H b I X IIO OTAenbHOCTM, CHCTeMa B UeJIOM 0 6 n w a -
+OH H p a ~ a o ~, B T O M O ~ W M aspomaa,
I~ + o ~ o r p a +M m i ~ e ~ a ~ o r p a + , e T HeKOTOPbIMH YITOpR~O'leHHbIMHM IlO,LlAaK)II(MMMcR aHaJIM3y YCpeA-
T Y P ~ H H Y M~ ~ 3 e n b ~ ba B1 Hf ria T e J I b , COBpeMeHHyIO r ~ p 0 3 J I e K T p O - H ... >
HeHHbIMM C B O ~ ~ C T B ~ M< .
CTaHUHH3.. . K a T e r o p K S < < H ~ o ~ ~ ~ H H ~ oUIOXHOCTM))
B ~ H H o ~ OXBaTbIBaeT U l M ~ 0 ~ k I i i
K p y r R ~ n e H H f i .< .. .> ~ T MeTOAbI
M Il03BOJIRIOT C IlpaKTMYeCKH IIOAe3-
&tub nowre 1900 roAa B ~ H ~ H ~ ~ HC aKp ~a xI cX ~ m aaKTkiBHo pas- ~ 0 fTO'IHOCTbK)
i MCWeAOBaTb C B O ~ C T B
6 0~~ b I I I 0 f iT ~ ~ I ~ @ o H CeTH:
Ho~~
B k i B a T b m BTOPOG ~ O A X O Ax n p o 6 n e ~ aA
~O. K T OY~E I Bn ~p o~A o n x a e T : IIpeACKa3aTb CpeAHIOK, YaCTOT)' SBOHKOB, OIlpeAenMTb BePORTHOCTb
3BOHKa H a 3 a H X ~ b I fH
i O M e p M T.a. OHHo ~ ~ c I I ~ Y H B ~ @
IOHT
H~HcoB~IO
H ~ K O T IlbITJIHBbIe
O ~ ~ I ~ YMbI OT 3 m a Y C A B W (WIM CaMOe 6 0 n b m e e ~ C T O ~ Y H B O CKOMIIaHHM,
T~ ~ ~ H M M ~ H ~ U
CTPilXOBaHHeM
J ~ ~ C R XM3HM.
C T p e M R W I H 4eTbIpbMJI) IlepeMeHHbIMM IIepelIlJIH K ApYIVfi K P ~ ~ ~ H O - < .. .> OHM 0IIMCbIBaK)T KaK A B H X e H H e aTOMOB, Pi3 KOTOPbIX COCTOMT
CTM. a M b 1 IlOCTaPaeMCR P a 3 B H T b aHiUIUTMYeCKMe MeTOAbI, IlOSBOJIRIO- BCR MaTePI.LIT, TaK H ABMXeHHe 3Be3A, H 3 KOTOPbIX COCTOHT Bcene~-
U M e p a 6 0 T a T b CABYMR MKTlJIHaPAaMH I I ~ P ~ M ~ H H ~-I 3aRBWIM
x!~ we- HaR. 6 n a r o J ( a p R HM MOXHO aHaTIH3HPOBaTb 3aKOHbI HaUIeACTBeHHOC-
HbIe. M +H3HKPi ( ~ ~ Y ~ C T YIlOA
I O IIpeaBOAHTeJIbCTBOM M ~ T ~ M ~ T H K O B ) TM. ~ ~ K O TePMOAMHaMMKM,
H ~ I KOTOPbIe OIIHCbIBaIOT 6 a 3 o ~ b 1 eH HeM3-
p a 3 p a 6 o ~ m
M ~O W H ~ aII ~
lI~
l a p a T TeOpHH B ~ ~ O H T H O C
M CTaTHCTM-
T ~ ~ ~ 6 e X ~ b 1 Te e m e H U H M , C B O ~ C T B ~ H BCeM
H ~ I ~+H~HY~cI(EIMCMCTeMaM,
22. K Q K O poba
~ O 3adavy cmaeurn nepeb HaMu 6onbuoii zopod? [ 441 I
B03b~eM
CHOBa B KaYeCTBe MJLJlH)CTPa4HH M ~ J I ~ H ~MeCTHh16
K M ~ ~
n p o 6 n e ~IIOTOMY
CnpaBJIRTbCR C P e I I I e H M e M BCeX n p O Y H X , YTO O H a H e C M O ~ -
IlapK. K a m b l f i O T A ~ J I ~ @
H ~ K
I ~T ~o ~acaH)IQMficR
~, 3 T 0 r 0 n a p K a , BbICKiVIb3bl.
na C m H T b c e 6 C~~ @ @ ~ K T M B H MCMO O ~ ~ ~ C T B6 O0 nMb m e r o p a 3 ~ e p aKOTOpOe,
,
B a e T M3 PYK, TOYHO )TOPb; ISOTeHqMiVIbHO OH M O X e T 0 3 H a Y a T b CaMOe P a 3 H o e
B CBOK) OYepeAb, M O X e T CYUeCTBOBaTb MALI H e W e C T B O B a T b B ~ ~ B H C H M O C T R
HRa H e r 0 AP)THX @ ~ K T O P O BH OT er0 p e a K q ~ ~
B 3aBEICHMOCTH OT B O ~ & ~ I % C T B H
OT pana gpyrkix ~ ~ K T O P O Bb. a me ynw4a M O X e T c a M a no ce6e p a c n o n a r a ~ b
H a 3 T 0 B O ~ A ~ ~ ~ C THBaHn ~p. ~
~ eFiHTeHCHBHOCTb
p, HCIlOJIb30BaHEIR I l a p K a 3 a -
OTJIHYHbIMH @ H ~ H Y ~ C K M MAaHHbIMH
H PJIR r e H e p a 4 H H p a 3 ~ 0 0 6 p a 3 m H ripe-
BEICMT, B YaCTHOCTH, OT er0 ~ P i 3 a I % ~ HO a. 3TO YaCTEIYHOe B O ~ A ~ ~ ~ C T B ~ ~ KpaCHbIM @ M ~ M Y ~ c K H M A M ~ ~ ~ H oHMe n P H H y W e H H O r O IIPMCMOTpa 3a 06-
aaaaii~anapxa H a ero ~ c n o n b a o ~ ~a~~B E~I eC M BT ,CBOGseped, OT TOrO, KTO L IM ~ P T B On p~ H -
U e C T B e H H b I M H MeCTaMH, HO BMeCTe C T e M M3-3a ~ J I H ~ O C T K
H K O r A a IlpElXOAHT HCIlOJIb3OBaTb I l a p K , a 3 T 0 , B CBOK) O Y e p e a b , 3aBHCHT OT
r p a H F i Y ~ 0 fT
i e p p M T O p H H O H a M O X e T OKa3aTbCH HaCTOJIbKO 6 e 3 ~ 1 ? 3 ~ e ~ ~ o f i ,
xapamepa ~ i c n o n b s o ~ rao p~ o~A ac K n x W a c T K o B BOKPJT n a p K a . Aanee: B03- YTO A a m e ee 06HTaTeJIEI 6 y m a c n b r T M s a T b n e p e A H e m c T p a x . HJIM me y n w a
A ~ ~ C T B H ~ C ~ O C O ~ OHCnOJIb30BaHHfl
3TMX B H a n a p K JIMIUb OTYaCTM O n p e ~ e -
M O X e T H M e T b MaiTO C O ~ C T B ~ H H MH)COB,
~IX C 0 3 A a I O q H X OCHOBY pa6o~ocno-
JLFIeTCFI TeM, KaK ~ w b l fHi3 HEIX BJIMFIeT H a n a p K He3aBHCHMO OTApylTiX; OT-
C O ~ H O C T RHO
, r e o ~ p a @ ~ Y e c6~bk1i~ bHaCTOJIbKO XOPOIUO C B R ~ ~ H H
C XOH~B ~
bIM
YacTa 3T0 onpeAenReTcR e q e H TeM, K a K OHM BJIHRIOT H a n a p K B c e BMeCTe,
M , yXe OAHO 3 T 0 O ~ C T O R T ~ J I ~ C T6ByOA e ~
ki ~ ~ ~ O T O C ~ O C OP ~ ~H~~OI HMO.IT0
B K o M ~ M H ~ ~ H1460
M , HeKOTOpbIe K O M ~ H H ~ U HCTMMYJIHPYK)T
H BO~A~~~CTBEI~
0 6 e ~ I l e Y ~ B ee
a ~ IIPHBneKaTenbHOCTb,
b MHTeHCEIBHOe HCIIOJIb30BaHHe M AOC-
CBOMX KOMnOHeHTOB Ap)T H a Ap)Ta. ~ T CHI I O C O ~H~ CI I l O J I b 3 0 B a H ~rOPOACK0-
TaTOYHYH) ~ ~ ~ O T O C ~ O C O ~ HHO ~C XOYeTCR
M~ .
