Journal of Afican Earth Slences 162 (2020) 103743 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of African Earth Sciences s Journal homepage: www.clsevier.com/locateljafrearset Geopressure evaluation using integrated basin modelling, well-logging and reservoir data analysis in the northern part of the Badri oil field, Gulf of Suez, Egypt sas AE, Radwan™, A.M. Abudeif®, MM. Attia’, Mohamed A. Elkhawaga’, Wael K. Abdelghany*, ‘Ahmed A. Kasem® Barn Dapernet,Cfof Ses Mareen Company, Car, Bt "a Ue, rly of Seer, Cy Depo Sy, Ep Komnd “The evatton of pore and acre presres represents the git of well planning and easton in ding Coopers ‘perio and eplrrion,wheeastrate pre soc ctre pees nodlng cables hei an gu com i ta Danis oil rt safely. The sop of spp to erate pore and actrees othe mater Co Pat the Bd Fel inthe Gul of Sur, aye t deerme the convene pore prem acre gaint eters Ide (PPFG) and to eine the poe reste rein ne subvurtace win he Zt, South Chath Blain — nd Karem oratins rm he tp wna The pore pretur and facture gradient node has been asesed using integrated data that include busi history, well logs Gone, reisty and density), offset wells dling problems, and reservole pressure. The ‘Amoco overburden equation and Eaton sonic and resistivity methods were used o estimate the overburden ‘ttess andthe pore pressure values respectively, while facture pressure was calulted using the Eaton method. Ress show that the maximum pore pressures is inthe South Gharib Formation and the lowest pore pressure ‘within the reservoir sections. Sic abnormal pressure zones were detected, these includes for overpressure Zones land two subnormal pressure zones, where the maximum estimated pore pressure was upto 10.5 pound per ‘allon (pps) equivalent gradient, which was recorded inthe South Ghartb Formation. While the minimum measured ore pressure vale was ecoded at 47 (pg) nthe Kareem sandstone reservoir. The ractre gradient ranged betcen 1.5 and 12.1 (ppg) equivalent density for both the Belayim (Hammam Faraun Member) and Kareem sandsone reservoirs ‘The main conclusions of this dy are, 1 the pore pressure profile is norma, sub-normal and over-pres- ‘surized inthe sty res, 2) the integration of basin medeling, selLiogging, dling problems and direct measurement low st evant the geopresrires in the subrface Horizon 3) the ae of low ml density teil diling ino the depleted reservoir znes is he es soon for Hid lenses mitigation, 4) the aed sure, intermediate and production casing sets is adequate forthe future planned wells profil. 5) providing Sights on downline prare bebnvior wren stripy inthe aren of ey, to echteve opinten ing rma designing and adequate casing eats well safe and succesful operational planning 1, Introduction ‘The availabilty of accurate Information on pore pressure in oll and ‘8 exploration and development activities is eitical for maintaining control of the wellbore all the time. Accurate evaluation of pore pes ‘sure isa ertial input parameter for geomechanical model building Which leads to safe diling, fuid design, casing emplacements, en hanced wellbore stability and hydraulic facturing. optimization Corresponding author. mall addres ‘adwanaceyahoo.com (AE. Radwan) ups: or/10.1016/ jatar 2019.103743 (Swarbrick and Osborne, 1998; Zoback ea, 2003; Tingay etal, 2003; ‘Zhang, 2011; Radwan et al, 20198). Inaccurate estimation ofthe fr ‘mation pore pressure may cause loss of an entre well section. Petro eum companies earryout the pore pressure and fracture gradient pre- diction studies at the planning stage, as well through realtime ‘monitoring ard detection of the formation pore pressure while dling. Pore pressure isthe pressure exerted on the pore space ofthe rocks matrix by its contained fluids, It ean be classified into three main types Received 29 June 2019; Recelved in revised form 2 November 2019; Accepted 16 December 2019 ‘Available online 16 December 2019 1464 343K/ © 2019 Elsevier Lt, Al rights reservedFig. 