‘evident ta tnceputul dscutel parugenfaal reapootyy In seopal kadtarile exnyale alo rence sl Ge uyara,eocepeotaten. Teteroccliei ea earacter aromatic aint trata In nell ‘cunongtert problemelor fandsmentate ale domenialui, Aw font ‘li nceste capitole uni colorant, medicamente, pteeum si wait Littl inele hetrocictce. ‘aural si proteinele, draft deearbon st eltera lase (erpenoide, earotinode steroid) snt yrezemta sub “centile, de autooontrot al insuirit materataul, a sista fecd- a fost formulate o serie de intrebe recapitulative bazate po uprins in text. Alp itrebiri au fost formulate im seopul a Audits gi imaginati, Pentru uncle Intrebie,cousierate mat ‘au fost date gt rispunstrie eorecte i fire cit. “Taoaren fost indi, coneeputh al redactats ea in tot unitar, te publica inten singur volun. Nessie des tpt dud ‘aproximativ egale a impos tmpiyivn materilul im dou Tn volumul 1 nu fost meroduseeaptolle intreduetive,hidrocarbu- comput ale vor geape fonctions contin mama Iesitot simple oxigen). ste capabil si Tormexe legitush mip (ent, aot) le eror grape funcHonale contin earbon (comps Shoei et); de ascmenca aw fost ineluse capitlele tratind. despre Jou earcter aromatic unit pray natural, it mulfumeso celor ce mau sprint a realizar acestetn- rind adwe tnljraetcolegua meu a tng. The G. Dinu ‘ajutoral dat la definitivaren manusesiutoy devenarea igt- fl mat ales pentru observatile ute & competente, ‘rol dr. ing. Tain Pogany, cont. de. ing. Aurelia Ghen ‘ng, ocian Enescu le maljamese penta sugestie date 9 ‘ere tu contetbult ba elaeBientea text. Hana Birbuleen st eunmatet mele dr, lena Avram, limatal de tnfeegere si afectune pe éare Lou. eu ‘oestel cre. cUPRINS 1. an Maroc ae epee 2) Hire cen Segoe - Traut 2 stmt samp nal (2 ST parte i act 23. Kane eats GD. 33. Towa coated ; 24. tert coment 4) 35. blare oa aestte ace ()- Tana). >= Rapti na ee a nan SS Uh a agrmears a sy see Ree 4 ar cartes pena inate ae mete as Pagers sarees om oor soa anes Ste Sear Semin pe eb ten, rhe iene @ ora aaataa'bo ‘5A. Strucard, Proprielttcarnctercce ae leghtrlorstple (9). er ae Gerearmas cab eee em Be 45, Ppl ee 10, 6 Re tle hon a ae, Ite Gt(00, ear. Nemes (30 Ppt ratte (50 ven esha (39) eS SE Dinaae_ 69) lel, EL "tf 038 Fm Ayn ac cna (61. Tact pon ant tame! erect (2). ae ence Be sae 0 use coc Qe. Pea de abate» yon Citar. Somnath 2) Sours Propet rcs Sito ce snes nat 0) etn ri rc eas W'Sare au Mani nsmirate pes cinren sts 19. A Popeater). Act al sn 7) L le kad uy contami cx mete CD) eas ttt 2 ‘Ame 9 moe 2. (pests eerestn un. ica a Stein ther QM, Mata de ‘ia ropa! ce 20, Rts a> eet 0. ne 9 peo os eae tet cote ‘Guster. None Strat: aa cesta 8) ae Sr tte st ase ous (2) Mriede de Bete 020 NGS itunes pote ire Yataen tree GE) Prope tae q nna abe gta cols 0) ae anes pelinatars Scot out inten (60 Cae oy, Pagar destin en ete 307 Moe pre NOM Bete. sen en Temp amare, 08, Potene cates ea uel ent aarp C2. iss ate Os Int 0. 4 {deat mee mone 20) Bo Aico meter mao 37. 13% Ime Salen ater Ie Gets 1 Vase wpe eto eeu a mann pcr 0) Seis Ton emere all nie mole 5 YEE Dene ste tema a ec petther 88) ranae 98- 1 Coulee mt Saiee “AE ole = promt 980) SE, amples oot) TE Inter (7). (orem. ent, Atria 8 tT cna meet. Ensen. Diels OH.pues 0, ee mainte le G7. “ptr news scarier (3, } reuseable oil “Goats: Dutra 2. a G00. if Mn ces ttt ai | oso de cop tla ae "Sth lab Meee spn Se computer mga (2) SEEN hg, Ronan sme tga recite ermal tl spa abst (8). ci SE (48) S40); eis SLM ELM rent Frat a ah = Mt cero str 0, et ost csr sent (9 rs ee, Pot ae are “One Nomenoatrt AS) Ppt cect (2. ste (8) Met 8 ote ses fetes oo tri, Meee ue emant prrna " ‘ic 3 te toe eee ARS, nont ana rete tie nt ponte “amet er oo oot (4STRUCTURA COMPUSILOR oRGANICL ree pi fatal return com Inoeputurite ini despre coxa ce nurnim. nica organic ine a Frnt eubostelor epee Respective eu pine ka legaturte ante ator tears struct comapusitor enganiel ma pot fr desparite for chime. ‘Trebue remareae ful ch totugt cimisti sits formlee Sugiat cavecte prvi sructura majo “ryanictcaniwcat, en tad line We9 jumdtate de serol lagerenataritiogaturior chimee ce uoese stent ‘Teorit din perie anterioard dein rit conceptubut de ean. La finial “secoltat at XVITIa, Lavoisier” conaldert eubsta f'n formate din tadicall"compusi™ adieh din grup (6,9 sau unger Cente Se tratsterh nechimbate 1 urate put © nti esr dedicat compet” de exeimplu radiata bens ECO vallyO, ldsonrete In aoca epoch se attibuia carbonulal ren routsten stomieh 8) in eomprsul nnit {HO (lal din mngdte nate), in lotunt {i avaial boraniy Cyl COOH’ (volat din “ae adeuieneny pein. tans re exist {Hf umire teats asta ‘eat, inotivele espe mal sus) im alcool tiie, (OH, clorurs Ge ell, CE, —Cl ete. Descoperrle din domenial electroehiniel, de ta inceputal scot ula) NIX ten (olfinerea metaelor aeaie prin eleieains, Davy, 1807), di ps In evidef existent ee ion posite # Soni negntivi, Aceste real fais eluate de chile orgenied a inspeat primele eoneepti despre natura forfelar ee nese atu inte ei. Aste a lu aete teria le reeeiadel Sau ore aatiod (Herzl, 161M). Potsvie neestel ort serail tmp * it tras ate et pin forte elettostatie us (1834) ek un stom de hideogen (leer fox deer (elector fe te aba) ongamieg 28 desta TUE tiara {Geshard, Tamrent, 1818). Nowe tele considers deja ub ‘Mantel organiee eu mite consttuc(lindividuale (aoleeal) $1 ate to FRuLint ajay into vom ordne sun rigid tere, Tria on Garson ae Tete bts ia natura forjelor eimice care uese atom molec. Than oa mat 0m ft progree pie inc pies ine ‘organic, bagate pe fenomennt sufetitiel.ompusll otgunil obi eat ente tutfgst incadrat it amuate ipare ern Huron, Ges ord, 1852), in care un yradiea compas” inlocnieste un atom de dro dentin nniecntcie de WTO, NH HC, Teoma tipuloe Introd ‘Sills organic ues defunct ebiod sat_grapaSuncfonal 8 de “Teri diy perioada entenfei. Tn deceniul dee ijn) seculula a XEXten fan predeat ourle de oneepht Doi hate pe observa Speen Ee day omnia to ea ie ‘Mlebiltate sh pastrat pins ta lele neasie, Se reeunoagte importa “Napacttifiidesaturaie aa atnniltatea”, adil wea eoulerior sa num Yaltoi cao. ruprietote fundamental, atomior (Frankland, 18 Give dot mal Gg (Cmigauro, 1858) se sabieste masa atomic ar ‘atu tn 12 4 a oxigenafal la 16) nu 6 2 8 eum se credes ianite eens gt Segara ant at sora Binp ecapronpo jumbtate de secl. to aeclagi an chimistl germ vc elulé sabileyt.teewvalenia tomb de carbon, iat ehimlstal waster pack algmilor de carbon dea seh Couper atrage atcha asupt capaci Inte esi forms de Lanjut sau een, Aig legstur nro in nity in chil, dat soso fae {Up veal mal iain (Simba nae de valent ‘Shorganiy find insh wllzat in mod eronat Itc a struturt O-line lar Dosinnil de structu 3.2 im plist ei asaya propmetaqion rubstanjolor a fost dati de Built {Eich amo op inane ot deere ctdetraetuen at inves, stetura oswlna propel e eeConfan noi teor srwetars: chimes este deft de fell, tnirul ‘Sireintite reciproce nie atomit moleeuel en alte euvinte, de wods de eeare'alstontior intre ek Teoria trustait nu foee refer Ia nara Fegitwnlor cc unese atom ier chy dar Te wcordS o Important czas cu CEN ineas atomor componen(t at moteculel ‘Teoria structarit preizeaxS eX molecule formate din acclas fe om de-atomt (eu seceng formals moleeulary v3.1. ¢) Th cate Huaflte reproce Iatre Atom sine acleag, slat Menice. Molectele fora eT: mer parte i in ini chime dient tee eu propia Hee Mdfttes Naeto kz prev ian de nmi teore wa iia pin asta. ‘Teoria ease m rruetart ne Refomen imma ks Womeril ce au n= in inrma ing dierte 8 ator Sateen cadr une moleeate, eat dear on li lswoyeriteunor forme de omer (¥-izomerie optic) ere au, fexpicate de teora reructutl Inform ef easiest 1a ga uli nse spatial af atemaulut de carbon. chinistul olsndex Mois inependent ehinistul tracer be Rell” tu anal 1874, a jira atonal a cava tetra ‘aleute sale orientate i cot ma os om, aes, ie sod weeometie al hel relat avind stomni de ear in entrul sia, Atal edn atone varbon st la aga wlreochiet (ster = pa “sn Unb greaet na cia epetide, en eaptol a totied dst ce ne reer structural react itaten compile in futic anjaren in spat atomilor meen Primele deeenit ale