T PaCnOnaraTb 6onee JJerKPiMH
TO OKpJGKeHHR I I a p K a M EIX K O M ~ H H ~ ~ HBECBOIO
I, O Y e p e A b , 3aBMCRT O T A p m x
M yHEIBePCZGlbHbIMH MeTOAaMH aHaJlM3a, IIpOCTbIMM (<MarHYeCKHMH>'p e 4 e I I -
@~KTOPOB -TaKHX, KaK Pa3JIHYMR B B 0 3 p a C T e 3 ~ a ~ H p2a 3, M e p KBapTZGlOB
T a M H H a BCe C S I F a H X M H H , HO O p r a H H 3 0 B a H H a F I CSIOXHOCTb H e I l O A q a e T a
M T.A., B K J I H ) H
~m~ a r E i e c a M o r o n a p K a KaK o6qero M 0 6 a e ~ ~ 1 m m q ecno-
ro n o ~ o 6 ~ yTIpOIQeHHK3,
o~y KaK 6b1 MbI 3 T O r O H H XOTWIM, KaK 6b1 MbI HEI IIbITa-
co6a HCIIOJIb30BaHHR B 3TOM OKpY>KeHHEI. CTOHTH a M CYIIJeCTBeHHO YBenH- n H C b 3 a K p b I T b rJIa3a H a pe&lIbHOCTb H 0 6 p a q a ~ b c 5 1C ~ e K%
a K C YeM-TO, YeM
Y M T ~p a 3 ~ e np a p K a ma n e p e o @ o p ~ ero ~ ~ TaK,
b YTO H O B ~AI M~ 3~a f i ~6 y n e ~
O H a H e RBJIReTCR.
~6
OTCeKaTb H P a C C e H B a T b ~ O J I ~ ~ O B ~ T C J Im
~3 n e ~ a r q YIIHQ,
I% ~ x BMeCTO T o r 0 ~ O Y ~ M
6 oYn b r u a e r 0 p O A a A a B H O yXe H e ~ ~ I J Ip aHC n O 3 H a H b I
Y T O ~ O~ ~I ~ ~ A E I H HI IIlePeMeLUkIBaTb
T~ HX, -M CMTyaqHR p e 3 K O H3MeHHTCFI.
H IIOHHTbI KaK O p r a H H 3 0 B a H H O - W O % b I e 3 w a Y H , H nOYeMY C HMMM H e o6pa-
B H r p y BC-T HOBbIe HCTOYHHKI? BJIEIRHMFI K a K B CaMOM n a p K e , T a K H BOKPJT
I q a i T a c b C O O T B ~ T C T B ~ H H OEcna
? C n e q H a J I H C T b I lT0 H a y K a M 0 XEI3HH CYMeJIH
Hero. 3wasa o s e H b A a n e K a OT n p n M e H e H m npoc~ofinponopqm, C B R ~ ~ I B ~ - paCIIO3HaTb 0 p r a ~ a 3 0 ~ Z l ~ ~ 0 - c l r 0 XX~a pba1KfTi e p CTORqEIX I I e p e A HHMH 3a-
I O q e f i o64ym I l n O q F i A b OTKPbITbIX W a C T K O B C YMCJIeHHOCTbIO H a C e n e H M R ,
nmgn, n p o @ e c c ~ o a ~3 ~a a~ or n a ~ ) r q ~~Oe~c~~L U Hropo-
AaY, TO n o q e M y M M
H 6ecnone3~0 menam, Y T O ~ 3wa9a ~ I 6 b m a npoqe, s e M o H a ecm, H n H n b I -
AaMEi, H e noama, KaKozo poba s m a r HM ~ H ~ O ~ X O , ~ E IpMe rOu a ~ b ?
TaTbCR ee H a C m b C T B e H H O 'JIIPOCTHTb, nOTOMy YTO B p e a n b ~ o fXM3HM i 3T0 H e
H c ~ o p ~c ro rB p e M e H H b r x p a 3 ~ b 1 m n e ~o~6on1=111sx
f i ropogax,
n p o c T a n awaqa. H e a a ~ n c OT ~ ~H oa m i x x e n a ~ n fropoac~ofi
i n a p K seaem ce-
p H , CWIbHO OTJIWTaeTIX OT MCTOPHH COBPeMeHHblX ~ ~ ~ M ~ I L U B J c@epe
I ~ H H ~
651K a K O p I ' a H E I 3 0 B a H H O - W O m m CHCTeMa, H H H Y e r O C 3THM H e IlOAeJIaeLUb. H a p 0 XCH3HH. T e o p e ~ k ~ K I0
? 6 ~ e n p ~ m ~COBpeMeHHOrO
oro rpaffOCTpOEiT€!JIb-
TOXe CaMOe MOXHO C K a 3 a T b H 0 AP)THX YaCTFIX H CBOI%CTB~X ~ o J I ~ I U HrXO p 0 - CTBa CHCTeMaTHYeCKH O L U E ~ ~ ~ ~~~ H
C CC M~ ~, T P M B ~ R ~ O J I ~r O
L pI O
I EA Ia ~K a K
AOB. XOTR B3aMMOCBR3H M e m y MHOrEIMH COCTaBJIRIOIlJMMH HX @ ~ K T o ~ ~ M H
n p O C T b I e HnM HeOpraHH30BaHHO-CJIOXHbIe 3 m a Y H M IIbITaRCb aHaJlH3EIpO-
CSIOXHM, B TOM, KaK 3TM @ B K T O P ~ IB O ~ A ~ G C T B J J ~ O
ATP Y r H a AP)Ta, H e T HMYerO
BaTb EIX EI 0 6 p a r q a ~ b aC HWMH B COOTBeTCTBYIOIUeM KnIOYe. He ,L(yMaH), YTO
C J I y ~ a f i ~ o rwoI H HPPa4MOHaiTbHOrO.
