The Guidelines for Citations and Referencing or Bibliographic

Format Style for the Following on Different Kind of Sources and

Number of Authors

a) APA - American Psychological Association APA

(American Psychological Association) Style originated in
1929, when a group of psychologists, anthropologists, and
business managers convened and sought to establish a simple
set of procedures, or style rules, that would codify the many
components of scientific writing to increase the ease of reading
comprehension.

Core Components of an APA Reference:

a) APA Referencing Basics: Reference List

A reference list is a complete list of references used in a piece of

writing including the author name, date of publication, title and more.
An APA reference list must:

 Be on a new page at the end of the document

 Be centered
  Be alphabetically by name of first author (or title if the author isn’t
known, in this case a, an and the should be ignored)

o If there are multiple works by the same author these are

ordered by date, if the works are in the same year they are
ordered alphabetically by the title and are allocated a letter
(a,b,c etc) after the date

 Contain full references for all in-text references used

b) APA Referencing Basics: In-Text Citation

In-text references must be included following the use of a quote or

paraphrase taken from another piece of work.

In-text citations are citations within the main body of the text and refer
to a direct quote or paraphrase. They correspond to a reference in the
main reference list. These citations include the surname of the author
and date of publication only. Using an example author James Mitchell,
this takes the form:

Mitchell (2017) states… Or …(Mitchell, 2017).

The structure of this changes depending on whether a direct quote or

parenthetical used:

 Direct Quote: The citation must follow the quote directly and
contain a page number after the date, for example (Mitchell,
2017, p.104). This rule holds for all of the variations listed.

 Parenthetical: The page number is not needed.

Two Authors:

The surname of both authors is stated with either ‘and’ or an

ampersand between. For example:

Mitchell and Smith (2017) state… Or …(Mitchell & Smith, 2017).

Three, Four or Five Authors:

For the first cite, all names should be listed:

Mitchell, Smith, and Thomson (2017) state… Or …(Mitchell, Smith, &

Thomson, 2017).

Further cites can be shorted to the first author’s name followed by et

al:

Mitchell et al (2017) state… Or …(Mitchell et al, 2017).

Six or More Authors:

Only the first author’s surname should be stated followed by et al, see
the above example.

No Authors:

If the author is unknown, the first few words of the reference should be
used. This is usually the title of the source.

If this is the title of a book, periodical, brochure or report, is should be

italicised. For example:

(A guide to citation, 2017).

If this is the title of an article, chapter or web page, it should be in

quotation marks. For example:

(“APA Citation”, 2017).

Citing Authors With Multiple Works From One Year:

Works should be cited with a, b, c etc following the date. These letters
are assigned within the reference list, which is sorted alphabetically by
the surname of the first author. For example:

(Mitchell, 2017a) Or (Mitchell, 2017b).

Citing Multiple Works in One Parentheses:

If these works are by the same author, the surname is stated once
followed by the dates in order chronologically. For instance:

Mitchell (2007, 2013, 2017) Or (Mitchell, 2007, 2013, 2017)

If these works are by multiple authors then the references are ordered
alphabetically by the first author separated by a semicolon as follows:

(Mitchell  & Smith 2017; Thomson, Coyne, & Davis, 2015).

Citing a Group or Organisation:

For the first cite, the full name of the group must be used.
Subsequently this can be shortened. For example:

First cite: (International Citation Association, 2015)

Further Cites: (Citation Association, 2015)

Citing a Secondary Source:

In this situation the original author and date should be stated first
followed by ‘as cited in’ followed by the author and date of the
secondary source. For example:

Lorde (1980) as cited in Mitchell (2017) Or (Lorde, 1980, as cited in

Mitchell, 2017)

Back to top

c) How to Cite Different Source Types

 In-text citation doesn’t vary depending on source type, unless the

author is unknown.

 Reference list citations are highly variable depending on the

source.
How to Cite a Book (Title, not chapter) in APA Format

Book referencing is the most basic style; it matches the template

above, minus the URL section. So the basic format of a book
reference is as follows:

Book referencing examples:

Mitchell, J.A., Thomson, M., & Coyne, R.P. (2017). A guide to citation.
London, England: My Publisher

Jones, A.F & Wang, L. (2011). Spectacular creatures: The Amazon

rainforest (2nd ed.). San Jose, Costa Rica: My Publisher

How to Cite an Edited Book in APA Format

This reference format is very similar to the book format apart from one
extra inclusion: (Ed(s)). The basic format is as follows:
Edited book example:

Williams, S.T. (Ed.). (2015). Referencing: A guide to citation

rules (3rd ed.). New York, NY: My Publisher

How to Cite a Chapter in an Edited Book in APA Format

Edited books are collations of chapters written by different authors. To

reference a single chapter, a different format is needed. The basic
structure is as follows:

Edited book chapter example:

In the following example, B.N. Troy is the author of the chapter and
S.T. Williams is the editor.

Troy, B.N. (2015). APA citation rules. In S.T, Williams (Ed.). A guide
to citation rules (2nd ed., pp. 50-95). New York, NY: Publishers.