secoluad al XXden marched ineeputal eel ior descoperiss priving structure stoner. eaultatele acest des iviroice leg ait ewtild pentru ingelegerea fenomenelor eimice, dest sab am ete, incompletty erte wtizatscurent in chia orgies vp sprue sc ciel tt cot tcc sc ‘ ma hie sg ys Hain etn! rk ‘Teor electron strveti Prima imagine despre stoma de hidrogen,cempus dintr-un nuclew gy eu hrc post gun electron cu sare negativk, a fort Whit hi sstemat planeta (utherford, 1811). Se coosidort ek electro pte cu arent neat, se rotate in Jura! ncleul, parti Matin posits peo obit cieenar en ragn y. BI este mening 1 a - echilibr, i migenrea sa pe orbit pe forta eentitug, egi en forks rr cunt ocuoal Gauss Someltar SHEER. snlyate (eae TepaPARStromalut entem -t (in care m este mas eleetromulu,¢ este ‘itezay raga orbit create); pentru intreaga orbits cieulats UiSher, Conform legion eletzodinamici elanee, ea orice particu co Sneiasicteeh in migcare, electromul a tre i emt radii Imsgueticr, plein energie, so roteanch pe orbite eu raze fn ce mat tales, eoutopkndys final en nucle. ial atamulai de badgogen (N. Boke, 1913) pos tpleat Ct ronal pe ont fo aa pipe chile perm ae ‘Grormmnmentehetice int” taultipt male cotstantel Tar "Planck, Ke Gemre— nin ce m eptexinth numéral cane printpa, un OU Ineeg Cu yalinle 1,23 ete. iar-h ave valuaren 6020-402" ergrs sa fe as itil Gu age 2 9 te. a ae Tasch orbitlor permite, pe care ponte eveua ectronul, Pentru ston Le hedrogeny ruse aecstor orbite sluts ry o= 0330-403 Fy = 22 Hot cary ty = Ao1G-10-* cm clens raporlal- MerPerry este 1 24": eer 1e> (5a, Beeare obit corespund, taal anit mee de ner ‘Fes car valour eet proporytoualt cu) Eleetront, Targets Pe Shr ene go abate, cee. cals ea ‘anu elton de pen hive! de shetyle inferior peu alvel superior fe eideten aa feveninenleetohal de pe wn aivel fnferioe are loc eu emise(raditie) le energic. Trani peta aint permise nial daca se asoarbe sau se emi ‘aaumnita camtiate de eninge (o eames de energie, ho) a cite Yaloa ‘rebule sé conespandlt cu diferenta de energie ntze‘ele douk nivele AP pnt contr in edn eral neon Ht ‘in freceufle strane pt cal el dye vl in Papo en tvlalcal mat irae in energy nuit laren fundamentals BU modeluai atonal de Biasogen Tul Hobe, fort efeuute ‘cotaie orbiter, raza sh freevenfle spectral aft, care ovine ee SUishte deermincte experimental ‘ta omit cu wumst atone Z mat ‘move vind del ma ta leteoal hu pot ft obinate date cantitative ‘teorin electronic tnind seuma de orindutea,clementelor in sistema peioie(Menlelcer, 1804-1871) td ein chimieh @ raglor ‘ie suufeste, pe ze empire, unee eter eave st kx buen ordi TShvomtor in'dhara fovea de eeetront a atomior mus gre. Con form geese! for ekectroni egvese pe mal mle ivee a einer energie fe deter do antral tal can etoile SRE gar in uo eetron) ge (Got cet!) ocupa prim SEPP de devine complet in hella; cotiquatia sabi pent per soa int eos dubltl de ectrout Eee Semen {Patented pesodi,eeetoni se ores st tna doles ay eau enrgie mat mare dest primal Aceta oe eompleleash succes eia 2, Strectura compusiior organict ‘ite un eletoony pink La pt eetroni, fn elemental ak ecules canal (We,"Cu‘propriedate de oe mrt fell, Penta eementle inp {hah pom contigarfia elects stabi estate eletronh epiod Cu slomenta st mixprezscle, soi, Incepe completes nivel He euersie superioans, Ay ane ingot Are opt electron, ba ntl wnt, weep aa nti oe 8 2, Teor bi, llc hain Hab cli ome a nit goal ee rack ia emir fa be ci ia. ieee en er cadena Ra On ae eS a SO car ato cde i Hiv kr celilalt accept electeouii si debe configura wee wd sit sink trap inte ol prin forte eletrstaton; in magtre o eletane- ide aod props pega ecteoraenta sone") ‘ea det dow eale est in com cite aul dee tron aa fiscare atu portigpaee elon}; fa naytereo gitar de Alot lect at lg event ‘ tn eo do atom care partilp 1a formarea eovalengel a i avvonfigurtie election de gaz ere (dublet pent valu, le exenplu). Logue eval formats fn jurul drogen, wet. 2, Structure compugilororgoniet 28 ast Zee en mar nga Sansa erp eet pea ini ‘at a nein esa ener ag enna en ia hoy eet Bind tens sen de mes Gah £210 oct + AOD, Fe a ea arMtzoste NS! sh tant oto ‘iat aah ‘Aci al tare * Dash tne — Ald sb v5 coeent ta a ened at (teen Gea "rete MO, sede wei, elcy 2. Structiira compusitor organict ge a ee ae oa 1. Bern napartcipant Ait ace Tai apt’ corn tice, "Beorin ehectroniek defiteyte sub mumele de electront nepartteMyaah ersten aves aa int re og, fame see ww rea Tan parte inapatipanlt poe hun parte Ia formaren de Igaturt dovatente ea atom eu defi de eet {eon (peoton sau molec eu atomt ca octet ineomplet) "Teoria clectronied (N. G. Lewis, 1823) ‘as 0 definite al larg & notion de ald st Ina, Cin aol esto define ex nt campus eapabil st aceepte 0 pereche Ue elestontlaro bath compu eapabil se doneze o' pecehe. de ec tfont Hste event cio bazd hw's te i fa Troe, ceea ce ‘Ste vali @ pentru scat (Acta Lewis not Eni oat, de ex A Gi," con otecie eu Stor} custet inoomplet ea BPy AICI, BAC). ogra covalent format ine bad un acid Lewiy ut legate ‘i se deoneette fisie de alte covalenfe ea dirk USrprcinedst anierl Ge nae st perce de letron os formes ‘ovale 1 ro ape { jonul HE ifn jonel BFy Tegitaite dintre atom sint echiva- Jente ita ele. In primal eva donor de cletront (Dasa Laws) este n0~ hhseul'iar inal deal dolla ca, ional de Paneat. Legtuleconrdina tive wreararterdipolat. le s0 noteagh wert aat= ieptat spre ton eteptor. Act tema art m3 tt me Lae ein Spe Uo 0 ot pent 2 Structura compugilor organict taketh nepeeepnet 80", W's > I EnCOO 14h, in Syren te isrton en maces e EPeageef came ar scores Polaritatea une Iegituni covalente_se_exprimprin_momente! decries tipslomentid Tegatur (ea il male) Maman cere el ae ca, abel min nt ss pent ea a i panies alse 4, Potritatee motroueor eovalente, Yn. moleculele-nepolats ‘mate din atom diferith central areiilor positive eatespande et eel ‘Sreinllor agave. bx imleette pore, aceste centre ny ra ees 9 Inoleenla aren moment leciie permaent, molecule devine polar. Mo ene lr melvin teptesisama Veto momen igg ale legitunlor alt mnleeult. St depinde de factor! geomet. In Imoleule ch tetricorura de carbon, Oy, datonth-simetrct molecu, 109 io CH,—U1 poluitaten logitur’CH,Cl na este nalhilatt 9) Inala are moment lecrie, = ,88 D. be Ae “a A ea a us ox ©os 2, Structure. computor orgie rat soled sa ses a moment de feta Aste, bn ‘ anata determinate lett epertpnis a a0. arta mtncctan sens econ legatartor Nitya 248, D. fh setument In ae en efcte muses contra; ese compensa feet tee ee (o> 38) iE ounces leghtanur_eslente in molecu engine sponte ai ate capone cis. Se uaa pentru acvania Fee ears sro sla ere Atom poate pa {iva oP Tsp hades © jwotonul apes de exemple: pets nr et en potartate negate vor fa G43 go — oxo + % 6 eps de dectron to egitar covaene, Sarto oat ante etn et ign eon Ine agai int teal pre Sena aE Peat monte hae ieee rn gt de eB Matt atom de eatbon. Deplasaressletronor wel Teg coat pee uaa Stunt ce tueyte fet induce we notes eu Z Pfc PBiletiad exatcnad in rupare afoul de hidrgen Tet covalent Iigatur #0 Bee Sah [Ati sau grupele de atomi cate contin elemente electrogatece i cary nt mal atfightor de electron det idrogenal 4 nuDeNe ge Sedigtonre de etron’s foetal ateigttarde'electroot se natetsk & coat erate cigeathcal cane vet indrepiat spre ato aeigaor “edome Ato stu rupee de ston care sine nal putin atagator ‘letrontoeit hidrogeml {loa eo refer) reer ect Rept ene “s KF, Stedgttor de electron, engte eu mnieea eleetronegtl ‘Mai In pesiguda aa efoetul-—Tereste cu mrites oumsrulst ato witanoaata fe et sncina lear positied crest, electron int i paterie tray spre acted respect). Gh Nigconicr In cul yet supe, de exemple tect —T ene ati mi Ie eet muaigel atomic ste mal mie (eu maven yolumulu, atrsetin nucle (eitegorass deonreee strate intermestiate seeutie at nucle Grape ea tart porch intteag, 2, Sinctune compusitr orgenit » XR, vor aves efvet —J, de atragere de electroni, puternice. Bfcete nes ngs aa grape a varin pid een {inal RO" (arupe OH are cfc) grape seh (etl tl n gene fal tet, Hy Becta indetiv ae transite in eaten int 1a postinatis fei atm de eaebot, de