3 T a MMHTa4EIR @ M ~ E I Y ~ c K HHaYK
x 6 b m a ~ 0 3 ~ a ~ e n b ~Boefpi o. a ~ ~KaK
o , 3 T 0 Ya-
6 0 J I e e TOrO, PaCCMaTPHBaFI W a C T K H 60JIbLUHX rOPOAOB, XOPOIlIO
W e BCWO 6 b 1 ~ a C
e IIpeAIIOCbmKaMH,
~ H a KOTOPbIX CTPOHTCR MbIIIIJIeHHe, ee
B~OAHMX OTHOIUeHHRX M M O X O B AP)THX ( K ~ K
@J'HK~MoHHPJ~OIIJH 3T0 Y a m 0
HCTOYHHKOM UOCSIyXWI 0 6 q ~ j@OW
i M H T e J I J I e K T ~ ~ b H h I<<CIlOp>,,
X BEITaBIUHX
6 b 1 ~ a e ~ MbI
) , H e M O X e M A r n e aHaiTEI3HpOBaTb HXAOCTOHHCTBa H HeaOCTaT-
B ~ 0 3 ~ yB
xTO
e B p e m . T ~ HMe M e H e e ~ T OIUEI~KEI,
H c K o p e e BCerO, H e ~ H I I H6b1
KEI, AMarHOCTMPOBaTb n p o 6 n e ~ b M
1 M a H H p O B a T b nOJIe3HbIe H3MeHeHHR, H e
A O I I m e H b I Pi yX TOYHO H e 6blJ1H 6 b 1 p e ~ o ~ e ~ e KaK
~ b 13 T, 0 CIIy%UIOCb, eWIH
nOAXOAR K 3 s l q a Y e C W e T O M ee O ~ ~ ~ H H ~ O BCJIOXWOCTH.
~ H H O ~ ~ P M B ~ AHY
e-
6b1 H e K o n o c c a n b H o e H e y s a x e H s e K c a M o M y n p e A M e T y a c c n e A o B a H m -
CKOJIbKO )TIpOLIJeHHbIX H J I J I K ) C T P ~ ~ EYI J~I.H 4 a M O X e T BeJHKOJIenHO @ y H w M 0 -
K 60JIbIIIHM rOpOAaM. ~ T EOIU I M ~ K E InperpaX,iTaH)T H a M IIYTb; EIX H ~ O ~ X O A H M O
HMPOBaTb B ITJlaHe IIPHCMOTpa 3 a AeTbMki EI COTBOPeHEIII H ~ ~ P E ? H Y X , ~ ~ H H O ~ ~
B b I T a q H T b H a CBeT G o x H ~ ~ , O C 0 3 H a T b K a K HeCOCTORTeJIbHbIe M b I W H T W I b H b I e
H ~ 0 ~ e p H ~ e J I bI I~~o~ Jf IiH Y H O GXEI3HH, H O B M e C T e C T e M O Y e H b CKBePHO
~ P ~ O C T P O E I T ~ IBI AYXe
~ C T~Bo O
~oAZI-C~
B 0A3 ~
HHXnO B K O H q e BCnOMHMTb @OPMY~~HPOBKY
AOKTOpa Y H ~ e p a <, ( H p p a q H O H a l l b H b I ~ H
B HeKO-
XIX BeKa, a 3 6 e ~ ~ 3 Xayapn
e p noAoluen K 3a,qase n p o e K T H p o s a H H c I M a n o r 0 e M ~ ~ ~ H W ~ X H MPaYHOM
O M CMbICJIe))".
r 0 p O A a BO MHOrOM T a K Xe, KaK @ H ~ M KXIX B e K a M O r 6 b 1 I ~ o A o K~a%
HmTH~
3~y C K O H q a 1 9 2 0 - X B E ~ p O n He C 1 9 3 0 - X B C ~ ~ ~ W O C T P O ~ ~pa-
T~TIM,
II~OCTOG
3 m a 4 H C ABYMR IIepeMeHHbIMM. A B ~ MUIaBHbIMH
H IIepeMeHHbIMki ~ O T ~ B L U Hp~Y n H b I X I'OpOAaX, H a 4 a n H Y C B a H B a T b c p a B H M T e n b ~ 0H O B b I e
B K
B I'P~AOCTPOHT~JI~H
KOH
~ q~e I I q H H r o p o g a - c a f l a 6 6 1 ~ KOJIH4eCTBO
1 ~ XHJIbfl Mflekf T e O P H H B ~ ~ O R T H O C IIpHMeHRBIUHeCH
T~~~, B $ H ~ H K ~ .~ ~ ~ ~ o c T ~ o H T W I H
X H ~ e n e f i )M KOJIH4eCTBO pa6osax hleCT. ~ T ABe
H BWIMWHbI, KaK CsHTa- H a 9 a J I H HMHTHPOBaTb 3TM IIOAXOAbI POBHO TaK, KaK eCnM 661r O p O A a 6b1.71~ He-
JIOCb, IlPOCTbIM M HenOCPeACTBeHHbIM o 6 p a 3 0 ~B3aHM03aBHCMMb1, T a K KaK OprasIH30BaHHO-CJIOXHbIMH CMCTeMaMH, A O C m H b I M k i 4HCTO CTaTHCTWIeCKO-
0 6 p a 3 y m ~6onee IlrrH M e H e e 3 a M K H Y T y m C H c T e M y . C XHnbeM, B CBOM o r l e - MY aHaJlM3y, I I 0 3 B O n R H ) U e M Y A e n a T b BepOHTHOCTHbIe I I P O r H 0 3 b I B OTHOIIIe-
P e A b , CBR3aHbI HeKOTOPbIe IIOArIHHeHHbIe e M y I I e p e M e H H b I e , 3aBHCHIIJHe OT H H H r P p I I YCpeAHeHHbIX BenH4MH.
H e r 0 (HO H e AP)T OT gpva!) CTOXb X(e IIpOCTbIM H HeIIOCpeACTBeHHbIM o6pa- 3 ~ Kao H q e n q m 6onnbmoro ropona KaK H e K o e r o ~ a 6 o poa~ n e r r b -
3 0 M : MrPOBbIe WIOqEtAICM, OTKPbITbIe IIpOCTpaHCTBa, IUKOJIbI, O~~~CTB~HH~IG HbIX KaPTOTe4HbIX RUHKOB O 4 e H b XOPOLUO IIOAOLLLIIa K B ~ I A B M H Y T O ~ ~K0p-
fie
Q e H T p , C T a H A a p T M 3 0 B a H H b I e IlOCTaBKH H YCJIYI'H. M a J I b l G r O p O A KaK IJeJIOe 6 m 3 b e wee npeaapaoro r o p o A a - K 3 ~ 0 f ~i e p ~ k i ~ m bH~6onee o f i QeHTpa-
O I I R T b - T a m 6 b ~ CBeAeH
1 K 0 A ~ 0 f H3ABYX
i IIepeMeHHbIX, YYaCTBYIOIIJHX B IIpOC- A H ~ O B ~ H H OBG epCHH r o p o ~ a - c a C ~ er0
a ABYMR I l e p e M e H H b I M M . XOTR C a M
TOG H n p f I ~ 0 f iB3aHMO3aBHCMMOCTM M e m Y rOpOAOM M 3 e n e H b I M IIORCOM. K ~ K ne Kop6msbe OrpaHM9MnCR JIHIIIb 6 n a r o c m o ~ ~XeCTOM b 1 ~ B CTOPOHY CTa-
y n o p R A o s e H H a c I M o A e n b c H c T e M a 6onee MeHee ~ T H MHcYepnbIsaeTcR. a , c x e M a npegnonarma c T a T E i c T k i s e c K o e n e p e p o -
T H c T w e c K o r o a ~ a ~ 1 ~ 3ero
kf H a TOG ~ ~ O C T OCHOBe OG COOTHOLU~HHGMe)rSrlYABYIWI IIepeMeHHbTMH 6b1- pFI,404eHHe H ~ O ~ ~ ~ H ~ ~ O B ~ HCHCTeMbI,
H O - ~ OOC m~ e C
HT B
O H~M O e M a T e M a -
na BbICTpOeHa BCH TeOpHSl CaMOAOCTaTOVHbIX Al2UlbIX rOpOAOB KaK p e 3 e p B y a - THseCKH; ero 6 a r u B~ I~l a p K e IIpOCnaBnRXM C p e A C T B a M H HCKYCCTBa C W I y
pa &JUl H3AHIZIKOB HaCeneHMR KpYlIHbIX rOPOAOB H KaK B03hlO)KHbTX O ~ % ~ K T O B CTaTHCTHKM M C T m H CBOerO P O A a TPHW@OM MaTeMaTM4eCKOrO C p e A H e r O .