How to Cite an E-Book in APA Format

An E-Book reference is the same as a book reference expect the

publisher is swapped for a URL. The basic structure is as follows:

Author surname, initial(s) (Ed(s).*). (Year). Title (ed.*). Retrieved from

URL

*optional.
E-Book example:

Mitchell, J.A., Thomson, M., & Coyne, R.P. (2017). A guide to citation.
Retrieved from https://www.mendeley.com/reference-
management/reference-manager

How to Cite an E-Book Chapter in APA Format

This follows the same structure as an edited book chapter reference

except the publisher is exchanged for a URL. The structure is as
follows:

Last name of the chapter author, initial(s). (Year). Chapter title. In

editor initial(s), surname (Ed.). Title (ed., pp.chapter page range).
Retrieved from URL

E-Book chapter example:

Troy, B.N. (2015). APA citation rules. In S.T, Williams (Ed.). A guide
to citation rules (2nd ed., pp. 50-95). Retrieved from
https://www.mendeley.com/reference-management/reference-
manager

How to Cite a Journal Article in Print or Online in APA Format

Articles differ from book citations in that the publisher and publisher
location are not included. For journal articles, these are replaced with
the journal title, volume number, issue number and page number. The
basic structure is:
Journal Article Examples:

Mitchell, J.A. (2017). Citation: Why is it so important. Mendeley

Journal, 67(2), 81-95

Mitchell, J.A. (2017). Citation: Why is it so important. Mendeley

Journal, 67(2), 81-95. Retrieved
from https://www.mendeley.com/reference-management/reference-
manager

How to Cite a Newspaper Articles in Print or Online in APA

Format

The basic structure is as follows:

Author surname, initial(s). (Year, Month Day). Title. Title of

Newspaper, column/section, p. or pp. Retrieved from URL*

**Only include if the article is online.

Note: the date includes the year, month and date.

Newspaper Articles Example:

Mitchell, J.A. (2017). Changes to citation formats shake the research

world. The Mendeley Telegraph, Research News, pp.9. Retrieved
from  https://www.mendeley.com/reference-management/reference-
manager

How to Cite Magazine Articles in Print or Online in APA Format

The basic structure is as follows:

Author surname, initial(s). (Year, month day). Title. Title of the

Magazine, pp.
Magazine Article Example:

Mitchell, J.A. (2017). How citation changed the research world. The

Mendeley, pp. 26-28

How to Cite Non-Print Material in APA Format

How to Cite an Image in APA Format

The basic format to cite an image is:

Image Example:

Millais, J.E. (1851-1852). Ophelia [painting]. Retrieved

from www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/millais-ophelia-n01506

How to Cite a Film in APA Format

The basic format of a film citation is:

Producer surname, initial (Producer), & Director surname, initial

(Director). (Year of Release). Title of film [Motion Picture]. Country of
Origin: Studio.

Film Example:

Hitchcock, A. (Producer), & Hitchcock, A. (1954) Rear window. United

States of America: Paramount Pictures.

How to Cite a TV Programme in APA Format

The basic format is as follows:

Writer surname, initial(s) (Writer), & Director surname, initial(s)
(Director). (Year of Release). Episode title [Television series episode].
In Executive producer surname, initial(s) (Executive Producer), TV
series name. City, State of original channel: Network, Studio or
Distributor

TV Programme Example:

Catlin, M., and Walley-Beckett, Moire (Writers), & Johnson, R

(Director). (2010). Fly [Television series episode]. In Schnauz, T.
(Executive Producer). Breaking bad. Culver City, CA: Sony Pictures
Television

How to Cite a Song in APA Format

The basic format to cite a song in APA format is as follows:

Song Example:

Beyonce, Diplo, MNEK, Koenig, E., Haynie, E., Tillman, J., and
Rhoden, S.M. (2016) Hold up [Recorded by Beyonce].
On Lemonade [visual album]. New York, NY: Parkwood Records
(August 16)

How to Cite a Website in APA Format

When citing a website, the basic structure is as follows:

Author surname, initial(s). (Year, month day). Title. Retrieved from

URL
Website example:

Mitchell, J.A. (2017, May 21). How and when to reference. Retrieved

from  https://www.howandwhentoreference.com.

To learn more about citing a web page and entire websites in APA,
MLA or Harvard check out How to Cite a Website post.

For a summary of all the references for each source type along with
examples take a look at our Ultimate Citation Cheat Sheet. It also
contains examples for MLA 8 and Harvard formats

2. MLA - Modern Language Association

MLA is a style of documentation that may be applied to many
different types of writing. Since texts have become increasingly digital,
and the same document may often be found in several different
sources, following a set of rigid rules no longer suffices.
When deciding how to cite your source, start by consulting the
list of core elements. These are the general pieces of information that
MLA suggests including in each Works Cited entry. In your citation,
the elements should be listed in the following order:
1. Author.
2. Title of source.
3. Title of container,
4. Other contributors,
5. Version,
6. Number,
7. Publisher,
8. Publication date,
9. Location.
 Each element should be followed by the corresponding punctuation
mark shown above. Earlier editions of the handbook included the
place of publication and required different punctuation (such as journal
editions in parentheses and colons after issue numbers) depending on
the type of source. In the current version, punctuation is simpler (only
commas and periods separate the elements), and information about
the source is kept to the basics.

Author
Begin the entry with the author’s last name, followed by a comma and
the rest of the name, as presented in the work. End this element with
a period.

Bhabha, Homi K. The Location of Culture. Routledge, 1994.

Title of source
The title of the source should follow the author’s name. Depending
upon the type of source, it should be listed in italics or quotation
marks.

A book should be in italics:

Henley, Patricia. The Hummingbird House. MacMurray, 1999.

An individual webpage should be in quotation marks. The name of the

parent website, which MLA treats as a "container," should follow in
italics:

Lundman, Susan. "How to Make Vegetarian

Chili." eHow, www.ehow.com/how_10727_make-vegetarian-
chili.html.*

A periodical (journal, magazine, newspaper) article should be in

quotation marks:
Bagchi, Alaknanda. "Conflicting Nationalisms: The Voice of the Subaltern
in Mahasweta Devi's Bashai Tudu." Tulsa Studies in Women's
Literature, vol. 15, no. 1, 1996, pp. 41-50.

A song or piece of music on an album should be in quotation marks.

The name of the album should then follow in italics:

Beyoncé. "Pray You Catch Me." Lemonade, Parkwood Entertainment,

2016, www.beyonce.com/album/lemonade-visual-album/.
*The MLA eighth edition handbook recommends including URLs when
citing online sources. For more information, see the “Optional
Elements” section below.

