NA. Nonerb, A.C Kpukasi KAacc SaemeuTel OxcureH u Deppym Npoctsie BewecTsa Kucaopoa >Kene30 A] Nepvoanyeckaa cuctema xumunyeckux 3neMe 6972 fannui Urtpni 39 188,906 ii] 72,64 Tepmanni| UMpKonnin 91,22 Heggonn ~_._m W "4 Zz 2 4 Be ! 8B By wae 140067 Hin Yrnepoa| ea K 19|Ca_ 20|Sc a 22 Kanna 39,098 |Kanbyni 40,08 |CKkaH@Hii 44,956 47,87 |Banagua § 4 31 Gaj32_ Ge/331 74,922 Me Zr 40\Nb Huo6s Fr’. 87/Ra ig) 81. 49 114,82 Mnawi 204,38 Tannin AKTMHMiA [227] In Tl Ac** g9 50 Sn iar. Crannym Hf 72 i 82 Pb 207.2 Mom6yw| Cannieu| Rf 104 |Pesepdopani [261] Taunt 178,49 |Tanran 51 121,76 Ta 3 83 208,98 5) By Db 1 Ay6unii 113 pany (223) |Pagnit | 411 Rg|112 Uub (272) Pentrennn YuyH6nii] 114 Uugq Yaynkeaapnit 115 L + AxTMHOMADt + Nlawranomnes| 58 Cel59 Pr s4oa2 | 140,908 Uepnii| Npaseogum 90 Thig1 Pa 232038 | (231,036) Topniij NpotaxrnHni| 144,24 92 238,029 60 Ndjet Pm| Heognm| Npometnii| Ypan] Hentysnil (245) Uj93 Np (2371 Oo s-anel Tunbi 3nemeHToB MeHTEI TT) ponemenrss 62 Sm 63 1804 Camapnij| (24a) Mayronnii} Asem [J d-onemenres Eu] 64 157,25 ee Tago) 94 Pul 95. Am| 96 (247) KlTop 4. W. Mengeneesa (KopoTKHi BapnaHT) we vl Vil vill (H) 2 He 40026 = Fennii} | Nis \. O19 \ 10 Ne porex|} 15,999 i es 18,998 one 20,180 Hew A307} at rop| — P S$/17 Cl 18 Ar decop} 32,06 ee 35,453 | —Xnop 39,948 Aprox 23/Cr 24\|Mn 25\/Fe 26/Co 27\Ni_ 28 0,941 |Xpom 51,996 |MaHraH 54,938 |®eppym 55,845 |KoGanbr 58,933 |Hukenb 58,69 |Mapravey Keneso. As|}34 , Sej35 Br | 36 Kr fered 78,96 Cenen| 79,904 I Bpom| 83,80 KpuntoH 41|Mo 42\Tc 43\/Ru 44 ; Rh 45|Pd 46 Pyrenma 101,07 |Poquit 102,905 |Mannaguit 106.4 906 |MonuGgex 95,94 |Texneynit (98) Sbi52 | Tel53 I | 54 Xe ‘wel 127,60 Tennyp| 126,904! Moa 131,29 KceHon| 73|W 74\|Re 75/Os 76\Ir 77|Pt. 78 0,948 |Bonbpam 183,84 |Pennii 186,207 | Ocmuit 190.2 |Vpwanit 192,22 |MnatmHa 195,08 Bij84 Poss , At ; 86 Rn acd (209% Nononnii| (210) Actat] (222) Pagou| 05|Sg 106/Bh 107/Hs 108/Mt 109/Ds 110 1262] |cuGoprua (266) |Bopwii — (264) |faceni —[267) |MaittHepnit (268) Pevvngenoe | 416 Uuh}117 118 Uuo| | YuyHrekenit YHyHOKTHA F SnemenTbi KaKsOFO THNa MMelOT CKOAHOE SNeKTPOHHOe CrpoeHHe aTOMOB. MeHTbINn... Noneab, A.C. KpuKkan XUMUS1 yuebuuk AAS OBWeObpas0BaTeAbHbX YYeOHbIX 3aBeAeHVA KAaCcCc Muxucfepctsom o6pa3z0sanua uv HayKu VKpavHb! Cc eit i Hf Ne OsBBK 24. 19 721 ns7 PexomeHaosaHo Munuctepcteom o6paz08aHns 4 HayKi YkpaviHb! 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Micrure npaxruuni po6or, xa6oparopHi ocaizu, sanwranHa, BmpaBH, sana- ui, 3aBaHHa JI OMAIIHbOTO eKcnepHMeHTY, TonaTKoRMtii Marepiast Jus JONMTAMBUX, & TAKOK CHOBHMYOK XiMivHMX TepMinis i mpeaMer- Hmit ToxaxcanK. ©N.N. Monens, N.C. Kpuxns, 2007 ISBN 978-966-580-238-9 © WIL «Akanemnfe, opnrHHan-MaKer, 2007Alopornve cemuknaccuuku! B stom yae6HoM rogy BpI HauMHaeTe Usy4aTD OUeHB uHTepecHyi HayKy XHMMIO, XMMUKH COsqa1oT HOBLIe MaTeprastEI pas- JM4HOTO HasHAIeHUA, eKapcTBa, KocmeruuecKue CpexcTBa, COBep- WeHCTBYIOT MpoMsROACTBO MeTans0B u yxoOpeHMit, nepepadorky MeTaJIM4ecKuXx py, HETU, rasa, MPOMbILLeHHEIX 4 GBITOBBIX OTXO- nos. Uexonevects0 Hcnosbsyer AOCTIMKeHUA XUMMM JIA yayamenns YeuOBuii %KHSHM, COXpaHeHMA npupogL Ara GyxynUXx MoKomenMit. B name ppems HH onMH YemOBeK He MoxeT OGoiiTuCE Ges 3HAHMiI, KOTO- pple AaeT Ta HayKa. Xumua oxorHo packpsisaer cBon TaiiHbi BceM, KTO MHTepecyeTcs eI M CTPeMUTCH NOHATH, UTO TaKoe BeMeCTBO, Kak M HO“eMY OHH BeLTe- cTBa Ipespaljatorca B pyrue. Ira HayKa UMeeT CBOM 3aKOHEI, JIOrH- Ky, AaBIK. Kaaqpiit us bac HayunTCA HaOmOAaTS 3a BeM\ecTBAMM BO BpeMs XHMHYCCKUX OMBITOB, COMOCTABAATH YBUCHHOE M YCIbIIMAHHOE ¢ po- 4HMTAaHHBIM B yueOHUKe, AHANMSMPORATh UM feTaTb BLIBOALI. XuMUA MOMO2XKET BAM PACIIMPUTS KPyrosop, pasBUTb HABLIKM NpOBeAeHUA onpiTos. 8HaHMA, MOTyYeHHBIe Ha ypoKax XMMMM, NPHrOAATCA BAM B 2KUSHH. Kak usywame xumuro Tlepewit coeem. Sipexrusuo padoraitre na ypoxe, BHUMAaTeIbHO CilymaliTe pacckas yunTena, HaGmoaliTe 3a ONLITAaMH, koTOpble OH A€MOHCTPUpyeT BAM M KOTOPbIe BbI CAMM BbITIOTHAeTE B XMMU¥eCKOM Ka6uHeTe; Crapaiirecn Bce HOHATE. Bmopoit cosem. Buiionusaa yomaumee saqanue, cHavana npounraii- Te COOTBeTCTBYIONIMi MaTepvas B aparpade, BHUMaTebHO paccmo- TpHTe PHCyHKH, CxeMbI, (pOpMybI. Sarem npucrynaiire K pemieHu1w0 gaqad 4 ynpaxknennit. [pu neoOxoqumocru o6parurecb K sanncam, celaHHBIM BaMM Ha IpesbIyueM ypoKe XxuMHH. Tpemuit cogem. Yuutecb caMocTOATeNbHO UccHeLOBAaTh BeTeCTBA. B oToM BaM NoMoryT AoMattHMe okcHepuMeHTHI. Kak ux BbILLOHUTh — onmcano B yyeOuuke. Iposogure atu XHMMYeCKHE ONEITE TOKO nlocue paspemenus ponurenteii.Byapre scerga ocropoxknst. Heymesoe oGpatenue c Hexoropsimn peIIecTBAMM MOKET HAHECTH Bpes BALLIEMY 3{0POBbIO. Kak nonvsoeamoca yre6nuxom B wauane kaskyoro maparpatpa ykasaxo, Kakoe sHaue- HMe MMeeT [JIA Bac U310%KeHHBI MaTepHad, a B KOHMe Naparpada chopmysmposanst BerBoqy. Tekcr, Hamevaranubiit HaKnoHHEIM IIpHPTOM HW OTMeTeHHEI BepTuKaTBHOH aMHMel, agpecoBaH yueHH- KaM, 2kes@1ONUM pacuIMpUTs M yryOuTs cBon sHaHNs. onomHUTeTb- Had HHOpMalAs M MHTepecHble (bak THI pasMemeHb! Ha Tomax. OcHOB- Hble ONpeseTeHMA BEIZeTEHLI MBETOM, a HOBbIe TEPMMHBI, BAXKHETC ToNO*KeHUA M CIOBAa C JOrM4eCKMM yapeHuem — KypcuBoM. Onuca- HHe TaGopaTopHEIX OMLITOR M MpakTMYecKHx paGoT MoAaHO Ha WBeT- Hom (bone. Tlocne Kaxgoro naparpadba npmBeseHE saqanus, ynpaxknenus 1 ga{a4H, KOTOpbIe paclouOAKeHbI, B OCHOBHOM, 0 BOspacTaHMIO CIIO7K- noctu. B Konte yueOuukKa Cofep2KaTCA OTBETHI K HEKOTOPHIM 3aazaM ynpaxneHusM, cOBApMK TepMHHOR, a TAKKE MpemMeTHEIit yKasa- reab. OH ToMoxer GrIcTpo HaiiTH CTpaHHuy yueOHuKa, Ha KOTOpO!t uyer peu 06 onpexeseHHOM TepMHEHE, BelleCTBe, ABJICHMM HT. I. ‘Mar crpemusncs cosgars TaKoit yyeOHMK, 10 KOTOpomy Bam GyseT jlerkKO M uHTepecHo yuuTbca. Hageemca, BEI n01WG6uTe XUMHIO. Vickpenue »xesaem Bam ycrexos. AemopetBosayx (asor, xncnopoa, yrnexucnsii ra3} Puc. 1. Beuectsa 8 npupone a > > > > Braenzenne 1 YTo Takoe xumua Matepnan naparpada nomoxer Bam: BbIACHHTb, YTO O3HAYAET COBO «XHMUA»; OCOSHaTb CBASb HaYKM XHMMM C [pyrHMM HaykaMn; y3HaTb 06 Hcnonb3oBaHMH YeNnOBeKOM JOCTHKEHHI NOHATb, NOYeMy M3yYaIOT XMMHIO. CaoBo «xuMUA» UMeeT HeCcKONBKO sHaveHHit. Tak HasbinaioT HayKy ut yaeOubrit mpeaer. Muorga c10B0 «xHMMa> yorpeGAmor Kak COKpameHHoe HasBaHue onuoit us orpacaeit pomprmstennocrn. Xumusa — ecrecrsenuas HayKa. Ha ypokax mpupo- AOBeMeHUA BI YSHAIH 0 CyIeCTBOBAHMM HECKObKMX wayK o mpupoge. K rakum HayKam orHo- CAT MW XMMH1. XuMua — HaykKa 0 BeMecTBaXx MH HX mpespamenuax. Bemecrsa ecb neaze — B Bo3qyxe, TIpMpoAHO! BOAe, NOUR, B AKMBEIX Opra- uuamax (puc. 1). Onn cymecrsywr He TOJbKO Ha Bemse, HO HM Ha Apyrux T1a- HeTax. Bnipupoye upoucxorsr npespamenna onnmx Bemecrs B apyrue. JKuppre cyme- crBa TIpH ALIXaHUM HOTpeOnAWT YacTS KUCIOpoa, KOTOpEIii CoMepxKUTCA B-BOS- AYXe, @ BbIAIXAIOT BOSAYX ¢ HOBBIIEH- HBIM COfep%KaHHeM yryiekucnoOro rasa. OTOT ras BbIeIAeTCA BO BpeMs# TIOMKa- 5poB, IPH THHeHMH HM pasmo2xKeHMM OCTaHKOB pacTeHuit VM XMBOTHBIX. BereHbIe IMCTbA MOrowjaioT yrvieKH- canrit raa uM Boy, KoTOpEIe BeseAcTBHE corocunTesa’ ripespamawrca B KMCIOpox M Apyrue BemlecTBa. B nempax naanere! Ha Mporaxkenum MusMOHOB Jer mpoucxogut0 oGpasoBanue MuHepasos, Hedru, mpu- poguoro rasa, yria. MHoxkKecTBo XMMM4eCKHX Npoec- COB IIpoucxoguT B pekax, MOPAX H OKeaHAX. Beujecrsa “ ux Mpespatjenus Bcerga uHTepecoBa- mM uenopeka, Yuenbie B pasHble BpeMeHa ocytecT- BJM MHOTOUMCCHHbIC XAMM4CCKHE 9KCIEPUMeHTEI M CTpeMMIMCh OODACHUTE ABICHUA, KOTOpbIe HAGmIO- anu. AHaru3upys pesyAbTaTI CBOMX ONBITOB, OHM BBIABUTAaIM THMOTe3bI, COs{aBaIM TeOpuu, a 3aTeM MpoBepHIM UX HOBbIMM 9KcHepuMeHtamu. Tloatomy XHMHI0 HaaEIBaloT axcnepumenmanvnoi HayKoil. XuMua HM Apyrue HaykKu. Bee ecrecrBeHHbie HAYKM ‘TecHo cBasaHbI Mexsy cool (cxema 1), BsmatoT apy’ Ha Apyra u B3aMMHO OG6oramaioTca. OGoco6meHHOe pasBUTHe KaxOli U3 HUX HEBOSMO2X«KHO. Skonorna (Bronornn )<»[ xMMMA |< (Teonora ) onansecKan onnn Cxema 1. CBASb XHMKK c apyrumn ecTecTBeHHbIMH Haykamn Tipespanjenua ofHMx BelecTB B Apyrue CompoBox- mawred pasnM4uHEIMU dusnueckuMuM ABTeHHAMM, HAIIpUMep BBIeNeHHeM HIM MOroUjeHueM TenTOTEI. Tlosromy XMMuKaM Heo6xoqMMO 3HaTS (busuKy. OcHo- Boii CyecTBOBAHMA *KMBOI IPHpOAL ABIAeTCA OOMeH emects. Yueustii-Guonor, He cBexymmit B saKoHax XHMMM, He CMO2KeT OHATS M OObACHUTE OTOT HIporecc. 1 TepmuH mpoucxogut oT rpewecknx cx10B phés, photos — czer, synthesis — coequHenne. 6Puc. 2. Coxpanum oxpyxatouyyio cpeay XHMITUeCKHX sHaHMtit (pyc. 2). Xumuyeckue sHanua HeoOxo,uMel u reo.tory. Uenos- SYA MX, OH ycrlenmHo 6yeT NPOBOAUTS MONCK NomesHBIX uickonaembix. Bpau, dbapMallest, Kocmerosor, Meran- uypr, KyiMHap, He UMex cooTBeTCTByIONIel xuMnue- ckoii NOATOTOBKH, He JOcTUrHyT BepuIMH MacTepcTBa. XuMusi apnaerca TouHoit HayKoit. Mepex Tem Kak ocylecTBUTb XMMMYeCKH VKCIeEpUMeHT H Tocse ero saBeplleHHA, YUeHbIi-XHMUK IPOBOAMT HeOOXOAMMBIe pacuersr. Ux peayssrarsi 1a107T BOSMOXHOCTS cyeTaTS paBHJIbHbIe BbIBOABI. [loatomy JeATebHOCTS XUMUKA HeBosMo7KHa Ges 3HAHHA MaTeMaTHKH. Ba MocaequMe NonTOpa cToseTHA TOABHAMCE HO- BbIe HaYKU, KOTOPbIe CTPeMUTeIBHO pasBuBalorcs. Cpeau nx — pogcrsenupie xumun Ouoxumus, azpoxu- MUA, ceOXUMUA, KOCMOXUMUA, PusuUecKaA XUMUA. Viayasna moqm 21s B rapMonun c mpuposoii. Ho B mocnejHee BpeMA CHTyallMaA yxymuMach. OKpy?Kato- las cpeqa Bce Gombme sarpasnaerca u3-3a BHECeHHA upesMepHoro KosmmuectBa yOOpeHuii B IOUBy, BbIZesTe- HUA BEIXJIONHbIX Pa30B ABTOMOOMeli B BOSqyX, BDey- HBIX BEI[€CTB PasM4HbIX MPOMSBOACTB B BOLOEMBI, a rakxKe OEITOBLIMM oTxozamu. Bce oro MpHBOgUT K YHMUTOKeHMIO pacTeHHii, ruOeNM *KMBOTHBIX, yxyJ- MeHMio 34opoBbxA Jose. Cepbesny1o yrposy 418 Bcero »KMBOTO NpencTaBAeT xMMMeCKOe Opy2tHe — ocobnle, upesBbI- ‘ailHO AoBMTEIe BelecTBa. YHuuTORKe- Hue 3alacoB Takoro opyxKuA Tpebyer HeMasbIx ycusmii, cpeycrs HM BpemeHH. BaauMocsa3sb yesoBpeka MU Mpuposbi vsydaeT MOOqas ecrecTBeHHad HayKa skonozusa'. B nose apenud yueHBIX-9kO- JIOTOB HOCTOAHHO HaxoAATCA 1pobeMBI 3allMThI OKpy2Kaiuleii cpexb OT 3a- rpssuenuit. 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Yrpom MbI MoeM pykit m uncTH™ 3y6nI. [[pu pacrropenmm MpiIa B Boe OGpa-? 3yIOTCA BellecTBa ¢ MOIOUIMM JeiicTBHeM. 3yOHaa macta HeiiTpasM3yeT OCTaTKH KHCJIOT BO pty. Bo Bpema IPHPOTOBIeHHA LMM OAHU BelecTBa Npespamaorcs B apyrue, uMeromue Hosstii BKyc, mper, sanax. Ms TIMTbeBOH COMbI, KOTOPpy!O AOOaBIAIOT B MYKy, pH HarpeBaHMM BbIJeIHeTCA YIeKMCJIbI ras, paspbix- asomuit recto. VkcycoM MoxkKHO yqanuTb HaKUNE B uaiiHMKe, a COKOM JIMMOHa — HeKOTOpBIe MATHA Ha onexye. Bee or annenua oODACHAeT HayKa XMMUA. Xumua — yue6usiii mpeqmer. Xumuw, Kak u (usMKy, u MaTeMaTUKy, HasBIBAIOT yHAaMeHTaIb- Hoi HayKoit. Tlooromy mpeamer «xuMua» sBaseTca OOA3aTeIbHBIM AIA M3YGeHMA B UIKONe. XMMM4eCKMe 3HaHMA NOMOraT BbIACHT, YTO MIpOMcxOAHT ¢ BeIecTBAMH B IpUpOse, *KMBBIX Opra- HusMaX, UeM Gorata Halla KiaHeTa, Kak MsMeHHeTcH Bee, ¥TO Ha Heli cymecrByer. Bes oTHXx 3HaHMii MBI HE cCMOXKeM MpaBusbHO OGpaaTEca c BeNecTBaMn, odbiekTuBHO H GesonacHo UX HcMoNbZOBATH. EEL: Cy Xumua — nayka o semectsax # Hx Mpespamenuax. Oua aBasetca oxnOii M3 ecrecTBeHHBIX HayK H TeCHO caagana c buauxoii, Guonorueii, Matematuxoit, xpyru- MM HayKaMu. Xumueii Hasbipaior Takxe yueOubiii mpeAMeT H OHY M3 OTpaczteit MpompnennocTH. Baarogaps 0cruxenuam XUMMM YeTOBeK TOxy¥aeTr M MCHOsBayer pasuM4HBIE BeMeCTEBA. Hexoropsre nemectsa, nonazaa 6 oKpyxaromy10 cpejy, 3arpa3usai0T ee. Onnoii U3 BaxHeiMMX 3aja4 4e- aOBeUeCTBA H KaxKOTO M3 HAC B YACTHOCTH ABIAETCH CO- xpanenne npuponsr. Yerenmoe ssmosmenve aroii 3a;1a- ‘4H HEBO3MOAHO Ge3 NPHMeHeHHA XHMHGECKHX 3HAHHii. 1. laiite onpeenenwe Haykn xAMMH H NPOKOMMeHTHpyiiTe ero. 2. Haiaure coorsercrane (sannwnte HoMep KaxKqOrO NpeANOxeHHA, a no- TOM — 6yKBy a, 6 WH BC COOTBETCTBYIOUIMM 3HAaYeHHeM CiOBa «XHMHA»): 91) XAMUA VMeeT CBOM 3aKOHbI; a) y¥e6Hbiit npeaMeT; 2)MupoBaa npoayKUMA xHMKK — 6) oTpacnb npombiwineHHocn MMANVOHbI TOHH pasnu4Hbix BeUlecTB; —_B) HayKa. 3) xMMHIO NpenosalvT B WKONAX BCeX CTpaH Mupa; 3. HasoguTe HeCKONbKO BeUeCTB, KOTOPbIe HE cywecTByIoT B NpUpoge, a Nony4eHbl YENOBEKOM Mi MCNONb3yloTCA B NOBCEAHEBHON KM3HH. 4. MpwBeavte npumepbi 3arpasHeHuA OKpyxKaioWen cpepbi BeL\eCTBAMH WCKYCCTBEHHOFO (NPOMBILUeHHOrO) NPOMCXOKAeHHA. Kak BO3HMKNa VW pasBuBanacb HayKa XAMUA Matepnan naparpada nomoxer Bam: > BbIACHMTb, Kak HHTepec Miopen K BeL\eECTBAM H Xx npe- BpaueHuAm cnoco6cTBoBaN NocTeneHHoMy dopMh- POBAHHI0 OAHON M3 yHAaMeHTaNbHbIX HayK — XHMHH; > y3HaTb 0 JOCTWKEHMAX COBPEMEHHONM XMM. Xumua — xpesnan u B TO 2%e BpeMa Momoqaa nayxa. [[pasuabnpie npercrapnenua o BemectBax 4 MX MpeBpallleHHAX MOABMIMCH JMUIb B nocsleqHMe MosTopa-"Ba CTOMeTHA. Bapompenve naykn xumun. Joan wsgqaBHa OcyulecTBIAIM MHOTOUnCeH- HBIe Mpespamenus Bemects. Hayunn- WHcb JOObIBAaTh OTOHb, OHM CHKMTAIM Apesecuny, urobbr o6orpesaTh cBoe *KHIMUIe, TOTOBUTE nMuly. Jletast BUHO, 4eOBeK MCIOb- soba mpouece 6porxenus, G1aroqapa KoTOpomy puuorpagustii caxap mpespamanca B cnupr. TlosxKe Opi u306pereHs cnoco6sI TMoryueHHA MeraioB u3 pya. Ha npespalljenuax BenjectB Puc. 3. OcHOBEIBa1OCE MPOMSBO;CTRO cTeKa HM TOpoxa. Xumus 8 peste Cunraior, uT0 XMMMa KaK pemecao BOsHMKa ETAT ve saqozro yo Havasta Hamteit sppi B [penne Ernn- carne ‘ve (puc. 3). Crono «xHMMa> CBAabIBaIOT C ep- 6 —Ganbaammposaxve BEIM HasBanMem oToit crpaxst — Kemer’. B Erun- ‘TTo apyrum rumoresaM, c10B0 «xHMIsI» IpoHeXOAMT OT APeBHErpevecKoro exioMa» — JIMTbe MeTAIIOB WU ApeBHEKHTAlICKOTO «KUM» — 30.1070. 