

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EF

104
  104  ‫א‬
 
 J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 

 W،،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬        ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ،  
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬ ?   ? EF ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ? ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ?‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫؛‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬
 K‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


2
  104  ‫א‬
 
 J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬{ ‫א‬‫א‬{ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 WE‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

3
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 J‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

1
  ‫א‬‫א‬  104  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬

 W‫ א‬-1
 K‫א‬J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K5،28J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 KE1F‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 KE2F



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W2‫א‬W1


 W‫א‬ -2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE1F‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



-1-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  104  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE1F‫א‬
EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 50  28
 25  528
 13  5

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬-1-2
‫א‬E1‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 KE5F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬ -2-2
 K‫א‬  ‫א‬ ♦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
 K‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬J ‫א‬J ‫א‬J 







-2-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  104  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Determination of Specific Weight for Coarse and Fine Aggregates

 W‫א‬‫א‬ -1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE
 ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬E
 ‫א‬F‫א‬
 KE‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬


 W‫א‬‫א‬ -2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
‫א‬{110–100‫א‬‫א‬
 KE1F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬º25º15‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
{ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KEF‫א‬‫א‬
EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
E2F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KEF‫א‬‫א‬




-3-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  104  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬-3
‫و‬
   1
Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫™ א‬
‫ أ‬−‫ب‬
2 ‫و‬
 Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫™ א‬
‫ د‬−‫ج‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E2F‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE2F‫א‬
‫ﺣﺪود اﻟﻮزن اﻟﻨﻮﻋﻲ اﻟﻈﺎهﺮي‬  ‫א‬
 2.75–2.50  ‫א‬
 2.75–2.50  ‫א‬
 2.60–2.40  ‫א‬‫א‬
 2.80–2.60  ‫א‬‫א‬
 2.80–2.60  ‫א‬














-4-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  104  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Determination of Unit Weight of Aggregates


 W‫א‬‫א‬ -1
‫א‬‫א‬KE ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 W‫א‬ -2
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬J


 W‫ א‬-3
‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
 KE3F
5016‫א‬ ♦
 K
K‫א‬ ♦

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE3F‫א‬
 EF‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 30  38.1
 15  4.7538.1
 3  4.75

 W‫א‬ -4
‫א‬‫א‬{
 ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

-5-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  104  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 K O
 K O
K‫א‬ O


 W‫א‬‫א‬ -5
 KEF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ™
 K   ‫א‬ ™
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ™
 W‫א‬‫ א‬-1-5
‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬{25‫א‬‫א‬K 25
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{25 
 W‫א‬‫ א‬-2-5
 ‫א‬K ‫א‬5‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
KEF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ™

 W‫ א‬-6
‫و‬
 Z‫א‬‫א‬
‫أ‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬Z W
 ‫א‬‫א‬Z
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٪1±‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E4F‫א‬
 


-6-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  104  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE4F‫א‬
 E3LF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 1850–1500  ‫א‬
 1800–1600  ‫א‬
 2000–1700  EF‫א‬‫א‬
 2000–1500  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


















-7-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  104  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Sieve Analysis of Aggregates
 W‫ א‬-1
‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬Sieve Analysis‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬


 W‫ א‬-2
 K‫א‬٪0.1±‫א‬ ♦
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
،0.300،0.600،1.18،2.36،4.75،9.5،12.5،19،25،38.1،50،63،75،90
 K0.075،0.150
 K ♦


 W‫א‬ -3
‫א‬‫א‬KE5F ‫א‬  ♦
K4.75‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE5F‫א‬
 (‫اﻟﻮزن )آﺠﻢ‬  ‫א‬
 30  63‫א‬
 15  40‫א‬
 10  20‫א‬
 5  10‫א‬
 1  4‫א‬
 0,5  

-8-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  104  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
KEº5±º105F‫א‬‫א‬ ♦

 W‫א‬ -4
KE{{F‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
‫א‬ 
 { ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ ♦

 ‫ א‬-5
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ™
 100× ‫ ب‬Z     
‫أ‬
 W
 K‫א‬‫א‬Z 
 K‫א‬‫א‬Z 
 K‫א‬‫א‬Z 
‫א‬{ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ™
 K0.10.075‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ™
 –100Z
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ZW

-9-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  104  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ™
K‫א‬E4F‫א‬‫א‬E3F
(%) ‫اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎر ﺑ ﺎﻟﻮزن‬

100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 0.075 0.15 0.3 0.6 1.18 2.36 4.75
(‫ﻓﺘﺤﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺨﻞ )ﻣﻢ‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W3

(%) ‫اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎر ﺑ ﺎﻟﻮزن‬

100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
2.36 4.75 9.5 19 38.1
(‫ﻓﺘﺤﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺨﻞ )ﻣﻢ‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W4
 

- 10 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  104  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Determination of Organic Impurities in sand
 W‫ א‬-1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬


 W‫ א‬-2
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬3350‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 KE٪3F‫א‬ ƒ
 K‫א‬‫א‬67‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
E1.84‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬3100 0.25
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 W‫א‬ -3
K‫א‬‫א‬E500‫א‬F‫א‬ ♦
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
 K3130
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
K3200‫א‬
 K24
‫א‬375 ‫א‬24 ♦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


- 11 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  104  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫ א‬-4
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- 12 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
–‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

2
  ‫א‬‫א‬  104  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬ -1
{  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 W‫ א‬-2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬BLAINE??
 WE5‫א‬‫א‬F


 ‫א‬

 KEF‫א‬‫א‬W5
‫א‬‫א‬9‫א‬ ♦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE
 F
‫א‬E350–250F‫א‬‫א‬K 
 K،،،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E1±12.7F
 K ♦
- 13 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  104  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
K ♦

 ‫א‬ -3
{3 120‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬10‫א‬ ™
K ‫א‬{‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬
‫א‬E0.005±0.530ZF،‫א‬‫א‬E0.005±0.500ZF
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E–1F×CZ
 W
 K‫א‬‫א‬Z
 K3L‫א‬Z
 ‫א‬‫א‬3L3.15Z
 K‫א‬3L3.1Z
 K‫א‬Z
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬ ™
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E1
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬E2
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  104  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E3

 ‫א‬{
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 KE1F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E4
E 2.8F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E5
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E6
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬{E2F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E7
 W‫א‬30.005‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬E8
−1 ‫و‬
 E3F 2 ‫و‬ Z
‫ز‬ ‫ث‬
 W
 KE6F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E3LF‫א‬Z

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE6F‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫ل‬
 EµPa.sF  E3LF  EF
 4.23  17.88  13.56  16
 4.24  17.98  13.55  18
 4.25  18.08  13.55  20
 4.26  18.18  13.54  22
 4.28  18.28  13.54  24
 4.29  18.37  13.53  26
 4.30  18.47  13.53  28
 4.31  18.57  13.52  30
 4.32  18.67  13.52  32
 4.33  18.76  13.51  34


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  ‫א‬‫א‬  104  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K30.005‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ {
 EF‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 W‫א‬ -4
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E1
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E2
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E3
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬0.005‫א‬‫א‬E4
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E5
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E6
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
  ‫א‬K ‫א‬{
 ‫א‬EF‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬E7
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬


 W‫ א‬-5
 W‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬
 EL2F ‫ن‬ CZ
 W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z

- 16 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  104  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z
 KEF‫א‬EF


 WEF‫א‬ -6
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ -
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
 K‫א‬‫א‬ -
 K‫א‬‫א‬ -
 W‫א‬ -1-6
‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬E1
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E3
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬ -2-6
{ E ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫ א‬-3-6
 W‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬
‫ل‬
× (1 ‫ م‬− 1) C
3
 1
C ‫م‬ ‫ن‬
× 1‫ث‬ C1Z
‫ل‬ 3
1 ‫م‬ ( ‫ م‬− 1) 1‫ن‬ ‫ث‬
 W
 KL2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z 
 KL2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z 1
 K3L‫א‬‫א‬Z 1

 K3L‫א‬‫א‬Z 
 KEF‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬Z 
- 17 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  104  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 K‫א‬‫א‬Z 1

 KE0.005±0.500F‫א‬‫א‬Z 1

 K‫א‬Z 
 KEFKL‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z 1

 KEFKL
 ‫ن‬ CZW‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ZW 
‫ل‬
× (1 ‫ م‬− 1) ×
3
 1
× ‫م‬ 1
× 1‫ ث‬×1Z
‫ل‬ 3
1 ‫م‬ ( ‫ م‬− 1) 1 ‫ن‬ ‫ث‬

  -7
 K24Z‫א‬31.9Z 25.72 Z 2 ‫ و‬−1 ‫ و‬ZZ‫א‬E1
13.54 ‫ز‬ ‫ث‬
 K3ZE0.5J 1F× 1.9 ×3.15ZE–1F×CZ‫א‬‫א‬E2
 K0.5Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E3
‫א‬KE1ZF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE1ZF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE1ZF°3±
‫ن‬
 ×1Z
1‫ن‬
‫א‬‫א‬FL22840Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E4
 KE‫א‬
34.2Z1‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E5
K33Z{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E6
 W‫א‬‫א‬ E7
33
 L22790Z ×2840Z
34.2

- 18 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  104  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Determination of Volumetric (Unit) Weight of Cement

 W‫א‬‫ א‬-1
EF‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
 K‫א‬


 W‫ א‬-2
 J
 J
 2J
 1J
 J


 ‫א‬ -3
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬2E1
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E2
 KEF??‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E3
 3LL ‫ و‬Z‫א‬‫א‬
‫ح‬
 ‫א‬WW
 1Z‫א‬W
 K3L11001000‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬





- 19 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  104  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Determination of Specific Weight of Cement

 W‫א‬‫ א‬-1
{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K3,15‫א‬‫א‬


 W‫א‬‫ א‬-2
 J
 ‫א‬J
 ‫א‬J


 W‫א‬‫א‬ -3
 KEF‫א‬E1
{‫א‬‫א‬E2
 E1F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E3
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 KE2F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E4