estempl eaten ‘f. Legions wutipe, Logics dubs este format, coutora to ei elton, die dg pease We eletronl oe Tete rip in re ‘perce de ection Th tno ete be Raprenntd prin dow, respect ret linge de venga subneloginduete ent repent lee ‘om xe nptennts prin pute numa electron epartelpan Dx De os X ge Deplanir de eectroni tn togitar dude 9 triple. Teoria electronic proved ponte hgaturle mulipe (mater de efctal indactv) post ‘tea deplaskit te pereeh de eleeroni spre nul din ech dou etomt Jogiturt (efect 2). Trebuie aubliiat it et teorla eleetrouel nu Tac ‘lferengies ine ole dou ty tre peeweht do. electront at legit rnnitipte. Se diting dont tipor ve deplas Depla trea total de ceetro pre gta, de oblee, eel mat ectrontgatly poor Bimele de deplasre de sectront dénamioh sn fet retromersl se noteat sub, Ho" Atorl eave pimeste eletroni capt 0 sarc eg ‘ie Intrenga fr celal atom, mas ex an sextet de electron, dee de ‘tar fn electron, va ave o sircink poativa, Deplasares eletromerh dis ‘nies are foc mumok in cal ane eft eh, tn poze, Unt rea int care delerming scessts deplinare totals [ie eererePractanty), Un exemplu cask teoustituie Tene ional de cian, “CN leitura dubia carbon gxigen di eraparet. carbon. Pixaresfonului Nt era car af omy cu eo oe el font ai duble rgituri C0 spre atom! de oxigen, mit eet ulterior are le fxarentnud proton cedat le HEN (ot etre de deplasare de clcttoni in logitari dubs saw tripe: const into deledere periatsn clettonon spre nul atorok. Neasth dep ne ote permanent test hn molerult nse el faamnentay ‘Shona ul reactant Ha pnts ume de deplasre de eectront sateda0 2, Structura compusitor onpanil fn formularen curentd, deplasinen sali de nobuten’,yrapele CH, respingitonte de electroml,produe o goer feplamre, Ui) a electautitor Tegetue able spre fuparesmargala Cie Depwlsates ‘totals aloe ln prezenja anal eactant, de exenpla lt ficaies nul provn ta stom polaaat negate. algae de 0 fa steme cu nae legituel dale tre omitting deplastele de electron st mi promimjace, Electron ‘cues pani inermesiae, age mu mai corespund en formule prin care ce Mabotacant moteulele. Ck asifel de elect nuit irk mecomer mt ect te congener dat aa lar i er C"tarenl despite, postive al nezatve, earespunain de lamice de vleeieoal. Dupd cam ea ardtat, deplasarcs ike coretea tol 2eactat, fv enevalrectil strue Sorespauaitaare acestor formule (ormeturd Hmia) nit exist Ine. {nolo reat parti electron ete intermedia inte cele ‘camtate prin formes moleeula are Meter mesomerd_(aie20 i mies, mee —- pate in limb reac) Etre formule se pine sem- ful unel gai eu Geek espete on simbolalimezomeret (Fe Amity 1821). cacao Giyct= or-d, e+ diy ‘Conjuguten este un fenomen general in ssteme en, mal multe logitur evens legiturd ble satel eu electron neparticipar ccnp apo eta erbotit ptf repeentn pin smn ‘Faomenul conjugate ileal octal profunde gi va th dtiventat pe lang tn expatolele ummabtoare. sich Inve compas x oudulatoie pi tiuaitatar portion und prin celeree ecu yeah me: \ 2, Structure compugitor organi a taming se cmt atm nal ae poe es ‘pn Seen pn ea 3 Sanpete epee cn i at forma oe wi saree te vas sw aug ne opera una (BA Sprarne ‘Duane rasp enti tate um de mp nga). at tem Fria seta ied acs angie Sohn a es aha oan pr es fala Sie pc cua rt te mal areang ‘oa wc at aia we eeu maa mar lengli de nd devine npr cou ar Beas nat te Hi ra fe ins mace on a ay, be Sern re tan aac ae a da, new SOS se ma Sito gue comle reni miare con, arpa tr moe ner anemone Ete escaping a weer lyin conan So LA WE ig eon es fn sistems mneroscopicelinitate, de exempta 0 era de view, ‘ibeaile sin refletate Ta inrgiie sistema, #1 pein inairen dou Tnde (a eator ungine de dl > indeplineste condiia, wi — 2% ne esto an nude titre in seria Ty 28 ete ar, Tange sitert fr mater unde stafionatee Vibratia crespunaifoare pentri » — 1 se umgte ibrefie fundamental; celelatc Vibro se nunwse ermonie heram punete de emerge iaximd (antinodurt eorespmmzia nit alin ‘punched energie neo din eauzaSnterteren(l (uur). Numarul nok fude'penirnovitrajio le orintt este egal eu xt (i. 2.} 2 Strvtury computor roti iN Panien clectron, un sistem vibrtoru siroular en raza 7, conform i ontalatort extn condita ex pernnetrul orbit ie utr tte Fu ane t S euatla de’ ee saat aeons oman eagles i eter comet arc eater ae ene Spi mtd omone Sep! Sees ne eee pee ht nb ean cat a at apd ans eee et eens split Sta ceca a Ronn es Seeds eee earn ar i EB a SSS fire cotespamte tin nore elroy a steal densitate inane este expr Considering electronal in migcare cx mnt stationar tvdimensi Tepestuts anplitudiven hel electronice, Kevolvaten eta as, prim integrate, duce la valorl semnificalive ale fune(iet de und, pen aie ale ae erate ft lor peopl, leterminte de smmeree enentice principale mn ete). Ateasth caracteristiesinelde conceplsa euamtcae (in eee tree Ih ite purines veleriate pinto wminith ener vomit, in Gare esial-caw nit ace probable Wee Ett ele TBVWattinee dec, fecate, cite» stnre w electron i aTome 2, Structura compuyttor organiet - or rnaLeatiee ale coyote! de und ste determinat “Pentru n= exint sigur venisth pat ea dee, umarl sol de nul annem lee al ae deen ingur obitaly pente n Grbtal pentma n= 3 ext 9 orbtal te : | | 2 | 3 | 4 silos aumewieeea |r| 4s __ Hungate somos scpansod_ele ind ae hekcogen Wt orbital i, aceasi m au energie. xn 3 en quo a1, hal i ae mena enh 2 lal alae ert pmtere tee Race teen oes | BoC sae tet er tania mee aes aoa 2 ‘simbolurile 2, p, d, uate din spectroscopie si cu literele alfabetatui, een Ty Bet rai oy a oon el ov cunt aac thse tgs Q@@ee9 § ef ® © ® Ee @® ® 1@ ihe tei Simavineritaler atomic, Opal + aa, sutse erie cu onli aie facut Were Orbntl are deste, lotro ucla atomic in cmt do nA, demi cu ta‘Stractura compuslior organic! se cet cama ras GLY ei tn ls ie a ae sea ies la ly eta et fe ee ae eer cia A {i reprezentathinfunctie de distanja Ping de auclen pein curb din fg Be, (* Ox Pie 2 ~ Hepmntaren erate Simetra orbital p este diferits de cea a’orbitalilr ‘Orbital int formula de obice co. dous ors de Juma apts etre kas ae Sia Sree nol ‘ "| i’ | if bre 26 — patra emt i mae “ea eet Orbital p sit orienta in spa in ditetia celor tel axe de coor: donate, Se dating orbital pq py Pentru claritete vor fi reprezentat fiecareseporat decarece i 86 strain eu orbital» (ig. 21) ve a a a Limitele orbitalilor nu pot fi trasate exact. Orbital im, oar spat in care oxat cau nl mare probate dew gas letra 2, Structura computor organi % 4 . Ragt tn cuperen cu eodroni a orbital alot ‘rin oSapatta cf lets! arial ntl e formeasd elementals stench pete, Aaa re le eypetarea uo regal ana ‘un orbital poate fi ecupat de tas i i (Prinepiut do exefudere at Tut Pau, 1025) opengl orbite- oan ame gece epee aige erates eas sabetias fy deck orbital p gd) se cup tal tleare orbital al ee ees eee cE Faas wet sot mm SEETTH | fetttl sttt puoroepee= s¢¢he¢eeet thttetet 34, — Ontos eile esr seit st 1, Orhitalt molecular’. Legiturt eovalente Intro reprezentare simplifica s¢ poate imagina formaren une ua ie ca Sm ace ly Un electro, print-o apropere lr I pati iru apropiert a dv atoms, lao anazivh datanl,nueele fier ato fap sh exTe anne os » 12 Structura compusitor orgenit ‘ite atzactis aspen norutui de estrous celualt atom sonal tr hese Intrepttewd Gin ein ce mak woul, Mail Hvtrepitrundert ieeMtctermnat de rasira nuctelor. Se aj ase tao distant £ ae, 29. — Nagai ete ie Shanken te Ce ‘ni ups care incep sk ae maniteste resplugerle intne nucle. Aces duhanty(dstanta Ingerauclers) corespunde Tung! legituri coven {er (in molecula de hidrogen ea eate de 0,74 A) Curba variate emerge in Tiport cu ditanta intenstoule pentru hidrogen este redat in fhe. 29. ‘Poult unes regull generate, yan intrepatrundes oM oe antes oy traci det Tezaro prin Oi on gt ere heal o fare de resplngere rg. 210,~ siwle eo a {he de anogtand sno "set lente prin inerepitrunderes a dol orbital atomic (egiturto,). 