Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • Documents - Pub - Munshi Javeed Design of Liquid Containing Concrete Structures For Earthquake Forces PDF

    Uploaded by

    Anonymous D2iC3RtKO
    15 views59 pages

    Original Title

    documents.pub_munshi-javeed-design-of-liquid-containing-concrete-structures-for-earthquake-forces.pdf

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Report this Document

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    15 views59 pages

    Documents - Pub - Munshi Javeed Design of Liquid Containing Concrete Structures For Earthquake Forces PDF

    Uploaded by

    Anonymous D2iC3RtKO

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 59
    Pd DESIGN OF LiQUID-CONTAINING ie COoncrETE STRUCTURES FOR EARTHQUAKE FORCES ROC aL UL pS Oigisentiae a ee iOS. Staal SF cosy Wisse Co) Na ded OT Design of Liquid-Containing Concrete Structures for Earthquake Forces by Javeed A. Munshi ruction Technology Laboratories, Ine PORTLAND CEMENT ASSOCIATION An organization of cement manufacturers to improve and extend the uses of portland cement and concrete through market development, engineering, research, education and public affairs work. 5420 Old Orchard Road, Skokie, IL 60077 ~ 1083 USA © Portland Cement Association 20 Allrightreserved. Nopartof thisbook may be reproduced in any form without permission in writing f lisher, except by a reviewer who wishes to quote brief passages ina review written for inclusion ina magazine or newspaper wn the pub: ISBN 0-89312-219-X Printed in the United States of America This publication is intended SOLELY for use by PROFES SIONAL PERSONNEL who are competent to evaluate the significance and limitations of the information pro- vided herein, and who will accept total responsibility for the application of this information, The Portland Cement Association AIMS any and all RESPONSIBILITY and LIABILITY for the accuracy of and the application of the information contained! in this publication to the full, extent permitted by lav ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author would like to thank the members of ACT Subcommittee 350.3 for providing the information, nd support during the development of this publication. In particular, the author would like to thank William C. Sherman, Camp Dresser & McKee, ne,, Denver, CO, member of ACICommittee350 for his extensive review and contribution to this publication. Review of selected portions provided by Nicholas A. Legatos, Preload Inc., Chair of ACI jated. Thanks arealsodue to David A. Fanella, Manager, Buildings and Special Structures, Portland Cement reviewing the entire publication. Finally, Wes Tkezoe worked on the layout and production of this publication, which is much appreciated, Subcommittee 350.3, is also highly appre Association for Contents Introduction juake Design Loads 4. Modelir alysis Design of Components 6. Detailing 2. Example 1: Design of Rectangular Concrete Tank ..35 CHAPTER1 Introduction 1.1 GENERAL This publication provides requirements and guidelines for the design and detailing of liquid-containing struc- tures for earthquake forces using the IBC 2000, UBC 1957 UBC 1994, BOCA 1996 and SBC 1997 model codes. Note that although these codes themselves do not contain spe: cific provisions for detailed seismic analysis and design of liquid-containing structures, they do allow use of consen- sus industry standards. The report af Committee 350-01 on the Code Requirements for Environmental Engineering Con Fe Structures of the American Concrete Institute meets this requirement of be ard applicable to liquid-containing and other environmental structures. The committee recently pub: Concrete Struc a nationally recognized consen- sus stand; lished Seismic Design of Liquts-Ce tures(AC1350.3-0Dand ary(AC1350.3R-01), which gives detailed procedures for seismic analysis and design of liquid-containing structures. Furthermore, Chapter 21 ‘of ACI350-01 gives provisions for seismic design of lquid- containing structures much in the same manner as Chap- ter 21 of ACI 318 does for building structures Note that ACT 350-01 refers to ACI 318-95 while ACT 3503-01 is compatible with UBC 1994 service-level earth- quake design methodology. The provisions of ACI 35 1 are not presently compatible with TBC 2000, UBC 1997, BOCA 1996 and SBC 1997 for two reasons: (a) All of these carthquake forces, and (b) af the model cocies are based on mare recent (post seismic hazard analysis and seismic zoning, which incorporated in ACI 350.3, Therefore, ACT 350,3-01 in its current form can not be directly used with these building codes. This publication bridges the gap between ACI 350.3- Land the model codes indicated above which usestrength: level earthquake forces. The concepts of ACI 350-01 and ACI 350.3411 have been extended for use with the IBC 2000, UBC 1997, BOCA 1996 and SBC 1997 for the design ofliquic-containing structures, Anefforthasbeen made to interpret andl extrapolate the concepts and provisions of ‘ACI 350.3-01 to make them compatible with these codes. moddel codes use strength-level have not be Several challenges were encountered during this pro- cess because of incompatibilities and insufficient informa tion pertaining toload combinationsinvolving earthquake and fluid pressure, response modification factors corre sponding to impulsive and convective motion of liquid, effects of dynamic earth and ground water pressure and, the manner in which they should be combined with other loads, and last but not least, complexity of structural response and boundary conditions. Since many of these issues are complex and currently being researched and debated, the interpretations given in this publication are bynomeans final. ACI Committee 350 has identified some of these issues to be taken up as future business. This publication willbe updated when either moreinformation oo better interpretations of these issues become available {through the consensus commitice efforts 1.2 SCOPE This publication is meant as a guide for the design and detailing ofconcrete liquid-containing structures forearth- quake forces according to the model building codes. It covers rectangular and cizcular tanks with non-flexible and flexible wall-to-base slab connections, Chapter 2 provides basic information on the different types of tanks and their wall-to-base slab connections, Chapter 3 summarizes the required earthquake design loads.as prescribed in the model cades nated above. It.also contains the applicable code-prescribed load combina- tions for design of concrete structures. A discussion on variousload combinationsinvolving earthquake and fluid pressure loads applicable to liquid-containing, concrete structures is also presented, Chapter 4 describes modeling and analysis methods using different model codes. The concepts of ACT 3503-01 are integrated with the loading provisions of the IBC 2000, UIBC 1997, UBC 1994, BOCA 1996, and SBC 1997, This chapter also gives equations for determining the pe~ riod of the structure based on the boundary conditions of its walls. Charts and design aids for determining the impulsive and convective weights along with the height are also given. Chapter 5 co) ‘ous components ofthe liquid-containing structure, includ ins the design recommendations for vari- ing foundations, immersed elements and other compo- nents subjected to dynamic loads, Procedures for design of both reciangatlar and circular tank walls are included. Chapter6s: izes the detailing requirements or walls based on ACI 318-99. The ove 350-01 are also noted wherev iding provisions of ACI applicable. Chapter7 illustrates the design and detailing of a rectan- gular concrete tank located in a region of high seismicity per the IBC 2000. The base shear is also computed for the UBC 1997, UBC 1994, BOCA 1996 and SBC 1997 codes. Chapter 8 illustrates the design and detailing of a nonprestressed circular concrete tank located in a region of high seismicity, per the TBC 2000. CHAPTER 2 General 2.4 TYPES OF LIQUID-CONTAINING LLiquid-containing structures essentially fall into two cat= STRUCTURES egories of bchavior based on their wall-to-footing connc- tion: the non-siding or the rigid base (Fig, 21) and the i. Rectangular eae conta) flexible base (Fig, 22), Thenon sliding base typically uses 21 Hinged Base (Pig. 2-1(0) a fixed or hinged wall-to-footing connection, The flexible base typically uses a base pad between the wall and the 1 Gheuir uitiot Perens footing and allows varying