 W‫ א‬-4
‫و‬
 Z‫א‬‫א‬
1 ‫ ح‬− 2‫ح‬






- 20 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  104  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 W‫א‬‫ א‬-1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 W‫ א‬-2
 W -1-2
  E6F‫א‬‫א‬F ‫א‬ ♦
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E1±300F


 KW6

 KE1±50FE0.05±10F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ O
{ E0.05±1.13F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ O
 KE1±50F21{E0.05±1F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ O
‫א‬‫א‬E2±30F‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬
 KE0.1±0.5F‫א‬
 KE0.5±40F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
K ♦
K‫א‬ ♦
- 21 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  104  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  


K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W7

 W-2-2
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬{5‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
‫א‬ ‫א‬ { ƒ
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W8

 KE7F‫א‬





- 22 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  104  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬WE7F‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬    ‫א‬
 ELF  ELF
 5±62  5±140  
 10±125  10±285  

 W‫א‬ -3
‫א‬‫א‬{Eº2±23ºF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬٪50
 W‫א‬‫א‬-1-3
F‫א‬400‫א‬
E0.25± 4F‫א‬E
 ‫א‬‫א‬٪27‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬-2-3
{ ‫א‬‫א‬E650–500F‫א‬E1
E
 ‫א‬‫א‬٪27‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
30‫א‬،30‫א‬‫א‬،
  30
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  104  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E4
‫א‬E7–5F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬ -4
 29Z‫א‬‫א‬٪24Z‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬E1
 12Z‫א‬‫א‬٪26Z‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬E2
 3Z‫א‬‫א‬٪28Z‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬E3
‫א‬{75‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬E9F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E6Z‫א‬٪27Z‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
40
(‫ﻗﺮاءة اﻟﻤﺆﺷﺮ )ﻣﻢ‬

35

30
25

20
15
10

5
0
23 24 25 26 27 28 29
(%) ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺎء اﻟﻲ اﻻﺳﻤﻨﺖ‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W9

 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  104  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 W‫ א‬-1
 KE6F‫א‬‫א‬ K1
K K2


 W‫א‬ -2
،‫א‬‫א‬E650-500F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 400E1
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   {‫א‬‫א‬E2
‫א‬‫א‬ ، ‫א‬‫א‬ K
٪90‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E3
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 30 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
10‫א‬‫א‬E4
5‫א‬،6‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{
 
5‫א‬،‫א‬
 K



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  ‫א‬‫א‬  104  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E5
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


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  ‫א‬‫א‬  104  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫ א‬-1
 2.0،1.6،1.00،0.50،0.16،0.08‫א‬-1-1
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬-2-1
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬-3-1
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E3F
 KE0.4±160F‫א‬
 KE0.1±40F‫א‬
 KE0.1±40F‫א‬
 K0.01±‫א‬‫א‬10‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E0.5±90F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬-4-1
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،900‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬3000،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
±75F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬50F
 KE0.1
 W‫א‬‫א‬-5-1
،10010‫א‬‫א‬
10‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،٪26000600
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- 27 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  104  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  


 W‫א‬-6-1
‫א‬Vickers 600‫א‬‫א‬
10‫א‬Tungsten Carbide‫א‬
K 0.1±‫א‬‫א‬40،E0.1±40F
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪1.5‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،2515‫א‬،54
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 W‫א‬‫ א‬-2
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
 K‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
 K0.50.08W 
 K1.00.5W 
 K2.01.0W 
E8F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE8F‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  EF‫א‬
 2±  98  0.08
 5±  87  0.16
 5±  67  0.50
 5±  33  1.00
 5±  9  1.60
 J    2.00

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  104  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬ -3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
 0.5‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
 450 W
 1350 W
 225  W


 W‫ א‬-4
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬30‫א‬،30‫א‬
‫א‬، 30‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E2±23F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬
 K٪65‫א‬‫א‬


 W‫ א‬-5
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K3W1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
15‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
60 ‫א‬‫א‬E 320‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،60 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬،




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  ‫א‬‫א‬  104  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬ -6
‫א‬‫א‬٪90‫א‬{Eº2±23ºF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،24‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
  
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬Eº2±23ºF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 15‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬


 W‫א‬‫א‬ -7
‫א‬E1L2±100F‫א‬‫א‬
L E1±5FLE10±50F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬
‫ح ل‬
 3
×1.5Z ‫ع‬3 6 Z
‫ب‬ ‫ب‬
 W
 KE40F‫א‬Z
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z
 KE100F‫א‬‫א‬Z
 KE10ZF×2.5Z ‫ل‬ ‫ح‬
Z‫א‬Z 
4
 W‫א‬،
 C0.234Z





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  ‫א‬‫א‬  104  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬ -8
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 40C40‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬10‫א‬‫א‬L2L21‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬
E2LF ‫ ح‬Z
‫م‬
 E3F‫א‬ZW
 E2F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z


 W‫א‬ -9
 WE9F‫א‬‫א‬K287{3‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE9F‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   

      ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫ א‬‫א‬
 ‫ א‬‫ א‬ ‫ א‬‫ א‬E3LF EF E‫א‬F
‫ א‬E2LF EF ‫ א‬E2LF  EF 
         1 3
       2
       3
         4 7
       5
       6
         7 28
       8
       9

- 31 -
 –‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

3
  ‫א‬‫א‬  104  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬ :­1
 W‫א‬-1-1
K‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 W‫א‬-2-1
 K2{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬-3-1
‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬


WETCV (Total Chlorides Value‫א‬‫א‬J 2

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1‫א‬KE1F
‫א‬Kº105‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE2F‫א‬{E24‫א‬F‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ELF1LE1–2F


 WpH ValueE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬J 3
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KpH-paper‫א‬‫א‬Indicator Paper‫א‬‫א‬‫♦ א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬{pH-meter‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫♦ א‬



- 32 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  104  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KEpH 9F9‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{EpH 4F4‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬Cell‫א‬

- 33 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
–‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

4
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  104  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬-1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W  ‫א‬‫♦ א‬
 K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ ♦

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ ♦

KE10F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 W‫א‬-2
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 W‫א‬‫א‬-3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE10F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE10F‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 15–10  E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
  150C150C150
 K300‫א‬150‫א‬‫א‬
 40–30 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K750C150C150EF‫א‬


 W‫א‬‫א‬J 4
 W‫א‬‫א‬-1-4
 K30.50‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

‫א‬،30.5‫א‬‫א‬  •

،‫א‬‫א‬15‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬
- 34 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  104  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬-2-4
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W-3-4
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

‫א‬‫א‬15‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

K‫א‬


 W‫א‬-5
٪0.1E ،،،F‫א‬ ♦
 K
‫א‬‫א‬Eº2±º23F‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ♦

 K٪50
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦

 K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬3‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- 35 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  104  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 Slump Test‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬-1
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-2
، ™
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1.6‫א‬E10F
 K300Z‫א‬‫א‬{100Z‫א‬{200Z‫א‬W
60016‫א‬ ™
 K


 W‫א‬-3
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬25
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ♦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬5‫א‬ ♦
 K‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  104  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬


 ‫א‬W10
 

 Flow Test‫א‬‫א‬


 W-1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬
{
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K


 W‫א‬‫א‬-2
 K12.5‫א‬17‫א‬25‫א‬J
 K‫א‬‫א‬J
 K1.2575‫א‬J

- 37 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  104  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬-3
 ‫א‬‫א‬J
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬J
 K25‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬J
 K‫א‬‫א‬1515‫א‬‫א‬J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬6‫א‬‫א‬J
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 100× 25 − ‫ ق‬Z‫א‬‫א‬
25
 EF‫א‬W
 KE‫א‬‫א‬E6F‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 Compacting Factor Test‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬-1
‫א‬KE0.98FE0.70F ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-2
‫א‬WE11F  ‫א‬ ♦
{ ‫א‬{‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K   ‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

- 38 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  104  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 K‫א‬W11
  ♦
 K0.8‫א‬W‫♦ א‬
W‫א‬W ♦
 K0.16‫א‬5C120C120 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ ♦
 K60W‫א‬ ♦
 K‫א‬1025‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫♦ א‬
381.8W‫א‬ ♦
K25C25
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦


- 39 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  104  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬-3
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬-4
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E1
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E2
 KEF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E4
 K‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E5
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
150‫א‬ ‫א‬10‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E6
 K‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E7
 K‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E8
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E9
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 10‫א‬‫א‬E10
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  104  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E1
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E2
 K‫א‬‫א‬30
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E3
‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬


 W‫א‬-5
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫م‬
 1
Z‫א‬
2‫م‬

 K ‫א‬‫א‬ Z1W

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Z2












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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  104  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬-1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬


 W‫א‬‫א‬-2
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-1-2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬150‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
 K40‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬40‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ {‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬-2-2
‫א‬‫א‬ ٪10‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{30.007‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬20‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
،‫א‬{ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  104  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬1L3‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬-3-2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
30–19
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
{ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 {
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
1002515035
‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬{ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
 W‫א‬-4-2
Eº2±27ºF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬24٪90
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬{8±24‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
24‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬24‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  104  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
15‫א‬‫א‬Eº2±27ºF‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫♦ א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
 W‫א‬
 K424‫א‬2± ƒ
 K 604‫א‬8± ƒ
 K 60‫א‬24± ƒ

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬300C150F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬-1-3
50‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F305CEF152‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-2-3
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K
 K٪1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
 K٪2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
 K٪2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 KE1L2F
 K‫א‬٪1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  104  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-3-3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ 
 KE‫א‬60016
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-4-3
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K
 K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
 K115 ‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
 K1938‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
 K75 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
 K60 ‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
 K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬-5-3
 K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬-6-3
 K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬-7-3

 ‫א‬‫א‬


 W‫א‬-1
 W‫א‬‫א‬-1-1
 W‫א‬
٪10‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{٪1±  ‫א‬ ♦
 K