8 mnet frbital eu im obital p(legitark og) sow 8 dol oAalt p legit zy, sh Togturt =) — “Leplture oun Orbital stomied s a simeteie seri. Prin iniceps- Arunderee acento result an orbital moleeuTar > alungit (ex cin dru) don langul axel care uneste co} dol tom, Orta do antler ‘re fori pain tutes (Cg. 2.1) 2, Struct compusilr organil a ‘a intrepitrumlereo orbital atomic, in coral format te aun, eR es, a cape e sit ma ma ee bea caer ehitabor ent ml avant (le val, Q Oe orem rst oem 0 tng 1931), 0 fegaturs covalent exe ali mat egbis eit catiaten de daetyic ea ices in formar et energia de formers lpr ca SaeTtge-"Hste evant ed leguurive In mehr formar 80 del ‘es energie sine in nrc im enengl, eet mai sable, verge were Era petra cs giana meri et Taree cape sa cate egals cu ener co oe eben friars fecaturc Chverl de formate legatuat in moteeta de hidrosen etka Ae a a ‘gtan o'rayy Orbitalilp ax dali dia spain, Us fngcopitnderes fun tals peels al wal dn ob asi, ieedte de Tengu ane de Topi la celllelt we mieynensS. Orbit de anulegitursy din ces respinger, are wpa dn Hot In forms tori i. 2 ae 2h — na de etn yf eon oy ntropitrunderen doi orbital p-de-a lungul axel formesz. Loa are 2d gen teks hem ite Toi use rene antihegarsig. 213)“ 2, Structura compupilor organics Lagitari x. 0 a gene a ttl! p viento parse), so pot ntrepltrande la alto hgatu Pe anata ge 2), 38 ae gets penre scuparra ox lara enitalilormentrt sta vs uti ep etna ea ier, ‘Peau Ora de ntiegtar 9 un > repent spleen Malina cae of seupte cu lero in ede mnt le moe “Oraparce eu eieetfont x ofall de legadura. urmeastaeeleagt tiie, in acest ear Ins graviterd tn jarula dou nce Cet dot q final cre caph ca oc molecular oot ssp fy {ty "Densiatce esronshnmstn ipl ne ote ook Mio cn pret pe exer fren Cea ma avorabit be atnge prin contopires all 3p. Orbit safe! fora Crd ine aria ues” rbital ibid fennel este dealt 3 c"Riner! Mat). Orblal hiilsal ne i a frineags inte et unghurt de 90" (a “ipat ste sod de hie ‘Orbital macular hibridivel ai earbownta. Yn atonal ber de eae bn. cet patsu-alteunt ue lena ae af evpartisal satel dr eee (et apt ops In-ota 20h os eleteoa obi pee una In eS 2, Structura compusitor organict A ‘hears eu spin parse. Su influent atnilor eu ea econ eoyate Ridroges rat Ata ese por contop a ain ee el 98, at Aes Ee eens | wee | ee f et eet er a Bat ie a i r sus de cautan ier st im diesite sei ae ‘ioritsare sp? (traci). La formanen molecule de CH orb cata a ata earn ee a oe or tale Postial dp (eu energle ma are) x forma impred seer inte Gh energetic gr geomet, numeri brio ta ee hidare opt tdewareceprovin dinc-an ort «(ol ori pielan UA compouent vx ouenta Porta ea hibridire Sys hit mt sarc In ener ia are dest ‘Stunt pentru aren [eit energie te promonare sent fara Ie ae trateres oritaito, Tx Tornasea, Weston eovalente (e Bia ae formar leit se oie, 2.16 ane repnezenta cite uno din co pate bial Bn sigh PE akon in gare C“HL gape th OC 9 PP ra 21 oni tet item oT) OAD e etna CI ah, 8 td —€ ei pote onal hibrizal apa atonal de estbon sn ore tation sel mat metre od pon Aceulta eorexpue He 2a cP unui tetrgedr segulat tA ceal entra eas ete ese dear itr) Coen tize axel a dca 9p? (Lats The inte ele) ete de 107 (105). Teria mera nani ade at Eh muport tortie seta telradie al ttm de earn, propos fe wun Hot ach In anal U8TO (7. § 2A gitura covatenté simpli CH fe spry dot a speap, dort siete Stina orton sp em? ea Sota Hrs tar anu adel Teedtarle au hangin definite earaetensie a umtnesrveae Oer ex birearbune saturate CH car ae Oot Kiar OG, 1H a eensHimtttt nrtidpet we stata hv ae opt We 218 — Gonna etal Hg 218. — tears 9 Cg tt Sana ‘Ribridiare sp (eigoml), Prin coatopitea orbital 2x al atoms: I de carbon ex doc orbital 3p fa nagere tet orbital brainy. Aco ‘aso names orbital ibiizayi ap deoarece a formarea Lot ait parti mal do orbital pun orbital p rime nehibeid- BAe, Orbiter Hint mal sarac in energie dest oma op (ig. 2.15). ‘Bian staan seal plan fans lor fanmea Inte ole unghie de ‘Lor, Orbitalal nobidiantp (mal bogat io energi) oat ite-un pla Jerpendicalar pe lanl eslorlalf rel orbital, ex un lob deasupen gt unl ‘edboudtal ase plan lg. 2.10 Un atom de sarbon hibridin pt apace tn grup metil, Oy care ‘ae tol agar OH o spe gym orbial 73 acebta ponte f vacant (ato: ‘ttion) sn oeapat oa wn feston (rai ber) tm compan at alr ele ‘ate dont carbons, hibidznren p* ete carctorticb entra IH Hodritivare op (igoosls. Prin cootopiren orbialulul 22 cu wn ‘ingur orbital p tau mayere dot orbialthibvidizat sp (i. 2.20) tana Aovorbtall p edie (6g. 2:15). Orbital brief ep sn clin, fungal diate a iad de 180° On dot oetallp nelibidiatt formes CED ae eS Gaal ne ‘mtr of unghlust de 90" (cle din oritaitatomici). La compasit carbon uh ws atom do carbon ca hibridizare ap aparo in metilenn triplet (©. ‘up. compast halozena) ta cago atomal do carbon op are douk legivurl G=H colioore gi dol orbitalt nehibidizat orientagt ortogonal, ov fo olte un electron (ig. 2.21). z 2, Siructura compusilor organil a Bnergit de dimetere Teoria mecanie cuantleh a leghturlor cov. Jente demonetreaah oo frmaea tune lgitur covalente ttre do atom ‘lps ser Ot nap beg ots mes, per “ia molecule biatomice nergia de diocire a logstuit este eg eu cenengia do disocire molecull (tabel 2.3). En piss (i ver mele Materiel) mpd cae alm 21a)2, Structura compugilor organics SoN onto 1188 piel ns sg tebatcrene rants eters Le nt i et a tet a cn cena teat nh i er diet ae i pre ache pe oo Son eee oe eas pets we ear cet t woe et teem oder sie epee gael anaes seater i at Roti a Hydra (Despey nodal de determinate al energior de legturk v, Tertno- REE an Led cnt prineipalelor sa esrme: vowyens be AeMACHE Ror: MOLLE Porte dere fate moto aon nepolre inn gener lore eve pal rior sy dr ann emo rats a aren ity saten soe ind tan ne oleae devin it ae uoost,moloase im mize rp se ase 1s i ma iy mast anee de lee faunal Feapree sat mie. 2, Structura compusilor orgonict 8 Porte intermolecular de tip van der Waals exist intre molecule ptr aaron test ale tt tat re tiarireswuprafeloe de eontaet ponbite re molecule, De atwrs panetale ie feehere le seator subntange crese eu eimea, molecule respeecy (tnt moleclara. De-ex- meteaul CH, eu, mash molertlart 16, a2 PLL 161 lar bata! Ci, eu hase mien. 98, flere ls 0” Porjle de atratie Yat der Waals mein # eperiunea nize molec tale co compan rele eristaline molecure’ lo find tlabe Hi energile Aeron tnt mich De nen punetele de tape le aeetor: vee erste ‘molecular sine weizutes de es. CH are pat. ~ 18, butanl ~ 158" et IMajoritaten substanfln? organiceflerb gt ae topese pint Ia 360" (Pesto cet eraperaturt aloe descompuner). lee irscie tntre mateo cu moment elesrie permanent (moleenie polar) sit mal puternice, fd de tipulforfelar de frac “ipo. Punctele de frbere ale acestor molecule tnt mai Tiieale ‘deci sie tniet Mdrocarior en mast molenlart egal, im eare-atrctile ‘int numa de tip van der Waals. De exempla, aeetaha CH,COCHy ea fase tolecalar 58, flere lo 50 iar Duta cu aceeas! mash molecular, Herve kn 0 kite! cde pe fara (nrg ree) te ears ere no 00S tt a bet cen Ieee me Tele Sn pn ma ges cm ae PR ee eos ee eee ane eae ica Soh ea nea gee cece {tell aor de ulroge din grapele funcional stn one eee es eae ee eee ieee ame naan eet salle GOW Here te Ve lar omer sty dnetieteray CHOC aa Inerenard oy iis tia ee 8 Mrwth Expl emer preston“ 2 Structure compusilor organict SN aS, ee ee eel ‘eC rier some nl de cov? a sri ea te a ee eee on ape ee ea ose ToT an ae ee ae ma LOBONS, (CHOyeOy, CHOON, CHLOE, cen in tai tomato his mae spe are Ty ‘ yaa nee tac ep x~crt=ct +1? aout, +11? 46 24 Gare it soma care an ta ter mecmicranee suit Sat et pealngs © ms sata ‘evocation Sey cars ot ARS SSI pete cecvonte eat az Be cnt et sens a et nt a St i a mitra aed wi ite? = EMapemenat seb prenbe £0 alam dl ssa pet, tm fede de ea (2EE cele eel mea lege Se gu i a nie tat epee» dt fe 2a Gos nctan ge ie 9 ar cae Ps iE ga tt apo cho SG RMA veut tetrad mace CEN, CCl, mC 0, CaM, OME, CHG, Cetra? 