10Puc. 4. Anxumukn 3a pa6oroi Husa maccel Bewecme npu xumunecKot Te HavasM pasBUBETECA MeTayprud, Kepamuueckoe MpousBogcrso, napdiomepusa, Kpamenne tTKaHeii, usroropsienue eKapcrs. Muoro vaiin, cBasaHHBIX c ipespalljeHuAMM BeIeCTB, 3HAIM TOKO 2KpeLEI. Hag npupogoit senjecrs pasmpmuisau "peBHerpeue- ckne dustocoder. Onn yrsepaxjann, uo Bce BemecTBa COCTOAT 13 MenbuaIMX M HeAeIMMBIX YaCTUIL — aTo- mos. Ho JokasarTb 370 B TO BpeMA ObIIO HEBOSMOXKHO. Tanpueiimee passurue nayx mpoucxoguno B apab- ckMx crpanax. Tam xuMui0 HasprBanu anxumneii («am» — 4acro ynorpe6naemas apa6cKas mpuctaBKa). Cram pasBuBaTECa CMeKHIe C XUMMel MMHepanoruA (aayKa o MuHepasax), arrreuHoe jeN0, passtUHBIe peme- cma — pocrku coppemennoii xuMuyecKoii TexHomOrMH. B nepwog cpequesekosba anxumueli s3aMHTepecoBaiuch B Espone. Muorne mpoussesenus apaGcKux um rpeyecknx YueHBIX, burocodos GEM repeBexeHbI Ha rarer, [srrance 206nrTs «cbutocody- ckuit KameHb», Koropsiii jan Gbr BO3- MO?KHOCTS 1pespaTUuTs 110601 Mera B 30JIOTO, TOapUTS YeNOBeKY BeUHYO MO- NOAOCTL, BLICHHT ero, YYeHLIE TIPOBO- MIM MHOxeCTBO OnBITOR (puc. 4). OHH NOAYYHIH MHOTO HOBEIX BellecTR, H3y- 4uMJIM UX cBOCcTBA, AMXMMMKK MsroToB- Tamm pasadHEie Buy saGoparopHoii nlocybI u o6opyqoBaHuA, paspa6orasn Takue OlepallMH B XHMMYeCKOM SKcrIepu- MeHTe, Kak Meperonka, (bu1bTpoBanne. Um mpunagsexar MHorowucnenusie, uacto cuyyaitnpre, orkpprrus. Kaas Hayka cranosutca HacTo- sujeit Toraa, Kora OTKpEIBAIOT ee 3aKO- HBI, a Ha OCHOBaHHH NOAyYeHHBIX sHanuii cosjair reopun. Tepreie Teo- PHM O Mpespamenuax BemlectR noABH- auch B Espone so sropoi momosune XVII 8., Ho 6srmH ommM6ouHDIMH. B XVII x. 6s orKpsrr saxon coxpane 113ro wHTepecto Tleppast Hobenenckaa npemms B o6s1acrn XUMHH GpLa npucyaksena 81901 Pr. rouaHacKomy XHMBKY SA. X. Bant- Towdy sa uceneqopanne pacrsopos. peaxyuu' (om. § 14). Ox oKasam Ton02KMTeTBHOe BIM- sive Ha pasBuTve HayKM XHMMH. Cospemennas xumus. B nactostjee spema xuMHa uiMeer MonHEIi Teoperuyueckuit cbyHzamenT. Onmpa- sich Ha Hero, YYeHbIe MPOrHOsUpyloT cyujecTBOBAHHe HOBBIX BeIecTB ¢ HEOOXOAMMBIMH JIA pak TuyecKoro IpuMenenna colicrsamu, npegsararor m peammsy1or cmoco6ni Hx TomyyeHus. BaarofapsA HOBbIM BelecTBaM, KOTOpbIe BbIep- 2KMBAIOT BICOKHe TeMIlepatypbI, riyOoKuii BaKyyM, uMelor yHUKambABIe cBolicrBa, YenoneK HayuHcs MCHONb3OBATh ATOMHYIO 9HEPTMIO, CO3TaT KOMITbIO- Tep, mpou02%KU Aopory B Kocmoc. TpaaMuMoHHbie MarTepHasBl — ApeBecuHy, cTeKs10, MeTasBt — On yenemiHo saMeHseT nacrmaccamu. Hospie seKap- cTBeHHBIe Npenaparsi MOMOraWoT YeOBeKy BOCCTAHO- BUTb 3,0poBEe. Xumuku paspabarTprBaioT M COBepIeHCTBYIOT MeTOAEI mlepepa6oTKM MpuposHOro cLIpPbA — HedTu, yrs, mpuposHoro rasa, MeTasmMuecKHx pyt, — 4TOOBI TO y4aTb KaK MO*HKHO Goble HYKHBIX BeMeCTB. Yueunbie He TobKO uayuaIOT BemecTBa UM Mx Upe- BpalleHuA, HO M ONpesenMOT MPMUMHBI UM 3aKOHO- MepHOCTH TAKMX MpeBpalleHuit, UCCeAYIOT UX 3aBH- CHMOCTE OT TeMiepaTyphl, JaBeHHA MT. 1. XMMMKH pa6oraior B Xopomo OGopysoBaHHEIX 1a6opaTopuax (puc. 5). BosmoxHocru coppeMeHHoit xumun Gesrpa- HMUHBI. 3a 3HauMTeIbHbIe MUpOBbIe AOcTUKeHUA B OONaCTH XMMHM e2KeTOAHO OAHOMY MIM HeCKOABKUM yueHIM mpucyxKgalor npecrwKnyi0 Harpagy — Hobesencky10 mipemuio. Becombtii BK1ay B pasBUTMe XUMMH CAeasIM YKpa- uuckue yueHbe. Onn oGoraruiH Teoperuueckylo 1 SKCHepUMeHTAILHY!O XMMMIO, NOYUMIM LecaTKH TbICAY HOBBIX BelecTB, paspaGoTasH COTHH MeTOAOB XMMMYeCKOrO aHatusa BelecTB, us06pemM MHOrHe MaTepuaJIbI C 1oe3HBIMH CBolicTBaMH. ' XumuueckuMit peakIHAMH HasEIBAIOT Mpespamenns OAHMX BeMecTB B apyrne. 12Puc. 5. Xumnyeckan Na6opatopun BbIBOAbI Cranopaenne xummn nponcxomua0 na nporaxenmn HeCKOABKUX THICSH eT. XuMHa Kak Hayka poauaace ¢ OTKpEITHeM 3aKona coxpaHeHMA MaCCBI BeulecTE IPH HX NpespanleHusAx. Ceituac ysensre-xuMMKH NoxyualoT H HCCTeTyIOT MHOFO BeLecTE AIA UX abPeKTHBHOTO HCHOTBsORAHHA. 9 5. TMovemy anxnmnio Henb3a cunTaTb HacToAWe HayKOn? 6. Mogrotosbte HeGonbUlOi pacckas 06 MHTepeCHOM OTKPbITHH ANXHMHKOB. 7. Kakne sapayn peuiaior yueHbie-xnMnkn? Npasuna pa6orTpi uv TeXxHuKK 6e30nacHOcTH B XAMM4eECKOM KaG6nnete. Jla6opatopHan nocygja, o6opyfoBaHue WY Ux Ucnonb30BaHne Matepnan naparpada nomoxeT Bam: > ycsontb npasuna pa6orbi # TexHnkn GesonacHocTH B XAMUYeCKOM KaGuHeETe; 1314 > npasinbio WenonbsoBaTb xAMHYeCKyIO NocyAy H 060- PyAoBaHne; > Hay4HTECA BbINONHATS NPocTelusMe onepauun Bo Bpe- Ma XHMAeCKOrO SKCnepHMeHTa. Bui yoke sHaeTe, 4TO XMMHA — Haya 0 BerllecTBax H MX mpespamennax. Yuennie-xuMuku ocyiecrBss0T PpasHooOpasHble sKCHepHMeHTHI C BellecTBAaMH B XMMMUeCKHX JaGOpaTOpuAX, MCIOb3yOT COBpeMeH- Hoe O6opyoBaHHe, C10%KHEIe IpHGopEl. Ypoxn xuMuu npoxogsT B xuMMuecKom KaduneTe. B Hem o6asaTenbHo ecth BEITsaKHoit unKkad, rae xpa- HAT BpeAHBIe JeTyUMe BeIecTBAa, MpOBOAAT OMBITHI, BO BPeMA KOTOPEIX BBIJeTAIOTCA rasbl C pesKUM, HenpuatHeim sanaxom. Bur Gyjere padorarh ¢ XHMH- ueckoii MocyfsoH, pasmm4HbIM O6opysoBaHieM, MHO- ruMu Beuyecrsamu. Hexoropsie pemectsa moryT BEISBATh TONOBOKPY2KeHHe, OTPaBseHHe, OMKOTU, a jlerkopociiaMensoulMeca — moxap. Tostomy ¢ HMMM carenyeT O6palaTLcaA OueHL OCTOPO*KHO, a naKoKe SHATb, Ne B XMMMUeCKOM KaGuHeTe HaXossT- ca allreuka 4 IpormBonoxkapHbie cpeycrsa. Kaxyomy yuenuky neo6xoqumo sHaT» mpasusta pa6orbi B KaGuHere XUMHH, a TaK2Ke NpaBysia TeXHHU- KH OesonacHocTH HM COOI0ZaTh UX. Npasuna pa6orTpi B XAMM4eCKOM KaGuHeTe Bo spema nposegenua onbitos Ha Balle CTONe AOMKHbI HAXOAMTECA peakTnBb!, O6opyfoBanve, TeTpafb, yYeGHHK 4 NMCbMeHHbIe NpHHay- nexkHocTH. BbinonHsiite onbiT Tonbko Nocne Toro, KaK OnpefenuTe nocnegfoBa- TEMbHOCTb CBOMX AeUCTBUH, y3HaeTe O CBOUCTBAX BeEWeCTB, KOTOpbIE HYKHO NOAYYHTb HW KCNONb3OBaTb. Mpu maneiwem comHeHun OTHOCHTeNbHO BeWecTB, O6opyfoBaHua, NocnegoBaTeNbHOCTH KM YCNOBMA BbINONHEHHA ONbITa OOpaTHTecb C Bonpocamn AV60 3a NOMOUbIO K yYHTeNIO MAK NaGopaHty. Cocpegoroubtecb Ha BbINOAHEHMM KadKgOro OnbITa, He OTBNeKaiTeCb Ha NocTopoHHve ena H He OTBNeKAaliTe OAHOKNACCHUKOB. BepeskHo OTHOCHTeCb K MMyUeCTBY XAMMYECKOrO KaGHHETA, 3KOHOMHO pacxoayiite BewectBa. SanpeujaeTca BbINOAHATb ONbITbI, He 3annaHnpoBaHHble yunTenem, CM@LUMBaTb KaKHe-1M60 BELECTBa, CNUBATb KUAKOCTH Ha CBOe ycMo- TpeHHe, MeHATb YCNOBHA 3KCrepHMeHTa.7. HaGniogenua sanncpiBaite BO BpemaA NpoBeseHua OnbiTa, a pesynb- TaT M BbIBOAbI — Nocne 3aBepweHuA paooTbl. * 8. Mocne stinonHeHna onbiToB y6epuTe paGo¥ee MecTO, BbITpHTe cTON TPANKOW HACYXO, BbIMOTe NPOGUPKH, APyryto nocyny" u BMeCTe Cc 060- PYAOBaHuem cpAaiite yuntemo unn NaGopaHty. 