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  104  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
1000.02‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬{0.5‫א‬‫א‬-2-1
 K5 ±‫א‬-3-1

 W‫א‬-2
‫א‬،E‫א‬18F‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
 K
  ‫א‬ E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K424‫א‬± ƒ
 K 604‫א‬± ƒ
 K 60‫א‬‫א‬± ƒ
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬24‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
 K±
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
 K‫א‬ ƒ
 K‫א‬ ƒ
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
 KEº0.5±º90FW‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ

- 46 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  104  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

K ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬1000.5W ‫א‬‫א‬‫ƒ א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪2
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦


 W‫א‬-3
 K‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬{ ‫א‬ ♦
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
0.34J 0.14F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EL2L
K‫א‬L1.3‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬-4
 W‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬
 100C ‫ و‬Z
‫ج‬
 W
 K‫א‬‫א‬Z
 KE3F‫א‬Z
W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬ E1
‫ح‬
Z
‫م‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  104  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z
‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z
٪1±‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ E2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬0.5


 W‫א‬-5
 WE11F‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE11F‫א‬

‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳ ﻂ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣ ﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﻤ ﻞ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓ‬ ‫وزن‬ ‫ﻢ‬ ‫رﻗ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﻤ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻘﺎوﻣﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺴﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻈﺎهﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻴﻨ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬
(2‫ﻣﻢ‬/‫)ن‬ (2‫ﻣﻢ‬/‫)ن‬ (‫)ن‬ (3‫ﺳﻢ‬/‫)ﺟﻢ‬ (‫)ﺟﻢ‬
1 ‫ أﻳﺎم‬3
2
3
4 ‫ أﻳﺎم‬7
5
6
7 ‫ ﻳﻮم‬28
8
9

 W-6
C150‫א‬‫א‬{ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬28150×150
 540Z‫א‬‫א‬
 590Z‫א‬‫א‬
 560Z‫א‬‫א‬
- 48 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  104  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫؟‬28‫א‬

 W‫א‬
 222500Z150×150Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 2
L24Z 540000 Z‫א‬‫א‬
22500
 2
L26.22Z 590000 Z‫א‬‫א‬
22500
2 560000
 L24.88Z Z‫א‬‫א‬
22500
 2
L25Z 24 + 26.22 + 24.88 Z‫א‬
3

 ‫א‬
 Schmidt Hammer Test

 W‫א‬‫א‬-1
‫א‬‫א‬Rebound Number‫א‬‫א‬
KNon-Destructive Tests‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-2
 KJ
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Carbondium‫א‬J


 W‫א‬‫א‬-3
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Plunger‫א‬‫א‬J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- 49 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  104  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬J
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬J
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬R‫א‬‫א‬J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 W max = W m + ∆W‫א‬H‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬
 W min = W m - ∆W‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬


 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-4
 K10‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F{‫א‬J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 K‫א‬‫א‬٪30‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬2200‫א‬‫א‬10‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
20‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KK‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬J

 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Kα = 0‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬


 
- 50 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  104  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬WE12F‫א‬
α‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 0  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ±45  ‫א‬‫א‬
 H90  E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 J 90  E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬



 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 α =H90 α = 0α =J 90 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W12



- 51 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  104  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  


 K‫א‬ERF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W13

 W‫א‬-5
 WE13F‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬E13F‫א‬
... 5 4 3 2 1  ‫א‬
 EαF‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 E2LF‫א‬‫א‬
 E2LF∆‫א‬
 E2LFW max‫א‬‫א‬
 E2LFW min‫א‬‫א‬




- 52 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  104  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬
Ultrasonic Pulse Method
 W-1
{
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬ ƒ
 K‫א‬ ƒ
 K‫א‬ ƒ
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ƒ א‬
 K‫א‬ ƒ
 K‫א‬ ƒ
 K‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ


 
 ‫א‬‫א‬W14





- 53 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  104  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬-2
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ƒ א‬
 path length‫א‬‫א‬ELF‫א‬ ƒ
 KE‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬Receiver‫א‬Transmitter‫א‬ ƒ
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬Glycerin‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ETF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
WEVF‫א‬ ƒ
 V = L / T (Km/sec)
 L = Length‫א‬‫א‬
 T = Transit Time‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬{
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬٪20±‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
K‫א‬

- 54 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  104  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
(2‫ﻣﻢ‬/‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ )ن‬

50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
3.8 3.9 4 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8

(‫ث‬/‫ﺳﺮﻋﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺎت )آﻢ‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W15


 WTransducers Arrangement‫א‬‫א‬-3
 WE16F‫א‬‫א‬
 KDirect TransmissionEF‫א‬ ƒ
 KSemi – Direct TransmissionEF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
KIndirect TransmissionEF‫א‬ ƒ
{K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E17F‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  104  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W16

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W17


 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-4
 ‫א‬ ♦
‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ♦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 ‫א‬ ♦

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  104  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