3, MERODE DE CERCETARE IN CHIMIA ORGANIEN, Chino oni tot pram, deb inspite deg anor ean detain pate pers bjntea intra Hefei i fails dette ntacers abalone marae co Tinind de concepfiile fundamentale ale teoriei strueti potrivid it tuestevubtanel determi propre fice Bilge deren ale seman sompeor anzit SRE tt xs so eoptse fate eae essa prism or Sleni. ioe ea a deer eat Fenrds WU stabiitesgrudulsl de pate al ubatanjel se fa Itnor proprets fisce msurable exac,eare pot fl exprimte prin val Imumetica Aces valont numeri represiaeh opustane fisice le sls pe buea eitora un individ ehimfe poate ft distin de oneare aul ‘Tle eanstante frie a la bax ca fenomen fe, existenja un one de atmayieintermoleeaiar, do ex. punt de Clerbere, ponctul {opie tolubivate ee a ‘irioo ox la bia modificisttemporate (ub dite forme) tle energie legitusior distro ‘omit component al molec Ute! ale Torfelor iatramoleclare. le Tepresintd. inegistrares fori uct propel lectromaguetica (spectral intraros mu vib} oe prope maguetioe (apectrul de reronan mast duct espa), aul electric (dipole) sat opt ((otapia planalus lamanit polanzate) ete. Acest grup de constant fx ‘aructerution ae substanfeh, whee dae Hind conser ‘Paine arent” loos (U0 ex petal infra) "y Bardicarn, Suetonjele organ. pute pris {nid}, eine (lide of eromatoerteros in uneloazun ek Se "pea ou Pare pris ere na zat po deren ex presiuale de vapor! ale componentaior unt amestoc Thi "Teuperutea de fiebere sau punctul de Tirbere (pt) ropresi ‘temperature In cate presume da vapor! Ueda este egal eu pres hes amblanta ba fierberen uns sabstante pur sub prostine Coastal“ 3. Metode de corcetare in chimia organica se aboarbe «dara fri x temperature sistemulul xh yarieae, CHldune ‘thorbit (aldara laenth de vaporizae) reprints emerge e en [pentru invinge forte de wtractie diate molecule cata ta treet. Instore de vapor sa eorepunde ew diferente incre ennsin citi (de mire) a moleutor fn sage ich 3 ea hn sare gael ‘Parifcarea prin crnalisre se sea pe diferenta de sotubiitate ‘substantia cad i rece, ntran amumat dzolvant pe propretten farcieristiety ersatelor ie nu htlude rabstente tai th momenta {rma or Qh eeateren ui rsa pe fede sale xe dey meee de ‘eeagt fel, Impurtifile se indeparteaes ta fanetie de slubitate tr fn Aicotvantel ater ek Impurities mat grew soit det cust ‘le se indepirteart prin fitrarea solujiet cade; Wack sint nal alae, lo Fini aiznvate tn ichidul de ertslizare aio tum). dupl tl? frarea substan ersallaates La ental faction acete pur Ui prods ecundart de resetc, Dob presets neo importa na mare chiar deett produc majortaz: Operate de purieany pia crt ‘ave se repetd de obit de tat multe or, png end tele constants tice, ae'ex, punetal de opie, spectrle TH, HM ete, ale sabtanfet nu tal ‘ora "Temperatara de topte sau punctl de topie (pepe. ne mature care ovubstanta cristata ne tanstonnd bras a near, Hi. La substanfete pure, ea conespande eu Panett a sla ‘Punetal de topes a substaitelor impure este de oblel tat sehaut deci al subwanfed pure: Punctal de topire mist nre cantiie yale do fbstang care au edlasi pat de taper, dar snk aiferte ine He ete fe patin 10" tat acizat dest st ubatanget pe, Panetal de topire mint inte un preparat puri un preparat de cola fe dar par feu punet de topine mal actaut dest petal va ‘ven vali internediaze ti elo crete pe min ee n rms opera Ate puniteae, subsianfa devine tal anlar "a topitea ne substan se coum eldunt(cdura Intent de topire) ‘care femizead.toleeueloe vat hail Wintto rea erst ‘eervin sietiednecoats penta ivinge forele de rei (ehergn poten {init fete), adiakfortle de atrcte tiermoleclare fat teFonce {ier fin"putieae in posite fixe, ordonate ule reel! ral Parifcaren prin cromatografie eae utiliza, sub diterte variate, peniru isolates 3 purifcane mibasaglr lehide 1 slide fete eroangraice oar prinepil ausorbfe anwestee aos 4 substanfe peu adsorbant(colid sa Heh 6 desrbti feee! eat onentey separat Logratia lchid solid (cromatogratiopo_eolognd)_ conti tn ears eom{ive amestcul de sta po elon impute fn abeorbont sols dex, onid de aluminiy mau bigaid de aca mort 3. Melode de eercetare tx chimia organicd e {oat ei muni rm fe wae sua ematograti dy gave, se nse pe repartit mogile sg salotat a ine o tar etn stayionaiy opin e-o oa, ea supa e Ugh ee purr ste exe oral clean fam mtn deit olouna se mentine Vefmonatat tao saul tempera ot separare componencelbr. Componente tm vty st be nt os {ster pent fe tar, one pated ual prt a fepeda i ut trenate epee lesies a ennand Prevent stan Iesirn cto, 46 eeunongte eu detcetore de difeteUlpurs poss ‘a lgaturk race de inplifenre x inegitrae auton, care sri caste ale ctor vapaftte int proportionale eu antittes dosent {Gn promente mofue). Metoda seep entry dost aie pent fepanan preparative Stetodct de eromatograte in tral subir eronmogrtie pe hei, folosec dept fut stajonart In pitt eda tn sara ndaorbnt goed slum at siieage de elternfeutiuat de mlimetrt, dept pe pled ae nat den cia a sa iia filtro). Americal de substanfe se depune tun pune star) sv estrone {ute 8 ple (au hirie), apot plagh cau hirtn ne inte Ie Scope coninind 9 canta mick do eluent: Bizet nntrensad, prt Caplaitate, en vite diferieycomponentele sinetecuas des sor Ja thtodele cromatogatice cate caracteriae tpl te, Flint (fe) Bldepindede loan, tempera, mal putin despa lal {chide ear) de even tented neha onen intotdcou rnd se Aescre 0 astfel de eromatogtnmg. Metadele eromatogratcy testes ‘uod eoreat in pictienLaboetiaareor de chime ongaey presi ava Sseporie eantative st doz tii emit! foure' mie! de substang Sables competes et-sudatante pare: Compsita uni sub stant ow determin prin ince amaliiee be pe ‘dere tals ‘tanatin produ de-anter Analise cementaréeanttated, push a punet de Justus von Liebig A830) 4 perfostimath pentru nical de ¥: Pre U0i5 pecan cterminntesconfautahil ih catbon Hl hidrogen. Meta cutie, : ‘abstan pars (3 mn) {i care tree un earn de oxigen si cate se i azent oxidant (oxide eupray eromat de phim} ell ty r-utelo meted nat nn tubal ate gol teste ills late electri, 1a 800 In uceste candi, extbon st hidrogentl dssubsfee Sngaee st transtrmateeanttativ in oxide earbon septa aifesnt cape in vate de advo ittite a prea. Uiah dn van tie ahorbqle este ump are con ha dn va fae it oer aera pa le pe ‘cron. Aroini be dovcust dupé metods Dumas (1851) prin amdetes xu stantet in presen de oxid de expr, Un enrent de blonsd de caren neat naotal degut su fr ‘ada (azatometeay, np strojine bios deeashors Din vol ‘cunts niCte “6 1. Metode de cercetare in chimia organid 4 ehnil mai not produ de ade sat dora gas roma Foronta brad: Din datele abalsel eementate calileash co posite’ prosenteals ach contnatel feciral cement hn 100 grame de Fubstantt Temps procental ain teeare element en masa avamicd Slow seri Beacon Scr nent oly ‘expat tn ao pentru ven valor intel se parte en mo leet mad mis obeindt-se te formula empire xt bru a saan De exeamp, prin analiza elementar'’ net tabstanfe se neste S011 259%; tafeutal duce fa formula Brots Cle ade Oly asa waar Formula bruth arath numal ch roporiul numeric intre © si Hin subwtangt este Te Pentru © 309% s 1 20%, printe-un aloo similar se obi frum ratify adled CH, Forinata wolectars, Prin forma pagina aug de to soins Tole ‘sll ea Tormnls rata son ponte fe un aniliply lnreg sl, Penta a ‘tabi formals molecular eae deel notear® Conoureréa, mse male Taney afy a eabetanyel 1s alien subianfei cu formula trata CH, (oetanul), mass mole- cular find 16, formule molecular corespande’ cu formula, brat. In ‘aul sustanfel eu formula brats CH, (etal) masa molecular tern hath experimental este de 30; formula moleculara este dublol formulet Toray dect formals etancial eete Call (CHls—Cll)- ‘sheet ete htaccess pt de Heche de oste ont tr's So Sten raitaat- 3b, a a i a cee a ently anaes des ig i St ere eter a ae mene ia et Pera rt, Norma de arta dene most So sranjate al tomitor in apaiiel moloeular, Ta molecule ample en de ox. Imotan fy etn Gylly tetaclorgrh de rarbon OO, metanel CHO ete 2. Melode de cercetare tn chimia organ formula moleeulart corespunde unc siugure formule de structuts, Ka Aedace din formula malecand,respetil valenfele atmo ep 1a moleolele formate din mis mt atom, sceeast form ‘ular coresyunde mal miultor foruine pe toveturd,diferte inte sep ‘modal In eafo aint Legal tam tre el Aecyta tnt Ieomee fe tr ‘conform teutil facta iene ao ef feprenntt wii hi Mest de ot pein ‘eile ale see hee, he exc fubstan cu formile moleculars G.1,0 ponte Hl reprezensat pet armed structury diferite prin uoodat de aranjare al acolo le ile fi dimetleterah