degrees and types of move- ‘xed Base (Fig. 2-1(a ment depending upon whether the wall is anchored, 2. Hinged Base (Fig. 2-1(0)) unanchored contained or unanchored uncontained in the footing (Fig. 2-2). This type of connection is only used for circular prestressed tanks, The type of base connection is 2 hinged Bose 20) likely to influence theseismic response ofa liquid-contain- SPH ON oy Cae cOisuRsond Weal ghost actor nde ih teed Se any modeling design and detain . Unanchores, Uncontained (Fig. 2-2(6)) Closure Strip Hot downs required Le— Tank Wall (Typ) L £ Floor (Typ) ory 1 a 1 (a) FIXED (b) HINGED OR PINNED Figure 2-1. Nonflexible Base Connections Seismic Cables { for Anchors (Typ) Flexible Contain mont Pads Flexible Base Pad 1 J (a) ANCHORED (0) UNANCHORED, CONTAINED ——_(@) UNANCHORED, UNCONTAINED FLEXIBLE BASE FLEXIBLE BASE Figure 2-2. Flexible Base Connections Non-sliding Base tally non siding, Anchored Flexible Base. 1. some kind (a)). Compre int to allow radial wall movement seismic event. cables atthe base Inks that have. fixed or hinged con- Unanchored Contained Flexible Base. These tanks use shown, contained byaconcretecurba anchored 2-2(b). This type of connection allows limited radial alls and the foundation are essen- —arvun orkeyingaction in Fig i behavior, as shown in Fig. 2-1 and tangential movement. As with flexible base that use Unanchored Uncontained Flexible Base, These allow between the wall and the footing an unlimited radial and tangential movement of the ntbut thetangential movement joint since no anchorage or containment of the walls is Structure Typically anchorageisachieved involved (Fig 2-2(c). This type of tank isnot permitted in Ks embedded in the wall and the footing regions of high seismicity (UBC zones 3 and 4} for obvious ible sleeves are useel over anchor reasons of potentially uncontrolled movement during a CHAPTER 3 Earthquake Design Loads 3.1 IBC 2000 METHOD 3.1.1 General Design of liquid-containing structures falls under Section 16 IBC 2000) for non-building structures, This section contains more elabo- rate provisions both for elevated and on/above ground tanks as compared to the 1997 Uniform Building Code (UBC'97), the 1997 Standard Building Code™"(SBC'97) and. the 1996 BOCA National Building Code™ (BOCA ’96). 1622.2 of IBC 2000 indicate w seismic forces, the normal operating contents aks. Theseismic weight Wshould stitute of the International Building Code that when calcu lating, shouild be included fo also include snow and ice loads when these con more than 25% af W The fundamental period canbedetermined by Section 1617.4.2 of IBC orby using any other as given in Chapter 4 of this publication. The displace ‘ment, drift and the P-A effects an for at/or below grade tanks, The seismic coefficients R, C, and 2, are given in IBC Table 1622.2.5 (1), based on the structure type. The impor tance factors are given based on the seismicuse group and the hazard /function criteria in IBC Table 1622.25 (2) The seismic effect E to be used in load combinations shall be determined using Section 16 low (Section 3.1.4), The redundaney /reliablity factor (p) shall be taken as 1. The base shear is computed using, Section 1617.4.1 3.1.2 Base Shear Section 1622.2.5 stipulates that the minimum seismic base shear shall not be less than that computed in accordance. with the requirements of 1617.4.1. The procedure for com- Putting the base shear is as follows: tional method such reproduced be: vecw = Sixt g Sal RO RF ose C2 Bg, 16-76 (Section 1622.2.5) whe T= Importance factor (Table 162225 (2)) R_ = Seismic Coefficient (Table 1622.25 (1)) W = effectivescismicweightofthestructure per 1617 4 8y_= thedesign spectral response accelerationatshort period obtained from Section 1615.13 5, = the design spectral respanse aceleraton at 1 second! period obtained fom Section 161313, SjL= maximum considered earthquake spectral responseaccelerationat short period (1615.1.2), §,)=maximum considered earthquake spectral response acceleration at I second period (1615.12). F Sek FF, = site coefficients defined in Table 1615.1.2 Tables 1622.2.5 (1) and 1622.25 (2) give the values for F, and F, corresponding to the site class. The site class can be determined by using Table 1615.11 S,,$,= the mapped spectral accelerations for short pperiod and 1 second periods, respectively, as determined in Section 1615.1 T = fundamental period (See Sections 1617.4.2.1 and Chapter 4) 3.1.3 Rigid Structures The liquid-containing structures that have a fundamental period, 7, less than 0.065, including their anchorages, shall be designed for the lateral force obtained from the follow ing (1622.2.6) V=035,.Wi Where 5,., Wand J are as defined previously 3.1.4 Seismic Load Effect ke induced foree from the combined horizontal tis determined in accordance Theearthqu and vertical acceleration eft Ir Sections 1624.1 and 1617.41 as follows F-a Q, = effec zontal seismic forces in the element due to base shear V dead load D =elfecto Exception: where $, <0.15¢and 5, €0.04g, the struc ture shall be desig seismic Design Catagory A. 3.1.5 Above-Grade Storage Tanks designed tomeet the forcerequirementsof Section 16 with fied in Section 1622, ‘equal to R spe The weig) fe tank (W,) shail include the weight of the tank ng weight of facture and appurtenances and the operat the contents at maximum rated capacity Further, when the sloshing period « s within 70% to supporting structure, the effects of sloshing shall be in- structure he stored liguid > of the fundamental period of the n the design of tank and i cluded suppor 3.1.6 At-Grade Storage Tanks According to Section 1624.3. thebaseshall be designed to meet the des: 22, I forage tanks mounted at nf Section I ‘addition, for sites w bottom tanks designed with J, greater than han 0.60, 1.0 andl tanks gr tanks that height-to-ciameter ratio greater than 1.0 are re- quired to meet certain conditions in 1622.4.3.2 cer than 20 ft in diameter 3.2 UBC '97 METHOD 3.2.1 Rigid Structures in the Uniform Building Code, the design of tanks orted! bottom falls under Section 16344 for onbuilding st withsupported bottoms orflat-b below grade areinherently ctures. This section assumes that tanks com tanks founded a J. Accordingly, such struc be designed to resist seismic forces evaluated in Section 16343 for rigid structures, Section 1634.4 also specifies that the entire weight ofthe tankincl The p ing its contents should be used in the analysis ncedure is outlined as follows: Design seismic lateral force F where C, = seismic coefficient (Table 16-Q of UBC 97) i, = importance factor (Lable 16-K of UBC 97) W. = weight of tank and contained liquid 3.2.2 Alternate Methods Section 16344 allows the following two methods as an alternative to 1. A response spectrum analysis that inchudes consi ceration of actual ground motion anticipated atthe site and the in 2. A design basis for the particular type of tank by an approved national standard, provided that the seismic zones and occup: with provisions of Sections 1629.4 and 629.2, respectively 3.3 BOCA National Building Code and the Standard Building Code (SBC) Method The BOCA and the SBC Codes do not give specific provisions for design of liquid-containing structures. Section 1610.1 of the BOCA National Building Code and Section 1607.1.1 of the Standard Building Code indicate that provisions of ASCE 7° may be ised to design such Structures. This method is similar to the one given in UBC 1997, These codes further structires shall be designed ny, an approved substanti- sion 3.2.1 ial effects oF the contained liquid. categories are in for earthquake loads utili ated analysis 3.4 ACI 350.3 METHOD Note ti (1634 both the IBC 200 (1622.2.5) and the UBC 1997 provisions allow the use of an alternate design procedure from a nationally approved standard. he provisions of ACT 350.3** can be used as an alternate procedure satisfying the criteria of a nationally approved standard. Various concepts of ACI 350.3 have been included in Chapter. Note that the provisions of ACI 3503 are compatible with the UBC 1994 that involves service-level earthquake forces. The IBC 2000, UBC 1997, BOCA 1996 and SBC 1997 use strength-level earthquake forces. 