p e r H O H a J I b H O r 0 IIpOeKTHpOBaHEIR. Ho~breBepORTHOCTHbIe MeTOAbI H A O m e H M R IIO nOBOAyXapaK-
K ~ HH
K 0 q e ~ k i ~ a3TY
f i CXeMy I I p M M e H H T e n b H O K M3OJIEIpOBaH- mepa 3 a a s ~ n,p e A o n p e A e n M s m n e c n o c o 6 b 1 I I p H M e H e H w I BTHX MeTOAOB B rpa-
HbIM MaJlbIM rOpOAaM, B 6 o n b z u ~ ropoaax
x HHKaKHX ~ O A O ~ H IlPOCTbIX
~ I X CHC- AOCTpOHTenbCTBe, H e 3 a M e H w I H co6oG 6 a 3 0 s p MAeM 0 P ~ @ O P M M P O B ~ H H O M
TeM, OIIHCbIBaeMbIX ABYMR B3aHMOCBR3aHHbIMM IleI)eMeHHbIMU, H e npOCMaT- r O p O A e , OllUCbTBaeMOM ABYMR B3aHM03aBHCMMbIMH IIepeMeHHbIMM. H o ~ b ~ e
PkiBaeTCH - A a HX H H e M O X e T T a M 6 b 1 ~ b .MX H e M O X e T 6 b 1 ~ bH B Rlan0R.f W e M 6bUIM, M o m 0 CKa3aTb, K H ~ ,Gq o 6 a ~ n e ~ b 1UeJIbJO
. n o - I I p e X H e M y OCTaBa-
r O p O A e C T o r 0 M O M e H T a , K a K OH OKa3bIBaeTCH RTRHYT B 0 p 6 U T y 6 0 n b m o r o JIEICb IIpOCTbTe y I T O p ~ O 4 e H H b I eMOAenM C ABYMR IIepeMeHHbIMH. HOT e I I e p b K
r O p O A a C er0 ~ O T ~ T C T B O~Mb 1 6 o p ki
a n e p e K p e c T H o r o HCnOnb30BaHwI. Ho, EIX p a 3 p a 6 o ~ M~ eo X H O 6 b m 0 IlOAXOAHTb ewe 6onee (<paUHOHanbHO>),O T T m -
B O n p e K M 3TOMY f$aK~y, I'pa,QOCTpOMTenbHaR TeOpMR YIIOpHO IIbITaJIaCb IIpEI- KEIBaRCb OT R K O ~ CyUSeCTBjWIUHX
~ I HeOpraHM30BaHHO-Crr0)KHbIX CHCTeM. Ec-
MeHSlTb K ~ O ~ ~ I I I I'OpOAaM
M M 3TY IIpOCTytO CHCTeMY MbIIIIJIeHMR H a H a l l H 3 a ; JIM KOPOTKO -HOBbIe BepOIITHOCTHbIe M CTaTHCTHYeCKHe MeTOAH 06ecnew-
rOpOACKHe IIPOeKTHPOBUHKM H ~ ~ c T I ) o ~ ~ M
EI K
CerOAHR
M C4HTalOT, 4TO A e p - n~ 6 6 n b r u y m <<TOVHOCT~>>, 6 0 n b ~ 1 ~OxBaT,
ji I I O ~ O A ~ H CK , a x e M TaK, 6onee
X a T B p y ~ a ~ ~ p a r 0 4 e ~CaMOpOAOK
~ b l f i HCTHHH OTHOCHTeJlbHO n p ~ p ~ ape-
b l o n n ~ n ~ f i Bc 3~r X~ aGH a n p o 6 n e ~ b 6onbmoro
l ropona M r r y - r ~HX p e r u e H m .
U I a e ~ o f 3a,QaYH,
i K O r A a nbITalOTCR @ O P M M P O B ~ THJIM
~ ~~~P~@OPMMPOB~IB~T~ 6 n a r o ~ a RePOFITHOCTHbIM
p~ MeTOAaM C T a p i M 3 a a 4 a -o6ecne-
o K p y r E i B 6onb111~x ropoaax, n p e ~ p a ~HX
a sB CMcTeMbI c ABYMR nepeivea- 4 H T b < < I l p a B l u I b H O e )paCIIpeAf3eHHe
> M a r a 3 H H O B B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT I I a p a M e T -
HbIMH, OAHa H 3 KOTOPbIX ( H ~ I I I ) w M ~I I~n,O Y a A b OTKPbITbIX Y ~ C T K OB)
IIPOC- P O B XI?nbR H a AaHHOM Y a C T K e ktilM OT 3 a p a H e e ~ C T ~ H O B J I ~ HYHCrreHHOCTEi
HO~~
TbIM H HenOCPeACTBeHHbIM o 6 p a 3 0 ~3 a B H C H T OT f l p y r 0 f i ( H ~ I I ~ w9HC-
M ~ ~ , H a c e n e H m -c T a n a , ~aamocb6b1,p a 3 p e m ~ ~ o f6 i ;b m p~a 3 p a 6 0 ~ a ~ nb pr E i e M b I
neHHocTH ~acene~m). ( ( H a F H O r O > rIIpOeKTEIpOBaHEiFI C T ~ H A ~ ~ T E I ~ O BT~OHp rHO O
MH~ ; BMeCTe C T e M
P ~ c c M ~ T ~ M B 6WoI n b m ~ reO p O A a KaK IIpOCTbIe 3&4a4H, T e O p e T H - T a m e TeOpeTElKH rpa,4OCTpOHTeJlbCTBa, KaK CT&H H 6ay3p, AOCTaTOsHO pa-
KH H IIpaKTHKH rpaaOCTpOEITeJIbCTBa BMeCTe C T e M H e MOrJlEI H e BH,L(eTb, 4 T O HO I I O H ~ H 4TO
, 3 a p a ~ e CIIpOeKTHpOBaHHbIe
e TOprOBbTe U e H T p b I B ~ O ~ ~ L U H X
BA~GCTBMT~~~HO C T3&4arIM
3TM H IIPOCTbIMH H e RBJIRWTCH. HOOHH C n p a B n R -
n H C b C I I p O T H B O p e W i e M TPa,QUrSEiOHHbIM C ~ O C O ~ O-
M TaK, KaK ~ e n m 6 0 n b l T -
H b I e (WIM HeyBiWKHTejTbHO OTHOCRUHeCR K I I ~ ~ A M ~ T Y H C C ~ I ~ A O BB~CHe rM
ARa )
O ~ X O A W I H CC~O p r a H U 3 0 B a H H O - U I O X H b I M H CIfTyaQW3MII: 0 6 ' b R ~ n R REIX, eC7lI.i
22. K~KOZ
poda
O s a d a q y cmasum neped HaMu 6onbuoii zopod? [ 447 I
C p a B H e H k i I o C IIpOeKTaMki, p a 3 p a 6 a ~ b 1 s a s m I I ~ 1 1 c nI I O K O n e H H e H a 3 a A . B 06-
naCTH TpaHCnOpTa -KaK H a PerHOHaJIbHOM, TaK H H a MeCTHOM P O B H e -H e
6 ~ x n0p e m o x e H o n o n y m p a 3 0 s a ~ o
n p e m o x e H o H a s e r o T a K o r o , YTO H e ~ao6opo~.