9. OctaTkn BeuecTB Noche onbiTOB BbICbINbTe uNM BbINeTe B cne- \WanbHO NpeAHasHa4eHHble Ana 3TOro emKocTH. HexoTopbie KHAKKE BeujecTBa M pacTBopbi (06 3TOM CKaXKeT YUHTeNb) MOXKHO BbINKBATb B Pakosnny. Ux ocTaTkH CMbIBaloT NPOTOYHO! BoAO;. [lua mupopeyqeHua xumuyeckoro skKcnepuMeHTa HeOOXOAMMO 3HaTb OCHOBHBIe BUbI aGopaTopHoli mocy{bI M OOopysoBaHHA, a TAaKxKe yMeTb TOMb30- BaTbCA MMM. Jla6opatopHas nocyga. Bosbuian yacTbh mocyrEI AJA XMMM4ECKMX ONBITOR CeaHa M3 CTeKIa, OCTAsIb- Hast — us cbapdopa umm macrmaccnl (pic. 6). Pa6o- Tan CO CreKAHHOM Nocynoil, cnexyer UMeTH B BUAY, 4TO ee MerkO pasOMTb HM OHA MOXKeT TpeCHyTb BO Bpema Harpesanua. Papopowaa nocyna mpeqHasHa- ueHa JI HarpeBaHMaA, pacTMpanua TBepALIX BemllecTR; OHA TepMocToiiKad uM Gosee mpouHas, ¥eM cTexsaHHaA. B xumuueckoit aa6opatopum sce BemlecTBa 1 pacrsopbl cofepakarest B TIOTHO saKpBITEIX GanKax 1 6yriikax. Ux orKpprBaior TOAbKO JIA TOTO, UTOOBI B3ATb HEOOXOAMMY1O NOPUMI0 BeLecTBAa HIM pacTBO- pa, a norom sakpriBaior. Kppiku u npo6Ku KalyT Ha CTO. BHELIHel NOBepXHOCTLW. Or6op TBepsoro BemjecTBa 43 GaHKM ocymecTB.IA- 1oT Lomo UM Wnamenem. OnpeqeneHHEIit OObeM *KUAKOCTH OTOMPAIOT nunemKo uM C TOMOMbIO _MepHoeo yunundpa. Onpirpl B DIKOJIe, KAK IPABHIO, BbINOHAIOT B Npo- Oupkax. Ouu usroToBeHDI 43 TOHKOrO creKuta, 103T0- My padorars ¢ HuMu cxleyer ocropoHo. B npo6upky moMeljaioT TBepfoe BellecTBO Maccoii 0,5—1 r, umm npwOnusurenbHo 1/4 uaiinoi nomKH, a oKMAKOCTH Haanpatot 1—2 ma (B npo6upKe 970 caoit B 1—2 cm). ' Muirs cuapHo Harperyio crekanmayio nocyay Hemsea, MOCKoABKY ropa- Nee cTeK.10 pH MomazanMH Ha Hero BOB TpecKAeTCH. 15Puc. 6. 8 — mepubiit UnnuHap; NlaGopatopxan nocyaa: 9 — Kpncrannnsatop; 4—nnnerxa; 10 — 6yruinka ans xpaHenna xMaKocTe! 2.— cTeknsHan nnacrMHKa 11 — Boponxa; (npegmetHoe cTeKno); 12 — dapdoposan yawxa; 3 — cTeknaHHan nano4Ka; 13 — @apdoposas crynka c nectKom; 4—creknsiiaa Tpy6Ka; 14 — kanenbunya; 5 — KonMYecKas Kon6a; 15 — 6avouKa ana xpaHeHis sewects; 6 — nnockopoHiHaa Kona; 16 — npo6upxa; 7 — xuMMueckHii craKaH; 17 — dapdoposaa nonKa Boxy B npoOupky syulle HasIMBaTh ¢ TOMOLIbIO npombieanku — nsactMaccoBoro cocyza c BOLO. Jaa svoro rpy6ky MpoMEIBaIKM MOMemIaloT B mpo- Oupky u cxMMalr pyKoii maacTMaccoBbIi cocyx (puc. 7). 16Puc. 7. Npompisanxa (a) u ee vcnonbsosanne (6) Tia usmenbuenus Teepgoro BemjectBa ucnomb3y- “ior papoposyw cmynry c necmukom. ButnapuBanue pacrsopos ocymecTa.1awT B Pappo- posbix YaukKax MAM TepMocTOMKHX cmaKkanax. B walIKax Take MPOKANMBalOT HeKOTOpBIe TRepALIE BerlecTBa. Ecam HY2KHO BbITAapuTb BOY M3 HECKOJIBKMX Kaleb pactBopa, TO aTo AesaioT Ha NPeOMemHOM CMeKue. OGopyzosanne. B xumuueckom KaOunere uMeerca pasmuHoe O6opyzoBaHne (puc. 8). Puc. 8. Jia6opatopHoe oGopynoBanne: 1 —nomxka ana oxnraHns BewWecTB; 2 — npoSupkogepaatens; 3 — wraTwe ana npooupok; 4 —tpexora; 5 — TexHoxumnueckne Becbl; 6 — pasHosect; 7 —nwauer; 8 — merannnyecknit ¥ daphopossii wnarenn 17Puc. 9. JiaGoparoprbiit wratHe: 1 — nogcraska; 2 — crepwen; 3 — myora; 4 — Konbuo; 5 — nana Puc. 10. Harpesatenb- Hele npuGopbl: a — cnupTosKa; 6 —rawenne namexn konna4Kom; 8 — razoBan ropenka Jaa mposegenua onprros uacto nc- mombaylor 1a6opamopno1ii wmamue. Ou mpeqHasHayeH AA 3akpenenus Npoou- POK, ko16, XMMuYeCKUX CTaKaHos, (pap- @opossix yamrex. Dro Merannmueckuii cTepxKeHb, BKPYYeHHbI B NoAcTaBKy (puc. 9). Irarus ykomnmexrosan my¢- TaMH, JlalkaMH, KoubuyaMH. Kaskgan Myra uMeer 4Ba BUHTAa: OAM — JIA coeqMHeHMA ee CO CTep>KHeM MITaTHBA, a Bropoii — avid saKpennenua B Heit Janiky HM KomBUA. po6upky sakpenamor B nanKe 10- 6nmxKe K oTBepeTMI0, a Kony — 3a meiiky, Mpwuem raK, uro6pl cocyy u3 JaIIKH He BbITaas MW eTO MO2KHO ObLIO B Heit mepememats. Sakpy4uBaTs BUNT vanKM creyer 6es WMMHMX yeni, YTOOBI He TpecHys10 creKsI0. Koabuo cryxur nogeranKoit za daphoponoit YaKH, KONObI WIM XMMMYeCKOTO cTAaKAaHAa, B KOTO- pbIx Harpesaior BeljecTBa. Harpesanue B xuMMueCKOM KaGuHeTe ocymlecTBIA- 107, MCIIOMb3yA CIMpTOBKy, CyXoe ropioyee, MOF Aa — rasoBylo ropesky HIM oleKTpoHarpeBaTenb. Cnupmoexa — crekasuubtii cocyy ompezenen- Holi opMsI, B KOTOpEIi Yepes MeTanmu4ecKyI0 vpyOKy BcraBseHn UTM — NonOcKa u3 clenuanb- Holi TKaHM (puc. 10, a). Cuuprosky saKpprBaror Komnaukom. [epex ucno1b30BaHneM B Hee HasMBa- WoT cnuMpT (4O MoONOBMHBI OObeMa) M BCTABIAIOTPuc. 11. Cyxoe roprovee rpy6xy ¢ burusem. Barem K buTHsO HOAHOCAT 3arK- *eHHy1o crmuxy. Uro6pi noracutp enuprosKy, cxe- ayer HakppITh ee KomnayKom (puc. 10, 6), mpexpaTus qocryn Boayxa K ropamemy cnupry. Heavaa dymv na naams. Tasoeaa zopeaxa — meraanmueckoe yerpoiicrso (puc. 10, 6), coequneHHoe peauHonoli rpy6xoit c rasonoii MaruecrpasHo. Baxkuraior ras cnmuKoili, noquocs ee K MeTamnMUuecKoi TpyOKe roperku MejWIeHHO OTKpBIBaA KpaH Marucrpanu. Ha6.u0- daiime 3a noxéncHuem naamenu moavKo cOoKy. Vsmenssa nosoxenue KpaHa, ycranapnusalor spicory namenu 4—5 cm. T'as ropur eta samerHHim cHEUM HlaMenem. Ec nlaMa apKoe, Hy2KHO yBesu- UNTB JOcTyN BosAyxa. ITO ocymecTBIAIOT ¢ TOMO- WbIO perysATOpa, pasMemeHHoro B nuxneit yactu roperku. Uroou mora- CMTB a3, 8aKpbIBAIOT KpaH MarucTpa- am. He npuxacaitmecs x eepxneit 4uacmu 2ope.Ku — ona 0o1z0 ocmaemca zopauei. Cyxoe zoproxee — aro KycouKn Ges10- ro ropioyero BemlecTBa, NOxo*KMe Ha caxap-padunay usu Sompume Ta6ser- xu (puc. 11). Kycouex ropwouero K1a- AyT Ha TepMocToiiky nogzcTaBKy “4 nowxuraiwr cnuuKoi. Tacar cyxoe roprovee, HakpbIBaA ero MeTasmu4e- KUM KomNa4¥KOM usu dapoposoii yamkoit. Npocretwue onepayun B XAMH4CCKOM SKCNepuMeHTe O6uapymenne sanaxa semecrsa. [1s Toro wro6st oGHapyxKuTh sanax BemecrRa, comepxateroca B mpo6upKe, HeoOxoqMMO pyKO «<3axBATHTb» BO3YX Hay 11po6upKoii H HanmpaBuTs k Hocy (puc. 12). Boszyx BABIXAIOT OCTOPOXKHO, HEGOALIMIUMM NOpHAMH. Tlepememmsanne 2MqKOcTH B CrakaHe Han MIpo- Gupke. Dry onepanuio ocymjectBaAioT c TOMOTbIO 19Puc. 12. OGrHapyxenne ganaxa BewectBa Puc. 14. Nepenweanne >KMAKOCTH: a — 3 6aHO4KH 8 NOGHPKY; 6 —cnomowbio crexnanHont nano4Kn; 8 — 3 OgHOA npo6upKn B Apyryio Puc. 13. Nepemewmsanne *xuAKocTH: a — cTeKnAHHOl nano4Koi; 6 — BcTpaXHBaHnem quMHHOH CreKAHHOM NanouKH (puc. 13, a). Ecru ee HeT, NpoOupKy GepyT Tpema nanblamu noGnMxe K OTBEPCTHIO HM OCTOPOxHO BCTPAXMBAIOT Cosep2KUMOe (puc. 13, 6). Banpewaemca saxpoieame omeepemue npoOupku nanbyem, a nomomM unmencusno ecmpaxu- eamb xcudKocms. Tlepeansanne augKocru. Bytsinry ¢ xuqKoCTHIO GepyT B PyKy Tak, WTOOsI saKppITS oTHKeTKY; Tora ocTaTKM #UAKOCTH He GyAyT NonaqaTb Ha HAANMCE nospexxzaT ee. Kpaem ropspika 6yTBIIKM ¢ 2xKHA- KOCTbIO Kacalored OTBepeTHA Apyroro cocya, KOTO- pbiii Jep2KkaT HAKOHHO, M OCTOPOXHO HaMBAIT B He- Tro HeOOxosAMMoe KOmMYECTBO 2KHAKOCTH (puc. 14, a). Vuorga ucnossywor Bopouky.Hasupatb XMAKOCTD B CTaKaH 43 OyTWIKM MO2%KHO m0 creKAHHOi ManouKe (puc. 14, 6). 