1. Location map ofthe study area. Tectonie elements ofthe Gulf of Suez ar ilstrated (Kl nd McCay, 1999), normal, over-pressure and subnormal. Depending wpon whether the Pore pressure is equal to, greater than or less than the hydrostatic pressure at the given depth. (Bourgoyne et al,, 1986; Osborne and ‘Swarbrieks 1997 Sayers, 2002). Any pressure different from the normal pressure is defined as Abnormal pressure. Yassir an Bel (1996) stated that abnormal pressure is subclasified into overpressure and sub- normal pressure. Sedimentation disequilibrium, clay diagenesis, tectonic activities, hydrocarbon generation, and thermal effect are considered asthe main ‘overpressure generating mechanisms. Pore pressure ean be measured using the pressure measurements tools or extracted from well logs ot predicted through basin modelling. The information on pore pressure Jura of Aan Bard Sees 162 (2020) 105748 regimes in any sedimentary basin isa necessary part ofthe dling and production operations and gas shale formation evaluation (Gretener, 1079). Drilling in a complex basin such asthe Gulf of Suee Basin represents 1 challenge for both exploration and driling operations, therefore 2 detailed study ofthe pore pressure regime can help inthe development and exploratory phases for oil and gas, where the reliability of easing design depends on the pore and fracture pressure. Accurate pore pres sure modelling a the design stage allows easing Seats to be inserted at the appropriate depth which will prevent circulation loss, luld kicks and blowouts. In addition, this enables the well planner to be aware of, the expected abnormal pressure zones, allowing mitigation of risks especially inthe ease of multiple reservoirs along the well, such asin the Gulf of Suez Basin, Moreover, avoiding environmental hazards, save ‘human lives and loss of hydrocarbon reserves Radian etal, (2019) performed the fist pore pressure study in the Gulf of Suez Basin and they identified diferent pore pressure regimes in the southern part ofthe ol field, Several authors have introduced pore pressure prediction workflows for pore pressure evaluation using Seismic and well logs (Swarbrick, 2002; Lépez et al., 2004; Gutierrez etal, 2006; Bachrach eta, 2007; Wessling etal, 2013; Radwan etal, 2019), ‘The main alm of this paper Is to evaluate the pore pressure and fracture pressure using Integrated basin modelling, direct measure: ments and well-logging methods in order to determine an adequate poresacture model for the northern part of Ba Field by determining ‘he pore pressure regimes in the penetrated formations to support fe ‘ure driling plans and extend knowledge on the pore pressure dis tribution inthe stdied area, 2, Geologic setting and lithostratigraphy of the area “The Radri Field i situated in the central-eastrn part of the Gulf of Suez, 20 km from the coast of the Sinai Peninsula in northeast Egypt (ig. 1). The Gulf of Suer isthe northwest termination of the NNW: trending Red Sea rift (Fig. 1). Separation of the African and Arabian plates along the Red Sea rift was initiated in the Late Bocene t0 Oli sgocene, while fing of the Gulf of Suez began in the Early Miocene Rift activity waned in the late Middle Miocene (Serravallian), during {deposition ofthe Kareem and Belayim formations. The Gulf of Suez isa rift basin, containing 3-5 km thick sedimentary fil It comprises three half-grabens or sub basins with differing dip and fault polarities: the northern Darag sub basin and the southem Amal-Zeit Province show dominantly south-westward strata-dip directions and north-eastward faultip directions, while the central Belayim Province shows dom- nantly north-eastward strata-dip directions and south-westward faul- dip directions. The Badr Feld is located within the Belayim Province. The reservoir formations are composed of sandstone. The studied se ‘quence ofthe Zeit, South Gharib, Belayim and Kareem formations made Lup of various lithologies. The lthostatigraphie succession of Badri Feld is outlined in Fig. 2 taken from Youssef et a. (2002) and Radwan 0182), ‘The Badr ol and gas field inthe study area covers an area of about 12 km? Its bounded by longitudes 33°22" to 34°47" E and latitudes 2824 to 28'26'N (Pig 1). The Badri Field is contained ina tilted faultJura of Aan Bard Sees 162 (2020) 105748 SERIES | STAGE/AGE | FORMATION| LITHOLOGY oe recor PLEISTOCENE ee se su0GeNE i zr ¥ E | rostom w |5 8) som as z + — uw seu ee uy | sermon “i a o [2 on vee =| avon — ° 8 a : = coe - | ; surocaunn | | "UES | = 2 : g|. Fi g warsecyy ' RAE aura __ [ops TE exarmamae == —oe uw uw GA necntry FEES] cansone BB timestne enya © Msnreseroes block (Fg. 8) formed during Middle to Late Mlocene rifting. The Bade Fields bounded to the east by an E-dipping extensional fault with a throw of approximately 1500 fat the top ofthe Belayim Formation. To the west another E-dipping extensional fault separates the Badri