e a e B 1938 r 0 A y K O M I I ~ H RGeneral
~ ~ ~ Motors IIOCpeACTBOM APiOpaMbI H a Bce- 3. M C K ~ <T< H~ e y C p e A H e H H b l e ) >KJIIOYM K PeLUeHMIO, CBR3aHHbIe
M H P H O ~BbICTaBKe B ~ b m - f i o p ~ ae 80
, 3 T O r 0 - B n p 0 e K ~ a x n eK o p 6 1 o a b e . C B e C b M a MaJIbIMki BeJIHYEIHaMEI, HO n p O J I k i B a I o q H e CBeT H a TO, K ~ K C $ Y H K ~ E I -
B HeKOTOPbIX OTHOLUeHkiRX HaTIHqO O T K P O B ~ H H P~ eIr~p e~C C . HMOAHO ki3 Ce- O H k i p p T 6onee K p p H b I e M 6onee *yCpeAHeHHbIe>>B e n H s H H b I .
rOAHRILIHHX ~ J ~ ~ A nH ~~ ~I pX a ~ a ~P ~k ~ir f$ ei J I n e p - I l e ~ H
~ pe jCpaBHHTCR
' C Opki- ECJIki BbI 3 a m H B YTeHMM 3 ~ 0 fKHMrH
i TaKAi3JIeK0, IIpOCTpaHHbIe
rHHaJIOM, C03AaHHbIM Y e T B e P T b B e K a Ha3aiJ. Aaxe n0 ~ 0 6 ~ m 8 e H ~ bML~M~ K C L M pa3%HCHeHHR 3TEIX TaKTkiVeCKklX I I p H H ~ H n O BB a M H e Hy>KHbI. T ~ HMe M e H e e
0 6 ~ e I I p k i ~ R ~ rpZI,IJOCTpOHTeJIbCTBa
oro HbIHeUIHkie X H n b I e MaCCHBbI HkiYeM R pa3'bRCHK) kiX KpaTKO, n p R M O BbICKa3aB TO, 9 T O H H a U e OCTaJIOCb 6b1 BbICKa-
H e lI)TIlIe, a 0 6 b 1 9 ~ 0Xy>rce, YeM T e , YTO IIOCTpOeHbI B 1 9 3 0 - e rOAbI. 3 a H H b I M JIEILUb KOCBeHHO.
n o ~ rpa,qocTpokiTenki
a H H a x o , q R a a e c r r noA HX B n H R H a e M 6x43- OB
3 a Y e A~y M a T b B KaTeI'OPHRX I I P O ~ ~ C C O ~ ?W K TB ~ OI A ~ I I I E I X
HeCMeHbI, 3 a f i ~ o ~ a ~ eHn 3aKOHOAaTenM
k i A e p X a T C f l 3 a HeKPkiTHYeCKM n p k i - r0pOnaX -6 y ~ TO
b BAaHEIR, YJIHqbI, IIapKki, p a f i 0 ~ b 1 ,OPHeHTElPbI EIAH YTO-
H R T ~ HMki
I ~ IIOCTYIIBT, ~ Y ~ TOHM
O MMeK3T A e n O C 3a,L(a~eG a 3o6srac~~r$k13~- nu60 Apj'rOe - MOI'JT IIPORBnRTb B K O p H e p a 3 J l M r H b I e C B O ~ C T B 3aBMCM-
~
9eCKEIX H a p , I I p O r p e C C B r p ~ O C T p O k i T t J I b C T B f ?H e B 0 3 M O X e H . Eve 6b1 O H 0 H e MOCTH OT CHTYaIlHki EI O K p p e H H R . T ~ K H, a n p k i M e p , B OTHOlUeHHEI r 0 p O A -
C T ~ ~ H M P O B ~ TY I OH! e r 0 OTCJTCTBYeT Ilep~e~~Llee YUOBHe ~ I ~ ~ K T H Y H O ~ ~
M IIpO- C W X XELIIMq HEI K Y e M y nOJIe3HOMy H e B 0 3 M O X H O I I p H g ~ kHM
i MbICneHHO, HH
r p e c c u ~ ~ oMf ~i I U I M-n o H u M a H k i e xapamepa p e n r a e M b r x a w a y . He pacno- H a I I p a K T H K e , e C n H PaCCMaTpEIBaTb Pix ~ ~ C T ~ ~ K-TKaK H O< < x H ~ ~ ooH~A),.
JIarW TaKHM IIOHEIMaHHeM, O H 0 H a m 0 K ~ ~ T Y ~ ~ ~ I I AOPOIY IYIo B TJTIHK. >Kr?Zb~e A O M a B ~ O ~ ~ L Ur OOp O
MA e -K a K c y r r l e C T B y I o q E I e , T a K ki I I p O e K T M p y -
e M b I e - 3 T 0 K O H K p e T H b I e C n e L j U @ U q e C K U e BAaHIIR, 8 C e 2 d a 80f?JLelleHHbLe
M 3 TOrO, YTO B H a w a x 0 X H 3 H H H B ~ O J I ~ I L I HFOpOAaX
X B03HHKaK)T 3aiJaYW 0 d U - 8 p a 3 ~ 0 0 6 p a 3 H b l e c ~ ~ L ~ u @ u ~ ~ c n Kp 0u y ~e C C b L -T a K H e , K a K BbIXOA Pi3 T P Y -
HaKO8020 pods, H e C n e n y e T , YTO 3TM 3?3,4aYki 0 d U ~ a ~ 0 6 b l CTP~KTPY
e. XiM~0fi 11~06~oro
COCTORHHR, @ O P M H P O B ~ H HT ~~ ~ U Z rOe H
~ e, P a q H R HJIH C a M O p a 3 p Y -
IIpOTOrIJIa3MbI H CTPYKTWbI, o 6 p a 3 y e ~ b 1 eXHBbIMEI JlIOAbMEI Pi kiX A e R T e n b -
meme p a 3 ~ 0 0 6 p a 3 ~ ~ ~ .
HOCTbK), HeBO3MOXHO ki3JTaTb IIOA OAHHMI? M T e M H Xe MklKPOCKOIIaMH. 60JIbLUMe r O p O A a M MX COCTaBHbIe YaCTH 0 6 c y x ~ 1 a n ~ cB b3 ~ 0 f i
O A H ~ KTaKTEIYeCKHe
O MeTOAbI IlOHMMaHMR B O ~ O M XC n y Y a R X K H H r e IIOYTEI MCKJIIoYHTenbHO K a K n P O q e C C b 1 , YTO IIPOAEIKTOBaHO CaMMM
CXOAHbI B TOM CMbICJIe, 9 T O H T a M II 3AeCb ~ p e 6 y e AeTaJIbHOe
~c~ PaCCMOTpe- I l p e A M e T O M HCCJleflOBaHHH.B 6 0 n b U I H x rOpOAaX IIpOqeCCbI C y q e C T B e H H O
H H e , P a C C M O T p e H H e IIOA MMKPOCKOIIOM B n P R M O M HAM IlepeHOCHOM CMbICne, BaHbI. Fonee TOrO, AYMasI 0 IIpOqeCCaX B 6 o n b u ~ rxO p O & a x , H e B O 3 M O X H O H e
a H e 6onee 0 6 0 6 q e ~ ~ PoaeC C M O T p e H H e H e B O O p y X e H H b I M r f i a 3 0 M , IIpMrOA- AYMaTb 0 KaTaJIki3aTOpaX 3THX IIPOqeCCOB, EI 3 T 0 T a m e C m e C T B e H H O BaXCHO.