٪50‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ♦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
4020‫א‬‫א‬150100
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ♦
 K7‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ♦
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KEL5.9‫א‬‫א‬F
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K


 W‫א‬-5
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬-1-5
‫א‬{ ‫א‬ EVF‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪2.5–1.5‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬٪96‫א‬KCore sample‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- 57 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  104  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-2-5
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٪15±‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬-3-5
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 t = ( T V c – L)
 W
 K‫א‬‫א‬Zt
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ZVc
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ZT
 K‫א‬‫א‬ZL
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬-4-5
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E18‫א‬F


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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  104  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

50000
(2‫ﻣﻢ‬/‫ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺮ اﻟﻤﺮوﻧﺔ )ن‬

40000

30000

20000

10000

‫ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺮ اﻟﻤﺮوﻧﺔ اﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﻲ‬0

‫ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺮ اﻟﻤﺮوﻧﺔ اﻻﺳ ﺘﺎﺗﻴﻜﻲ‬ 3.6 3.8 4 4.2 4.4 4.6 4.8 5
(‫ث‬/‫ﺳﺮﻋﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺎت )آﻢ‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W18


Core Test‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W-1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬


 W‫א‬-2
‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  104  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
300‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
K‫א‬
Cover meter ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 W‫א‬-3
KDiamond Bits‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ High Alumina Cement
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{10‫א‬‫א‬
 K21‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬-4
K‫א‬2L15‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-5
 K٪1510‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬{2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
WE14F‫א‬



- 60 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  104  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE14F‫א‬
 ‫א‬  λ‫א‬‫א‬
 1.0  2.0
 0.98  1.75
 0.96  1.5
 0.93  1.25
 0.87  1.0
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K٪8‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
W‫א‬‫א‬E
T
 Fλ Z‫א‬‫א‬
1
1 .5 +
λ
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬2.5ZT
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬2.3ZT
 λZL‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ZFλ
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬
 xE φ R H F1.5H1z×‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
φC L
 ‫א‬Z φRW
 ‫א‬ZφC
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ZH
 UncappedEF‫א‬‫א‬ZL
W‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬ •
 Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ΣφR H
 xE F1.5H1z×‫א‬‫א‬
φC L
 K‫א‬‫א‬٪10‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  104  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬Potential‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
W‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
3.25 Fλ
Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1
1.5 +
λ
W‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
  3.00 Fλ Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1
1.5 +
λ
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


Loading Test‫א‬


 W-1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬K‫א‬


 W‫א‬‫א‬-2
‫א‬{‫א‬28‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬-1-2
‫א‬Scaffolding
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬


- 62 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  104  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬-2-2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬1.25H‫א‬‫א‬ •
E‫א‬‫א‬H‫א‬‫א‬F1.125 •
 K24‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬-3-2
EDial gauge‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Hand Held Illuminated ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KEOptical Microscope
‫א‬Deflections‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬E 1 F
4
 W‫א‬‫א‬Cracks‫א‬
 EFF1‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ •
EFF2‫א‬‫א‬W24 •
EFF3‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ •
EFF4W‫א‬24 •
40 L2
 >F2W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
H
 K‫א‬‫א‬H{‫א‬‫א‬L
24EF2F‫א‬‫א‬٪75‫א‬{
F2 − F3
 K ×100>75٪W{‫א‬
F2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
–‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

5
  ‫א‬‫א‬  104  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬
 W‫א‬-1
 K‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬-2
 W‫א‬ K
 K ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
  W‫א‬ K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 WE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬-3
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬-4
 WE15F‫א‬‫א‬






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  ‫א‬‫א‬  104  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬WE15F‫א‬

F‫א‬  EF‫א‬  EF‫א‬ 

2  1    2  1    2  1

 1
 2
 3
 4
 5

 ‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬-1
 KG
 K0.01‫א‬G

 W‫א‬-2
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬
 KEF‫א‬K

 W‫א‬-3
K24º105‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬٪1 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K،‫א‬،E1±24FEº2±º23F


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  ‫א‬‫א‬  104  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬-4
 W٪0.1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
−‫ب‬
 100C ‫أ‬ Z‫א‬‫א‬
‫أ‬
 W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬
 W‫א‬-1
 K‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬-2
‫א‬‫א‬ ™
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K5‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ™
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬2 L30‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ™
15‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬2L

 W‫א‬-3
 W‫א‬
 E2LF ‫ ح‬Z‫א‬
‫س‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  104  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z 
 K2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬
‫א‬1 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬-1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 W‫א‬-2
 KG
 K0.01‫א‬G

 W‫א‬-3
24Eº115–º110F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬٪124‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  104  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
1916‫א‬‫א‬
K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬

 W‫א‬-4
 W٪0.1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
−‫ب‬
 100C ‫أ‬ Z‫א‬‫א‬
‫أ‬
 W
 Kº115º110‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z
 K‫א‬Z
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W


 ‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬-1
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-1-1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬24‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-2-1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬24
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  104  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
75‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬24
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬‫א‬8–4‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬24‫א‬‫א‬،
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
2 L28‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬2L42