Title of container
Unlike earlier versions, the eighth edition refers to "containers," which
are the larger wholes in which the source is located. For example, if
you want to cite a poem that is listed in a collection of poems, the
individual poem is the source, while the larger collection is the
container. The title of the container is usually italicized and followed by
a comma, since the information that follows next describes the
container.

Kincaid, Jamaica. "Girl." The Vintage Book of Contemporary American

Short Stories, edited by Tobias Wolff, Vintage, 1994, pp. 306-07.

The container may also be a television series, which is made up of

episodes.

“94 Meetings.” Parks and Recreation, created by Greg Daniels and

Michael Schur, performance by Amy Poehler, season 2, episode 21,
Deedle-Dee Productions and Universal Media Studios, 2010.
The container may also be a website, which contains articles,
postings, and other works.

Wise, DeWanda. “Why TV Shows Make Me Feel Less Alone.” NAMI, 31

May 2019, www.nami.org/Blogs/NAMI-Blog/May-2019/How-TV-
Shows-Make-Me-Feel-Less-Alone. Accessed 3 June 2019.
 In some cases, a container might be within a larger container. You
might have read a book of short stories on Google Books, or watched
a television series on Netflix. You might have found the electronic
version of a journal on JSTOR. It is important to cite these containers
within containers so that your readers can find the exact source that
you used.

“94 Meetings.” Parks and Recreation, season 2, episode 21, NBC, 29

Apr. 2010. Netflix, www.netflix.com/watch/70152031?
trackId=200256157&tctx=0%2C20%2C0974d361-27cd-44de-9c2a-
2d9d868b9f64-12120962.

Langhamer, Claire. “Love and Courtship in Mid-Twentieth-Century

England.” Historical Journal, vol. 50, no. 1, 2007, pp. 173-
96. ProQuest, doi:10.1017/S0018246X06005966. Accessed 27 May
2009.

Other contributors
In addition to the author, there may be other contributors to the source
who should be credited, such as editors, illustrators, translators, etc. If
their contributions are relevant to your research, or necessary to
identify the source, include their names in your documentation.
Note: In the eighth edition, terms like editor, illustrator, translator, etc.,
are no longer abbreviated.

Foucault, Michel. Madness and Civilization: A History of Insanity in the

Age of Reason. Translated by Richard Howard, Vintage-Random
House, 1988.

Woolf, Virginia. Jacob’s Room. Annotated and with an introduction by

Vara Neverow, Harcourt, Inc., 2008.

Version
If a source is listed as an edition or version of a work, include it in your
citation.
The Bible. Authorized King James Version, Oxford UP, 1998.

Crowley, Sharon, and Debra Hawhee. Ancient Rhetorics for

Contemporary Students. 3rd ed., Pearson, 2004.

Number
If a source is part of a numbered sequence, such as a multi-volume
book or journal with both volume and issue numbers, those numbers
must be listed in your citation.

Dolby, Nadine. “Research in Youth Culture and Policy: Current

Conditions and Future Directions.” Social Work and Society: The
International Online-Only Journal, vol. 6, no. 2, 2008,
www.socwork.net/sws/article/view/60/362. Accessed 20 May 2009.

“94 Meetings.” Parks and Recreation, created by Greg Daniels and

Michael Schur, performance by Amy Poehler, season 2, episode
21, Deedle-Dee Productions and Universal Media Studios, 2010.
Quintilian. Institutio Oratoria. Translated by H. E. Butler, vol. 2, Loeb-
Harvard UP, 1980.

Publisher
The publisher produces or distributes the source to the public. If there
is more than one publisher, and they are all are relevant to your
research, list them in your citation, separated by a forward slash (/).

Klee, Paul. Twittering Machine. 1922. Museum of Modern Art, New

York. The
Artchive, www.artchive.com/artchive/K/klee/twittering_machine.jpg.ht
ml. Accessed May 2006.

Women's Health: Problems of the Digestive System. American College of

Obstetricians and Gynecologists, 2006.

Daniels, Greg and Michael Schur, creators. Parks and

Recreation. Deedle-D
 Note: The publisher’s name need not be included in the following
sources: periodicals, works published by their author or editor,
websites whose titles are the same name as their publisher, websites
that make works available but do not actually publish them (such
as YouTube, WordPress, or JSTOR).
Publication date
The same source may have been published on more than one date,
such as an online version of an original source. For example, a
television series might have aired on a broadcast network on one
date, but released on Netflix on a different date. When the source has
more than one date, it is sufficient to use the date that is most relevant
to your writing. If you’re unsure about which date to use, go with the
date of the source’s original publication.

In the following example, Mutant Enemy is the primary production

company, and “Hush” was released in 1999. Below is a general
citation for this television episode:

“Hush.” Buffy the Vampire Slayer, created by Joss Whedon, performance

by Sarah Michelle Gellar, season 4, Mutant Enemy, 1999.
However, if you are discussing, for example, the historical context in
which the episode originally aired, you should cite the full date.
Because you are specifying the date of airing, you would then use WB
Television Network (rather than Mutant Enemy), because it was the
network (rather than the production company) that aired the episode
on the date you’re citing.

“Hush.” Buffy the Vampire Slayer, created by Joss Whedon, performance

by Sarah Michelle Gellar, season 4, episode 10, WB Television
Network, 14 Dec. 1999.

Location
You should be as specific as possible in identifying a work’s location.

An essay in a book or an article in a journal should include page

numbers.
Adiche, Chimamanda Ngozi. “On Monday of Last Week.” The Thing
around Your Neck, Alfred A. Knopf, 2009, pp. 74-94.

The location of an online work should include a URL. Remove any

"http://" or "https://" tag from the beginning of the URL.

Wheelis, Mark. "Investigating Disease Outbreaks Under a Protocol to the

Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention." Emerging Infectious
Diseases, vol. 6, no. 6, 2000, pp. 595-
600, wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/6/6/00-0607_article. Accessed 8 Feb.
2009.