H o e AJIR IlpOCTbIX 3&L(EiY, H H e OTAaTIeHHOe P a C C M O T p e H H e C I l O M O q b H , T e n e C - n p o q e c c b ~B 60~1bmaxropoaax O T H K ) ~H ~e R B ~ ~ T 3Ca rRa , q o ~ -
KOlla, I I p H M e H R e M O e B G T m a e HeOpraHH30BaHHO-Ci?OXHbIX 3aiJaY. HbIMH, COKpOBeHHbIMH, IIOHHTHbIMH TOJIbKO CIIeUHanMCTaM. OHMIIOHRTHbI
B H a y K a X 0 XEI3HH &lIR H 3 Y e H k l R O P ~ ~ H ~ ~ ~ OCJIOXHOCTEI
B ~ H H O ~ nOYTEI K a M O M y . M ~ o r p~R Ae0 B b I e IIMAH we ces9ac HX IIOHkiMaIOT; IIPOCTO
T ~ K cHn ~e q a @ a ~ e c ~
B ~ I A ~ J I R I OH + ~a f~i ~ anxo p s e n a Y s H y -H a n p a M e p , OHH H e AaTIEI 3THM IIpOqeCCaM ~ a 3 ~ a ~ kki iHfe iOC03HaJIH TOPO, YTO, IIOHHB 3 T H
~ ~ P M ~-
H T ,
IIOCJIe 9 e r O KpOIIOTnIlBO H 3 y Z a I o T er0 CJIOXHbIe B3aHMOOTHOIUe- O ~ ~ I A ~ IIPHYHHHO-WIeACTBeHHbIe
H H ~ I ~ B3aHMOCBR3M, MbI C I I O C O ~ H ~e I4 e
HELR H B3aHMOCBR3H C APYI'EIMEI @ ~ K T O P ~ MHJIH
H BelIHYHHaMH. Bce 3 T 0 P a C - M HaIIpaBIIRTb HX, e W I H 3aXOTEIM.
C M a T p H B a e T C R C P e T O M IIOBeAeHkiR (a H e IIpOCTOrO I I P H C ~ T C T B H R )A P Y H X 3 a s e p~a c c w a T b EIHAYKTHBHO? 3 a ~ e9 T~O, 0 6 p a ~ ~ b 1n J5T b
c I I e ~ E I + k i Y e c ~ k i(x ~ 0 6e0 6 1 q e ~ ~ b 1 x )~ $ ~ K T O ~IZTIH
O B BeJIHYMH. P ~ ~ w ~ ~ Me-
TcR, paccy>r~qe~EIk -OT o6qero K YaCTHOMY- B KOHeYHOM MTOre IIpHBOAMT H a C
TOAbI aHaJIEI3a CHCTeM C ABJWIR I I e p e M e H H b I M H M HeOpraHH30BaHHO-CJOXHbIX K a6cypny, KaK 3 T 0 CJIpKIIOCb C ~OCTOHCKIIMrPaOCTpOEITeTIeM, TBePAO 3HaB-
CMCTeM T O X e HCIlOnb3yfOT(X, HO n H l l I b CO BCIIOMOraTenbHbIMIl VeJLFIMH.
IIIHM ( B O ~ ~ ~ K I I AOCTYIIHbIM e M y X k l 3 H e H H b I M @ ~ K T ~ M YTO
BCeM ), HOPT-
B IIpkiHTIkiIIe 3 T a TaKTkiKa BO MHOrOM COBX3&3eT C TOE,KOTOPYIO
U I e A y e T kiCIIOnb30BaTb & n f l IIOHEIMaHkiR 6 0 n b ~ u u xPOPOAOB ki I I O M O q H EIM.
" M II03TOhlY TaKaR I I ~ o $ ~ c c H RKaK
, B TOM CJIFae, eCJIH 6b1 <OKMJIofi~ O H A > >
((3KCIIePT IIO XMJIbH)>>,Y3KO Cne~HaJIkI3H- KaK T ~ K O B OIIpOoRBL%il
~ H e K M e CyqeCT-
B TOM, YTO KaCaeTCfl IlOHHMaHIlR 6 0 n b m ~ xrOPOAOB, B ~ X H ~ ~ L U MMbICnM-
MH
BeHHbIe o 6 4 k i e C B O ~ C T B HO
~ . OH E i H e
pyl0LlJHfiCR Ha NXMJIOM ($0HjIe,>,-3T0
TeJIbHbIMki IIpHBbIYKaMU M H e KaXJTC9 C n e A y I o w I l e : nporrBmeT.
a6cyp~.OH^ k i ~ e n 6b1
a c~brcnn~urb
22. KQKOZO
poaa saaavy crnaeum nepea HQMU 6onbuoii zopoa? [ 449
G HA -X ) T K m ~ p m 0 6 a~, 6 3 0T 0 CJIeAOB&lO H3o 6 ~ n ~~ n x~ X e H H f Hi ,a KO- CKBep, T P ~ T H
B ~~ P~H H B H ~ - B ~ I J ~ J I H OTKPbITbI
AX~) A 0 IIOJIYHO9H. Y~TB~~T~IG,
T O p b I e OH K a K 3KCIIepT AOJIXeH ~ ~ I OIlHpaTbCR.
J I ~ ~ C I I O ~ O X y H I o H ~ R T ~ A ~ A~ ~FBI HT T O
~ nHR H~ 0~ fIaiB~e ~ ~~
YJIHUbI, p a 6 0 ~ a Ae 0~
B AaHHOM CJlyYae O I I I E I ~ K0~9 e B H A H a , n O C K O n b K y o 6 ~ 1 ? nono-
e AeCRTH B e 9 e p a . h ~ b ~ fB i~ ,P Y I U I H H C K O M ~ ~ ~ H 3aKpbIBaeTCR
T~~H~, B BOCeMb B e -
X e H m , H 3 KOTOpbIX MCXOAElTI r p a O C T p O H T e J I b , CaMH IIO ce6e ~ ~ c c M ~ I C J I ~ H H ~ I . Yepa. , eCTb 6 ~ 3 ~ eWMHHHCTpaUHH
T ~ MrAe c, CeTH A e p X H T M a r a 3 H H b I OTKPbI-
O J ( H ~ K OHHAYKTPiBHOe MbIIIIJIeHHe H e M e H e e B a X H O AJIFI TOrO, Y T O ~ B~~II R B - TbIMH AOnO3AHa. O ~ % R B ~ ~r OHB OMp H~T H a M , YTO f i e n 0 ~ 0 f U
i eHTp 6pyKJIHHa
JIRTb, n O H H M a T b I? KOHCTPJJKTHBHO HCIIOJIb30BaTb CEinbI I? IlpOUeCCbI, p e m b - K BOCbMH B e y e p a BbIMHpaeT, Pi 3 T 0 COOTBeTCTBYeT A ~ ~ ~ C T B L I T ~ ~ ~ HH
OkCi T
~Ha -.