3.5 CONCRETE-PEDESTAL WATER TOWERS ACI Committee Report 371-98 recommendations for materials, analysis, design and mnerete-pedestal elevated water hese structures generally consist of steel storage tanks supported by a cylindrical reinforced concrete pedestal. The report contains detailed recommen: dations for seismic design of such pedestals. It is recom: mended that the user reler to this document for design, of concrete-pedest presents detailed const 3.6 BURIED STRUCTURES, Section 1622.4.8 of the IBC indicates that structures buried underground shall be designed mined by a substantiated analysis using standards ap- proved by the b i for seismic forees dete tilding offici nf such structures in either the IBC or UBC. he analysis and de- clude the effect of dynamic e however, shown that seismic pressures do not control slesign unless the peak ground acceleration exceeds about, 0.3g, where g is the acceleration due to gravity, Thus, the design of buried tanks located in low to moderate seismic risk are the effectof soil nonlinearities due to local soil failure seems to have litle effect on the predictions of the seismic r However, no guidelines exist fords zn of buried structures should in: th pressure, Reseatch** has, is likely to be governed by static loading. Also, sponse of buried structures! Desig of Ligni-Containng Co 3.7 LOAD COMBINATIONS. 3.7.1 General Sutures for Earthquake Foes The load combinations of IBC 2000 that are applicable to the design of general building structures are given in Table3-1. The load combinations which include seismic effects are based on ASCE 7-98, while the non-seisn load combinations are based on ACI 318-99, Table gives a comparison of load combinations in the 1994 and 1997 UBC. The load combinations of 19% BOCA and 1997 SUC are given in Table 3.3, {he building codes do not give specific load combina tions thatcan be directly used for design of iquid-contain ing structures for earthquake loading. Section 1605.2.2 of IBC 2000 indicates that fluid pressure (F}should be added in the prescribed loacl combinations in accordance with, Table 3-1 Load Combinations for Building Structures Per 1BC 2000 Loads! ACT921 ACLO2. Dead (D) & Live (1) Dead, Live & Wind (1) ACI923 | Dead, Live & Earthquake (E) TBC 1605.2 IBC 16052 | actos Dead, Live & Earth and | Groundwater Pressure (H)** Required Strength U= 14D +170 ()U=14D+17L Gi) U=075 (LAD + 171.4170) Gi) U=09D +130 @u-1aD +17 (i) U= 120+ 108 + (FL +65) Gi) U = 090 + 10 @)y=14p +178 Gi) U=14D + 17k 17H Gi) =09D 417 where D or L reduces H | acte2s | Dead, Live & Fluid Pressure ()U=1AD +174 ey | wer | Gyu=1aD +17L+ 148 | Gi) u=090 + 148 | where Wor L reduces F ACI927 | Dead, Live and Effects from (@U=1AD +17 Differential Seulement, Creep, 075 (14D + 147+ Shrinkage, Expansion of 14047) Shrinkage Compensating | Concrete, or Temperature (7) | FDL Wit F and Teepe the Note Eva Table 3-2 Comparison of Load Combinations in the 1994 and 1997 UBC for Bulging Structures 1997 UBC “Fg. No_ [Toad Combination (161 ©. TaD + 1.7L “Or (aD+i7Ls17M) | "090+ 13W aT 1994 UBC Eq, No. | Load Combination (1909.2, 1921.2.7) | on | TaD +17 (aD + 1704170) [ |__ omnis inca | TTD 10 + (ea) wpeiaw 11 @9D+10E) | | | D9D + 1.4E* | osp-sase | [ Special Load ‘ombination (1628 TODOR 3 AVE 0880 +R, (8) | Special Load Combination (161 12D +fiL+ 1.06 TE | y= msponse madifiition cor (Table 16N, 1994 UIC) Fete te feiss anjthgaake lal due Bo the ase she Ea apate te vera component of round motion pretty 16N) 1 fot ‘Seiie Zones 3 Equation | ae Equation | SBC IO" “| No./Code No./Code | LAD + L7L ACSI LAD + 171 ] oa | 14D +17L+ 17) | | 075 (140+ 17L417 ACI3I8 : “3 | s| 19D £1310 | acisis ops | 7 | a | (12. +054,) D+ 0.51-41.09, | sec (1.14054) +140, | )D4Q, @9 5A,) D+ 109, (12+05A,) D+05L+ QR, (or ASCE? | (09-054,)D+2R/5)Q, | ) Q, fect of = bc a ie vind vont seg effective pea ovfacityrelaeeceleratan (1610.13 of BOCA, 1607.15 of $8? iiiaton factor (1610-3-36f BOCA. 16 ci Sat 92 6f ACT resisting elects sere 285) 21.0 5 ig scotia lateral paiguad fe SPC Lo her Section 23.2 of ASCE 7-98. However, Section 23.2 of ASCE 7-98 does not ng the effects of fluid pressure (F) and the earthquake force E). Therefore, the manner in which Fand should be combined and the load factors associated with them remain unclear Section 9.25 of ACI SIS indicates that fluid pressure (F) should be added to all load combinations that involve liveload (L). Section 9.2.50 ACIASDawerrides the ACI3IS requirement by clarifying, that F should be added to all governing load combinations, so that the effect of L, Wor F does not reduce the effect of F. Based on this, load combinations consistent with ACL 318 and ACI 350, excluding the effect of environmental durability discussed in Section 3.7.2 below, can be formulated for use with different codes as follows ¥ any load combination involv= For IBC 2000 Ua12D4 WEAF HEL ES) Fg. (165), 18C 2000 U=09D+10E + 12F Fg. (166), (BC 2000 U=07S(1AD +171 + 1AF + LS87E/14) Kg. 0-2), ACL3IS| For UBC 1997 Valid + OE + 1ars FLEES Bq. 025), UBC 1997" W=1110.9D£ 1.06 +1 l i Fg, (12-6), UBC 1997 SO75(LAD 4 1.7L+1AP + 1878/14) Fg, (02), ACISI8 For UBC 14 U=LAIDHL 4 F +E) U=08D+ 148 + LAF U=0I5(1AD + 171+ LAF +1876) By, (9-2), UBC 1998 Eg. 3), UBC 1994 Eq. (92), ACL3IS For SBC 1997; U=(11 +05A)D+L+12F29, Fg. (1) SBC 1997 U=(09-05A)D+0, + 12F Bg. 2)S8C 2000 U=OJ3LAD + 17L-+14F + 187/14) Eq, (02), ACLS For BOCA 1996: 2+054)D+05L+12F+Q, Fa, (6), ASCE7 19-054 )D40, + LP Fg, (6) ASCE 7 AD+17L+ LAP +LS7E/1.8) Eg, (9-2), ACLS The IBC 2000, the IBC 1997, the BOCA 1996 and SBC 1997 use thestrength-level earthquake force while the UBC 1994 and ACI 318 use the service-level earthquake force. Note that in the absence of clearly defined load com- binations, the load combinations given above are the best interpretations of whatiscurrently inthebuilding codesas it applies to liquid-containing structures. The designer should carefully investigate the load combinations that apply to his/her situation, esa of Liguit-Contining Conree Struts fr Cadhguske Forces 3.7.2 Consideration for Environmental Durability ACI 350" requires the following twa modifications to the load combinations. The second modification is not appli cabletothose load combinations thatincludeseismic effects. Modification 1—The load factor to be used for lateral liquid pressure, F, is 1.7 rather than 14. This value of L7 may be overconservative for some tanks, since they are filled to the top only during leak testing or bi idental overflow. Since leak testing usually occurs ‘only once and since most tanks are equipped with over flow pipes, some designers have considered using the load factor of 1.4 in an attempt to reduce the amount of, required steel, which would result in less shrinkage restraint. However, this publication suggests that tank designs meet ACI 350 and, therefore, recommends the use of a load factor of 17 with F. ‘Modification 2—The members must be designed to meet the required strength, Uy, increased by a multiplier called the environmental durability factor (EDP). The EDF will, increase the design loads to provide a more conservative design with leyscracking, The increased required strength is given by Required strength = EDF x U where the EDF equals: 1.3 for flexural reinforcement 1.65 for direct tension reinforcement 1.3 for shear beyond that of the capacity provided by the concrete Forexample, thestrength equations based on ACI 318 are given as follows: 1. Flexural Reinforcement Regid strength » 1.3 U 0M, 21.3 (4M, + 17M, +1. 2. Direct Tension Reinforcement Req'd Strength > 1.65 U 21.65 (IAT, +1.70, +1.77,) 3. Stirrup Reinforcement oV,213(V,-4V) 4. Concrete Shear and Compression Req'd Strength > 1.00 No increase is required in load factors for concrete shear, bond, or compression strength, so that proportion- ing member depths or thickness will be unchanged. For §lexure, the proposed increase in load factors results in a maximum load factor of 1.3 times L7 =2.2 fornormal live and wa and earth lo: mum load factor of 14-18 3 times fr all dead load. In conjunction with p factors prescribed in ACI 318, these new load factors result in flexu I service load stresses in the reinforcement th allowable stress design in the current report by between 24 and 29 ksi, consistent 3.8 REFERENCES 341. International Building Code, International Code n, VA, March 2000. Building Officials (ICBO), Whittier, CA, 1997, nternational Conf su Congress Internat rd Building Code, Southern Building Code nal, Birmingham, AL, 1997 }OCA National Building Code, B and Code Administrators Inter Club Hills, IL, 1996, Minimum Design Loads for Build tures, ASCE. 7-98 a for Civil Engine sand Other Struc ASCE 7-95 American Society ws, New York. ontaining Concrete Struc nitary (ACT 3503R. rican Concrete Inst 01), ACTCommi Gute for the Concrete-Pede Committee by ACI Institute, 371, American Concrete Hills, MI, 1998, Miller, C. A. and Costantino, C.J duced Earth Pressteros in Buried Vaults", American Society ‘of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), PVP-Vol. 271 994, pp. +11 ‘ade. Requiveme Engineering ACI 350R-01 0, American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2001 Committee CHAPTER 4 Modeling and Analysis This chapter gives detailed procedures for computation ot seismic base shear and overturning moment of liquid: containin trum approach of seismic design and the effects of vertical accelerations and earth pressure are also included. 