Field feom the El Morgan Field with a throw of about 250-800 feet (GPC, 1996), Minor faults with throws of < 150 feet compartmentalize the Feld and divide i inca four production areas (ig, 2) Baael and Lai, 1095; Bosworth, and MeClay, 2001; Abudeif etal, 20166; Radwan, 20186; Abudief et al, 2018; and Radwan eta, 20191), Production in north Badfi Feld is from the middle Miocene 2. Stratigraphy and lithology ofthe Bai Feld area (Yousef ea 2002) reservolrs In the Belayim (Hammam Faraun Member) and Kareem formations (A/Rchim et al, 1994 EGPC, 1996; Attia et al, 20155 [Abudeif eta, 2016a; Radwan, 2018b; Radwan, 20184; Radwan eta, 2019a; Radwan etal, 2019), 3. Workflow, material and methods In this paper, the geopressure evaluation workflow relies on the integration of basin modes, well logging methods, measured reservoir pressure and encountered drilling events. Basin modelling is consideredFig, 3. Toptelayi Formation structure map of the Bade Field (A/Rehin eal, 1994). ‘an effective tool for pore pressure evaluation and prediction, whilst the measured reservoir data ls the best indleator of pore pressure in virgin and depleted reservoirs, where it provides accurate pore pressure values that ean be used in the pore pressure evaluation and calibration. This ‘study utilizes data from fout wells with conventional logs (Gam ray, Density, Resistivity and Sonic), sedimentation history, formation thickness, formation age, dling problems and direct pressure met sured fom the reservoir sections The pore pressure was inferred using the Eaton’ sonie and resistivity methods (Faton, 1975). Techlog soft ware was used to generate the model in this study. 23.1. Basin modeling Basin modelling is defined as the numerical simulation of basin development and geologic processes through geologic time (Welte and Yakler, 1981; Hantsehel and Kauerauf, 2000), Wt demonstrates the Table 1 Jura of Aan Bard Sees 162 (2020) 105748 burial history of the sediments and combines geological information that includes formation thickness, age, porosity and lithology type to predict the geopressure horizons (Duppenbecker et al, 2004) Pore pressure evolution within the intersected units in Badr (A,B C ‘and D) wells was modelled in one dimension using the Schlumberger PetroMod (V. 2015) software. One-dimensional modelling history was performed on the studied wells using PetroMod 1D to reconstruct the ‘epesitional history of the studied succession. The basin model and basin-il history was built using the tectonic framework and erusal evolution of the Gulf of Suez. The sedimentary sequence was numer cally restored using the available geo-elated information and well- logging data, where it shows the time and depth relationships for the sedimentary section (Feinstein etal, 1996), The input parameters and thermal boundary conditions wed in the assessment of wells in the Badri Field included: (a) the paleowater depth (PWD, in meters), which was determined by examining paleo maps, specific faces, and the time of deposition which allowed the approximation of sa levels in the study area. The PWD ranged between (and 300 m; (6) the synthesized sediment-water interface temperature (SWIT,in‘C), which normally varies overtime was calculated using an If function (Wygrala, 1989; Girdler and evans, 1977; Scheuch, 1978), Tha model calculates appropriate tempera tures over time after applying the study areas specife laude and region. SWIT ranged from 19 to 30°C in the studied area; and (e) the paleo-heat flow (HF, in mW/m?), ranges from 59 to 120 mW/m? ac: cording tothe recent data by (8, 2005; Awaualla etal, 2018). The model was calibrated against corrected bottom hole data forthe Badri Field, measured formation pressures and the helium porosity 8.2, Lithology discrimination ‘The picking of shale intervals plays an important role in de- termining the results of pore presure fracture gradient (PPEG) model Field work experience plays an important role in picking shale intr: vals. The lithology discrimination and shale dentieation were made by using gamma ray, resistivity, density neutron and sonic logs to guarantee that the overpressure analysis were performed In shale layers. The resistivity, densiy-neutron and gammatay logs has been ‘sed as vital (01 for lithology identification. Shale zone confirmation criteria were based on high gamma-ray reading, low resistivity, high ‘eutron porosity and proper shale density. (Matthews, 2004; Randhan ‘The dling summary mode inthe studied wells A, 8, Cand D. The dling problems are sted per eah Foemation accompanied withthe rg operation whl dling events and the ations Focratbo Deli eveat Operation Pablew descpon wa ar Paral ames Driling The eg aes ange rom 5 pho 10 Bp. The ma weight ned om 49 pe 0 9.1 pp The est "ss omatoa are not se ond acre presse, bl Gl sa perma. ole ping Had 8 ole ater tipping pete elton, a ‘ibcopot_—Trping Hada igh olen shale ith 2 py, Perorm ram and back rea then pas ie Aneane Cred stale Dring! Had 20%recanl stl on the ses, este mad weit fm 10 pet 105 pg Fly tehole gts AE South Grid Salt repay Tipping Had ht hole due at rel, plying oer ul ol stable wit 106 pp Acunt rel flow Dring, Hat iene ae md et wl the wel by 103 og ® eoyin 7 Ne preblene acre hle sabe with 82 py se ud 3 Ane and 0 aren Thc spot Tipping Had ie holes wise rpg or anne wh ud weight angel om 8.4 pet 8S pe KanaBremer ny Se re Nee fenny Se ey + Fracture presse verification and interpretation eee Cornea rato Jura of Aan Bard Sees 162 (2020) 105748 eres Fig. 4. Pore pressure analysis workflow. and Goulty, 2010, 2011; Radwan etal, 20196), 9.3. Model calibration ‘The various deliverables have been quality checked, calibrated and validated with available dicect downhole measurements and observa- tions at various modelling steps (Bowers 1995; Zinang, 2011 and Radwan et al, 2019) to minimize any uncertainty. All previous tests including the Repeat Formation Tester (RFT), Modular Dynamic For- mation Tester (MDT), and Formation Pressure Test log (XPT) were used to determine the current real reservoir pressure fui, In addition, all rilling problems that occurred during previous drilling operations in the offset wells were collected for model calibration. Diling problems are listed per each Formation accompanied with the rg operation while diling events and the actions (Table 1). The data has been plotted in the pore pressure graph to check the model validity during the pore pressure evaluation process. 134, Vertical ses estimation methodology ‘Amoco empirical equation has been applied globally, and it re present the average bulk density below the seafloor. This equation was ‘obtained fom statistical data from the Gulf of Mexico twas utilized to 1 stress calculations as expressed equation (Paul el, 2 pnwco™ Opti + (CFVD-AG-WD)/3125)" Where oV au i the vertical stress in pound per gallon, Saat Is the uid line weight and default number is 1.95317 gem, AG is the aie sap, «isthe exponent coefiient and its default is 0.6, while TVD and WD are the true vertical depth and water depth in fet respectively. Equation 1dog i Fig. 5. One dimensional basin modelling represent the conversion of bala ‘istry ito equvatent nad weight versus the dep i eet per ach Formation, Default aumbers of Amoco equation were utilized for both Amoco ‘exponent and mud line density (Paul ea, 2009). Density log was used to.compute the overburden sree. Asa density logis not recorded fom sea floor and the first reading starts at deeper depth, so the Gardner ‘equation was used to compute the pseudo-density from the sone curve atthe surface section, followed by integration it with wireline or log ‘ging while dling (vd) recorded density log (Gardner etal 19745, Radwan et al, 20190). Jura of Aan Bard Sees 162 (2020) 105748 8.5, Hydrstaie pressure Hydrostatic pressure gradient value of 0.438 psi/f. (1.025 g/cc) was utilized as the average Formation water density in the following equation. P nya 0.433. TVDan. Equation 2 Whore Pyy 5 the hydrostatic pressure in psi unit, while TVDpya is the true vertical depth below mud line in feet. 3.6. Normal compaction tend Defining the normal compaction trend slope and extent from the peteophysical measurement (velocity, density, and resistivity) is the backbone of the effective stress-pore pressure transformation proce: dure. They represent the subsurface interval where the dewatering process takes place between the free flow percolating shallow section and the fluid retention depth (Top of Geopressure) (Shaker, 2007) Establishing of the normal compaction trend (NCT) was performed after picking the shale intervals along the subsurface succession in the studied wells. The interpreter experience plays important role in picking of (NCT) foreach type of logs including resistivity, sonie and density logs (Selim and Badawy, 2010; Radwan et al, 2019) 8.7, Pore pressure estimation methodology So fat, several