ia Alcoa ile earicteristice clase sleoollo (puncte te ingiturlor de hidrogen, um atom de Baroxen, SaamecHLOe ay Dineteerl sre ato de feat Ahn va date ‘N 9d! eabilren trevor aleeuleor mal complete w prose ‘im mute camo Ia degradarensbtanel in agente ot lel fractur ene mol yor de att pelle esiatatzen subs {inte din mpoleeale em sructunt canoes pe ef intetie al ei Sires nit ‘on dab “lutte aeeste metodo chines lal, ella rz ep Inprveat dente de etre baat pe opti ae tele. Cele mat Ttodele ieoeerst {Nel de substan ine pide ress idrozen ech 22, SEINE DE MEZONANTA MAGKERIA Site MZONANTA MAGNETIEK NUCLEAR DE PROTON, HEN Pentru china orgunled are o Insemnitate devsebit won rongpdih la celor dou eet compote ial se Dpuslor-crguniel = hidrogent st frboat ‘mn, magoeties, molest de proton MIEN. (oath pict A a ori apr nar fell ator de ido ‘tin moleala despre veenttajte ncestora, Hesonana magnetics mule eet sere a10 3. Metode de cercetare in ehimia orpanicd ite magnet ae Morea despre Muna {de carton diy molecu rinsipiul-mefoelor de_rewonanté enagneties nuclear are 1a oa prea tn Aon fa ambled faructeriati print ‘a, GSMO, cu aanr par de protoot si neyizoni, en spin oa, momentul Imsetio de pin gegen, deverindegnl’eu aero Care particu, sata eestor make fore inp naga devs Log “foesie tele eet wt aoment mghetle de spiny, Valor rie cu cou a elctronuly ete te man proton de ape nag fe i fr aleelé be F000 deo mat mar). el de nls cmt can age mine. It ‘imp magnetic exter, momento magnetic se arene fuactal ex {inte de busi ou deoiebiren et rena ete enfin nace SIL oreatirt, Proton ‘9 orkentare ral eu tluapal exterior 's'o orientate antpa= rit en avesteimpy ema ‘rene aaa ae mg pete cea ine Ca ei nc, a tes mi mo Fe % He overtone cree pra aneoeies } ( ‘#. Matode de corcetare tn chimis organic ” es pn prt, din evientaren orale ty one ‘eu abuiiqie de energies Diteventa de energie tre cle d Alpine de intenstaten eimpulat exterior My fig. 32), Me ot orm ae cou aan te Ets Sal ‘enc ep ne esc Hee on el pesca ee: ie = He py gece ees eat el ior, tina ea ea tas pt ‘eae eat tc cal pil pl oc Siphon dene SUE iecreth daa i neve mia ae fees Sonne aah wane Seemed Sonnets etal doer era te Yo meen me te ce: omen ose eae mses Gaia cere cect 1p nine al sn RON, eat ve nmi nil nel one a tee tates eget tee reat We Soe Se a Easement. svn omsient (710 My see etic cercaesston tat creed oat Steer ether ger team ct eames Esteli sea Se to "313 Reet etl alert pepe cls ie epee eee be ee Koiectics eocben os etal en coed nee Saegee eeliceteareniemente se Sees antares Pane ates Pama ape3. Metode de cercetare tn chimia organied ec he a at mtn oa Sk ueagorll Ge prota! ‘in compagt organi, inet i rezouany oie fy 2 ation, ‘shia Serta doi anmniioaare 9 emule tara wll pene HNN i aur, er bm rn! Soe aera aE licen din jr mote! e dows, Silent cave crea in ara? nasleual de hidrogen, sub infor ‘impaltl magnti exterior, eeearh 1 uh indus Hops tmp eeu td are dtomopati eB. Ac et de ‘Sire difert de lao categoria do proto ‘ance de dentate SECRronl Sn furl suelalut Acront expllh oplonarensemaaletor I Aiterite valor ale cimpatu. ig 84 Blt rare magne ‘Poxiia semnalelor a6 msoer’ fa de posite unni somal de refe- ‘rngS. Tn cle mai multe cazar acoate eate semnalal dat de proton din ‘otramotislan (EMS), (CH),S1. Ost 12 proton din TMS, eehivalent mag- 3. Metode de cercetare tn chimia organicd otic intro os puterfe eran, dau un serma ta chm tna, ase ch sate taal! etn ae frau on mele mae le ‘ll in ‘compust organi ‘med reprint dferenga intr intensitatea cimpalal Hw ri a i arama irons inten atbeocimpatal in eaveabeor) protonit dn TMB. Deplacaren ehimies esto agora units mensional, 3 mate In ppm. - st at at's (210 — 3) expels opm Hae He Deplasares chim exprimats in 3 (ppm) nu depinde de tipal de wpectro- amatra io eure ta facut Invopistrares. ange at mt spr crane). etal iver oa slab repreainth wn ed a: $4: Dap de male pode eerie te deve. Depts imine le poor dn moet npn nat redate ig. 34, Desh nie ects ifr pu e proien a des en eee ay esi See ee are oe" J, Metode de cercetare in chimia organic Protoniloe satari oltinied sa aroma oat deplasae ht ANTM sermae a seeas! alegre 8. Nome! prot ‘lle resi ain incenltatcn Integral semnatatu, Aatil metanl CH ig 47. — Spero MNO MH akona ‘ow cl pr proton ceive an sigur sem (single) In 3 023 bans rameter HOCH cei gue prota ciated desecraay {in causa weeingeigs cu stout de oxgeny Ga un senna (Sngit) he tn cmp ma seit cones In 24 en Sempa “cortapansi grupel OB A sind a dap cle proton gruel Ce nt edi, ale deere moat imi ra are ‘dea tet singlet tn taltatenpscrgh RAIN al slob ei tie 3.) renin un aapet tal complieatyfecaresemal fund teint (despa) fa mate ‘el CH exte comput din te inl (pl) he un senate in ptr Tn (crane) “ial elor se datereans_ fenomenntai de spin-rins tease se ia ad Inivenele ce ex inne pul mage ie hon gto eo gata Ainante de eel mutt'3) esitan, 4, Metode de cercetare tn chimie organicd * Fe 2 — Cap gig ne: dal pret ty inversare » orients: momentulul maguetie al geestal proton dit orien {aten porael (a) i orentateneotiparulls (3) ou alvin eimpalui ext Hor the q-apare un senna iy corexpanzttor protonulal Hy. Ded ins piety est vein rn Hy noche eu dn pn Re'vodere magmets, monental siaguetie de xpit al proton Thy va {ntaenfe cipal imagnctie exteior fy be nivel pEwont 1 ‘tere fenotutlt de cupla) spin spi. Deoaree i junta di lee presente in peo proton Hy av rientare parle ci eit ain 9) eon eet clap emai al rte va apaten In elap al slab (prion Ines in wezonant evs impli tn (atens) devi ol corespanastor protonilor al cesta fenomen. in loe do un senal Cor pies ie) estan ec an ath ston sete fe foniate din tnecaitates totale a senate aH, bsnl ‘range inte cee dou semnte (exprimate in Hi we mires se constant ie empl meat eu - Cuplaj (yah este recipron. Astfel a tregistrareasematt protont Hh oatt'rt, ws prodace accent efete cu sly fi In ements rnount Hig va ft acndat ex vatonte'& conctantel de empl Tay Ina 3) [Sprctral KM al wna sistem compas dintran proton Hy 9 dot peotond hovehivaleni, Hy #1 Hy in care efectil protonutl Hy cate tah Mare deci eal al proonitut Hoy deci dg > sae, ta aes cu sistem format din woud blew independiente, en onstante de eupla) erie, FT 7xp lo gm Ha at Hy ate nat int do proton Hy in 1g 810. ~ Cab ne un prt Tag arte met Bg J, Metode de coreetare in chimia organied ” or ‘Spectral ACN al unui sistem compus dint-un toni oatsieay inte gar matuala ou peal sum se ties esnmpin in gruparen OH—CH, cate format din dot matipe B- - Pe pee) it * # SA & eben SS ste lel ai 3:3:9:3 wes Ss eee: Sees crete ee es poo, Inte pan tn tak iaiedaP rae (ean ene {ep Ee ere Sa fn ed ni mene i fae ia cool ale geen grape Be oo rte setae ‘iseat vorapea o-dl mlget aneme wn vaio pir stay SF eM pen eC eS8 3. Metode de ceretere In hima organic © Grupares ixoprupil CH(CH,), ane senna earaeteistion 4 anume fun dublet peatra gtupele CH negra de 6 fala nat proton) td snd de 1 senate) tig." Deplasarea chimick depinde de natura protonile, iar constant de cup de toca pootniln Posner neehiatenit ri tei nie a scmatels Ey 13. Metode de cereetare in ehimia organi ow color dol proton vor aptrea ds dub dstinte (fg. 2.15). Pe man Avera poi nat no erie le sa sare fn xterm ae tee op ‘aval extrem eave vine gale oro (proton ehivtenth Alerine nal gape an ing Semaad i He dial | See eunkem casas eye Se eee ‘tui mal Importante deceparen, denferaes. x! wlllauten neti oe = eo ieee Shoot eee en en ies ee ee ee ee ew ae oe eee See cer eee ose ee pe eind0 8. Metode de cereetare tn ehimia organi |. Metede de ceretare tn chimie 4 | 4 | | a Pig S17, Specie AN a mode apace! oa tetra) ch ae Been rete nomen 6 ‘soa, ig 816. — Spt RA a fie) 9 opt deep pre ren eer pd nt) men eh UI: ‘pectra, Biota este on atit mal pteric eu et proton rexpetiv este al Cin spo prin tum do legit) do central de com plex fi fla ata somalee care eventual «rapa, to eats "uD inteval mal mare, uring sf! interretaren spect (i. tect variant reports molar comps comblnago de earl Sm —Geindipvaemetanaco-eorepis, (DPI sea) 14108 Dor tn same NM po de EXD‘Metode de cercetare tx chimia o7panicd Jeol obigni a attanall (%C), avin mami