4.1 MODELING The liquid-containingstructuresare modeled using Housner’s method assumesthathydrody namic effects due to seismic loading can be evaluated 1g two parts: structures for different model codes. Thespec This method essential follow approximately as the sumo 1. Impulsive part, which represents the postion of the liquid which movesin unison with the structure and 2. Convective part, which represents the effect of the sloshing action of the liquid, alschematicofa rectangular d height of liquid H.. A. iculartankof diameter D. igure 4-1 shows the typi tank with length L, width B similarschematicis shown fe The impulsive weight of liquid (1) is assumed to be rigidly attached to the structure at height Ii, while the convective weight of liquid (W. isattached tothe structure by springs of finite stiffness and damping at height i Hy | Hh, + L il 4 . ‘SECTION re OF ANALYSI LAN CIRCULAR TANK TAN RECTANGULAR TANK Fig. 4-1 Schematic of Rectangular and Circular Tank nto voter sua scien {@) FLUID MOTION IN TANK (b) DywaMc MODEL FOR RIGIO WALL TANK Fig. 4-2 Tank Dynamics as shown in Fig. 42. For concrete tanks with rigid walls and r00f, this results in a two degree-of-freedom system (Fig, 4-2). Both the impulsive and the convective compo- hentshavea period associated with them thatare generally, farapart. The total approximateresponse of thesystem can, be estimated by the square root of the sum of squares, (SRSS) combination of the responses associated with the two periods. Figure 4-3 shows the various mode shapes of sectangular and circular liquid-containing structures. | / [ | | { Mat m=2 m=2 FreSsting Mode Second Seshag Mose (aiveRTicaL Moves 1) SL0skING MODES INBIGID TANKS (6) CIRCUMFERENTIAL MOBES TN CIRCULAR TANKS Fig. 4-3 Vibration Modes ation E219 4.2 IBC 2000 METHOD The base shear equation given in Chapter 3 is modified to include the impulsive liquid-containing structures as shown below 4.2.1 Base Shear nd the convective components for +441) Impulsive Convective +V _0.85,1 R The quantities W,,,W,, W, and W_ represent the wall weight, roof weight, impulsive weight ofthe fluid and the convective weight of the fluid, respectively. The impul sive weight W, and convective weight BY. can be deter- mined asa fraction ofthe total liquid weight from Fig. 44a and 4-4b for rectangular and circular tanks, respectively Theheightat which the impulsive and convective weights are assumed to act can be determined from Figs. 4-5a and 45h for rectangular and circular tanks, respectively ‘Thequantities ,,and S,, aredetermined asdescribed in Section 3.1.2, where I = importance factor (IBC Table 2)), R= kesponse modification factor IBC Table ())and, T, and 7, are the periods associated with umed impulsive and convective motions of the structure and the fluid, respectively 4.2.2 Overturning Moment The overturning moment at the base of the tank is deter: ‘mined for the impulsive and the convective components, as follows My = Col Wily + Waly +) Impulsive M Convective (Were) f,, = height at which inertia of wall is assumed to act Total overturning moment M, = \'Mj +M; Theoverturning moments duetoimpulsive(W/),)and ) components should include the effect of base pressure where necessary. A method for including, the base pressure is given in ACI350.3* convective (W 4.2.3 Response Spectrum Method The design response spectrum shown in Fig. 4-6 can be determined as follows: O8F 0.4] fo 7, for for T where 7,=0.25,,/5 and T, The above equations can be used to determine the re sponse ordinate S, for impulsive motion using T, and forconvectivemotion using T,..Thedamping corresponé- ingto the convective motion is ofthe order of 05 t0 2% as compared 105% assumed for impulsive motion. Thespee trum shown in Fig. 4-6 is for 5% damping, Note that ACL 350.3 recommendls 0.5% damping when calculating the convective forces. This requires raultiplying the design spectral acceleration coefficent ,, by a factor of 1.5, Note that for large periods (7,>24 sec) ACI 350.3 recommends modifying the design equations to better estimate the long-period excitation effect. Based on these recommen- dations, the following equations should be considered ‘with IBC 2000: When site specific response spectrum are used, the valuesof5,),,and 5, shall notbe less than 80% ofthe values ‘obtained from the general procedureof Section 1615.1 (see Section 3.1.2 of this publication). In certain situations, a site-specific response spectrum is required. Section 1615.2 gives proy ising the site-specific response spectrum. This spectrum is to be based on the maximum considered earthquake ground motion havinga 2% probability of being exceeded in 50 years. TThe base shear is computed usi from the spectrum as follows: values , and 5, (Wy +We+W,) Impulsive Convective 1 (Wi) Total base shear V, = (V2 +V: osy, calculated using Section 4.2.1 Ligutt Containing Concrete Structures for Eartauake Forces 10 09 oe o7 IE oa 02 02 i Ot 00 20 25 30 35 “9 45 50 55 60 65 7.0 75 80 Wo a Wo w, i {@) Rectangular Tanks We awl a We Lo WL wi 10 15 20 25 a0 $5 40 45 50 Bs ao 65 7.0 75 80 i (b) Circular Tanks Fig. 44 Impulsive and Convective Weights for (a) Rectangular and (b) Circular Tanks (Adapted from Ret. 36) (rr (a) Rectangular Tanks (b) Circular Tanks Fig. 45 Effective Height of Impulsive and Convective Weights for (a) Rectangular and (b) Circular Tanks (Adapted from Ret. 3-6) ca % 7; Parod T Fig. 4-6 Design Response Spectrum, IBC-2000 4.3 UBC '97 METHOD. 4.3.1 Base Shear Section 3.2 of this publication gives a procedure that assumes liquid-containing structures tobvessentally rigid {tdoes not allow separate computations of impulsive and convective components of the base shear. To better esti- mate the design forces, the general procedure for base shear given for building structtrres (UBC 1630.2) is used in combination with the provisions of ACI350.3* asfollows 1 RT, (wy, Impulsive ln the short period range, the impulsive base shear need not be greater than 281 w, wm) 7 In the long period range, the impulsive base shear shall not be less than V, =O11C,1 (W,+W,+W) Also, forstructures located close tothe potentialsources ofearthquakes in Seismic Zoned, the impulsive base shear shall not be less than ORNL yw +0.) Convective The quantites C, and C, depend upon the Zone Factor Zand thesoil profiletype. The values for these parameters are given in Tables 16-Q and 16-Rof the 1997 URC Desi of Liguit-Coutaning Conc Structures or Enrtiquake lively and Z cone factor, which represents the maximum effective peak acceleration (EPA) correspond- ingtoasite-specitic ground motion havinga i", probabil- ity of not being exceeded in a 50-year period. importance factor (Table 16-K, UBC '97), response modification factor. UBC '97 gives some values for liquid.