2KuarKocts u3 ofHO MpoGupKU B Apyrylo nepesmu- BaWT Tak, Kak 10KasaHo Ha pucyHKe 14, 6. Harpesanne seuectsa B npobupre. [Ipobupry c ReM[ecTBOM HJIM pacTBOpOM sakperisoT Bee BepXHeii YacTH B IpOOUPKOFep2xKaTere HIM B Make aGopaTop- Horo mraTupa (puc. 15). Tomayacs npobuprogepxa- TesleM, CHavasa OcNaGIAI0T B HEM 3axKUM, CABUTad B cTOpoHy Py4KH, BCTABIAIOT NpOOUpKy u, NpuzepxKu- Bas ee, NepeMemfaroT 342MM B IIPOTHBOTO07KHOM Ha- mpapnenun. Tlocne storo 3axKuraioT CIMpTOBKy MIM cyxoe roprouee. CnepBa paBHOMepHO HarpeBaloT BCIO Mpo6upKy, a NOTOM, B BepxHeli 3oHe MIaMeHn, Ty ee ‘4acTb, B KOTOpoit HaxoguTcs BerjecTBo. [ocne onsira Tropauylo 1poOupKy He BEIHMMaIOT H3 MpobupKosep- *KaTeiA, a KALyT BMECTe C HUM JVIA OXTAKeHMA Ha KepaMMyeckylo WIM MeTanMuecKyio MoOAcTaBKy. Ecam npo6upxa 6ui1a sakperena B mTaTHBe, ee ocTa- BJIMIOT B HeM. CIMPTOBKy WM Cyxoe ropwouee racaT. Harpesanne semecrsa 8 dbaphoposoii ame. B a6opaTOpHOM LITATHBe C TOMOMIbIO MydTbI 3sakpen- AIT KOJIbILO, CTABAT Ha HeTO (hapthopoByw aliky C BellecTBOM WIM pacrBopoM. Baxkuraior cnuproBKy. SaTeM KOAbLO MOAHMMAICT MIM OLlyCKaloT B LITAaTHBe Tak, UTOOI BepXHAA YACTh WAaMeHM Kacatach HUWK- Heit uacru uamKu (puc. 16). Puc. 15. Harpesanne *xHgKOCTH B NpoGupKe: Puc. 16. a — 3aKpenneHHon 8 npoGupKOAepmaTene; Harpesanne xnaKocTH 6 — 3akpenneHHol 8 wraTHBe 8 daphoposoii vauiKe 21Brmapusanue sxugKocTu Ha npeqmMetHom erekse. IIpeqmernoe crexso saKpenmaor B mpoOupkoxepxatene. C noMOMbIO CTeKAHHOI aoukH, TpyOKM MAM TMNeTKM HaHOCAT Ha cTeKI0 HecKObKO Kanenb pacrBopa mM paBHo- MepHo HarpeBaioT Haq IaMeHem BCI ToRepx- ocr creksa (puc. 17) 20 nomHoro BpInapupa- Hua %*xUAKOCTH. Tocne ombITa ropsuee cTeKIO KlagyT BMecTe C NpoOupKoZep-Kateem AA oxJaKqeHHA Ha KepaMuueckyto WIM MeTaIH- ueckyto mloycTasKy. Puc. 17. Boinapneanne xuaKocTH Ha npeqMeTHom creKne NMpasuna texnnku GesonacHoctn Bo Bpema pasoTbi B XAMM4ECKOM KabuHeTe 1. Kaxkgbii onbiT BbinonHAliTe cTporo no MHCTpyKyMH, HMeloWeiicA B yye6Huke, 1 B COOTBETCTBUM C peKOMeHAauMAMH yunTenA. 2. OnbiTbI c ucnonb3oBaHveM unK O6paz0BaHKeM BpeAHbIX NeTyYHX BeWECTB, a TatoKe fa3OB C PeSKKM 3anaXOM NPOBOAMTE B BbITSXKHOM wkady C BKMIOYeHHbIM MoTOpoM. 3. 3a xogom onbita B npo6upke HaGmiogaitte 4epes ee cTeHKH. Henb3a CMoTpeTb Ha BELIECTBA B OTBEPCTHE NPOGUPKH, OCOGeEHHO BO BpeMA Harpesanna. 4, Pa6oran c orHem, 6yabTe OcOGeHHO BHMMaTenbHbI M OCTOPO>KHbI! 5. Harpesaiite npo6upky c pactBopom umn BeU\eCTBOM paBHOMepHO. Npw stom sanpeujeHo HannBaTb MAK HacbinaTb B Hee Kakoe-nK60 BeLIECTBO, CTABUTb ropAyylo NpoGupky B NNacTmaccoBbIi WTaTHB. 6. Kateropwyecku sanpeujaetca 6patb BeWWecTBa pykKaMn, NPOGOBaTb WX Ha BKYC, PaccbinaTb, pas6pbi3ruBatb MK NopKMTATb. 7. ANA onbiToB Ucnonb3yiite TonbKO 4UCTyIO Na6opaTopHyl Nocyay. 8. Mpw nonagaHun Ha Koy Kakoro-nu6o BeUeCTBa CTpAXHMTe ero, CMoliTe AOCTATOYHbIM KOMMYECTBOM NPOTOYHON BOA M cpa3y O6pa- TUTECb K YHMTENHO HM NaGOpaHTy. —_ 9. Nocne npoBegeHua onbitos TujaTeNbHO BbIMOHTe PYKH C MbINOM. 10. He ynotpe6naitte nuwy B xumn4eckom KaGuHeTe! 11. Mpw HecuactHom cnyyae HemegneHHo O6patuTecs K yYHTeNtO. 2297H Mpasia HeOOXogMMO MOMHUTS ele u MOTOMy, 4TO HeKOTOpbIe U3 HUX MOryT MpHrogHTsCA B TOBCe- amesnoit 2xusuu. Mepsi npegocropoxknocru mp paGore c Kpackamu, opranwueckuMn pacTBopuTens- MM, MOIOUIMMM CpexCTBaMM, af0XMMMKaTaMH, APy- UMM ToBapaMH GbITOBOii XHMMM yKasaHbI Ha yna- KOBKaX Mam aTHKeTKAX (puc. 18). MEPbI MIPEAOCTOPOXKHOCTH XpainTs 8 NNOTHO JaKPHITOA GaHKe B cyXOM, KOpOWO NpOseT- PWBAeMOM NoMeWIeHKH, GepeY® OT BnarM, Tenna W NpAMLK ConnesHinx myer. | Bo Bpewn padors! ¢ nakom, @ TaKMe noche ee oKoHYaHnA Puc. 18. poseTpHrs nomeuieHne. Dna saute pyK wcnonssoBaT» pesnHostie nepyaTkH. He StuxeTKa ‘Bauxare, He AonyexaTe nonaaanus B rasa, He KYpHTe. Ha Ganke Bepess or ornal cmaKom Caenavo 8 Yxpanne. EEL TS) Bo spema nposexenua xumuyeckoro akKcnepumenta YaeHHKH [OTRHEI COOMOAATE NpaBuaa paGoTsi u Tex- HHKH GesonacHocTH. Ha ypoxax 5 kaGunete xuMuM Heromssyror pasty HbIe BUI! CrenMaTbHOit NOcysBI, AaGopatopHoe oG0- Py20BaHHe, OcyufeCTBIAIOT HEOOXOAMMBIe ONepauHn C BemectBaMH. ? 8. BbiGepute npaBHAbHble OKOHYAHHA NpeANOKeHHA (MX MOKET GbITb HeckonbKo). 1) OnbITbI MOKHO BbINONHATE... a) KaK TONbKO HayasicA ypoK; 6) nocne paspeweHua yantena; B) TONBKO Te, KOTOPbIe ONMCAHDI B YYEGHHKE MAH yKasaHbI yanTenem; r) Te, KoTopbie xoueTCA CpenaTb caMomy. 232) Mpo6oBaTb B XHMMYECKOA Na6opaTOpHH Ha BKYC ... @) MO>KHO COAy, YKCYC, CONb M HEKOTOpbIe Ayre BELYECTBA, M3BECTHbIE M3 NOBCeAHEBHOM KHSHK; 6) Henb3a Hi OfHO BeW\ecTBO; B) MOKHO BCe HEAAOBMTbIe BEWECTBA. 3) Nocne oKoHYaHHA NpaKTHYeCKON PaboTb! HEOOXOAMNO ... a) yopatb nocne ce6a pabouee ecto; 6) ocTaBuTb BCe BeW\eECTBa M OGOpyAoBaHve Ha CTONe, 4TOGbI ux yYOpan na6opant; 8) BCE OCTATKH PACTBOPOB H BELIECTB CNHTb MAM CCbINaTb 8 Cnelnanb- HbIii Cocya; 1) BbIMbiTb pykH. 4) Harpesats npo6upky c BeWjecTsoM Hafo a) JepKa ee pyKo Bosne oTBepcTHA; 6) npegsapnTenbHo 3akpenns ee B NPOOupKOgZepKaTene; 8) cHayana BCI, NepeMeulan B MaMeHH, a NOTOM — TONbKO Ty YaCTb, [Ae HAXOAMTCA BELYECTBO; 1) TONbKO 8 TOM YacTH, Te HaxOgHTCA BeLeCTBO. 9. HasosuTe nocypzy 4 OGopyfoBaHnve, KOTOpbie KCNoNb3yIT: a) ANA Nepenn- BaHMa >KuAKOCTeM; 6) ANA HarpeBaHus BeUleCTB; B) ANA BbINapneaHna BOfbI K3 pacTBopoB. 10. Kakne npaBuna TexHukw GesonacHocTn cnegyeT coGniogaTb BO BpemaA onbita, npeaycmaTpneaiowero HarpeBaHne? 14. Kakne npasuna TexHnkn GesonacHocm, npuBegeHHble B Naparpade, AB- JSIOTCA AKTYANbHbIMM BO BPEMA PEMOHTHbIX paGOT B KBAPTHpe? 