works have been done in pore pressure prediction ‘sing wel logs and seismic data, resulting in some empirical formula for estimation of pore pressure. The most widely used methods are the Eaton (1975), Bowers (1995) and Traugott (1997). In tis study, the pore pressure was predicted using indirect and direct methods. Eaton resistivity and sonic methods were used as indirect methods in the calculation of shale pressure, where direct measurements were used only in the sandstone reservoirs, It should be noted that the pore pressure prediction methods are based on the rock properties in shales, and the pore pressures obtained from these methods ae the pressures in les. For the pressures in sandstones, limestones or other permeable formations the pore pressure calculation can be obtained by either assuming thatthe shale pressure is equal to the sandstone pressure or using fluid flow model (eentrold method) (Dickinson, 1952; Traugott, 1097; Yardley and Swarbrick, 2000; Daniel, 2001; Zhang, 2011). Baton resistivity and sonic methods ae listed below in Equations (3) ard) (Eaton, 1975) PP = OBG ~ (OBG - PPN) (Ro/ RN) * Equation 3 PP = OBG - (OBG-PPN) * a * (ATo /ATN) where ORG Is the overburden gradient in (ppg), PP and PPN are pore pressure gradient and normal pore pressure gradient or (hydrostatic pressure) in (ppg) respectively, Ro and RN are observed and normal resistivity (ohms.m) respectively; ATo and ATN are observed sonic and normal sone (s/f) respectively, ATN is the normal sonic (ms/ft), xis Eaton exponent (dimensionless) and its value is 1.2 for the resistivity and 3 forthe sonic in 1975, Equation 4Sonic NCT line| Jura of Aan Bard Sees 162 (2020) 105748 represent Formation picks, track five represent fered gumma-cay rong, track si represent filtered sone reading andthe sonic normal compaction red, track 7 represent the resistivity normal compaction trend ack 8 represent overburden, pore pressrecaleulatons and Formation tester data, track 9 represent the sonic dat, tack 10 represent the nevtron- density logs fo the sed well The PPFG model values orwell si ion to 72 19 39 a "7‘Table shows the PPRG model values aguas ach Formation for wel B Fetoo| ome imac » ABA 190 91 ta 72 1a 139 87 87 ‘Tabled stows the PRG mode values against cach Formation, The PPFG model values fori HAMMAM FARAUN, 182 183 149 169 125 125 G6 93 stows the PPFG model values against each Formation, The PPFG mode! values an wa ws 14 a7 aa a7 10 3.8. Fracture pressure estimation methodology Eaton fracture method were utilized, (Equation (5): F=Vs- DPA) + PM) Equation 5 Where isthe fracture gradient in (ps) unl Vs isthe vertical stress in si uni, D isthe depth value in foot, P isthe wellbore pressure in ps respectively and v is the Poissons ratio. "ig 4 shows the utilized workflow forthe pre presure and facture pressure modelling. The workflow ineluding five stages, star with the Jura of Aan Bard Sees 162 (2020) 105748 data collection, quality control and data summarizing, calculation process, model verification till the Final model interpretation and re ‘commendations. The main input and steps ae highlighted (Fg. 4) 4, Results ‘The analysis of pore pressure was inferred indirectly and directly from the well logs, mud logs and drilling report, combined with basin modelling and reservoir pressure measurements data. The penetrated formations in the studied wells are the Zeit, South Gharib, Relayim (Hammam Faraun, Felran, Sie! and Baba) and Kareem) while the Post Zeit represents the surface sediment from the seabed to top ofthe Zeit Formation Burial history in Fig. 5 shows the conversion of burial history to equivalent pressure mud density it represents the relationship between the depth in vertical axis and the equivalent pressure density in the horizontal axis. The Schlumberger's PetroMod (V. 2018) software was ‘used to cary out the conversion of burial history to equivalent pressure mud density using the inbuilt Function ofthe software, which depends mainly on the relationship between the sedimentation rate, formation thickness and its depositional time. It is noticed that the equivalent pressure mud density curve is deflected at the base of the Zeit and South Gharib formations and it shows an equivalent presure build upto more than 11 ppg. is. 5) “The pore pressure facture gradient (PPFG) model was wtilized in the studied wells, and the results are discussed in this section. The current dataset of the northern