-containing structures in Table 16-P. Wa, We W, and W,, represent the wall weight, roof weight, the impuisive weight and the convective weight respectively, The impulsive weight W, and convective weight W can be determined as a fraction of the total quid weightof rectangular or circular tank fram Fig. 4a 4 4-4b, respectively. The height at which the impulsive and convective weights are assumed to act can be deter. mined from Figs. 4-54 and 4-5b forrectangularand circular tanks, respectively 4.3.2 Overturning Moment M, Col Ot +Weh,+Wih,) Impulsive 26h iy, 1, + Wiig +1 ,) M, a) Convective Fotal overturning moment , = M+ ag ‘hy = height at which inertia of wall is assumed to act Theoverturning momentsduetoimpulsive(W/)))and cig) Componenisshould inchide theeffect of i A method for including, the base pressure is given in ACI 3503", convective ( base pressure where necessary 4.3.3 Response Spectrum Method The design response spectrum shown in Fig. 4-7 can be etermined as follows; |] err forT,08V obtained by using Section 4.3.1 4.4 UBC '94 METHOD 4.4.1 Base Shear _ ZI v= 2, 40,40) Impulsive 21Ce yy = 2a.) Convective R ( Total base shear V, =) 0.075 Z 1, The impulsive weight W, and convective weight W, can be determined as a fraction of the total liquid weight of rectangular or circular tank from Fig, 4-4a and. 4b, respectively. The height at which the impulsive and convective weights aze assumed to act can be deter- ‘mined from Figs. 4-5aand4-5bforreclangularand circular tanks, respectively The parameters C, and C, are determined as follows; Impulsive Convective Mt, = ZO (Whig + Weg + Wih,) Impulsive (Woke) Convective Total overturning moment M, = M+ Me Jhy height at which inertia of wall is assumed to act The uplift pressure at the base can increase the over tuming moments and effect the stability of the tank, Theoverturning moments due toimpulsive(W/i;)and convective (W/t,}components should include the effect of base pressure where necessary. A method for including the base pressure is given in ACL 350.3 4.4.3 Response Spectrum Method The design force on the tank can also be determined from a design spectrum such as the one given in UBC using thesite-specificresponse spectrum. Thesite-speci response spectrum is constructed for ground motions that have a 10% maximum probability of exceedence in 50 years for 5% damping, The design base shear is deter mined using the spectrum as follows: Sul y, = 20h (wy, + Wet W1) Impulsive (We + We W P Sl.) Convective R Total base shear V, = V+ Vz ‘The quantities 5, and S,- are the impulsive and con- vectivespectral acceleration coefficients which correspond to the impulsive and convective periods T, and T. from the simplified spectrum (Fig. £8). The design spectrum is given in UBC Fig. 16-3. Thebase shearcomputed using the site-specific spectrum is not permitted to be less than 90% of the value determined using the static force procedure given under Section 4.4.1 Por convective response a method described in ACI 350.3may beconsidered tobetterestimate the effectof0.5% damping and long-period excitation effect 4.5 BOCA AND SBC METHOD 4.5.1 Base Shear W, +H) Impulsive v. Convective c Impulsive c Convective Total base shear V, = where A, and A, are the elfective peak acceleration coeffi cient and the effective peak velocity-related acceleration, 13 of BOCA and coefficient, respectively (see Section 16: Section 1607.15 of SBC) The values of site coefficient (5) and response modifi cation factor (R) should be taken trom appropriate edition of the BOCA or SBC codes, 4.5.2 Overturning moment M, =Ca(Wiolig + Wyhg +Wilt) Impulsive (Weic} Convective Total overturning moment M, = M3 +42 4.6 ACI 350.3-01 METHOD The provisions of ACI350.3" are tobe used in conjunction with Chapter 21 (Special Provisions for Seismic Design) of ACI 350-01. These provisions are comp; UBC 1994. Note that ACI 350-01 is based on ACL 318-93" for most of its design provisions and load combinatio Section 21.2.1.7 of ACI 350-01 indicates that the environ- ‘mental durability factor (5) defined in Section 9.2.8 need not be applied to load combinations that include earth- quake effects. The load combinations applicable under various Codes are given in Chapter 3 of this publication Where ACI350-01 isadopted for use, the provisions of Chapter 21 along with ACI 3503 and ACI 318-95 are applicable. Note that ACI 350.3 also gives recommenda- tions forseismiezone factors(Z),and sot] factors(S), which are mostly consistent with UBC 1994, The importance factors of ACI350.3-01 are given in Table 4-1. ACI380.3-01 also gives separate response modification factors Ry, and R.,. for impulsive and convective motions of the liguid- containing structure (Table 4-2.) 4.7 PERIOD Theequations for determining the impulsive period T,and convective period T_ of rectangular and circular liquid Design of Liu Comtlng Covers Structures fr Emtguae Forces 4 Spectra Acceleration Period, T Fig. 4-8 Simplified Response Spectrum, UBC-1994 containing structures having different base conditions are given below. However, it is permitted to use any other rational method that includes a reasonable distribution of ‘massand stifiness characteristics for determining the natu- ral period of the structure. As most concrete tanks are relatively rigid, T, may be taken as 0.3 seconds or less for the preliminary and ap- proximate design calculations. Itis recommended that for Hlexible base tanks, T, should not exceed 1 second for anchored and unanchored contained tanks. This limit should not exceed 2 seconds for unanchored uncontained, tanks. The limits on the periods suggested herein are 40, prevent excessive deformation of tanks. 4.7.1 Rectangular Tanks The following equation can be used to determine the impulsive period of a rectangular tank: iw Vek For fixed-base constant thickness cantilever walls 1, = 2, W=W,+Wy+W, (kips) where r= mean height (ét) at which the inertia force Of the tank and its contents és assumed to act, #, = wall thickness (in.), E, = modulus elasticity of concrete (ksi) ¢ = acceleration due to gravity (ft/sec) and K = stiffness coefficient (kips/t). The period associated! with theconvective component (7. can be determined as follows: Table 4-1 Importance Factor, / (Table 4(c), Ref. 3-6) Tank Use ‘Tanks containing hazardous “Tanks that are intended to remain usable, for emergency purposes: ator an earthquake; or tanks that are part of lifeline systems [-_Allother tanks oe : cen Table 4-2 Response Moditc _ — | ‘On or | Type of Structure | Above | Buried — - a | rede} _ eipsens all (a) Anchored, fiexible-base tanks _ 45 1.0 | [71@ Unanchored, contained o- uncontained tanks! 275 | 10 73 | 4.0 = 10 [__{@) Elevated Tanks Bent ia és can be obtained from Fig. 4-9(a) for a given L/H, of the tank. (L = length of tank in direction of analysis (tt) 4.7.2 Circular Tanks (a) Non-sliding Base. The following equationscanbeused to determine the impulsive period of fixed or hinged base ciseular tanks with or without prestressing: 1 a28 where 0, =¢ H, C, = 1G, Vir and p, = mass density of concrete (46 Ib-sec'/ft*, {. = thickness of wall (in.), r = radius of tank (f), F.=modulus of elasticity of concrete (Ib/in2), Cyisgiven in Fig. 4-10 in terms of D/L (b) Flexible Base. The following equations can be used to determine the impulsive period T, of flexible base circular prestressed tanks: BAW Dk n= 1 second for anchored tanks and 2 seconds for unanchoredl tanks Note that ACI 350.3 specifies a limit of 1.25 seconds on both anchored and umanchored maximum periods, +W, For anchored flexible tanks For unanchored flexible tanks where A, = cross-sectional area of cable/steand (i), E = modulus of elasticity of cable/strand (ki), B= angle of eable/sieand with horizontal, L, = effective length of cable/strand taken as sleeve Jength plus 35 times the diameter (in), 5 5, ~ spacing of elastomeric pad (in), G,= shear modulus of elastomeric pads (ks), 2, = thickness of elastomeric Searing pad (in), [,~ length of individual elastomeric pad (in) and 2, ='width of elastomeric pad in radial Ulinection Gin), and &, ~ spring constant (k/f) The convective period 7. for both non-sliding and flexible base tanks can be determined using the following, equation spacing between cable sets (in), ng Concrete Structures for Eahyuae Forces 104 09 & os a 06 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 6065 7.0 75 80 whe HL (a) Rectangular Tanks 0.90 0.88 os 075 3 & 070 0.65 0.60 0.85 0.50 ' 08 1.0 15 20 25 30 35 40 48 5055 60 65 7.0 75 80 a i HL (b) Circular Tanks Fig. 4-9 Charts for Obtaining Factor - for Computation of Convective Period (T,) for (a) Rectangular and (b) Circular Tanks (Adapted from Ret. 3-6) 0.18 0.17 0.16 cw 150 2.50 Fig. 4-10 Chart for Obtaining Factor C,, for Computati ‘Tank (Adapted from Ref. 3-6) may be obtained from Fig, 4-9(b) for D/H, of a tank for both rigid and flexible base tanks (D = diameter of tank (ft), H, = height of liquid (0), 4.8 VERTICAL ACCELERATION The effect of vertical accelerations should be included in the design of tank components. In the absence of more detailed analysis, the magnitude of vertical acceleration is generally taken as two-thirds of the horizontal aecelera- tion, The effects of vertical acceleration as recommended in ACI 350.3 are computed as follows: The hydrodynamic pressure per foot height of the tanks Pop = tiv dy where q,, = 744 at level y above tank bi 1ude of vertical accelerationassociated with the vertical period (7) of weight of contained fluid. The period associated with the vertical motion (T,) of the circular tank is computed as follows: 