12. Mlovemy na6opatopHbii wraTHB M AeTANM K HEMy M3rOTOBNAIT M3 MeTAN- la, @ He W3 MNacTMaccbI? 13. Novemy Ana nepemewnBaHnA KMAKOCTH B CTakaHe MHOrAa MCNO/b3syIoT CTeKNAHHYIO NanouKy C pesMHOBbIM HaKOHEUHMKOM? NPAKTUYECKAA PABOTA NP 1 CTpoeuve nnameun. Npocteiwue onepaynn B XMMMA4eCKOM 3KCnepuMeHTe Tlepeg BbimonHeHHem upaktuyueckoii paG6oTbI BHMMaTeIbHO TIpoun- raiire npaBusia TeXHUKM GesonacHocTH B XMMM4eCKOM KaOuHerTe (c. 22) u erporo ux co6mogaiire. Byaste ocropoxusi, pa6oras ¢ ornem. 24ONbIT 1 VUsyyeune «ctpoenna» nnameHn Baxrute cpeuy. Bat ysuqute, yTo mama HeogHopogHoe (puc. 19). B nusecneit, remnoii, yacTu amen Temmeparypa HesutcoKan. Ha-sa HefocTaTKa BOsAyxa TopenMe ayech nowrM He mpoucxogur. Bemecrso, 43 Koroporo usrorosse- Ha cBeya, CHauana MlaBuTca, a sarTem ripespa- maeTes B rasoobpasHble roploune BelljecTBa. Becpedneit vac namenn temneparypa BBIILIe. Buecb vacrh Bemlecrs cropaer, a ocTastbHBIe pacria- JatoTcs c oO6pasoBaHvemM ropiounx rasoB MH YaCTHIL cau. TBepable WacTHUbl packasAITca H CBeETAT- ca. Toatomy ara 4acrs rmaMeHH caMast apKast. 7lokaoxnte Hannune YacTHT CaxKH, MOMeCTHB B Puc. 19. cpemmioi yacTh mame dapiopospie yamKy Crpoes oe teens WIM mmaTetb. Uo HaGmoOAaeTe? Bepxnaa sacr n1ameHn weet camyi0 BBICO- Kyo Temneparypy. B ueit nce BemectBa cropator osHOCTSIO; MIpu 9TOM o6pasyioTcs YrieKUCJIBIi ras M BOAAHOI Map. Bo spema mpoBeseHusa XMMMYeCKMX OMBITOB Hazpecamb 6ewecmea HYMHO 6 Bepxneil YacmuU NAAMEHU, 2e Memnepamypa HauevicwaA. OMbIT 2 Npurotopnenve pactBopa conu Ilmarexem or6epute us 6anKu HeOonsmoe KonHYeCTBO TOBapeH- noi conn! (1/3—1/4 uaiinoit x0xmKM) MOMecTHTe ce B XUMHNECKHit crakan emkocrbw 50 Mi. Jloneite kK coan Boy (He Gombe NOMOBHHBI crakana) m nepememmaaiire crexanHHoi nano¥Koit yo momHOro pacTBopeHMa BemlecTBa. ONbIT 3 Nepenusanue pactBopa Ocropoxkso nepeseiire YacTb pacrBopa cos us crakaHa B IpoGMpKY x0 1/3—1/4 ee o6sema. Iocae atoro nepexeitre npumepHo 2 m1 pactRo- pa ua otoi mpoOupKu B Apyryi0. O6e npobupKu nocranTe B WTaTHR. ' Yanrenb MOxKeT 3aMeHHTb NOBapeHHYIO comb KanbnMHMpoOBAHHO!t cojoit 1.11 OKpalleHHEIM BenjecTBOM (HalIpuMep, MeqHBIM KyTOpocoM). 25ONnbIT 4 Harpepanue >KuAKOCTH B NpoGupKe, 3akpenneHHon B WwTaTMBe TIpo6upxy c 2 mm pacrsopa coum sakpenurTe HaksOHHO B jalKe mITa- Tuga 61M%xKe K oTBepcTuio. Baxrure cnuprosKy!. Orperyxupyiire BBICOTY MONOZKEHHA JanKM B LITATUBe TAK, UTOOHI HUAHAA YACTS Upo- 6upku Haxoquaacs B Bepxuelt yacTH naaMenH. Boabmute cnuproBKy B PyKy “ paBHoMepHo mporpeiite Bcio npobupKy. 3aTem mocTaBbTe cnup- ‘ToBKy 104 upoSupKy u Harpeitre pacrsop B Hel 20 KuNeHus. He donyc- kaitme evi6poca »cudkocmu us npobupru! Orcraspre cnuprosky, He racs ee, sus calenyionyero omsrra. ONbIT 5 Harpesauve KuAKOCTH B Npo6upke, 3akpenneHHon B NpoGupKogepKaTene Saxpenute Bropyio mpoupky c pacrsopom coum B mpoGupKosep»a- Tene. CHavana pasHomepno narpeire Bc1o mpodupKy, a orom — Ty ee “acTb, re Haxo_MTCA *KMAKOCTR. Kak TOMBKO pacTBOp 3akunuT, orcrapbTe CiMpToBKy M MoracHTe ee, HAKpBIB KONAYKOM. He sbinumas upo6upky us npobupKogepxKatena, BEINeiTe ropsrunit PacTBop B CTaKaH u NosOKUTe Npo6upKy BMecrTe c MpoSMpKoZepxare- eM Ha CienmasbHY!0 NoCTAaRKy AA Oxnaxj,eHus. He cmaseme eopa- uyio npobupky 6 naacmmaccoewit umamue! ? 14. V3 Kakux YacTei coctout nama? Oxapaktepuayiite ux. 15. B KaKOM cnyyae KuAKOCTb B KON6e 3aKnnHT 6bicTpee: KorAa Nama oxBa- TbIBaeT BCIO KONGy MNM KOrfa €€ AHO HaXOANTCA B BEpxHei 4YacTH Nname- Hu? OTBeT OGOCHyiTe. 16. Noyemy npy HarpeBaHnn NpoSupKH HyKHO CHayana BCIO ee NporpeTb? 17. B Kakyto cTopony cneayet HanpaBnaTb OTBepcTHe NPOGUpKK, B KOTOPOK HarpeBaloT KMAKOCTE? 18. Noyemy Henb3s CTaBHuTb ropsyyio NPOS6upky B NNacTMaccoBbIN WraTMuB? ' Bmecro cHUpTOBKM MO2KHO HcHOAB3OBATE CyXoe TopIouee. 26pa3yzen IlepponauanbHEie xUMMuecKie NOHATHA BewectBa W WX CBOUCTBa Puc. 20. Mpupoanpie BewjecTBa Marepnan naparpada nomoket Bam: > pasnnyatb BewecTBa, bUSHYECKHe Tena H MaTepnaibi; > xapakTepw30BaTb BeUecTBa NO dusK4eCKHM CBOM- cTBam. Bemecrso. B nosceqHeBHOii 2KM3HM MBI CTAIKMBa- emca co MHOruMH Berjecrsamu. Cpequ HUX — Bo;a, MeCOK, 2Keres0, 3000TO, caxap, Cob, KpaxMas, yronp... [pogoskatb stor nepedeHs Mo2KHO O¥eHD goauro. B cornu pas Gombule BeljecTB MCnOnB3sywT 1 moy4aior yueHsie. Heine ussectHo capime 20 man Bemects. Morne u3 HX cymecTByIor B Mpupoze (puc. 20). B soazyxe eCTb pasIM4Hble Passi; B PeKAaX, MOPAX M OKeaHax, KpoMe BOJbI, — pacTBOpeHHIe B Heli BeLecTBa; B TBEPOM MOBepXHOCTHOM cyl0e Hamel! nianerst — MHOFOUMCEHHBIe MMHepasEI, POPHBIE MOPOALI, PYABI MECOK 27mT. 1. Upeappraatino Gompioe KonmuecrBo BeLecTB HaXOQMTCA M B JKMBBIX OpraHHamax. AdIOMHHMS, IMHKA, aleTOHa, H3BeCTH, MBIA, ac- TIMpHHa, NOMMETHeHAa, MHOFMX ApyrMx BeLecTB B IpH- Puc. 21. poge Her. Ux pbimycKaer npompEmmenHOcTs (puc. 21). MckycctBeHHo Hexkoroptie BellecTBa, cyljecTBy1olve B Ipupoye, nony4eHHbie MO#KHO UOJYYMTh HW B XHMMYeCKO nabopatopun. Tak, pM HarpeBaHMM MapraHOBKM BbIsenAeTCA KUCIOpOR, a Ip Harpesanun Mena — yrneKuemstit ras. Yueuble 1p BLICOKOii TemMepaType M JaBeHun mpespalyawr rpadpurT B amas, HO KpucTanMKn uc KYCCTBEHHEIX aJIMa30B OUCH MEIKE H HEMPHrOAHEL JWI MSPOTOBCHHA 1OBeIMpHBIX yKpamiennit. [Momy- 4MTb 2Ke Oy {parolenHblii KAMeHb MaaXHT C TOMO- T{bI0 XHMMYECKHX ONBITOB He yjaeTCA. Heomsemiembim npusHakom eewecmea ae1nemca acca. CzeTosble ya, MarHUTHOe Tore He MMeIOT MACCBI MK BeIeCTBaM He OTHOCATCA. BeujectBa BenyecrBo — aT0 TO, 43 4ero CocTOUT (usHYeECKoe TeN0. Pusureckum mMeAOM HAasbIBAaIOT BCe, YTO HMeeT Maccy u oGbeM. PusHuecKHMH TeTaMH ABIAIOTCH, HanpuMep, Kania BOABI, KpUcTarIMK MMHepata, OOJIOMOK CTeKa, KyCO¥eK MiacTMaccel, 3epHO TIe- HHUEI, 16.10KO, Opex, a TAKE s10G0i! peAMeT, UBrO- TOBICHHEIi 4weOBeKOM, — 4acbI, Urpylika, KHura, OBeIMpHOE yKpallienHe HT. J. > Hasopure semecrBa, 43 KOTOpBIX cocroaT TaKue cpusnueckue Tena: IbAMHA, PBO3qb, KapaHsan. Bemjecrsa, ucnospsyembie sW1t usroToReHUA TIpes- MeTOB, OOOpyAOBAHMA, a TAKIKE BCTPOUTEABCTBE H Apy- 28PHX OTpacsisix, HasbIBaIoT wamepuaamu (puc. 22). Tleprsimu B ucropun uenoneuecrsa Guim npupoguEte MaTepHambi — jpenecuHa, Kamen, ramna. Co Bpeme- HeM JOM Hay4MIMch BbILIABIATS METAB H CTEKTO, Tosy4aTs usrects u nement. B nocrequue jecaTune- THs Ha SaMeHY TpAaqUUMOHNBIM MaTepuasiam MpUxo- AAT HOBbIe, B YaCTHOCTH pas/IM4HbIe MacTMaccEt. Puc. 22. Crponrenbbie Martepnanbi > Vis Kakux matepnasos (macrmacca, creKs0, Me- Ta, TKaHb, ApesecuHa) Mory? 6sITE H3rOTORNeHEI Basa, OKepebe, TapeiKa? Arperarnpie coctoanua BeujectBa. BerectBo mo- oKeT CyTeCTBOBATh B Tpex arperaTHEIXx cocrosHUAX — TBEPJOM, %KHAKOM uM ras00Opa3sHoOM. IIpu Harpesanun TBepsble BelecTBa W1aBATCA, a 2KUAKOCTH saKMMalor, Ipespamasce B nap. Tonw«Ke- Hue TeMnlepatypbl lipuBozMT K OOpaTHEIM mpeBpaliye- uum. Hexorophie ra3bl Ip BbICOKOM 7aBeHuH cxuaxKaorca. IIpu Bcex aTHx ABIEHHAX MenbualiMMe uacTHUBI BenyecTBa He paspymaiwres. Takum o6pa- 30M, BeUyeCM6O, UsMEHAA Azpezamnoe cocmoanue, HE npespawaemca 6 Opyzoe. Kaxgpiii sHaer o Tpex arperaTaprx cocrosnuax BObI, B KOTOPHIX OHA CyIecTByer B TIpupoye: sen, Boga, BOAAHO Hap. Ho He BeAKOe BeLecTBO MO7KeT OxiTh TRepABIM, 2kUAKUM M PrasooOpasHEM. JA caxa- pa MBSBECTHLI [Ba arperaTHEIx cocrosunsa: TRepyoe okuyKoe. IIpu marperanuu caxap miaBures, sare ero pactiaB TeMHeer, H HosBAeTCH HeNpuATHDMi ganax. Dro cBuyeremcrsyer 0 npespanjenun caxapa B Apy- rue pemjectBa. 