par de peo hae gnc aap ed opt tide 1 rein ment ag Rumi tot. I oto ir moment mult mat mies in nea ea sere de rena (a wcelasi cirmp magnetic, este mult mai mick (numai 15,085 MHz Ia me {1s fa ae 40 MMe ponte proton ta sell imp hs de i. — Spt HH abundenta retusy probabiiates atta una atom roan poatie este de 11% im sein qrobaeaten sat itor 0% do pos Seles al ‘iste fst cca 10 ean cau jn pre ie nie ‘bunden(auatupel, nt apar © GAG: ele apa in ompust Krogititt ir SC. fo tl cent spr euplae hteronleare 8a : liek petra. Acearta face neces Cala Inglett petra Ae 0 at se tach ydecuplare” protonitr prin iadae uw epee Ae teeeveny corespanaiteafecvenfelor de rezouanfiale turer spell fe proton proton ote coupling, in. eagles) Din poet ‘out prec gt dari bwndengel st 4 momestulh magnetic rede, Yrnira inmegisraen peri MC cate neces 0 apartanl special Spwvtele de. 8CHMN (fig. 31) se caraetriacarh prin delat ‘hinive foarte mar (enteral de peste 200 ppm) sl constante de empl fos a Semester MC npr into cacti dap tied ae hehe gh vec 3. Metude te cereetare in chimia organic on Din netasta cian molceulele obisnute sine diamaguelice (snl tespinie ccurfe foarte sabe de inp wee george) Du esis lero hecuplag! (radical Uber, Wiradieal, oat de metale trnvifinale ee) ‘ancl momenta! magnetic al eletronlul nccuplat te maniferth eit cteron reatindy-ae tesa mp toagnetie Acree aubstante sink pare Imagnece (feniomen ce mupenpane peste ima sil Sn tse de elmpal magnetic neomowen) Pentru stailitea stride radical ber, in present, oe wiles ‘whi de resousutd electrode pia (RES), sate pele rep fu Teaouauja magnetic nacleae CES) "leeitomol neeuplat pote adopt, dong ofientit repreentind nivele enengetice dere exon Inuinetiet nucle diferente de energie pate vara pein shila invent cipal extern. Din eauae momentulat wagnetie pin fearte mare al letronulul aeeste deren de eneraie sine mie ‘mal mar aici in vagal nucteeor CH stu HC). fa mod covespanziter si ‘nal als recateteeapuie xs proestrus el i deni Iicroundelor (35 ga Herts 0p 10 Hi) Ta Hl, ~ 2400 Gaus, Spredeowebire dev scousiels RMIN “cane intestate ura sexmal"elmp rexpetie seal = fteeventhy in tenes HES he prefer neugtarea rival neste ube tig. 0), Tie apna elesron spin muctcetor ey sare eseteontl vine tn geoutact” we prude enplaj Ge due ta seindares semnalulul RES cae fae ex un unalliplet (dually triplet te)” Avene caplaje reprint asaon 3, Metode de cereetere in chim organisa sea nsue ‘lets fu dem fi A hiperting care furnace ag eat ae intra sera plat (adil), Stacdardl diloupenl aidraa (v. § 220.1:D.). ii lL is | i I ull Ai Bri lee toda teste crea ee ee ee Moleculele au proprieiates, ca si atomii, de » absorb omumite peng ee aes trl eee aoe ere mentor EMRE SG conhcrmnm uma me ine fu chimia orgies se utiieasi pontra deteraindsi de spectze pat i le eta cea ape eon etd EO em),reianea tnftorone (2-10 gm), reiunea vit {0 ion) agin rites (000-200 a} ame si | tan en na 4, Metode de cercetre in chimia orgenick Abworb{ia ners ind euttoats moleculele pot absoebi din spe tat eloctmagnetge nual aoele chante’ de energie hy, care conesptd Valorie exact eu dferenta AB inte dou nlvele de energie ale molt. ‘Muaita"enerale (energie de rani AB hs) produce modified ale ewe ffs tetatorig sinatra ale ences electronics » molerule, care se ‘esate in spectre, (Vastapia enengil elnetiew a molecutelor care att de icmsnea tay nn padaew modes in spectre). ‘Phe art) 2K 1807 (a) ‘Energia necesas’ ponte » pric o transis nie dou nivele de seni este mig de ondipal 1-2 cals De aceea asemewes ransitit sine promuse de radilain regiune tferoundelo cin, spectra Aectromagnedle. transite inte aivelurie bratort ale mnolecutelor doce chert mal mary de eltera eal mol! (2-0 kel) le satpro ‘done de radia din bgiinea iniraroni a spectrulal Tranaitile vbratorit IMoideaunn insopte de transi rotator care neces ener st ‘Gum fecare di ncete rua a waniest in spectral de wba ‘nolevutel, su form de lil apecteale apropeieTntee ele, spectral de ‘Shwrie al'moleclelo, in region infrarone, in aspeetal anor ent ‘aeaboobtes este specaesin det speetce de vibrajie-rotafeBrzitite ‘leetemiee netenith energt st malian (00-900 Kea); le snk produse ‘do rediag i din segiunen,viabllt gt ullavioltl spectral, Transit ‘hectonice st insite, tn tno inevitably de tani otatort-xibrator Spectr relat ete eet ua xpeetru eletronie-ibestorierotatoniy are Tuatere Ia beusl de absorb Inte, Sk, semERROScOrME IV INFHAHOWL (ny Vibrojt_moeoutare, In molecule atomil wifi prin Iegiturl cova. tence nu se-aM in Doni fixe, oh extent fel mnigesri de vibrate i iret unot. posi meal esprimate prin distanjle interntomice. Aevste digit sne’cuantifieate, tn slatea fundamental molecu se af ha ni Inteergetie el mal ciet (mera punetul zero, ed. ind wel Absoarbe o cuanti re euesple (lo. AR}, coresanaind diferentes int ‘out nivelo brat ale lecte, em are Tau tivel de energie Flor are ammplitudinen mijeanit ‘do vibrate ete mai mare adif ite intrarost are cores ferentelot cnergi ribrafiouae, cel a de ofite In molecule oye, st. Seatuneainfearoge made, ca h=S—14 pin gh eu energi de 18-143 eal: mor Tung Fo 4p).4 Metode de cercetare'tn ehivia orgenica 3) Matotede-cercetare tn chimia orgies o seid css tt pk taesasa yon Meat oma ty i sess rene i aibcLiesotala Woanead & al vs gare es coil de OH ests 6 thine ‘carscteritc ita, coporionata ex eergia de sole legit serveste pentru dete Iaren energie egitore pe ale apetfoxspich (vam ener de ts ete, § Ett. Freeeae de: grap-Sprtascpie empiric, tn wieculele pola amie, pecoengie tiple fe sibetie Ge Tokai) ale tome hat Ale Pan ae ee grupele de nto, {no ekg interpreters teotetigh oxneth a apectrelor xt Sra coos a Sree mane ipa a dns etre mete os bed ocr ce’ ‘ tipade ary fii ate poate cotta eu puri ot 60, polar, atwoathn i intron, ar Hy Myon aeons Be ers Sait anditoeena te absartie hi infaroses a ctr post inant encarta, ane SENT eae Sareea el gripe de stom reps manent Estee ea ipata produc a un meen faa koe {iva itm independent, eo meets prope Aeet fel de eevee ‘le momenta cece De. tetacarn deashe ee ee SIN anotcatemadenamin eens Sree ae grap. Freee Heat lect eet, dere momma eee ate ea tataaterstiee de grap jouel Wn Tol lmportane tn tterpretates pec gitar polar: OC we compenteagt (y. 2:21) Tetraclorte ae ea & eeu Sei frit ie citrine cea reer {ial ean! Cc women ecco Is tsa Sabai ad ai sae ye daar alt Seana a i te ‘piven ne eiey arr coiae She tea peta hherginionig te [avortotd Ia unttatea de Tungime a deplavari (em) se nameste coniantd ie cig tec ahs cy ea ed tai a a a {efor ftetront se motentcr orgie ele sta Ta zn tii prac tices apeetnosnpiet fa intrarose im ehimia™ organics (spactrostpte spied ms leg chile, de ox, OH, ae practic apetastsiructnth. ele ‘romicy dest aceean constants do for, ta dierite mec, et eandiia coin javol legion stracttee moetiaes at He asemnttone. Ded ‘Stnue ch intinenfa rain motel ete foarte aly se poate eons! ‘ior ss vibrant Toeallaa in Tega rspectivt teste teerminata dccutstamodesor ude masa stom conorin lei li Hooke (rp. 6) Dees in-ear oe! Jogurt stmple valoarea canstantel de for este ve ‘rain 50" dyne-cm". -Daed se stibule noes. valoare costa Turd legitunt CHT g¢ se induce msi unui atom de. carom (iaS" 10-2) st man una tom de hidrogen (14"10°2" 1), se oie ‘en frecvena Inga C—-Ht valten de 3.040 can“) comparable {alone esperimetiale (2 80-2000 crn) ingewistrate’ penten_grupele oe ig Pah E eee kee ee GUL cht Git dit ald, Dlvenentele obsetvate se datoretss apa zp ae Be =a Sait fesonenl niemnrean ae ‘lata a veranater Varia constantec defor ua une lopatan {ie monkiteatea strieturisletronicn & iggsturl due Ia modifies spe ‘cee trecvenfel ie yratiey ft cate petite posblitaceacaructe ‘nas esate a egutura respetie. ‘Deplasirile de revenge ae darede ior efecte mocanite (mod fio de roan eage it valluenjaad constant de for) yi anor efscte tvtrotionsAcesten dih uh produc modieareavonstantes efor 3085 a i masse ‘in relaie results eX teevenfa, ibraictete ew ait ma sie, 6a i aay atonitoreste al mates iets et ele tases anita ae he es logiturle hide oni matte de exe nan Co MAE HH ode nai ied fee enta ila ee Ta ea aineS 1, Metode de cercetare in chimia