13/F, unit hydrostatic pressure i =magnit the structure and ¥, = specific 4.9 FREEBOARD The anticipated unrestrained sloshing height should be computed to determine any sloshing pressure on the tank 3.50 450 550 650 7.50 850 9.50 aD HL jon of Impulsive Period (T) of a Non-Sliding Circular roof, wall and the joint between roof and the wall. Note that tanks with inadequate freeboard will experience up. pressures on the roof due to liquid sloshing. ‘Tanks in seismic zones 3 and 4 and tanks designed for importance factor greater than 1.0 should either have adequate free board d,,, (Fig. 42a) or should be designed for the forces due to restrained sloshing and vertical acceleration effects. Thesloshing height may be computed by using the follow. inggequations which are based on concepts similar to those given in ACL IBC 2000 Method ) For Rectangular Tanks For Circular Tanks UBC 97 Method For Rectangular Tanks if. Tz) For Circular Tanks UBC '94 Method (2) Jig = 2Cl{ =) For Rectangular Tanks For Circular Tanks BOCA and SBC Method ) For Rectangular Tanks 12A,$(D) “Tar } For Circular Tanks 4.10 EARTH PRESSURE Effect of earth pressure should be included both in the base shear computation and for design of walls of a partially or fully buried liquid-containing structure. Theeffectof ground, water, if any, should also be taken into consideration Active earth pressure is caused as a result ofthe structure moving away from the surrounding soil while passive pressure results due to the structure moving into the sur- rounding soil (Fig. 4-11), Table 4-3 gives the approximate ‘magnitude of movement required to reach the minimum, active and maximum passive pressure condition" #° ACI350.3stipulates that in computing the earth pres- sure, the coefficient of dynamic lateral earth pressure k, at rest should be used unless itis determined that the struc ture deflects sufficiently to warrant use of active and passive pressure, and k,, respectively, The coefficient k, varies from 0.4 - 06 for cohesionless soils and 0.4 -0.8 for cohesivesoils!™, The resultantof the seismic componentof the earth pressure can be assamed to act at a height 0.6 times the earth height above base, Note that the above simplification of the earth pres- sure effects is based on the assumption that the liquid containing structure will not deflect enough to result in active or passive pressure due to the seismic excitation. When this is not the case, dynamic active and passive pressures need to be calculated. References 4-4 and 45, give the guidelines for computing the dynamicactive and, passive pressures. In situations where detailed active and passive pressure computationsare deemed necessary, the user should also refer to Okabe (Ref. 4-7) and Mononobe. and Matsuo (Ref 4-8) Fig. 4-11 Active and Passive Earth Pressure due to Seismic Movement of Tank Design of Ligui 0.0012 for No. 5 bars or smalior | Horizon in ao > 0.0080 for No bars or small | > 0.0028 for No. 6 bars or larger + For VS A,,./f 2 0.0026 (0.003 per ACI 350-01) ,,2 0.0026 (0.008 per ACI 350-01) Reinforcement spacing each way shall not exceed 18 in. (12 in. per ACI 350-01) Reinforcement provided for shear strength shall be continuous and shall be distributed across the shear pl | r For V, > 2A.,.y f', {wo curtains of reinforcement must be provided All continuous reinforcement in structural walls shall be anchored or spliced in accordance with the provisions for reinforcement in tension in215.4, l $< 18 (12 in, per ACI 350-01) Vert rein raid” 20.0012 for No.6 oF smalier a | 20.0035 for No 6 or lager sstef Horie, rein. ratio 2 0.0020 for No. 5 or smaller (12 in. gar > 0.0028 for No. 6 or larger ACI 350-01) “J + Foy aA 9, 20.0028 (0.669 per ACI 360.01) , 20.0025 (0.008 per ACI 360-01) © Forv,> 28. Provide two curtains of enforcomont {+ Anchor and splice bars per 21.5.4 Al other roinforcement not shown for clarity Figure 6-1 Web Reinforcement Requirements a (rrr Table 6-4 Shear Strength Requiroments Sect No] Fig. No] The nominal shear strength V, of structural walls shall hol e V,=An(o./f+p,f) (en where or hh, <1.5 | 2164.1 - 2010r h, 22.0 | | &, varies linearly between 3.0 and 2.0 for h/t, between 1. and 2.0. | In €q. (21-7, the value off, ii, used for dotermining V. for Segments of a wall shail be the larger of the ratios for the entire wall 2164.2 ~ Wd the segment of wall considered “ a = Pn. Wails shall have distributed shear reinforcement in two orthogonal 21643 — directions in the plane of the wall. fh, ft, = 2.0, p. > p, Nominal shear strength of all wal piors sharing a common lateral force shall nt be assumed to exceed, 8A_,'f”. where A. is the | ‘otal cross-sectional area, and the nominal shear strength of any one 216.44 ~ of the individual walt piers shall not be assumed to exceed 10. Afi where A., is the ss-sectionall area of the pier considered Nominal shear strength of horizontal wall segments and coup hall be as uMed! otto exceed, 10A,,./F”, where A, is the | 21645 = of horizontal wall segment or coupling beam. | : 7 _ cross-sectional ar Table 69 Reinforcement Detalls where Boundary Elements are Not Required Where special boundary elements are not required by 2166.2 or | 21.6.6.3, the following shall be satistiod: | * Boundary transverse reinforcement shal saisty 21.4.4.1(¢), ral oe patd 21.8 64(c) the longitudinal reinforcement ratio at the | or maindaty is greater than 400Vf, The maximum longitudinal spacing | of transverse reinforcement in the Boundary shall not exceed 8 in | | 21665 62 * Hofizontal wall reinforcement terminating at the ends of structural walle | cine tL Doundary elements shall have a standard hook engaging the edge reinforcement or the edge reinforcement shall be enclocec in U-stirrups having the same size and spacing as, and spliced to, the | L horizontal reinforcement v in of Lin Containing Concrete Struts for Earthy Faces For Wy2 Ae, fe Standard hook at ends of horizontal reinforcement engaging edge reinforcement or U-stirrups spliced to horizontal reinforcement with same size and spacing as horizontal reinforcement ‘As = area of long, reinf in eb P= AawlAey > 400%, i . cs fe e a 14” Aan 2 0.09shefe/fyn b fo 25 x ty $= 46x long. dy S k (s.or8 es | Aap = (2x + a) Concentrated longitudinal Uniformly distributed reinforcement at wall ends longitudinal reinforcement Figure 6-2 Reinforcement Details where Boundary Elements are Not Required x CHAPTER 7 Example 1: Design of Rectangular Concrete Tank 7.1 INTRODUCTION Wall thickness Heightofliqui sthquake id height) ied in the Wes (ongitude = 123%, latitude 41°) and contains non-hazata. Concrete strength = 4,000 psi (w, = 150 lb/ft aterial. The design of this tank for n nl E, = 3834 ksi) combinations is given in Ref. 5-1. The following. i Reinforcement strength = 60,000 psi 7.2.2 Seismic Design Data (IBC 2000 Design) No.3 9 in, For the given location (longitude = 123° latitude=419),per TBC Section 1615.1 al No.S@12in, en (IBC Fig, 1613) short walls Insicie Outside face Inside /Outside face (IBC Fig, 1615) 72 DESIGN DATA For Site Class =D. (IBC Table 1615.1.1) 7.2.1 General Fall (IBC Table 1615.1.2(1)) nrtally buried non feible ata (18C Table 1615:1.2@)) Seismic coetficient R=2 (VC Table 1622.51) Weight of contained liquid = 70 Ib Importance Factor =1 (IBC Table 1622.2.5(2 Weight of moist soil = 100 Ib/ft (This tank is not a part of a public utility facility) 21-6" Figure 7-1 Example Rectangular Tank 7.3 SEISMIC LOAD ANALYSIS 7.3.1. Weight W.=0. 5.3 = 150.6 kip From F for 23, = 0.37 and 2 =0. 