3HaunNT, rasoobpasHoro cocTosHMsA quist caxapa He cynyecrsyer. A TaKoe BemjecrBo Kak 29rpadur Hesb3a pacniasure: mpu Temneparype 3500 °C OH cpasy mpeBpanyaeres B ap. Kpucrasanueckue u amopdusie Bemectsa. Ec paccMaTpMBATh COND M Caxap Yepes yBeIMUMTEbHOe CTeK0, TO MOXKHO 3aMeTUTS, TO KPYNMHKM com uMelT (popMy KyOuKoB, a caxapa — fApyrylo (bopmy, HO TOKe IpaBMJIbHy10, cuMMeTpHMuHy0. Karkzan Ta- Kast KpynMHKa ABIAeTcA Kpuctansom. Kpuemaan — 9TO MpMpogHoe (busnyeckoe Tero, uMeromee MIOcKMe TpaHH (MoBepxHOcTH) MH MpaMbIe peOpa (cTBIKH rpa- Hei), CneqopatesbHOo, comb M caxap — Kpucransmue- ckue semecrsa. K rakum semlecrsam oTHocatca JMMOHHad KUCJIOTA, POKOsa, amas, rpauT, Mera ust 4 Ap. (pac. 23). Bo muorux cmyyaax KpucrasmEI BeMICCTB HACTOJLKO MeIKHe, YTO UX MOXKHO YBUETE TOAbKO TOA MUKPOCKOnOM. Crekno — He KpucTananueckoe, a amopuoe' Benyecrso. Ecau ero u3Meqb4uuTS, TO NoyYUM Gec- (opMenuble KycouKH, He NOXO2xKMe Apyr Ha Apyra. AMOp@HBIMH BeleCTBAMM ABIAIOTCA TAK2%KE KpAax- Mad, MyKa, NorMeTHaeH u Ap. (puc. 24). Puc. 23. Puc. 24, Kpnctannmueckne BewectBa Amopoubie Bewecta @usnueckue cxoiicrza Bemects. Bce semectBa upesBbiuaiino pasHooOpasHbl; Kaxgoe oOnamzaeT COBOKYNHOCTbIO Ope eIeHHbIX CBOMCTB. Croiicrna BemectBa — dTO NpHsHakKH, MO KOTOPbIM BeLLeCTBO OTIM4aeTCA OT APyroro HM MOA0GHO emy. ' Tepaun mpoucxogut or rpeveckux npueTapKH - 4 c10Ba morphé — ¢bopma. 30Kexeso werKo oramuuTs or ApesecuuBI 10 upery, ocodomy 6zlecky, a Tak7Ke Ha OMLyMp: MeTas Bcerqa Kaokeres Govlee XOOAHBIM, TAK KAK JTY4Ie LpOBOAUT renaory. OcobeHnocTsio 2kes1e9a ABAAeTCH TO, UTO OHO npurarupaetcs K MarHTy, a Aperecuna — Her. B OTIHUMe OT *Mere3sa ApepecHHa B BOE HE TOHET, OCKOJIBKY €€ ILIOTHOCTS MeHBIe IIOTHOCTH BOABI, a TIOTHOCTS 2ke1e3a — Gosbute. JKes1e90 BEILep»KMBACT BEICOKYIO TemnepaTypy, &@ ApeBecHHA cHauasIa TeMHe- eT, 3aTeM YepHeeT H saropaeTca. CzoiicrBa BemlectBa, KOTOpLIe Onpeserm0T HabtIOTeHHeM WIM H3- MepeHuem, 6e3 NpeBpalleHHsA ero B A[pyroe BeLeCTBO, HasbIBaloT Qusuveckumu. Basxueiimme cbusnueckue cBoiicTBa BellecTBa : © arperaTHoe cocTosnue mpu onpeyeseHHEIX TeM- nlepaType M JaBseHun; per, Oueck (usm Hx OTcyTeTBHe); gatlax (uM ero orcyTcrBue); pacrBopuMmocrs (uM HepacTBopHMocTs) B Boze; vemnepatypa 11aBleHus; Temmlepatypa KuneHus; TIOTHOCTE; ‘TeILOMpOBOAHOCTS; aileKTponpoBoAHOCTD (wu HeaTeKTpPOMpoBO- HocTS). Tlepevenb (buswuecKux CBOMCTB TBEpALIX BelleCcTB MO2%KHO paciIMPHTb, BKJIOUMB B Hero TBepAOCTS, T1a- cTHuHOCcTb (MIM XpyKoCcTS), a AIA KpucTammH4ec- KuxX — ele 4 dbopMy KpucTannos. Xapakrepusya *KUAKOCTh, YKASbIBAIOT, Kakat OHA — TOABUKHAA MIM MaciaHucras. Takue dbusuueckue cBolicrsa Kak UBeT, 3amax, BKyc, (pOpMa KpHCTasI0B MoxKHO ONpeseNMTS BHBy- aNbHO, C MOMOMIbIO OpraHoB 4YBCTB, a TOTHOCTS, 9NeKTPONPOBOAHOCTh, TeMMepaTypy MWiaBleHusA KMMeHUA OMpesetsioT usMepeHuem. Crezenus oO qbuswueckux cBoiicTBax MHOrMX BeljecTB COOpaHbl B cnemmasbHoi amreparype, B YacrHocruH — B cmmpa- BOUHMKAaX. eee eeroee 31@usuveckne CBOKCTBa BELeECTBAa 3aBHCAT OT ero arperaTHoro cocTrosHua. Hanpumep, nnorHoctb ssa, BOA! H BOAAKOTO Napa pasnnuna. [asoo6pas- HbIM KHCNOpOg GecyBeTHbIM, a KnAKM — rony6ou. Buanne dbusmueckHx cpoiicrs nomoraer «ys- HaBaTh» Hemaxo Benects. Hanpumep, meqb — equuernenubrit Merasia Kpactoro pera. Cone- ubtii BKYC MMeeT TOTLKO TOBApeHHAA comb. Vox — nowrn vepoe rRepsoe BemlectEO, KoTO- poe up Harpesauuu mpespamaerca B TemHo- cbuoneronstii nap (pe. 25). B 6oremmcree cxry- uae [IK OMpeeTeHHA BeeCTBA Hy2KHO TIpu- HMUMATb BO BHMMAHHe HecKOAbKO ero cRoiicTB. | Puc. 25. Harpesanne noga | JIABOPATOPHbIN ONbIT Ne? 4. O3HakomneHne c du3snyeckumn CBoicTBaMH BeWecTB | Bam BbIaHO Tpu Npo6upKH, B KOTOpBIX conepxKaTes cenMTpa’, rpa- pur 1 nosmernaen’. B paniem pacnopaxennn ects crakaH c Bool (Ms MPOMbIBAIKA) H CTeKIAHHBIC MAIOUKH. | Onumure emecrsa. Kaos xaparrep vacruny Kaxkjoro Bermecraa (Kpi- craMKH, NOpouoK, MesKUe KycouKM MpoHsBoTBHOI cbopmEt)? Bpisic- HUTe, PACTBOPAIOTCH JIM BeMecTBA B BOLE, Nerye OHM WI TAIKeTEE ee. Banummre buswueckue cBoiicrsa Benjecrs B TaGMILY: Bemecrno ‘uaieckue cnoiteraa ‘Arperarnoe coctostme B OOBIMHEIX YCLOBHAX Ceamrpa Tpagwr | Hoamernex Kaxoe cnoiierso (cnojicrea) nosnoaser OTNIHTS Karkjoe BeLYECTEO or ABYX ApyrMx? Hasosute cnojicrna, opmmakopnie Ju1a xByx (Tpex) BenyecTB: Kpome ¢basmueckux croiicre, Kaskjloe RemyecrBo uMeeT u XHMMYecKHe CRoiicrBa. O Hx Noir peas 10s:Ke- * Mumepassuoe yzo6penue. ° Yaurer Momer aamennrs rpadwr cepoit, MeqHBIMH HAH aKenesHhIMH OnMTKAaMH, a HOAMOTHAeH — ApyruM HOnMMepoM. 32BbIBOAbI Bemecrso — 70, us uero cocrour buswyeckoe Tex10. He- OTbeMseMbIM NPU3HAKOM BeMeCTBA ABAAETCH ero Macca. Bemecrso Momer cymectsonaTs B Tpex arperaTHsix COCTOAHHAX: TBEP/OM, *HIKOM H raz006pa3zHoM. TBeprBIe Bemectsa 6bIBaioT KpUCTaMYeCKUMM H AMOpHEIMH. Cxoiicrsa BemecTBa — 9TO NpH3HaKH, HO KOTOpEIM OHO OTAMUAaeTCH OT Apyroro BeUkecTBa HIM 1O0GHO emy. uawueckue cnoiicrsa Bemectsa onpexensor HaGn07e- HMeM 1M U3MepeHHeM, 6es NpeBpameHusa ero B Apyroe BemecTBO. ? 19. ro Takoe du3n4eckoe Teno, BewecTBO, MaTepnan? 20. Haigute coorsertctene: Bewectso @usanyeckoe Teno 1) 30noTo; —_a) TepMomerp;, 2) pryt; 6) KonbyO; 3) 6ymara; 8) BUTpuHa; 4)ctexno; _r) Tetpapp. 21. BoiGepnte cpean npnBepeHHbix cnoB M CNOBOCOYETAHHi Te, KOTOpbIe OT- HOCATCA K BeLeCTBAM: CTON, Mefb, Neg, MacTMaccoBan GyTbINKa, CNMpT, rageta, BOAAHON nap, cepe6paHaA Yeno4Ka. 22. Kakne 43 BeLIECTB ABNAIOTCA CTPOMTeNbHbIMM MaTepnaniaMn: YrNeKHCAbI Fas, Keneso6eroH, cTeKso, 6ymara, KaNpOH, CTanb? 