When citing a physical object that you experienced firsthand, identify

the place of location.

Matisse, Henri. The Swimming Pool. 1952, Museum of Modern Art, New

York.

Optional elements
The eighth edition is designed to be as streamlined as possible. The
author should include any information that helps readers easily identify
the source, without including unnecessary information that may be
distracting. The following is a list of optional elements that can be
included in a documented source at the writer’s discretion.

Date of original publication:

If a source has been published on more than one date, the writer may
want to include both dates if it will provide the reader with necessary
or helpful information.

Erdrich, Louise. Love Medicine. 1984. Perennial-Harper, 1993.

City of publication:
The seventh edition handbook required the city in which a publisher is
located, but the eighth edition states that this is only necessary in
particular instances, such as in a work published before 1900. Since
pre-1900 works were usually associated with the city in which they
 were published, your documentation may substitute the city name for
the publisher’s name.

Thoreau, Henry David. Excursions. Boston, 1863.

Date of access:
When you cite an online source, the MLA Handbook recommends
including a date of access on which you accessed the material, since
an online work may change or move at any time.

Bernstein, Mark. "10 Tips on Writing the Living Web." A List Apart: For
People Who Make Websites, 16 Aug. 2002,
alistapart.com/article/writeliving. Accessed 4 May 2009.

URLs:
As mentioned above, while the eighth edition recommends including
URLs when you cite online sources, you should always check with
your instructor or editor and include URLs at their discretion.

DOIs:
A DOI, or digital object identifier, is a series of digits and letters that
leads to the location of an online source. Articles in journals are often
assigned DOIs to ensure that the source is locatable, even if the URL
changes. If your source is listed with a DOI, use that instead of a URL.

Alonso, Alvaro, and Julio A. Camargo. "Toxicity of Nitrite to Three

Species of Freshwater Invertebrates." Environmental Toxicology, vol.
21, no. 1, 3 Feb. 2006, pp. 90-94. Wiley Online Library, doi:
10.1002/tox.20155.

Creating in-text citations using the eighth edition

The in-text citation is a brief reference within your text that indicates
the source you consulted. It should properly attribute any ideas,
paraphrases, or direct quotations to your source, and should direct
readers to the entry in the Works Cited list. For the most part, an in-
text citation is the author’s name and the page number (or just the
page number, if the author is named in the sentence) in
parentheses:

Imperialism is “the practice, the theory, and the attitudes of a

dominating metropolitan center ruling a distant territory” (Said 9).
or

According to Edward W. Said, imperialism is defined by “the practice,

the theory, and the attitudes of a dominating metropolitan center ruling
a distant territory” (9).
Work Cited
Said, Edward W. Culture and Imperialism. Knopf, 1994.

When creating in-text citations for media that has a runtime, such as a
movie or podcast, include the range of hours, minutes and seconds
you plan to reference. For example: (00:02:15-00:02:35).

Again, your goal is to attribute your source and provide a reference

without interrupting your text. Your readers should be able to follow
the flow of your argument without becoming distracted by extra
information.

Final thoughts about the eighth edition

The current MLA guidelines teach a widely applicable skill for citing
research. Once you become familiar with the core elements that
should be included in each entry in the Works Cited page, you will be
able to create documentation for almost any type of source. While the
handbook still includes helpful examples that you may use as
guidelines, it is not necessary to consult it every time you need to cite
a source you’ve never used before. If you include the core elements,
in the proper order, using consistent punctuation, you will be fully
equipped to create a Works Cited page.
 How to Cite the Purdue OWL in MLA
Entire Website

The Purdue OWL. Purdue U Writing Lab, 2019.

Individual Resources
Contributors' names. "Title of Resource." The Purdue OWL, Purdue U
Writing Lab, Last edited date.

The new OWL no longer lists most pages' authors or publication

dates. Thus, in most cases, citations will begin with the title of the
resource, rather than the developer's name.

"MLA Formatting and Style Guide." The Purdue OWL, Purdue U Writing

Lab. Accessed 18 Jun. 2018.
3. Chicago Referencing Style
The Chicago Manual of Style presents two basic documentation
systems, the notes-bibliography style and the author-date style. The
Two Styles: The notesbibliography style is preferred by many in
literature, history, and the arts. This style presents bibliographic
information in notes and, often, a bibliography. The more concise
author-date style has long been used by those in the physical, natural,
and social sciences. In this style, sources are briefly cited in the text,
usually in parentheses, by author‟s last name and date of publication.

Citing Sources within Your Document

The CMS Author/Date in-text citation system follows a parenthetical
format rather than the superscripted numbers found in the CMS Notes
system. Much like the APA, it emphasizes authors and dates of
publication, both of which are important benchmarks denoting
relevancy and validity in the social and the natural sciences.

In some cases, chapters, paragraphs and page numbers are required.

Regardless of contents, the parenthetic citation should immediately
follow the cited material within a sentence and before the period if it is
at the end of the sentence. In the case of quoted material, the citation
is placed between the final quotation mark and the period at the end of
the sentence.

CMS In-Text Formatting Rules

CMS Author/Date in-text formatting rules are as follows:

  A space, not a comma, should separate the author's name and
the year of publication.
 Page numbers are included only when part of a source or a
direct quotation is cited. Abbreviations ("p." or "pp.") are not
required.
 Footnotes and endnotes are used only when there is a need to
provide further information about a particular idea or when
specific copyright permission needs to be documented.

Specific rules depend on whether part or all of a source is being cited

as well as whether or not the author's name is mentioned in the
sentence where the citation occurs.

Citing Sources at the End of Your Document

The end documentation in the CMS Author/Date system is
the References List page. It is located at the end of a document or
book and contains all the bibliographic information needed to find out
more about cited source material.

This list is a selective bibliography and does not include a full

accounting of sources related to or consulted before you began writing
your document, but only those actually cited.