7.3.2 Period v Wy + 44.7 = 369.7 kip where fi = mean height at which the inertia force of the tank and its ned to I8in 2 ft/sec period associated with the convectivecomponent L = 185 ft for analysis in N-S direction) 7.3.3 Base Shear Impulsive Convective Sjq=FS,= 11x10 Sy =P§= 1604-064 For$,,=0.73and §, om Tables 1616.31) and 1616.3(2) of IBC 2000, Seismic Design Category SDC=D. én! ( W821 978 Use037 2 2x027 TSX" 9375 Use 0.075 Impulsive f-kips 50.8 ft-kips kip Total overturning moment M, = M3 +M 379 ft-kips 7.3.5 Overall Stability Check *lid (Neglect backfill) Base Shear = 137 kips Wei of tank without its contents Walls 225 kips Base slab 211 kips Weight of contents 295, kips Total weight 731 kips Coefficient of friction = Factor of safety OK + Overtur Overtuming moment 79 Fekips| =8041 ft Factor of safety 139 Ok 0.016, OsP, 0.1097, Design of Ligui-Contuny Concrete Structures or Enrthquate Fore 7.4 DESIGN OF WALLS PERPENDICULAR TO THE DIRECTION OF ANALYSIS For determining the forces/stresses in the tank walls, the tank is divided into leading, half and the trailing half portions as shown in Fig, 53, 30%10%1.5 «150%2 Weightoflong walls 135kips - 000, iM Wall inertia, Sal p, = S2LW, = CW, =037 1135 =50 kips “Ww, =CyW, = 0.37 « 4.7 = 53.4 kips p= *at We =C.W 75 x 150.6= 1.3 kips Both the leading and the trailing wall will be subjected P. hecom| jects of (1) wall inertia force, — 2)one- nd, (3) one-half the convective half the impulsive force, P, force, P,, as shown in Fi 0.002 for medium sand sve Table 4-3 and Section 7.5). Therefore, no active or passive pressure is anticipated on the walls due to negli- ple deformation of the tank. jynamicearth and ground water pressure at rest cd in this example (see Ref. 45 for detailed analysis of dynamic earth pressure). he pressure distribution on the wall is calculated as follows (see Fig. 7-2}: 0.089P¢ Figure 7-2 Forces on Wall Perpendicular to the Direction of Analysis For impulsive fore Ratio of length of short wall to height of liquid Ei The moment, shear and deflection due to the above forces are determi The moment and deflection coefficients are taken from Chapter 3 and { shear coefficients are taken from Chapter 2 of this refer tence for the specific loading and end conditions of the ails Thecoefficients forthe long wall aredetermined for ! using Ref. ® = 4and © =25 by interpolation, as follows M, coefficient for vertical steel = 15) | coefficient for horizontal steel == 88. Deflection coefficient = 2% é, ¥,] Shear coefficient—bottom = 05 7 NZ Fy =k i Shear coefficient—side 038 Long wall subjected to uniform load At bottom of wall M, coefficient for vertical ste! = 435 é Sor M, coefficient forhorizontal steel = 348 Deflection coetticient = 8 Attop liquid lev Shear coefficient—bottom - suas] Shear coetficient—si = 168 . 6x4.5]-[(6x8. sls con : gr = OO8SPF, Design moment per IBC Eq. 165, See Chapter 3, U=12D+10E + 1.2F 1,000 Prossure due to iner sa = pst 09D + LOE + 1.28 E corresponds to the effects of earthquake force com Pressure due to impulsive force, puted in Table 7-1. F corresponds to the effects of static vdrostatic fluid pressure computed in Ri (0.109 53.4% 1,000 TT Z Maximum hydrodynamic moments from Table 7-1 “ Vertical direction, , gp, ~ 016% 53 M,,= 6.2 ft-kips (74.4 in-kips) per lineal foot ‘op of liquid = 0.0168 Horizontal direction, Pressure due to convective force, ‘M,, = 46 f-kips (55.2 in-kips) per lineal foot Bottom ofwail-aoryp, = 2032*1L33e1.000 5, | Maximum hydrostatic moments rom Ret $ owns 285 ‘pst Vertical direction, M,, = 1086 in-kips per lineal foot Top of liquid = 0.086. = 34 psf Horizontal direction, Ratio of length of lo M,, = 65,7 in-kips per lineal foot all to height of liquid (Use 4.0) Desig of Lguid Combining Concrete Structure Table 7-1 Design Forces on Long Wall due to Earthquake Forces or Earthquake Fores Loading | inertia Impulsive Convective | sass: q | | | | ‘ - - - | Pressure, q pst) 4 | Ono” Untoan sangre tage | -— Top 84 20 00 30 34 oo | 34 [Bor 84 so | 74 | 2m | oo | 85 | 155 “Height, hat) | 10 fe |e es | s 8 7 Design Coefficients® inteak |S] % | ae 8 1H, Cook 8] a 38 | 88 7 Shear Coat “Bottom 10 05 10 | os -Side 17 os | 17) oa [Detection [680 | 80) 260 980 | 260 a a | - - Wali Forces and Deformations | [mi ienay | Sa5 [oa [er _|_e81 | tar | as as ee] tu, (tags) | 290 | 086 | oan] 168 [ ove att] oer a8 Shear ie) T 1 = Bot oss | 024 | o70 | 094 | 028 | -008 | o20 side 43 | oa | oss | 097 | 048 | -oos | o42 Defieston (in) [0.0061 | 0.00088 | 0014 | 0.0003 .0010 | -0.00015 | 0.0009 | o.009 Design cueficiens are taken from Ref. 51 fr different leading patterns and end conditions ofthe plates M=M, confit pressures height 1.000 nes igh. 0000, sere D Me= Motion! Sider = Shar enfiien Defocton = Deletion caren 4) = 1 900.962.5-psand w= 02 ap ‘Note that convective free out-of phase with both inertia and impubive forces. Uheretore, square rot ofthe sum of squares (SKS) method Fused to combine the inertia and impulsive Forces withthe coma forces. Total moments using the above Joad combination, M,,=1.3 «1086+ 74.4 = 2156 in-kips Vertical direction, M,, = 1.36657 +55. M,,= 12 x00+ 1x744 + 1.2% 1086 =204,7 in-kips = 1106 in-kips Steel provided (No. 5@ 9 in.) is sulficient to take care of Horizontal direction, M,, = 215.6 in.-kips in the vertical disection, 2x 0+ 1x55.2 41.2 x65.7 = 134.0 in-kips Steel provided (No. 5 @ 12 in,)is sufficient to take care of Using ACT318 load combination, M,, = 140.6 in-kips in the horizontal direction. U=0750.4D 4171+ LIF + 1.87/14) = 1.28 + 1.08 “S00 Section 372 (Modification) 39 7.5 DESIGN OF WALLS PARALLEL TO THE DIRECTION OF ANALYSIS It is assumed that the total base shear will be equally resisted by the two wall Shear ine =69 kips Required strength per [BC 2000, (see Chapter 3) 2D +108 + L2F = 1.08 V, = 1.0% 69 = 69 kip: Nominal shear strength per ACI 318-99 V,= Anta. P+ pf en 2x03 oy ‘or No. 5 @ 12in, on each face o.0287 ‘ Pe= FAB 12) = 0.00 yy — 085%21.5 x 18% 12/34, 000 + 0.00287 x 60,000; 004 14287 kips >> 69 k OK Per ACI 350-01, the stee! reinforcemen way each face is 0.005. Therefore, p, should be incseased No.5@ 10 in p,, Therefore, No.5 @9in, than adequate in the vertical directios provided is more than (1.0012 in the tion and 0.0020 in the horizontal direction as he stvel ratio ertical di squired for the condition (AC121.62 1 ane 143,Table6-3). Also, thespacing p maximum spacing requirement per ACT318and the 12 in ‘maximum spacing requirement per ACI 350, Wall deformat 3.024 kips /i ¢ VAX 3, 834 1,5 20512 Shear stiffne — i 12x10 Shear deformation Total deformation = 0.002 in, 7.6 DETAILING The seismic forces and the corresponding reinforcement in this example are small compated to the requirements under other load and serviceability condi tions. This indicates that this particular tank is likely to early elastic or distress free in the event of a design earthquake However, based on the SDC D associated ure, detailing correspondtin; apply per Table 6-1 (see Chapter 6) prudent to locate the splic plastic hinge zones near the be 3). The Class B splice len tohighseismic: Based on this, itis away from the potential tom of the walls (Figure 7- h for No. Sbars per 12.20 ACL is 18.5 in. The required development length of the Sdowels inthe base laband foundation is 14in, These omputations are shown in Ref. 5-1 The tequitements of Table 6-3 a ane wall de ied for ine along with spacing ACIS18 (Table 6-3), Per Section The steel provide 21.6.23, all continuous reinforcement in structural walls should be anchored or spliced in accordance with the provisions of reinforcement in tension 21.5.4), ible axial load on the walls (ess han 0.2/”.), boundary elements are not requited (21.662 or 21.6.6.3), Boundary transverse reinforcement shall si sfy 21.4.4.1(6}, 21.443 and 21.6.6.4(¢) if the longitudinal reinforcement ratio at the wall boundary is less than 400/€, (Table 6-5), Longitudinal reinforcement ratio, 031x2 _ 9x18x12 400 _ 400 __p.0y667 > 0.0038 60,000 Therefore, transverse reinforcement requirements stipulated above (Table 6-5) do not apply Where V,>A., 7, the horizontal reinforcement terminating at the ends of structural walls without boundary clements shall have a standa the edge reinforcement (Tabl d hook engaging 6-5, Section 2.5.6.5), Since V, 1,745 kips ce Su! Sal Use V, = 1950-kips eR ER 8.3.4 Overturning Moment = O73) _ 9.37 < 248° _ 095 Use 0035 M,=Cy lly +Wellg #W\h,) — Tmpulsive - — M. (Wa) Convective Y= Cul +e +0) kb 09+ 1,092 + 3,763) 392 kips Y= Cyc(W} = 0.085 x 6988 = 245 kips Total base shear V., = V3 +V2 =2405 kips M,=C Since T,, > 4 see, (See section 4.2.3) 043 Me = Cyclic) = 0035 x 6,988 x1 D FromFig.4-5(b), for ig) for 7 0375and 54 75 x26 = 9.75 ft 0f h, = 054 x26 (fig + Wg + Wh) = 0.371(1,609 x 14) + (1,092 x 28) + (8,763 x 9.75)] = 33,223 ft-kips A2A ftkips FACT 350.3, 9 (0.067 x 6,988 x 14 3 fips With Ry = 1 for convective motion per °1380.3 (Table 4-2), M, = /M?