HO npHCyTCTBYIOIlJHe B 6onb111~x r O p O A a x H IIOTOMY OTHIoAb H e ~ ~ C C M ~ I C ~ ~ H - K H e CTaTHCTHYeCKHe CBOAKH (H, ~ ~ ~ Y C J I O B HHO
H ,K a K H e 6 e 3 ~ y ~ ~ b M
1 eeX,a H H -
HbIe. fl B b I C K a 3 m a H e M m O O ~ L I J H Xq ? I q e ~ H f i 06 3THX CHJIaX I? IIpOUeCCaX, HO rIeCKI?e n p e A C K a 3 a H H H H a OCHOBe 3TMX CBOAOK, HHKaKaR Y w b , H e p e A K O H b I H e
H H n p H KaKHX O ~ C T O H T ~ ~ ~ CHTe BC n~eX
A y e T A Y M a T b , YTO 3 T I 1 0 6 0 6 ~ ~ e ~ ~ ~ B b M a B a e M a R 3 a ( < T I P o ~ K T H P o B ~ H H ~ )H) )e AaIOT H a M T a K MHOrO U ~ H H HH@OP-
O ~ ~
M O X H O HCIIOJIb3OBaTb p)TI?HHbIM 0 6 p a 3 0 ~ ,3aRBlIHH H a HX OCHOBaHI?H, YTo M W H H 0 CTPOeHHH I? m a X ~ P ~ I U T H H C K OA~aO
y H T a y H a , KaK 3TOT ~ m e H b K H f i ,
d 0 n ~ ~ 0b3 H
l a 9 a T b T e H n H H H b I e Y a C T H b I e CJIyYaH. P e a n b H b I e IIpOUeCCb1 HO IIpeA€!lIbHO K O H K P ~ T H WIIO9HK
~I~~ K @JYHKYUOHUPOGQHUH)3 T O r 0 A a y H T a y H a .
B 6onb111~x ropoAax CSII?IIIKOM CJIOXH~I,Y T O ~ 6~b I1 ~ bP ~ T H H H ~ I M E IC~HIIIKOM
, m F I COTBOPeHLlFi <<HeyCpeAHeHHOrO))B KPJTIHbIX r O p O A a X ~eo6-
K O H K p e T H b I , Y T O ~ I?X
~ I MOXHO 6b1n0 B03BOAkiTb B p a H r a 6 c ~ p a ~ ~ kOHH
ifi. XOAHMbI 60nb111~ie KOJIFleCTBa < ( Y C P ~ A H ~ H H O ~Ho,
O ) L KaK 6 ~ m CKa3aHO
o B ma-
B C e r A a COCTORT I?3 B ~ ~ H M O A ~ ~ ~ C
M Te Bm LY?yHI?KaJIbHbIMH
~ ~ KOM~HH~~MRMLI B e 7, ~ O C B H ~ ~ Hr eH H eOp a~T~o p a M p a 3 ~ 0 0 6 p a 3 m ,c a M o no ce6e n p m y r c T B H e
6e3
Y ~ C T H O C T H~ ~ ~ , 3 H a H H H 3THX ~ ~ C T H O 0C6 T0 f~i ~~k ~i ~Hbe B 0 3 M O X H O . 6onb111~x KOJII?YeCTB Y e r o 6b1 TO HI? ~ ~ J J I- O nIo~efi,cnoco60~ ~ c n o n b s o ~ a -
M H ~ T H B H MbIILIJIeHPie
O~ n o ~ o 6 ~ oPOAa,
ro OIIHTb-TaKH, BIIOn- HHR, C T P O ~ H I ? ~p~a, 6 0 ~ MeCT,
~ x IIapKOB, YIIHLI I? T.A. - ewe H e r a p a H T H p y e T
H e AOCTYIIHO PHAOBbIM 3 a H H T e p e C O B a H H b I M I ' O p O X a H a M , KOTOPble H 3AeCb I ? H T ~ H C I ? B H Or~e ~H e p a U H H rOPOACKOr0 p a 3 ~ 0 0 6 p a 3 1 ? ~ ~. T KHO n H 9 e C T B a MO-
I Y T A ~ ~ ~ c T B o BB p~a T
M ~K a X MHePTHbIX CI?CTeM C H k i 3 ~ 0 f i3 H e p n l e f i , BJIyYIIIeM
I?MeIoT IIpeHMyrrleCTBO I I e p e A r p a O C T p O H T t 3 H M H . ~ P ~ o c T P o P ~ T ~ JIIPOZILTII?
IH
IIIKOJIy d e d y ~ m ~ t 3 ~ 0MbIIIIneHMH,
2 0 K a K n p e C J l o ~ Y T b 1 f i~ O C T O H C K M3KCIIePT,
~~
CJlyYae JIHIIIb n O A A e p X H B a I O u I ? X C O ~ C T B ~ H HCyrrleCTBOBaHHe.
O~ AM O T CO-
CTaBJIRTb B ~ ~ M M O A ~ ~ ~ C T BBbICOKO3HepreTHYHbIe
Y I ~ ~ I ? ~ , CHCTeMbI, KOTOPbIe
cnMmKoM xoporuo ~ C B O H B I I I Mee
~ ~YPOKH. B ~ P O R T H O ,
113-3a ~ e n p a ~ a n b ~ o f i
TBOPRT < < H e y C p e A H e H H O e )K
) a K n 0 6 0 ~ ~ b 1 fIIPOAJ'
i KT.
IlO,4rOTOBKEi r p a O C T p O H T e l l H 9 a C T O BbIrAR&FiT HHTeJLTIeKTY&lbHO XJGUe OCHa-
WeHHbIMI? AJIR IIOHHMaHL?SI Y ~ C T H O C T
H ~Y ~B a~X P i T e n b H O r O K H H M OTHOIIIe-
<(H~~c~~AM HO~XH
eTHHMoe T~b xM ~ T ~ ~ M ~XTa p aI K~T eHp , ~KaK, I ~
22. K U K O Z poaa
O s a a a v y cmaeum nepea HQMU 6onb~uoiizopoa? [ 451 1
3 ~ OCB€!,qOMJleHHOCTb
a 0 (<HeyCpeAH€!HHbIX>) @ ~ K T O (HJIM06
~ ~ X Hx
JIeKTyalIbHOe HeIIpMRTMe c o ~ o ~rAe XMBYT CBO-
T o ~ a c o ~ ~ x e ( $ ( $ e prOpOAOB,
111060~
OTCYTCTBEIEI), O C H T b - T a m , AOCTj'lIHa rOPOXaHMHy. ~ O M C T M XHH~ T~AH
1 aec T e p o B b I e M p e M e c n e H H k I m , H ero M e q T y 06 H , 4 e a n b ~ o f ipecny6~1~-
6 o ~ ~ bM
K p F H b I X rOPOAOB, KaK nPaBKII0,60JIbLUMe ~ e ( $ o p ~ & T b H b l CIIeqHEiJIMCTbI
e MMeH-
K e CaMOAOCTaTOYHbIX U O C ~ A ~ I H - ~ O M ~ H O
TB -
p O r a T e J I b H w M e Y T y XOpOlrrerO
HO B 3TOM BOnpOCe. O C B ~ A O W I ~ H H O C
PWOBbIX
T~ r O p O X a H 0 <<HeyCpeAHeHHbIB)
MBenmoro ~ e - m ~ e~ ~b aCm, O ~ C T B ~ 3H eHm~m 0 6 p a 6 a ~ b l ~ apa6b1.
n ~
BeSlklYMHaX BIlOJIHe C 0 3 B F H a BXHHOCTM 3TMX CPaBHMTWbHO MallbIX B€!JIHYEIH.
B p e a J I b H 0 f i XM3HM AMKaPEI (Pi K P ~ C T ~ R H-~ 3) T 0 H a M M e H e e
M BHOBb rpaAOCTpOMTeJIH ~ J I ~ A HBbIrxrWrT
O H a MX O OH^. OHM 06H3aHb1 CYEITaTb C B O ~ O A H M3
~ I JIK)Aefi.