Proper CMS documentation depends on the References List. Without

it the in-text numbers would make little sense as they would no longer
be pointing at any corresponding entries in the end documentation.

CMS Reference List Formatting Rules

CMS References List formatting rules call for the end
documentation to begin on a new page at the end of your document
and be numbered accordingly. If your document is 6½ pages long, the
Notes page should begin on page 8.

Note: Unless informed otherwise, you can count on your instructor not

counting the References List page in the total page count of an eight
page assignment.

The page itself should be formatted in the following way:

  The title-References List-should be centered one inch from the
top of the page. This may also be called a Literature Cited or
Works Cited page.

 Double space between the title and first entry; all subsequent
entries should be single spaced.

 Arrange entries alphabetically, according to author, last names

first.

Individual entries should be formatted in the following way:

 The first line of each entry should be flush-left while any

subsequent lines are indented five spaces.

 The date of publication follows directly after the author's name.

First names are often, though not always, abbreviated.

 Use the "down" or "sentence style" for titles and subtitles,

capitalizing only the first letter of the first word, as well as any
proper nouns and adjectives that are included.

CMS Directory of Reference List Formatting Rules

Book and Book Parts

1. Book with Unknown Author(s)

References List Format:
When no author is listed on the title or copyright page, begin the entry
with the title of the work. In the bibliography, alphabetize the entry by
the first word other than A, An, or The.

Example:

Letting Ana Go. New York: Simon Pulse, 2013.

2. Book with Group or Corporate Author

References List Format:
Use the corporation or group as the author; it may also be the
publisher.

Example:

International Monetary fund. Regional Economic Outlook: Middle East

and Central Asia. Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund,
2010.

3. Book with One Author

References List Format:
When citing a book, use the information from the title page and the
copyright page (on the reverse side of the title page), not from the
book’s cover or a library catalog.

Example:

Goodwin, Doris Kearns. The Bully Pulpit: Theodore Roosevelt,

William Howard Taft, and the Golden Age of Journalism. New
York: Simon and Schuster, 2013.

4. Book with Two Authors

Note: Names must always appear in the same order as found on the
Title page of the work being cited.

References List Format:
List the authors in the order in which they appear on the title page. In
a note, list the first name for each author first. In the bibliography, list
the first author’s last name first and list the first names for each other
author first.

Example:
Jerin, Robert A., and Laura J. Moriarity. The Victims of Crime. Upper
Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2010.

5. Book with Three Authors

Note: Names must always appear in the same order, separated by
commas, as found on the Title page of the work being cited.

References List Format:
First Author-Last Name first. Next Author(s)-First Names or initials
first. Year of Publication. Book Title-in italics. Number ed.-when
applicable. Place of Publication: Name of Publisher.

Example:

Alred, Gerald J., Charles T. Brusaw, and Walter E. Oliu. 2003. The

Business Writer's Handbook. 7th ed. Boston and New York:
Bedford/St. Martin's.

6. Book with Four or More Authors

Note: Names must always appear in the same order as found on the
Title page of the work being cited. Use the last name first rule for the
first author and the first name first rule for all other authors. Separate
names with commas.

References List Format:
First Author-Last Name first. Next Author(s)- Initials or First Names
first. Year of Publication. Book Title-in italics. Place of Publication:
Name of Publisher.

Example:

Markopolos, Harry, Frank Casey, Neil Chelo, Gaytri Kachroo, and

Michael Ocrant. No One Would Listen: A True Financial
Thriller. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2010.
7. Book with Author & Editor(s) or Translator(s)
References List Format (Editor):
List the author at the beginning of the citation and add the editor’s
name after the title. In notes, use the abbreviation “ed.” before the
editor’s name. In the bibliography, include the phrase “Edited by”
before the editor’s name.

Example:

Douglass, Frederick. Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an

American Slave. Edited by Ira Dworkin. New York: Penguin Books,
2014.
References List Format (Translator):
List the author first and the translator after the title. Use the
abbreviation “trans.” in a note, but spell out “Translated by” in the
bibliography.

Example:

Ali, Nujood, and Delphine Minoui. I Am Nujood, Age 10 and

Divorced. Translated by Linda Coverdale. New York: Three Rivers
Press, 2010.

8. Edited Anthology or Collection

References List Format:
To cite an entire anthology or collection of articles, give the editor(s)
before the title of the collection, adding a comma and the abbreviation
“ed.” or “eds.”

Example:

Krausz, Michael, ed. Relativism: A Contemporary Anthology. New

York: Columbia University Press, 2010.
9. Chapter in a Book or Selection in an Anthology
References List Format:
Give the author and title (in quotation marks) for the chapter or
selection. Then give the title, editor (if any), and publication data for
the book or anthology. In the bibliography, give the inclusive page
numbers before the publication data.

Example:

Dalrymple, William. “The Monk’s Tale.” In Nine Lives: In Search of the

Sacred in Modern India (New York: Knopf, 2010).

10. Chapter in an Unedited Book

References List Format:
Author-Last Name first. Year of Publication. Chapter Title-No
quotation marks-No italics. Chap. Number-if applicable. In Book Title-
in italics. Place of Publication: Name of Publisher.

Example:

Williams, Susan Millar. 1997. Cross Purposes. Chap. 6 in A devil and
a good woman, too: The lives of Julia Peterkin. Athens and
London: Univ. of Georgia Press,

11. Book Editions (Second, Third, etc.)

References List Format:
Give edition information after the title.

Example:

Brinkley, Alan. The Unfinished Nation: A Concise History of the

American People. 6th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2010.
12. Reprinted (Republished) Books
References List Format:
Place the original publication date before the publication information
for the reprint.

Example:

James, King of England. The Political Works of James I. Edited by

Charles Howard McIlwain. 1918. Reprint, Whitefish, MT:
Kessinger, 2010.