23. NpuBegnte npumeppi: a) HECKONbKMX NpeAMeTOB, CAeNnaHHbIx 43 OAHOTO marepuana; 6) npeaMera, cnenaHHoro 43 HECKONIbKMX MaTepvanos; B) ABYX MaTepHanos, M3 KOTOPbIX M3TOTOBNAIOT aHANOrHYHbIe NPeAMeTEI. 24. OnuwuTe ousnueckne cBoiicTBa Mena. 25. Kakne BeujecTBa, HMeIOU\MeCA y BAC OMA, MOXKHO ONpepenuTb No 3a- naxy? 26. B cocygax 6e3 STHKETOK CofepxaTcA AYXH, PACTHTeNbHOe Macro, NoBa- PeHHaA COMb, KYCO4KH KeNesa, MpaMopa. Mo KaKHM CBOVicTBaM MOXXHO onpegenntb karxnoe BeUlecTBo? 27. HasoBputTe HECKONbKO TBEpPAbIX BEL\ECTB, KOTOPbIe BbI NerkKO MOKETeE OTMMYMTb OT OCTANbHbIX. 28. NpuHaB BO BHUMaHHe dusn4ecKHe CBOMCTBa BELIECTB, OObACHHTe, NoYe- My OTBEPTKH M MIOCKOrY6LbI MMeIOT, KAK NPaBMNO, MiaCTMaCCOBbIe Py4KH. 33‘9KCNEPMMEHTHPYEM OMA CsofictBa HeKOTOpbIx NPoAyKTOB NuTaHnA Hannuinte Ha oTgenbHbIX nucTOYKaX Gymarn HasBaHnA BelecTB: MyKa, NoBapeHHas CONb «SKCTpa», CaxapHaA nyg~pa, Kpaxman. HacbinbTe Ha Kaabii NMCTOYEK NO HECKONbKO rpaMMOB COOTBETCTBYIOWETO BEL\ECTBA. Onvwite BHEWHHi BAA BeWleCTB. Pagorpte wenorky Kaxgoro BeleCcTBa NanbuaMu (onpegennte, Ha- CKONMbKO MENKHMH ABNAIOTCA ETO YACTHYKN). Nonpo6yite BewectBa Ha BKyC (C BeLJECTBAMH, MMeIOLIMMHCA B XH- mnyecKoi na6opaTopun, 970 AeNaTb KaTeropHyeckh 3anpeujeHo). BuisicHHTe, pacTBopAioTca nH BelecTBa B Boe. Sannuwimte pesynbTatb! KccnefoBaHnii WH HaGNiOgeHHi B TaGnnuy, aHa- AOrM4Hylo NpeACTaBNeHHOH Ha Cc. 32. MookHo 11M pasnnunTb 3TH BewlecTBa? Ecnn fa, TO KaK MMeHHO? 5 Unctble BelecTBa M CMecu Matepnan naparpada nomoxet Bam: > ocosHatb, 4TO A6CONIOTHO YCTbIx BEECTB He CyulecT- Byer; > pasnuiats ofHopogHble M HEOAHOpoAHble cMecH Be- wecTB; > BbIACHHTb, B KaKHX CMeCAX HSHYECKHe cBOicTBA KOMNOHEHTOB COXpaHAlOTCA, a B KaKUX — HET; > Bbl6patb MeTog pasfeneHNA CMECH BeLIECTB B 3aBH- CuMocTH OT ee THNa. Ynctere BeujecrBa u cmecu. Kazxzoe BemjectBo Beerja cofeprXUT ONpexeneHHoe KOHYeCTBO IpUMe- cei. Bewecmeo, 6 KOmopom noumu Hem npumeceil, Hasvieaiom Yucmen. C TaKuMM BeIecTBAaMM pabora- Or B HayyHOM na6opaTopuM, MIKONBHOM xHMUMUe- ckoM KaGuHeTe. 3ameTuM, 4TO a6co.0MHO YUCMbLX eewecme He cyusecmeyem. Ecau codepacanue npumeceit @ eewecmee snauu- mejbHO, mozda amo — cmecb Bewecme. Cmecamu ABAAIOTCA MOUTH BCE IIPUPOAHEIe BeLeCTRA, TIPOAYK- gPuc. 26. OgHopoguan cmech (BoqHbIi pactBop caxapa) TI WMTaHHA (KPOMe comH, caxapa, HEKOTO- PbIX Apyrux), MHOrHe JIeKapCcTBeHHBIe HK KocMermueckue cpexcrsa, TOBapEI OEITOBOI XMMHUH, CTPOHTeNBHbIe MaTepuaiEl. Kaxyoe semecrso, cogepxameeca B cMeCH, HasbIBAIOT KOMNOHEHMOM. CymjecrBytoT O{HOpOsHBIe U HeOAHOpOr- ple CMeCH. Onnoponusre cmecu. Jlo6asum He6on5- Diy! MopiMio caxapa B CTaKkaH C BOAO H Oyaem nepemeuriuBaTS, NOKAa Bech caxap He pacrsopurcs. JKugKocrs 6yzer uMeTS ciaqkuii Bkyc. Takum oOpasom, caxap He uicye3, a ocrasmca B cmecu. Ho ero Kpuctan- IMKOB MBI He YBUAMM, Aa2Ke paccMaTpuBA Kall0 *%XKMAKOCTH B MOLIHbIit MAKPOCKON. TIpurotopmenHas cmecb caxapa M BOJBI ABIAeTCA odxopodxoit (puc. 26); B Heit paBHOMepHO Mepememia- HBI MevIbuaiMIMe YaCTHILbI TUX BeLeCTB. Ceci, 8 KOTOphIX KOMMOHEeHTHI HeEBOSMO*RHO O6HApyAKUTS HaG10- NeHHeM, HasbIBAlOT OHOPOAHEIMH. BoubulMHCTBO MeTAasIMYeCKMX CiaBoB — Tak?Ke omHopogubre cmecu. Hanpumep, B cimaze somoTa c MefbWO (efO HCHONLSyIOT AIA M3TOTOBIEHUA 1OBeTUp- HBIX YKpalleHMit) OTCYTCTBYIOT KpacHble 4aCTHIIbI MEM M 2KeNTHIe YACTMIEI 3O0TA. Us Matepuasos, KOTOpble ABIAIOTCA OMHOPOAHBIMK ~ 27. cMeCHMM BelecTB, U3TOTOBIAIOT MHOrO MpexMeToB peamerti, Mpenmersi, | paaHooSpassioro HasHavtenms (puc. 27). voommenommox K O2HOpORHBIM cMecHM MpuHanexaT Bee cMecH cmecei Ta30B, B TOM 4HCNe MU BOsayx. CylecTByeT HeMasO MOHETA, 35OAHOPOAHBIX CMeceii xXuAKOCTel. Takad cMecb O6pa- syeTca pH CMelIMBaHMM, HanpuMep, cnupra H BOAET. > IIpusegure croit npumep ogHopogHoii cmecu. OguopogHbie cMecu enje HasEIBaloT pacmeopamu, ake eciM OHM TBeEpALIe UM ras00bpasHBie. IIo nexomopum @usuveckum ceoiicmeam odnopod- Hble CMecU OMAUYaIOMCA OM UX KOMNOHEHMoE. TaK, CIB OJI0Ba CO CBHHILOM, MCNOML3yeMbIi AA NaAHUsA, TylaBuTca Np Gosee HH3KOi TeMnepaType, YeM YHCTHIC metasupt. Boga 3akunaer mpu Temmepatype 100 °C, a BOAEI pacrBop comm — mpu Goslee BEICOKOIi TeMTIepa- type. Ecam Bogy oxnaquTb Jo TeMlepaTypbI 0 °C, ona HauHeT MpeBpalaTbca B seg. Pacrsop comm npu aTHx yenosusx ocraercs 2KMKOCTbIO (OH 3aMep3aeT IPH TemMlepaType Huxe 0 °C). Batom MoxkHo yOequTECA 3HMOit, Kora JOPOrH H TpoTyapbI, NOKPbITEIe JOM, TocbImaioT CMecbio comm ¢ HecKom. JIeq non AeiicTBueM comm MAaBuTcs; o6pasyeTca Boz- ubrit pacrBop coum, He 3aMepsalomnii Ha cma- 6om Mopose. A mecoK Hy2KeH JIA TOPO, YTOObI qopora He 6bLia CKOmB3KOI. Heoguopogusie cmecu. Bam uspectuo, uT0 Meal He pacTBopserca B Boye. Ec ero nopo- MOK BCbINATS B CTAKAaH C BOAOI, TO B OOpaso- BaBlielica CMecH BCerfa MO2KHO O6Hapy2KHTb Puc. 28. HeogHopoguan cmece YACTHIEI Mena, KOTOPBIe BUHBI HeEBOOpy- mena 4 BopbI 2KeHHBIM T'ylagoM HIM B MMKpocKon (puc. 28). Cmecn, B KOTOpbIX KOMMNOHEHTHI MOXKHO OGHapyAUTE HAO TIOAeHH- eM, HasbIBaloT HeOAHOpOAHEIMH. K neoqnopoqustm cmecam (puc. 29) ornocares GobIIMHCTBO MUHepaoB, NOUBa, CTPOMTeJIbHbIe Ma- Tepvanhl, XUBEIe TKAHH, MYTHAA BOAa, MONOKO Apyrue npoxykKTsI MMTAHMA, HeKoTOpEIe sleKapcTBeH- HBIe H KOCMeTH¥ecKHe cpeqcTBa. > Ilpuzegure croit mpumep HeoqHOposHOH cmecu. B neoduopodxoi cmecu dusuxeckue ceoiicmea KOMNOHeHMOG coxpaHsAmcea. Tak, KeesHble ONKI-S Puc. 29. HeoavopoaHeie cmecn: @—cmecb BoAbI H cepbi; 6 — cmecb pactuTenbHoro Macna H BoAbI; B—cMecb BosAyxa H BOAbI Cxema 3. Bewectsa womecn KM, CMeIaHHBbIe C Me{HBIMM WJM aJIOMMHMeBBIMH, He Tepsi0oT coco6HocTu UpuTAruBaTecA K MarHuTy. Boga B cMecH C NeCKOM, Me€JIOM HIM rIMHO;i 3amepsa- eT pu Temnepartype 0 °C u sakunaer npn 100 °C. Hexkoropie BHAbI HeOMHOPOAHEIX cMeceii HMeIOT cnelMasbHble HasBaHMA: nena (HallpMMep, TeHO- nacT, MBUIbHas Tena), cycnensua (cMecb BoE c HeOONBIIMM KONM4eCTBOM MYyKH), aMyAeCUA (MONO- KO, XOPOMIO B360ITAHHBIe PACTHTeENLHOe MACJIO C BOOK), 29p030.1 (AbIM, TyMAH). > B kaxux arperarasix cocrosHuax HaxojATCA KOM- NOHCHTHI B Kak Rol HasBanHO cMecu? Marepuan, uano2xenubii peumre, O6oOueH B cxeMe 3. OAHOpoAHbIe ~— HEOAHOPOAHBIE (pacteops!) (nevi, cycneH3un, ‘Myon, a3po30nH) Meronsi pasyqenenua cmeceit. acto BosHuKaeT He- O6XOAMMOCTE pa3seIMTL CMeCb, UTOOLI NOMyUHTE ee KOMMOHEHTHI HJIM OUMCTHTE BEIeCTRO OT IpuMeceii. Cymecrsyer mHoro MerToqoB pasjenenus cmeceit. Mx ser6upawr, yanTipaa Tum cMecu, arperaTHoe cocrosume u pasiuuas 8 cusuueckux cpolicrsax 37