~ TO JIH)AEI, O n y T a H H b I e TPaAHLJHHMH, CBH3aHHbIe KaC-
(<HeyCpaHeHHbI€!)) BeTIEiYklHbI Mall03HaYMTWbHbIMM, IlOCKOJIbKy 3TH B e r r W H ~ b 1
TOBbIMH UpeACTaBJIeHMFIMkl, CKOBaHHbIe IlpeAPaCCYAKaMM, O A e p X M M b I e
~ ~ ~ A O C T P O E I T ~HaTpeHklpOBaHbl
Mall03HaYEIT€!JIbHbI CmamUCmU~eCKU. TIEI H a TO,
nOA03pMTeJIbHOCTblO M AypHblMM npeAYpCTBELRMM B OTHOIUeHMM B C e r O v-
Y T O ~ C~ I~ P ~ C ~ CO
I BCYeTa
~ T CaMOe
~ CmeCTBeHHOe.
XOrO. ~ ~ O ~ O A C K O ~A~W a e T YeJIOBeKa C B O ~ O A H ~ I M )-
B03AYX ) , r J I a C W I a CpeA-
H e B e K O B a IIOrOBOpKa, M T O r A a ~ O ~ O ~ B
C 0K3 O ~ ~~ ~ K B ~ J I ~ CMbICne
m B H O M Ae-
K O ~ H T~ eMn e p b HeCKOIIbKO rny6xe ~ O I I O T M C T ~ IIlOYBy
O MHTejlJIeKTyalIbHbIX JIaJI C B O ~ O A H ~ I6ernoro
M KpeIlOCTHOrO. B O ~ A 6~0X~ 1 b m a xrOpOAOB M CerOAHII
3 a 6 ~ 1 y x ~ eno~ IlOBOAy
~ f i 6 o n b m a x rOpOAOB, B K O T O P O ~IIOrpR3JIH
~ OPTOAOK- AeSIaeT C B O ~ O A H ~ I M6erneqo~
H Pi3 <<rOpOAOBO A H O KOMIlaHHH),,
~ cIIJlaH~aIlklfi,
CalIbHbIe pe($op~a~opbl r? r p a O C T p O M T e J I M (a BMeCTe C HEIMM Mbl B C ~ ) .HOA C a r p O n p O M b I U J I e H H b I X ( $ e p ~C, MeJIKkiX ~ a l l o p e ~ ~ a 6 W b H(b$lexp ~C, M a p m -
~JI$OKHM He)TB=eHMeM I ~ w o c T ~ o M T ~
K JCBOervIy
~ ~ ~ ~IIpeAMeTy, IIOA XJ'AOCOY- ~ ~~ H~ HO~~I X
PYTOB C ~ T I ~ C K O X O ~ H ~ ~ C T B ~ ~ X - C ~ ~ O H 3HLUaXTePCKHX
H K O B , TIOCeII-
HbIMM IlpeACTaBJIeHEiRMM 0 a 6 e 3 ~ a e ~ ~ H0 ~f pi a 4 ~ 0 fMppaqMOHallbHOCTM
i)) KOB, H 3 OAHOPOAHblX no KJIaCCOBOMy COCTaBy IlpRI'OPOAOB.
6onbmax r o p o A o B , o r l a p . i I q e M B HHX xaoce, n e x m ~ a ~3 a~6 ~ er y xe ~ e ~ k~l ea, - E J I W O A ~ ~IlOCpeAHHsecrBy
H 60mmm?XOPOAOBIlDipOKO PaCnpOCT-
camrrleeca ~ a a a ~ o o ~ ~ o m6 0en b~r nak lfx i~ O P O A O B-M poga Y e n o B e Y e c K o - P a H W I U I B3rJIR,4 H a aIIpMpO,lQJ,, K a K H a 6 n a r o & e ~ e r r b ~ oYMCTOe,
e, 06Jla~0pZDWi~a-
TO - C 0 c ~ a l I b ~ oI If pi M p 0 ~ 0 f i . I O q e e HaYaJIO -B3I'44,3aOAHO Ha,@JMKlqMfi T W M E l X e KageCTBaMM kl <<eCTe-
~ W A MKOHeYHO,
, B ~ a K 0 f Xe
i M e p e COCTaBJLRIoT YaCTb ITPMPOAbI, CTBeHHOrO YeJIOBeKa,, ( H ~ C K O I I ~ K <<eCTeCTBeHHOrO"
O -~ b 1 6 ~ p a f Hi ~a Ce B O ~ ~
KaK MeABeAki rPM3JIM, KaK IIYeSIbl, KaK KHTbI, KaK COPrO. ropo,I(a, IIOCTpOeHHbIe B K ~ c ) . B IlpOTEIBOIIOJIO~OCTbBCeMy S T O W B b W a H H O M Y ~ J I ~ ~ O P O A C T B'IMC-
Y,
JIlOAbMM, GYAFII ~ ~ IlpMpOAHbIX ($OPM, CTOJIb Xe eCTeCT-
IlPOAYKTOM O A H O M3 TOTe Pi 6 n a r o f l e ~ f ~ b ~ 6o 0c ~m1 b m ~ropoAa,
e H e 6 y ~ yBarAyMKaMl'i,
r ~ MOI-JIM PaC-
BeHHbI, KaK KOJIOHMEI J I p O B b I X c 0 6 a ~ WIMe ~ YCTpMYHbIe 6 a ~ mEOT~HEIK . 3 ~ - CMaTMBaTbCR KaK BMeCTWIMIQa 3JIa M KaK HBHbIe BpWM IlpI3pOAbI. M KOrAa Jim-
rap A w e p c o ~COYMHWI ~ Ix y Ip H a n a Landscape cepmo O C T P O ~ M H ~ IMX TOH- xe m a 3 a ~ k i KaKEIMM
AM HaYEiJIM C M o T p e m H a npapow ~ a w m , Aem c ~ o ~ Hpa m
KMX O Y e p K O B 0 ~ O J I ~ I I I E I Xr O p O A a X K a K IIpMpOAHbIX 0 6 p a 3 0 ~ a ~ k i ~-Ha x. 6 o n b m o r o m M n a m Y H o r o c e ~ 6 e p ~ a pwo
a, MoxeT6b1m ~ e xe-
e c ~ e m ~ e ~YeM fi,
6 o n b m e t i WCTM ~ ~ M H Omapa, I - o -n H m e T OH, - y r c o p e H m o c b n p e A c T a B n e - name npmecm TO M m o e C m e m B o ki B CBOGrOpOA, Y T O ~ ropoAy
~ I no accoua-
HMe 0 YeJIoBeKe KaK 0 ~ O ~ O ~ ~ O J I ~ C ~ yM c TOB eM) ) . H ~ ~ J I I3 ~
q eB A ~ T ~
a nptipo~ofi, aUMM T O X e AOCTallaCb TOJIMKa ~ J I ~ ~ O ~ O A C
YMCTOTbI
T B ~ , El ~ J I ~ T O A ~ T ~ T ~ ~ H O C T E I ?
C a a p a ~ 3.393
e~ Y e p ~ a n nT. 13
C ~ ~ ~ K.M 161,249
O H Yusep Am. 273
C ~ H T ~ H AA.3.
X ~314
~O
C M M X O BM.K.
M ~ 149
C a ~ m e 3.307
p 0aGcc K. 13,409
C M U T 178
~. HUH 9. I3
Conc6epa T. 148,289, 0 e n Ax.
~ 313
364,368,423,424 Qanna P.6.13
Cnaren C. 13 0 n o p e ~ H.C.
c 129,157
C T ~ K.~ 33,34,384,445
H @oJIMHO P. I3
C ~ e @ @ e ~286
cn. @pPl,L(ry~ C. I30
H o ~ o eIl3AaTeJIbCTBO
119017, M O C K B ~
~ ~ ~ T H X YJIXUa,
U K 41
~
TeJKe@oH/@aKc (495) 951 6050
e-mail info@novizdat.ru
http://www.novizdat.ru