13. Sacred Texts

Note: Citations of sacred texts such as the Christian Bible, Islam's
Holy Qur'an and the Hebrew Torah generally occur only in the in-text
citation and are not included in the References List. Please refer to
the CMS Notes Examples of In-Text Formatting Rules for more
information.

14. Untitled Volume in a Multivolume Work

References List Format:
In the notes, give the volume number and page number, separated by
a colon, for the specific location of the information referred to in your
text. In the bibliography, if you have used all of the volumes, give the
total number of volumes after the title, using the abbreviation “vols.”
(“2 vols.” or “4 vols.”). If you have used one volume, give the
abbreviation “Vol.” and the volume number after the title.

Example:

Hanqi, Fang, ed. A History of Journalism in China. Vol 7. Singapore:

Silkroad Press, 2013.

15. Titled Volume in a Multivolume Work

References List Format:
Give the title of the volume to which you refer, followed by the volume
number and the general title for the entire work.

Example:

Atkinson, Rick. The Guns at Last Light: The War in Western Europe,

1944-1945. Vol 3 of The Liberation Trilogy. New York: Henry Holt,
2013.

16. Book in a Series

References List Format:
The series name follows the title and is capitalized as a title but is not
italicized. If the series numbers its volumes, include that information
as well.

Example:

Holt, Michael F. Franklin Pierce. American Presidents Series 14. New

York: Times Books/Henry Holt, 2010.

17. Book Without Publication Information

References List Format:
Author-Last Name first, Book Title – in italics. N.p., n.d

Example:

Biv, Roy G. On learning the color spectrum. N.p., n.d.

18. Book Introduction, Preface, Foreword or Afterword

References List Format:
Give the name of the writer of the foreword, introduction, preface, or
afterword followed by the appropriate phrase (“introduction to,”
“preface to,” and so on) before the title of the book. If the writer of the
introduction or other part differs from the writer of the book, after the
title insert the word “by” and the author’s name.

Example:

Stannard, Martin. Preface to Muriel Spark: The Biography, xv-xxvi.

New York: Norton, 2010.

Journals, Magazines and Newspapers

1. Journal Article with Consecutive Pagination

Note: Consecutive Pagination means that each new issue of a

Journal begins with the page number that follows the last page
number in the previous issue. In other words, the page numbers run
consecutively from issue to issue.

References List Format:
Give the author (last name first) followed by the year of publication
then the article title. Include the name of the journal (in italics) followed
by the volume number, the issue number (if available) and end with
the page number(s).

Brown, Sterling. 1934. Arcadia, South Carolina. Opportunity: A

Journal of Negro Life 12:59-60.

2. Journal Article with Non-Consecutive Pagination

Note: Non-Consecutive Pagination means that each new issue of a
Journal begins with page 1 and not with the number that follows the
last page number in the previous issue, as is the case with
consecutive pagination.

References List Format:
Begin with the author (last name first) followed by the year of
publication, the article title and the name of the journal (in italics).
Include the volume number, the issue number and end with the article
page number(s).

Clifford, James. 1983. On Ethnographic Authority. Representations 1,

no. 2:118-46.

3. Article in a Weekly Magazine

References List Format:
Cite like a monthly magazine (see next format), but provide the day of
publication.

Makary, Marty. “the cost of Chasing Cancer.” Time, March 10, 2014,

24.

4. Article in a Monthly or Seasonal Magazine

References List Format:
Magazines are cited by their dates rather than by volume and issue.

Huber, Peter. “Better Medicine.” Reason, March 2014, 22-30.

5. Magazine Article with Volume and Issue Numbers

Note: When no author by-line exists, begin with the Article Title and
proceed as shown above. This case also illustrates a magazine with a
volume number but not an issue number.

References List Format:
Begin with the author (last name first) followed by the year of
publication, the article title, the magazine title (in italics), the volume
number and or issue. End with the page number(s) when citing
specific portions or quoted passages.

A passing race. 1929. Canadian Magazine, 71:34.

6. Article in a Newspaper
Note: In most cases, newspaper articles are cited in running text and
are not included in the References List; however, when you do, follow
the example below. When no author by-line exists, begin with the
Article Title rather than the author's name.

References List Format:
If the name of the newspaper does not include the city, insert the city
before the name (and italicize it). If an American city is not well known,
name the state as well (in parentheses, abbreviated). Identify
newspapers from other countries with the city in parentheses (not
italicized) after the name of the newspaper. Page number may be
omitted, since separate editions of the same newspaper may place
articles differently. If a paper comes out in more than one edition,
identify the edition after the date.

Zito, Kelly. “Cities Key Source of Toxins in Bay, Study Finds.” San

Francisco Chronicle, October 5, 2010, Bay Area Edition.
Note: When not part of the newspaper title, include name of American
city, in italics, along with the rest of the title, as shown here:

Denver Rocky Mountain News

Note: When city name is not well known, or there is more than one
city in America with the same name, include the state abbreviation, in
parenthesis and not italicized, as shown here:

Ashtabula, (OH) Star-Beacon

Note: Follow the title of foreign newspapers with its hometown name,

in parenthesis and not italicized, as shown here:

Sunday Times (London)

7. Book, Stage/Theater, Movie, Concert/Music Review (Magazine

or Newspaper)
References List Format:
Give the author of the review title, if any, and then the words “review
of” followed by the title and the author of the work reviewed and the
author or editor (for books) or director or performer (for movies, plays,
and similar productions).

Holden, Stephen. “Students Caught in the School Squeeze.” Review

of Waiting for Superman, directed by Davis Guggenheim. New
York Times, September 23, 2010.

8. Citing an Unsigned Article in a Newspaper or Magazine

References List Format:
If not author is given, begin the note with the title of the article; begin
the bibliography entry with the title of the periodical.

Boston Globe. “NYC May Ban Smoking in Parks, on

Beaches.” Boston Globe September 16, 2010.

9. Citing a Letter to the Editor

References List Format:
Treat as a newspaper article. If not title is provided, place “Letter to
the editor” in the title position.