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬3‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ W ‫א‬-3-1
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫ א‬K
E
 F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
24‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬3‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬ K

2.5‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬5
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  104  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬-2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 K 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬


 W‫א‬-3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬2L30‫א‬
‫א‬2L15‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬


 ‫א‬-4
 W‫א‬
‫ح‬
 Z
‫س‬
 W
 K2L‫א‬Z
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z
 K2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
–‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

6
  ‫א‬‫א‬  104  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬-1
0.211
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬0.089


 W‫א‬-2
 Kº150‫א‬‫א‬G
 K‫א‬G
 K0.089‫א‬0.211‫א‬G


 W‫א‬-3

 ‫א‬0,211‫א‬
 ‫א‬100
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{ 0.089
‫א‬{ 30‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬º5±º100‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K


 W‫א‬-4
 100× ‫ أ‬Z0.211‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫و‬
 100× ‫ب‬ Z0.089‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫و‬
 ‫א‬ZW
 0.211‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z 
 0.089‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  104  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 W-1
3W1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  E3±185F‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 W‫א‬‫א‬-2
 W‫א‬-1-2
 Eº2±º20F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٪50
 K٪9‫א‬Eº1±20ºF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-2-2
 ‫א‬‫א‬-3-2
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬  ‫א‬ ♦
 W‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
 K0.50.08W O
 K1.00.5W O
 K2.01.0W O
E16F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ♦
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬







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  ‫א‬‫א‬  104  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE16F‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  E،‫א‬F
   2
 5±7  1.6
 5±33  1.00
 5±67  0.50
 5±87  0.16
 1±99  0.08

 W‫א‬-4-2
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬-5-2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
 K0.5Z‫א‬L‫א‬،‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
 KE2±450F‫ א‬-
 KE5±1350F‫א‬‫ א‬-
KE1±225F‫ א‬-
 W‫א‬‫א‬-6-2
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،5‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
 K‫א‬
‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
 KE17F -


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  ‫א‬‫א‬  104  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬WE17F‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬    ‫א‬
 ELF  ELF
 5±62  5±140  
 10±125  10±285  

 W‫א‬-7-2
‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
{ ‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬{
 30‫א‬K 30
 ‫א‬،30‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬،‫א‬ 15‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬-1
 KE19F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
KG

 W‫א‬‫א‬-2
 K‫א‬

 WE3±185F‫א‬‫א‬-3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ •
KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  104  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  •
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬15–10،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬15‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬1‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-4
 KE20F‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬-1-4
 W‫א‬‫א‬-2-4
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E1
 K‫א‬‫א‬E2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E3
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E4
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E5
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E6





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  ‫א‬‫א‬  104  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 

 J 7    J 1 
 J 8    J 2 
 J 9    J 3 
 J 10    J 4 
 ‫א‬‫א‬J 11    J 5 
 ‫א‬J 12   J 6 
    
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W19



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  ‫א‬‫א‬  104  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  


 ‫א‬J 5   ‫א‬ J 1
E2F‫א‬J 6    J 2
‫א‬J 7    J 3
 EFJ 8  ‫א‬‫ א‬J 4

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W20


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
100K‫א‬º45‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
150,151,25
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


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  ‫א‬‫א‬  104  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 W-1
‫א‬100‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
± 30‫א‬??‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K2


 W‫א‬‫א‬-2
 WE21F?‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬
 K •
 K‫א‬‫א‬6.3 •
 K44.419‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •


 W‫א‬-3
4‫א‬، ‫א‬ •
 K7‫א‬6‫א‬
‫א‬10‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬200‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  104  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W-1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬3‫א‬


 W‫א‬‫א‬-2
{5،E21F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬300‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، 1
 K10‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 W‫א‬-3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬200
‫א‬،
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬E‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬W21
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  104  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬-1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
Kº25º20‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
{‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1700 •
K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬{3‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬160×40×40
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K٪50º30º25

 W‫א‬-2
K‫א‬‫א‬7{24‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E0.5±100F‫א‬‫א‬
EF ‫א‬LE10±50F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫ح ل‬
 3
C1.5 Z
‫ب‬
 W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z
 KE100F‫א‬‫א‬Z
 KE40F‫א‬Z


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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
–‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

7
  ‫א‬‫א‬  104  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬
The Tensile Strength Testing of the Steel

 W‫א‬‫א‬-1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
 K‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬W 
  ♦
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ {‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-2
 K‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
 K‫א‬ ♦
 K‫א‬ ♦
K‫א‬‫א‬ ♦

 W‫א‬‫א‬-3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ O
 K٪11L2‫א‬‫א‬ O
 K‫א‬‫א‬ O
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ O
 K 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  104  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 {‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
 W‫א‬‫א‬ {‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬Z‫א‬
 E2LF ‫א‬LZ‫א‬
WE22F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬ ♦


 K‫א‬‫א‬W22

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
K ‫א‬
 ‫א‬W‫א‬ O
      ‫א‬
 K
‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬ O
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ O
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