part ofthe Badr! field shows develop ment of overpressure, sub normal pressure and normal hydrostatle pressure regime. Normal compaction trend established on compres sional sone slowness logs have been presented in Fig. 6 along with the interpreted PP. Fi. 6 highlights the normal compaction trend in the Well A, where this well has complete data nearly from the surface, where compressional slowness was able to detec the high-pressure ramp through the base of Zeit and South Gharib formations, while the resistivity was absent Fig (6). Fracture pressure has been estimated from Eq, (5). Poisson's ratio value of 0.33 has been sed for calculation. Drilling problems summary model was utilized forthe studied wel {nthe northern par of the Badr Feld, and taken in consideration while verfiation and interpretation process (Table 1). In adlition, basin modelling results has been considered and supported the final PPFG model, Tables 2-5 shows the overburden gradient (OVB), shale facture (SH FRAG), sand fracture (SND FRAG), pore pressure (PP) values against each Formation inthe studied wells A, 8, Cand D. Figs. 7-10 represent the model output of studied well , B, Cand D. “The plotted pore pressure reflects the sandstone reservoir pressure only fn the Hammam Farsun Member and Karsem Formation (Pigs. 7-10) 5. Diseussion Basin modelling, well logging technique, measured reservoir pres sure and driling problems have been integrated in order to figure out adequate pore pressure fracture gradient (PPFG) model inthe studied wallsJura of Aan Bard Sees 162 (2020) 105748 oa fie so Pane oo Pye tee | he 2/.2(| 2 = 7 Well schematic 2 {ie eatin ae + - Fig. 7. PPP mode ouput of well ,the fst, econ andthe track on the lg suite indeates the depth Interval in et, this neues Measured depth, tre vertical peh and true vertical depth subsea in arrangement, fourth tack indetes the well Formation picks ith tack indicates the overburden gradient (mud weight ‘sullen, the shale fracture md welghtequlvalen, the sand racture (mod weight equivalent, the Interpreted pore pesure (mud weight equlvlen), presse Point in (mud weight equivalent, salt ereep problems in (mud weight equlvalen), mod weight and equivalent culation density In pound pr gallon (pp) unit {Ceack sx) indicates the well sehematic forthe well borehole 5.1. Basin modeling analysis The one dimensional burial history in Bad field is most likely the same as previous basin modelling for hydrocarbon generation in the Gulf of Suet (Shahin, 1986; Lindquist, 1998; ELShahat etal, 2009; Alife etal, 2016; Ahmed etal, 2018; Awadalla tal, 2018). The burial history evolution in Badri Field indicates high sedimentation rates and rabid burial during the deposition of the Zeit and South Gharib for- mation (Late Miocene) age; where more than 2500 feet of sediments has ‘been buried in less than 3 million years, which may reflect compaction ‘lsequiibeum. During the Middle Miocene, the one dimensional burial histony shows normal pore pressure attitude. On the other hand the Late Miocene sediments show overpressure zones at the base ofthe Zit and South Gharib formations. The overpressure intervals atthe base of the Zeit and South Gharib formations is controlled by rabid burial and high sedimentation rates (Pig. 5). The basin modelling results has been taken in consideration while interpretation and verification process. 5.2, PPEG model ofthe stulled A, B, Cand D wells ‘The caleulated pore pressure inthe studied wells was relied on the trends of sonic and resistivity logs, basin modelling and calibrated by drilling event based interpretations In addition, the model designed for the current reservoir pressure measurements. ‘The pore pressure profile indicated that the top part of Zeit Formation shows normal compaction trend equals 8.7 ppg equivalent ‘mud weight (EMW). The pore pressure increased sharply from 8.7 ppg ‘0 10.3 ppg. (EMW) at the base of Zeit Formation, where the top of, abnormal overpressure occurred Inthe thick shale interval atthe 3200" ‘TVDss depth based on Eaton sone, presence of pressurized shale and tight spots. Which, reflect an indication of the first pressure ramp entire the studied subsurface section. The second pressure ramp was noted in South Gharib Formation, where the used mud weight was lower than the required and lead to presence of saltwater flow and pressurized shale, consequently the mud weight was raised to 11 ppg to overcome these drilling