Levi, Jason. Letter to the editor. Smithsonian, June 2016.

Dissertations and Theses

1. Published Dissertation or Thesis

Note: Include the phrase, "Ph.D. diss." or "Master's thesis" before the

name of the degree granting institution.
References List Format:
Give the author and title, the phrase “PhD diss.” or “master’s thesis,”
followed by the information about the institution that granted the
degree and the year. Include the publication number from ProQuest if
appropriate.

Colello, Anthony. Affirmative Action Bans and Minority Employment:

Washington State’s Initiative 200. PhD diss., Georgetown
University, 2011, 41-2, ProQuest (AAT 1491319).

2. Unpublished Dissertation or Thesis

Note: Include the phrase, "Ph.D. diss." or "Master's thesis" before the
name of the degree granting institution.

References List Format:
Give the author and title, in quotation marks. Then include the phrase
“PhD diss.” or “master’s thesis,” information about the institution that
granted the degree, and the date.

Iddings, Joshua Glenn. “Writing at One Appalachian High School.”

PhD diss., Purdue University, 2013.

3. Abstract of a Dissertation or Thesis

Note: Format like a Journal Article. Include the phrase, "Ph.D. diss."
or "Master's thesis" before the name of the degree granting institution.

References List Format:
Provide information as you would for an article in a journal. Add
information about Dissertation Abstracts International.

Mou, Yi. “Social Media and Risk Communication: The Role of Social
Networking Sites, in Food-safety Communication.” PhD Diss.,
University of Connecticut, 2012. Abstract, Dissertation Abstracts
International 74 (2013).
Unpublished Manuscripts and Papers
1. Unpublished Document in a Manuscript Collection

References List Format:
Include the document author (last name first), the document date
(when available) followed by a description of the document including
the collection name, the depository name and the depository location.

Peterkin, Julia. 1930. Letter to George Shively dated 18 October.

Bobbs-Merrill Papers. Lilly Library, Indiana University,
Bloomington.

2. Unpublished Papers Read at Meetings

Note: Papers appearing in the Published Proceedings of Meetings
may be formatted in the same manner as a book.

References List Format:
List the author (last name first), the year the paper was read, and the
paper title. Include the phrase “Paper read” followed by the meeting
name, the location, the day and month of the meeting.

Montgomery, M. Lorenzo. 1985. Dow Turner's early work on Gullah.

Paper read at 9th Annual Symposium on Language and Culture,
Columbia, SC, 27 April.
Examples of How to Arrange Reference List Entries
1. Unknown, Uncertain or Anonymous Authors

Note: Organize alphabetically and avoid using "Anonymous". When a

work is of unknown origin, use the first word of its title, excluding
definite or indefinite articles which may be transposed to the end of
the title.

When the author's name is known but does not appear on the title
page place it before the title as you would normally, but in [brackets].
When the author's name is uncertain, indicate so with a question mark
inside the [brackets?].
Example

Parsons, Elsie Clews. [1923] 1969. Folk-lore of the Sea Islands,

South Carolina. Reprint, Chicago: Afro-Am Press.

Passing Race, A. 1929. Canadian Magazine.

Peterkin, Julia. 1927. Black April. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill Co.

[Joe Schmoe?]. Passing Race, A, 1929. Canadian Magazine.

2. Author of One Work is First Co-Author of Another

Note: Single author works always precede co-authored works.

Shor, Ira. 1986. Culture wars: School and society in the

conservative restoration, 1969-1982. Boston: Routledge and K.
Paul.

Shor, Ira. and Paul Friere. 1987. A pedagogy of liberation:

Dialogues on transforming education. New York: Bergin and
Garvey.

3. Multiple Works by Same Author: Using "three em" (---) Dashes

The three-em dash serves the same purpose as "ditto" marks. When
an author appears consecutively, associated with different titles, a
three-em dash (---) may replace the name after the first entry.

Each work is then organized in chronological order, by publication

date. In the event of two works being published in the same year, add
a lowercase letter following the date and alphabetize the entries by
title.

Nesbitt, P.B. 1998a. Zoning laws and neighborhood crises.

Knoxville, TN: Wachese Press.
 ---. 1998b. The role of neighborhood associations in urban
development battles. Knoxville, TN: Wachese Press.

Additional CMS Author/Date Resources

Printed Resources:

University of Chicago Press. The Chicago Manual of Style: The

Essential Guide for Writers, Editors, and Publishers. 14th ed. Chicago:
University of Chicago Press, 1993.

University of Chicago Press. The Chicago Manual of Style: The

Essential Guide for Writers, Editors, and Publishers. 15th ed. Chicago:
University of Chicago Press, 2003.

Turabian, K. A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses, and

Dissertations. 6th ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996.

Electronic Resources:

The official Chicago Manual of Style website, updated regularly, is the

comprehensive guide to all things CMS: the organization, its journals,
products and services.

Citation Information

Will Allen, Peter Connor, Heidi Scott, and Laurel Nesbitt. (1994-2020).
Citation Guide: Chicago Manual of Style (Author/Date System). The
WAC Clearinghouse. Colorado State University. Available at
https://wac.colostate.edu/resources/writing/guides/.
4. Harvard Referencing Style

1. Harvard Referencing Basics: Reference List

A reference list is a complete list of all the sources used when creating
a piece of work. This list includes information about the sources like
the author, date of publication, title of the source and more. A Harvard
reference list must:

 Be on a separate sheet at the end of the document

 Be organised alphabetically by author, unless there is no author

then it is ordered by the source title, excluding articles such as a,
an or the

o If there are multiple works by the same author these are

ordered by date, if the works are in the same year they are
ordered alphabetically by the title and are allocated a letter
(a,b,c etc) after the date