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  ‫א‬‫א‬  104  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-4
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬‫♦ א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬º250W‫א‬‫♦ א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫♦ א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ ♦


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 –‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

8
  ‫א‬‫א‬  104  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬
 W‫א‬-1
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬-2
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬-3
‫א‬Eº2±º103F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬-4

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬
− 1‫و‬
٪100× 2 ‫و‬ Z‫א‬
2 ‫و‬
 KEF‫א‬{‫א‬W1
KEF‫א‬W2

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- 84 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  104  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬-1
200C50C50‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K100C25C25
 W‫א‬‫א‬-2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬


 W‫א‬-3
‫א‬ELF0.003‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KL


 W‫א‬-‫א‬-4
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬50،‫א‬150
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K0.002‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ K


 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-5
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬E  ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬


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  ‫א‬‫א‬  104  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-6
 KE23F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
 KE‫א‬F

           
 ‫א‬WE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
 K‫א‬45
ْ ‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  104  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  


 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W23


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬-1
،150C50C50‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 W‫א‬-2
‫א‬ ،50‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬


 W‫א‬-3
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬-4
0.305‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KL


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  ‫א‬‫א‬  104  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 WE‫א‬F‫א‬J ‫א‬-5
،2.5‫א‬E‫א‬–‫א‬F
 K0.002‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬-6
 25‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬-1
KE24F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬-2
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬50‫א‬‫א‬
K0.002‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬-3
 KL1‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬‫א‬-4
 KE25‫א‬F‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  104  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  


W25‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W24
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬-5
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬76{‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬-1
KE410×25×25FE760×50×50F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬‫א‬-2
760‫א‬710‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ G
K%14‫א‬‫א‬410‫א‬360
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬G
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬G
 K

- 89 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  104  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

WE‫א‬F‫א‬-3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{760×50×50‫א‬G
KE26F‫א‬
38Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{410×25×25‫א‬G
 K50


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W26

W‫א‬-4
‫א‬L2,5‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K410×25×25‫א‬L1,3760×50×50

WE‫א‬‫א‬F-5
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬FG
150‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬{760‫א‬890‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬76‫א‬‫א‬410
K220‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
- 90 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  104  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

K‫א‬
K0.02‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬
25EDial gaugeF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬25‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
0.2‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{2.5
‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
 K‫א‬

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-6
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬??‫א‬K‫א‬KE27
 K‫א‬??‫א‬

W‫א‬‫א‬-7
25‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬




 

- 91 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  104  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  


 


 EF‫א‬


 EF

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W27

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬-1
63×50×50‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬{50×50‫א‬E28F

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W28    

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  104  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬-2

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬3‫א‬‫א‬J
K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬-3
KL0.6‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-4
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬-5
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  104  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬W1981L226 J 1
‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W1981L249 J 2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W1981L250 J 3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W2002L2118 J 4
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W1979L142 J 5
‫א‬‫א‬W1983L391 J 6
‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W1983L379 J 7
‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W1994L505 J 8
‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W1994L507 J 9
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬W1998L939 J 10
‫א‬‫א‬W1998L940 J 11
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W1980L184 J 12
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W1977L87 J 13
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W1999L982 J 14
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W1999L983 J 15
‫א‬‫א‬W1979L107 J 16
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬W1998L1424 J 17
K‫א‬



  104  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬         
 2           
 3            

 4        ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 5       ‫א‬ J 1
7     ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 2
9   E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 3
12    E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 4
 15     ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 5
 
 17        ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 18        ‫א‬‫ א‬J 1
24      ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 2
25      ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 3
26     ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 4
30    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 5
32       ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 6

 37        ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 38        ‫א‬ J 1
38        ‫א‬‫א‬ J 2
38        pH ‫א‬‫ א‬J 3

 40        ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 41      ‫א‬‫א‬ J 1
  104  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

43         ‫א‬‫ א‬J 2

44         ‫א‬‫ א‬J 3
45        ‫א‬‫ א‬J 4
49     ‫א‬‫א‬ J 5
52      ‫א‬‫א‬ J 6
56        ‫ א‬J 7
60        ‫א‬‫ א‬J 8
66       ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 9
69         ‫א‬J 10

 71        ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 72     ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 1
 72        ‫א‬J 1.1
 73        ‫א‬‫א‬J 2.1
 74        ‫א‬J 3.1
 75      E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 2
 75        ‫א‬J 1.2
 75        ‫א‬‫א‬J 2.2
 76        ‫א‬J 3.2

 79       ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
80         ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 1
 80       ‫א‬‫א‬J 1.1
 81   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 2.1
 83       ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 3.1
86         ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 2
 86        ‫א‬‫א‬J 1.2
  104  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 87     ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 2.2

 88        ‫א‬‫א‬J 3.2
 89       ‫א‬‫א‬J 4.2

 90       ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 91       ‫א‬‫א‬

 94       ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
95        ‫א‬‫א‬J 1
 95       ‫א‬J 1.1
 96      ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 2.1
98 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 3.1
 99      ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 4.1
100‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 5.1
 103     ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 6.1

 105           ‫א‬‫א‬
 106           ‫א‬