problems. The interpreted pore pressure for South Gharib formation i 105 ppg (EMW). Moreover, the second pressure ramp wasJura of Aan Bard Sees 162 (2020) 105748 i resin 7 same a sas . Be | Be | dee L 2 = Well schematic [4 4 mi oats coms on proved using Baton soni. The pore pressure gradient was 0.465 psf ‘at the surface section then increases from the base of Zeit with depth and reaches 0.521 psi/ft in the south Gharib Formation, Equilibrium between shales pressure with the attached sand pres: sure theory was used in the interpretation, where the initial recorded Formation pressure in the first member of Belayim Formation (Hammam Faraun) was 9.3 ppg (EMIW), so the shale pore pressure is oop the same virgin pressure, which represent the third pressure ramp. While in Hammam Faraun sandstone reservoir the pore pressure regressed and sub-normal pressure regime was detected, where the lirect pressure measurements (RFT) recorded! 4.9 ppg. as minimum value and maximum of 66 ppg atthe eurent wells status, which mean that the Hammam Faraun sandstone is depleted reservoir and produe- tion of oil is responsible for this depletion. Tt represents the fist re ‘gression inthe subsurface section. Normal pore pressure was noticed in the rest section of Belayim Formation inching the three members (Feiran, Siri and Baba), and the pore pressure was approximately 8.7 ppg (EMW), where no drilling PG model output of well B. ‘events observed during the drilling operation along these intervals. In Kareem Formation, the Interpreted pore pressure in shale was equal to the virgin pressure of 9.6 ppg (EMW), which represent the fourth pressure ramp in the studied section, While the recorded pore pressure in Kareem sandstone reservoir ranges between 47 and 8 ppg at the current well status, which mean depleted reservoir due to produc tion. The Kareem sandstone reservoir represen the second regression in the studied section. The fracture gradient was ranged between 11.5 and 125 ppg for the Hammam Faraun sandstone reservoir, while it was ranged between 11.9 and 13.1 ppg inthe Kareem sandstone reservoir. Hole fil and caved shale events in Table | refer to hole breakout, which requires wellbore stability analysis, the authors are refer to the Importance of wellbore stability study In order to prevent the hole breakout inthe Future development wells 5.3, Casing seas profile In general, selection of the casing seats depth is based onJura of Aan Bard Sees 162 (2020) 105748 —S 4 Ee ae s\z\2| . ——a—_ sn | Sg | oy |B We schematic -—J a kL Sar mj {* f Ff Fig. 9. FPG model output of well ©. ‘consideration ofthe predicted pore pressure and fraeture gradients. The ‘casing seats are not the same inthe studied wells, Fig. 10 shows the dlfference between the easing seats in (A and B) wells and the other two (C and D) well, where in A and B wells, the 12 1/4.inch hole drilled through shallower Formations (Post Zeit, Zeit and South Gharib), and the 95/8-nch easing seat was seated atthe base of south Gharib For- mation, while the &S-inch hole was drilled through Belayim and Kareem Formations. On the other hand, the 16-inch hole drilled ‘through Post Zeit to the middle pat of Zeit Formation in both C and D ‘well, and the 13 2/8-inch casing seat stopped inside the middle part of Zelt Formation, while the 12.25-Inch hole drilled through the test of Zelt, South Gharib, Belayim and Kareem Formations (Pig. 11). Based on the last pore pressure evaluation, we recommend new ‘casing seats design. We propose to drill the surface casing from the ‘onector seat to near the base of Zeit Formation and stop the easing point before iting the overpressure zone atthe base of Zeit shale, The recommended mud weight for this intervals ranges from 8.7 to 9 ppg, where the purpose ofthis easing point ist isolate te high permeable zones from the high pressurized zone in the base of Zeit and South Gharib Formations, as well, control the losses in the permeable zone and make sure covering the sand streaks in Zeit Formation before raising the mud weight in the next hole. For the intermediate casing we proposed to dil i fom the base of Zeit shale till the base of South Gharib Formation and sop drilling before hitting the depleted zone of Belayim Formation, the recommended mud weight fr this easing seat ranges between 11 and 12 ppg, where che purpose ofthis intermediate casing isto contol the pressurized shale of base Zeit Formation, aswell, control the salt