-+ M2 =33400 f-kips = 0.035 a M Cycle) = 0067 x 6988 = 468 kips 864 f-kips For simplicity, the base shear and overturning moment computed using IBC 2000 without ACI 3503 modifica tions will be used for rest of design 8.3.5 Overall Stability Check «+ Sliding (Neglecting backfill) | | Total base shear per ACL3E03, + V2 = 2437 kips Using Response Spectrum method (Section 42.3), Weight of tank without its contents T, = 281= 0.59 sec Walls 1,609 kips i Roof = 1,012 kips 2T, = 0.118 see Columns 160 kips 06 a4] ood 65724159 | +o] 23.14 9667 x 2x 150/(4x 1000)= 2202 ips Contents = 3.14 x 90 x 26 x 65/4000 = 10,751 kips 4] 0.60.06 soa) an Total weight oa 7" 234 kips 073 Noglect soil weight on footing overhang 0.51 efficient of friction = 0.7 = 95! La26 > No.6 @8in. is also more than adequate in the vertical direction, provided is more than 0.0012 in zontal Avy aif Also, the spacing provided meets The st the verti Girection as required for the condition V the 18 in. minimum requirement. The reinforcement provided also satisfies ACT 350 requirements (9.,, = 0.003 and maximin spacing = 12 in, 8.4.2 Design of Walls for Out-of-Plane Loading For the portion of wal their plane, the effects of earthquake forces static forces will be combined based on the most s loaded cal combinations: DIS(LAD + 1.7L +1.7 F + L87E/1.4) 3P 4 1.08 Moment From hydrostatic lo. OA16 ft-lb /ft Note that this reference assumes full height of contained liquicl Fordeterminingtheout-of-planemomentdue toearth: quake forces M, , the tank is divided into lending ha the trailing As discussed in Chapter 5, the cylindrical walls portions as shown in Fig Fig, 5-7) are designed for (a) wall inertia distributed uniformly around the entire circumference, (b) one-hal the impulsive for plied symmetrically about a ile 8 =O and acting inward on one-half of the wall and one-half P, applied symmetrical about 8 = and acting, :tward on the opposite half of the wall (c) one-half the convective force P. applied symmetrically aboutan angle 6=0and acting inward onone-halfofthewalland one-half P_applied symmetrical about ®= x and acting outward on, \coppositehalf of the wall;and (@) thedynamicearthand ground water pressure against the trailing half of the buried portion of the tank Wall inertia Py = POW, = Cal = 037 x 1,609 = 395 kips 0.37 x 1,092 404 kips = C, WV. = 0.034 x 6,988 = 238 kips P,.P,and P,, and the pressure distribution on the wall are calculated per Section 52.1 as follows (soe Fig. 8:3) For wall inertia, Tig dew = Wok/tt For impulsive force {41-6} lor, 224) At bottom of wall 426-65 0.034P, At top liquid level, ng ee 00 oot, eign of Ligue Containing Canerete Structures fr Erthquae Foes At top liquid level, [oxa6-ss}-[ox2s i. r ae Figure 8-3 Forces on wall perpendicular to the direction, of analysis 0.651000 aan 31445 P Botiom of walt= Beco) =2x BOSE a 0p Ras (maximum @6=0) Yop of liquid = cost (00485 1,39251, 000 BAS = 807 pst (maximum @ 6 = 0) Pressure due to convective force, 16P., 16x 0.01482. Bottom of wall = —5 cos = PACER sos8 Ox R14 x45 (maximum @ 8 = 0) P. Top of liquid “cos =70.8 psf (maximum @ 6=0) The above pressure needs to be determined at differ- ent values of # and applied to the leading and the trailing wallstodetermine the additional hoopstressesand out-ol- plane moments. These stresses and moments can be more accurately computed using shell analysis, Jp Note determine the ho / due to theaboveloads. F >> H) the out of plane bending effects are small and can be neglected! 8.4.2.1 Approximate Method Using AC1350.3 approximation fort ikwith F=42 of base she assumed to be transferred through ut-of-plane b Approximate force acting on leading and trailing walls O2%2, OS = 240 kips Assuming this force will act ata int height of 10 Ht (w approximate result cd average of h, and fi), total Figure 8-4a Detailing of wali *pproximate out-of-plane maximum moment assuming 10518 3B simply supported wall = = 1,548 fckips Moment per tit length M, 21,54 3.145, 5 ft-kips/ft 3x1044215= 35 ft-kips load combinations (Re > 23 F-kips under stat 0.6 @ 8 in. (A, = 0.66 in2) vertical reinforcement on inside face is adequate. The user should check other loading conditions given 1, = w | : | | 2» L i | Figure 8-4b Detailing of wall with fixed base Note that dynamic earth pressure effects are not in- cluded in this example. Reference 4-5 should be consulted when determining these effects. 8.5 DETAILING Based on the SDC D associated with this structure, detail seismic risk will apply per Table 6-1 (seeChapter 6), Based on ths, itis prudent tolocate the corresponding to hi ices away from the potential plastic hinge zones. The 8 splice length should be provided for both No. 6 Vertical bars as well as No. Sand No. 9horizontal bars per 122 of ACI 318-99. ‘The required development length of the No, 6 and No. 7 dowels in the base is 18in, le Structures or Eartha Forces The requirements of Table 63 are satisfied for in-plane wall design, The steel provided along with spacing satisfies Section 21.6.2.1 of ACI 318 (Table 6-3), The reinforcement provided also satisies minimum requizements of ACI 350, 0.003 and maximum spacing = 12 in.) Per Section 2.3 of ACI318-99, all continuous reinforcement in struc al walls should be anchored or spliced in accordance with the provisions of reinforcement in tension (215.4). Figure 84a shows the detailing of the wall with hinged base, A tank with fixed base detail as shown in Figure 84b may be more appropriate for ease of construction and also to limit crack opening at thebase of wall. The designer will have ;o analyze the tank and determine the appropriate reinforce nt required for this condition, Notation = effective peak acceleration (BOCA 1996, SBC 1997) cross-sectional area of base cable, strand, or conventional reinforcement, in® (mm) effective peak velocity-related acceleration (BOCA 1996, SBC 1997 ‘one-half of projected widtt immersed element, in. (mm) B= inside length of a rectangular tank perpendicular to the direction of the earthquake force, ft{m) seismic response coefficient per TBC 2000 hor radius of (C, = impulsive coetficient, C. = convective coefficient) acceleration dependent seismic coefficient (UBC 1997) velocity dependent seismic coefficient (UBC 1997) Cy = coefficient for determining the fundamental frequency of circular tank (see Fig, 4-10) 4, freeboard (sloshing height) measured from the liquid surface at res, ft (m) inside diameter of cizcular tank, fm) modulus of elasticity of concrete, Ib/in (MPa) modulus of elasticity of cable, wire, strand, or conventional reinforcement, Ib/in.* (MPa) = site coefficient based on IBC 2000 site coefficient hased on IBC 2000 c shear modulus, Ib/in.® (MPa) shear modulus of elastomeric bearing pad, Ib/in2 (MPa) = acceleration due to gravity (32.17 ft/sec, 9807 mm/sec) h mean height at which the inertia force of tank ‘and its contents is assumed to act, Ft (m) Ji, = height from base of wall to the center of the convective force, ft (m) fh, = height from base of wall to the center of impulsive force, ft(m) = height from base of the wall to the center of gravity of the tank roof, ft (m) hy height from the base of wall to the center of inertia of the tank shell, ft (m) H, = design depth of stored liquid, ft (m) ‘wall height (inside dimension), f(r) Importance Factor (IBC 2000, UBC 1997, UBC 1994, BOCA 1996, SBC 1997, ACI350.3) spring constant of the tank wall support system, lb/ft (kPa} coefficient of lateral earth pressure at rest flexural stiffness of tank wall, Ib/t (kPa) inside length of a rectangular tank parallel to the ditection of the earthquake force, ft(m) length of individual elastomeric bearing pads, in. (mm) effective length of cable or strand taken as the sleeve length plus 35 times the strand diameter, in. (mm) overturning moment due to convective force, fell (kN-m) ‘overturning moment due to impulsive force, feb (kN-m) total overturning moment based on RSS combination of impulsive and convective moments, ft-lb (kN-m) rnominal moment strength, ft-lb (KN-m) reqitized moment strength, ft-lb (kN-m) near source factors (UBC 1997) hoop force in circular tanks at level y due to the convective component, pounds pet foat of wall height, Ib/it (KIN/m) hoop force in circular tanks at level y due to the impulsive component, pounds per foot of wall height, lb /it (N/m) inertia force in circular tanks at level y, pounds per foot of wall height, lb/ft (kN/m) total effective hoop force in circular tanks at level y, pounds per foot of wall height, Ib/ft (N/m) hydrostatic pressure at level y above the base of the tank, b/fe (KPa) uni lateral dynamic convective pressure distributed horizontally at level y, Ib, (KPa) unit lateral dynamic impulsive pressure distributed horizontally at level y b/ f° (kPa) vit lateral inertia force du to wall dead weight distributed horizontally at level y, Ib/ ft? (KPa) total lateral convective force associated with W, 1b (KN) lateral convective force due to Wt per unit height of the tank wall occurring at level y, pounds per ft of wall height, lb/ft (kKN/m)

    You might also like