 Be double spaced: there should be a full, blank line of space

between each line of text

 Contain full references for all in-text references used

Back to top

2. Harvard Referencing Basics: In-Text

In-text references must be included following the use of a quote or

paraphrase taken from another piece of work.
In-text references are references written within the main body of text
and refer to a quote or paraphrase. They are much shorter than full
references. The full reference of in-text citations appears in the
reference list. In Harvard referencing, in-text citations contain the
author(s)’s or editor(s)’s surname, year of publication and page
number(s). Using an example author James Mitchell, this takes the
form:

Mitchell (2017, p. 189) states.. Or (Mitchell, 2017, p. 189)

(Note: p. refers to a single page, pp. refers to a range of pages)

Two or Three Authors:

When citing a source with two or three authors, state all surnames like
so:

Mitchell, Smith and Thomson (2017, p. 189) states… Or

(Mitchell, Coyne and Thomson, 2017, p. 189)

Four or More Authors:

In this case, the first author’s surname should be stated followed by ‘et
al’:

Mitchell et al (2017, p. 189) states… Or (Mitchell et al, 2017, p, 189)

No Author:

If possible, use the organisation responsible for the post in place of

the author. If not, use the title in italics:

(A guide to citation, 2017, pp. 189-201)

Multiple Works From the Same Author in the Same Year:

If referencing multiple works from one author released in the same

year, the works are allocated a letter (a, b, c etc) after the year. This
allocation is done in the reference list so is done alphabetically
according to the author's surname and source title:

(Mitchell, 2017a, p. 189) or Mitchell (2017b, p. 189)

Citing Multiple Works in One Parentheses:

List the in-text citations in the normal way but with semicolons
between different references:

(Mitchell, 2017, p. 189; Smith, 200; Andrews, 1989, pp. 165-176)

Citing Different Editions of the Same Work in One Parentheses:

Include the author(s)’s name only once followed by all the appropriate
dates separated by semicolons:

Mitchell (2010; 2017) states… Or (Mitchell, 2010; 2017)

Citing a Reference With No Date:

In this case simply state ‘no date’ in place of the year: (Mitchell, no
date, p. 189).

Citing a Secondary Source:

In this case, state the reference you used first followed by ‘cited in’
and the original author:

Smith 2000 (cited in Mitchell, 2017, p. 189) or (Smith, 2000, cited in

Mitchell, 2017, p. 189)

Back to top

3. How to Cite Different Source Types

 In-text citations remain quite constant across source types,

unless mentioned explicitly, assume the in-text citation uses the
rules stated above
  Reference list references vary quite a lot between sources.

How to Cite a Book in Harvard Format

Book referencing is the simplest format in Harvard referencing style.

The basic format is as follows:

Book Referencing Example:

Mitchell, J.A. and Thomson, M. (2017) A guide to citation.3rd edn.

London: London Publishings.

How to Cite an Edited Book in Harvard Format

Edited books are collations of chapters written by different authors.

Their reference format is very similar to the book reference except
instead of the author name, the editor name is used followed by (eds.)
to distinguish them as an editor. The basic format is:

Editor surname(s), initial(s). (eds.) (Year Published). Title. Edition.

Place of

publication: publishers

Edited Book Example:

William, S.T. (eds.) (2015) Referencing: a guide to citation rules. New

York: My Publisher

How to Cite a Chapter in an Edited Book in Harvard Format

For citing chapters, you need to add the chapter author and chapter
title to the reference. The basic format is as follows:

Chapter in an Edited Book Example:

Troy B.N. (2015) ‘Harvard citation rules’ in Williams, S.T. (ed.) A guide
to citation rules. New York: NY Publishers, pp. 34-89.

In-Text Citations: Chapter in an Edited Book

Use the chapter author surname, not the editor.

How to Cite an E-Book in Harvard Format

To reference an e-book, information about its collection, location

online and the date it was accessed are needed as well as author
name, title and year of publishing:

If the e-book is accessed via an e-book reader the reference format

changes slightly:

Author surname(s), initial(s). (Year Published). Title. Edition. E-book

format [e-book reader]. Available at URL or DOI (Accessed: day
month year)

This includes information about the e-book format and reader, for
instance this could be ‘Kindle e-book [e-book reader]’.
E-Book Example:

Mitchell, J.A., Thomson, M. and Coyne, R.P. (2017) A guide to

citation. E-book library [online]. Available
at: https://www.mendeley.com/reference-management/reference-
manager (Accessed: 10 September 2016)

How to Cite a Journal Article in Harvard Format

The basic format to cite a journal article is:

Journal Article Example

Mitchell, J.A. ‘How citation changed the research world’, The

Mendeley, 62(9), p70-81.

Journal Article Online Example

Mitchell, J.A. ‘How citation changed the research world’, The

Mendeley, 62(9) [online]. Available at:
https://www.mendeley.com/reference-management/reference-
manager (Accessed: 15 November 2016)

How to Cite a Newspaper Article in Harvard Format

Citing a newspaper article is similar to citing a journal article except,

instead of the volume and issue number, the edition and date of
publication are needed:

Author surname(s), initial(s). (Year) ‘Article Title’, Newspaper

Title (edition), day month,
page number(s).

Note: edition is used only where applicable.

Newspaper Article Example:

Mitchell, J.A. (2017) ‘Changes to citation formats shake the research

world’, The Mendeley Telegraph (Weekend edition), 6 July, pp.9-12.

How to Cite an Online Journal or Newspaper Article in Harvard

Format

To cite an online journal or newspaper article, the page numbers

section from the print journal or newspaper reference is swapped with
the URL or DOI the article can be accessed from and when it was
accessed. So the reference for an online journal article is:

Author surname(s), initial(s). (Year) ‘Title of article’,  Title of journal,

volume(issue/season) [online]. Available at: URL or DOI (Accessed:
day month year)

And the reference for an online newspaper article is:

Author surname(s), initial(s). (Year) ‘Article Title’, Newspaper

Title (edition), day month [online]. Available at: URL or DOI
(Accessed: day month year)