water flow in south Gharib Formation. In the last sec tion hole, we propose to dell i through the Belayim and Kaeeem Formation till the setion total depth. It is recommended to use the lowest mud weight in order to control the expected loses in the de- pleted sandstone reservoirs. It is recommended to perform a casing design for each well, and to accurately address changes in the well conditions, Fig, 12 lkstrate the new casing seat design inthe northernJura of Aan Bard Sees 162 (2020) 105748 E/E/E| 4 i Fig. 10, PPFG model tpt of well. ‘of Bad field according fo the designed (PPRG) model, 6, Conclusions and recommendations In this study, the pore pressure evaluation was dane for the en- ‘countered Formations in the studied A,B, Cand D wells, andthe results ‘were analysed in the light of the basin modelling, geological, well- logging, drilling and reservoir data to delineate the pore pressure pro- file inthe northern part of Badri field. In general, four overpressure Intervals were detected In the studied section, the frst pressure ramp was recorded In the basal part of Zeit formation, the second was re- ‘corded within the South Gharib formation the third was detected inthe Belayim shale Formation, and the fourth ramp was detected in Kareem shale Formation. Additionally, two pressure regression anomalies were deecte i the Hammam Fars saadstone reservoir and the Kareem ssndstone reservoir ‘The following conclusions can be summarized as follow: 1) surface section from the sea floor to the upper part of Zeit Formation and (iran, Sidri and Baba) members of Belayim Formation shows normal pore pressure regime, 2) overpressure regime was detected a the basal part of Zeit shale, South Gharib formation, Belayim formation (Hammam Faraun Member) shales and Kareem shale formation, where the estimated value was 10:3, 105, 9.3 and 9.6 ppg (EMW) respec tively. 3) sub-normal pore pressure regime was detected through Belayim Formation (Hammam Faraun Member) sandstone reservoir and Kareem sandstone reservoir, where the current recorded pressure points was ranged from 4.9 to 6.6 ppg EMW) In Hammam Faraun Member reservoir, while the recorded pore pressure of Kareem sand stone reservoir was ranged from 4.7 to 8 ppg (EMW), the most likely {interpretation ofthese sub-normal intervals that itis occurred due to hydrocarbon production, 4) Based on the PPPG model results for the studied wes and easing seats investigation inthe northern part of Badri field, new casing seats design and recommended mud weight were developed to be used in the next drilling activity i the eld,‘wells (A and B) Jura of Aan Bard Sees 162 (2020) 105748 Fig. 11. Comparison between casings seas inthe BDR.A.and B versus Cand D wells ole fil and caved shale driling events were recorded in some wells and itis referring to break-out file, 0 wellbore stability analysis is highly recommended for the upcoming wells, as well ow mud density is highly recommended in order to avoid lost circulation in the surface ‘and reservoir sections Integration of basin modelling history, well-logging and direct re- servoir measurements lea to adequate pore pressure profile and allow understanding the pore pressure regime in the studied area. The pro- posed integrated workflow led to enhancement of the pore pressure ‘evaluation proces. Declaration of competing interest ‘The authors declare that they have no known competing financial Interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to inf: ‘ence the work reported in this paper. Acknowledgements ‘The authors are gratefil tothe editor Dr Read Brown Mehanganyika Mapeo and the anonymous reviewers for their time, effort and con- structive comments that greatly helped to improve this paper. Also, ‘deep thanks to the Gulf of Suez Petroleum Company (GUPCO) and the Egyptian Petroleum Corporation (2GPO) authorities fr proving us by the required data and their permissions to proceed this research. List of used abbreviations and symbols pfs Pore prassure fracture gradient ‘eVAmoco Amoco Overburden pe Pound per gallon ‘ommudline Mud line density @ the exponent coeficient AG airgap TVD True vertical depth WD Water Depth P—_nydthydrostate pressure FP Fracture pressure Phyd hydrostatic pressure Vs Vertical stress D Depth ¥ Poisson's ratio P—— Wellbore pressure EMW Equivalent mud weight RFT Repeated Formation test,SUGGESTED NEW CASING SEATS DESIGN Appendix A. 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