orgentei Feanjugare sa te uent rin eg "etek te craft in poate dook aged ke ere aa eatin de ate, tn rea oe eal dra ing ne he ‘rica (pot Hirai ice Bebe ante) te Bo O00 stn oe vt tt Oe vbr wl eset y $ ens pete dct ns © vote 6 cetera Incr 7 a ena ig 328 — Tat de vt deoek ciig pent eae wena oe ae rmatie in plan, 8, sivibewtii de icicmatie ‘nafara planalui, Tr ern Sn tan ee eee ee See ence See ee ia fag Sead Meee caida ta eee eee eee ee een toner eeeeer yarn oma ae ee rns pecetis Serene eres faut de cena Jeti corante simple fy i oventele wre eS ce eee eee tpn eer es hee i ee ene SL Soy as ro ope ie inleeete eee etna ori: pierce erences cod wat i ioe fe " ‘alent XY th tele eat ot Fenomene de rezonan inte bra 43. Metode de cereetare tn chimia organics o ee ey pee oes Soot ee ee Syste ube eres mee pn a a = fom | ‘tani. Vibraile de deformatie O—H ax reevente cuprinse Intre 1200 1400 eon) iar daformaite NH spar peste 1 500 en". Vibrate de alee etrlor OC dan tater i abner sb 3 em fn fg. 3.24 sin Fedate limtele apreximative ale prncpalelortrecvente ‘aracleristce do grup. ‘Modurile de iat ale elor tel lpurl de legaturl CH din ho VEY ;0 4, Metode de cercetare in chimin oraaie ‘0 deseriore msi amndnunfili.a aspotelor earacergtice ale mectsloe ‘nirgoyise vo face Ia fee clan de cammpaiin port (capil 3 mr "Sol 1 arse ali arnt er chin rp! pn Mopidines sabsonfaor, abies para lr Recents San prin abwnja auamor feos) darren cinta tot abe aaa pentn determin a srwturs etn sean le i's hens? benlor ain specie ain eae eau smpledculet Taf prvi deterlice Hever coenposis cafe elena ¢H,0,Sapisinreritrerea petra} igo pate aint nv ia oly a "Fie ita ara tanto eruper Oi eben See" ti'in ard dime gore neat in wrml've en 4 Rial lene, ence eer zi the spa, siREMOsOORLA BS ULTRAMOLET §t Yaa ‘Boer cuantlor din spectral vis si altenyilet este mai mate cits celor din apetral LH. De oooh, la interactia eestor radiation ‘Molecule engumice se produ, nara de madifeat ate ere rotator ‘into ann ean tec dey aie Shurgetie inferior pe tn nivel enone supector. (ana eletronin ‘ators cafaciarul mat complex at fenommenatal, tn spectele ‘ao stsore tn steaviolet fi vinbil se oblin el Tat. ste bienai = ince scoot, poafin'masinatas Bouctt da abserbie pen Tunic fe und gag ge 3.3) otro i | t a ee ye Tae Se ‘eplasares masimolal anol besa spre Lingim de und inal mari patna mimes tet torn ar see Tang Ge a mat a stew absorb se expr pin ovfiietut de eatin at storie eaten 4, Hetode de ceeetare in ehimia organict " si cet ae teat i a a, a te ‘orn a tr i ‘ate i elctromie, indo molecu absoarbe radial din regiunes ie Seat ‘Muth fundannentale pe un nivel energetic superior (aa Prin tranaiia leetromie motocla trece into stare exeltag (1 ee ee cama une legitunt simple X—Y, in staren fundamental, ext oi electro i egitust te afl euplst in oFbitall moteeiar le teziturd ‘Ca energin Toned onbitalolevantiegatuel ot nn ete ocup ci iac(tond Pat sbnorbtis une! enante de Fumi, cu energie corespunz sie ‘cherie de disociere a fot spective, un elctro trece din evitalal {iorbitatal de anilegitark oj ef dai eegtron cep Beeave ite un ot fast an api lyre (ig. 32) They de daoeere le Iegitulotcovatente simple « C— o42-ulnt mart. nengia necenr& pete a preduee 0 trate din fundamentals in stores exeltac, hecealtt Fadl cu ener fltrsoletel feast (yy, sub 200 In). Denarece Tn aceaa ‘mina este alors de Sigenul din wey determinate neeeat. thik petite de ier, In Vi (ultgiokt de vid) rpetod nu este uta in mod ‘eusent ‘Denim eentetare,compnstlor ors lltraoletalaproplat. (200-400 nm; euerll 140-80 ean petri (400-800 nm; ener 80-—30 kel mol) ‘ranzifclectronice pot pertiepa leet dia ila ‘sige, azote. (ansitn “> ne). aa din fost ops ah cae eon ene mar mu fe pede tn Teg {cla apeopa. z Trays x» n Absorb ol sible €26 grec sal exeltai) ont ele aetna nt etl de angio ‘de transi e+ = Cie 58).n 8. Metode de ercetare i chimia organ ‘Upuring eu caro ae oe transit elctoni (dio energia evant cesar pentru a prodate fall letronal de lk nivelal energetic a {ovata la nivel ori =) sade QZ © kites mmctat de legis dale dzet legate QED "itm seins dale cole, 1D & “Legitura dublk din eteni abocarbe Is iy, neat tangs 15am (LT A, ener de ~ 200 Kel mol) nie vt ig ltravoletalfadopirtal fa inte oa oat Aupie 06 an 0-0 conjusie ine le, nesta ror de aban . —« eo Me he erent ast 6 wt the sue see ‘ate deplasat spre lungiml de nd mai ma (epee vib) Ou eit sistema Ue logaturt conjugate este ml extins, de ex, tn pollens, maxienal benllor ‘de absoritie we deplascant spre vib Tn butadiend Ho -CH-CH—CH, sSueral conjugal abuorbe Tay, 217 ni. AbsoeDkla 86 ators proms. ‘iri ul elctron din orbital oolecular superior ceupat gy in orbital Inferior meoeupat. dy (Hg. 3.20), 1 exal Ae Dg 258 Te hau 200 a “Transp 9°. ta compuyi care contin eloctoni » 31 electron neparticiafi n, de ex. grape earn, aloe dow tipurh de cana tram n> 2" in care an electron nepartisipant al atomatui de oxi tre in tebitalal de antiogstuen =* al atomlal de earhon sf transis lectton = in orbitalul de antilegiturs x* (trait =»), Bnergia Inocesar pentru tanziia n > = este mal mick sea se produce Tab al ‘are (mai usr) decit 0 fansite x—> act zrupa carbonil este nvecinats eu olngiturk du conju), ‘ranritin se protuce gia tur, Tama rare (i 3.30), ular 13 Foctatetraena absnarbe ” fe ele sint mai putin alte molecule pina nd {Ste abuorbita) dest tranifle = > x" eaze ‘ou Toe mult mal repede. Se ‘orheste de abmorbi sabe tm primal cz de absorb intense ine! deat inl eral ret ole deel rca compugitor onganih ow ajutaral spectrom ‘ma Acert aparat rt decir co mares a repareor mes or fa ‘rss fova de anal eae nto at th paras inspec metro, care fanefioneash sub vi foarte malt (10-* Tors). La irate, Iolectlele cy mass Male subslanfel slat inizae prin bombardare ‘eetzon (eu energie de cia 10 eV}. Herultatul neestl proces este expuls ‘letront ew energie ge cra 6) proces ete exp Partieuete de on-radical "formate au un electron fa minus (acei nuns impr de electron ti a caracter de cations de radial iter. Sea slum sumplor de energie (solizat pin) Ta Tnpuct eu he {rowah, find im stare erieta ‘Radical fon asf format, avind wn raport masslearciné mie Per te Dagmental ten mals npike oe fal 2°) 06 roel ‘te tygenteash ote mare pm de font (2) de Fa {iy catacterstiel structuricompanulus in gener, eis o mate tend, fte eparare 2 Nast de Ton de fen de radial. Mee ES AEE RE AP HARE Catton atl formayi (neha foul maleeslar MI) sin apace lero ein aplearea unt potential de acelerare i de eleva utes do YoRL Diverse trgmente Ge ase m dfeit, jung ia vitese dierte {in fanefie de nant) dar Ia everett eece entice Gat icine).« 3. Metade de eereatara tn chim orpaitcd io a at. yer ‘in separator ie, care teeta na ele ct er sige ata a china sachs We Weer eames pn ae Subnav meh pe are de cre a hr raat ote dat erin ; Sy pon. COE 28 QOD SF GOR Too snywitt valowwia 1 I aumai patra o anumits specie de partienle nami valgars myo pay a curburh fess pace coon nay oe act ‘lt ote-en detector de coma de qe rs aa apa aca ie'en abandons Tlaies : oe o Py. 1b staph Dotnet at, unit aolecta oenpunde nail motaraar Siar mle eet rope ‘akc foto each n tun! sacle’ Ma compost at. [NI Matata te dertaré tm china orgie % saith cata nis manna eam ca ‘WB ate’ Pediat fal de ‘al rls Sear iy ‘caress i lc tose ria A nthe pice aera a marc so ot : jordin gempcmunre esc Meee ‘ana nme 74-1 apne “rae cate rc Gora ren yen, eay—cry-o1t -c-cHt~0 (2, ~covct~ cin, cy—cac—cHn, x4 —omct once cy_80, ‘Atti intormatibe pare tek toe dud eee a 4 Rect ae arpa5, Motode de corcetare tn chim organic 3 caret aptel at nian nmi de ihe ctr 4k rie eR eee a IE het et et foe att G2, osm tt (ttt se ardour watts a eames singlet», ule ~ a taped = Sete ent tate asp Shih Mouth eects RMN a trie et G40, AMM cum st moth Selena cepts ptr ey eave vn CH S'sin Peat ome HN le olor ee Asal ie semmaor ‘Sehcietgc ev ata apart etree maa 0 Feit reper coe ea orate Set oy id et ane Stat (SUS 113 cn Ce sami preveart tn spectral RMN al et ol ong ear een Sat: ot Set Sp carapmadd St potoes anna 8 ee Festa Front ora rvs 12°S06 tan specie RMN ate rater cm * GEHLEHAOM, b CHCHOHIE, « GHKCHACONE, CACHAN, 1 agrycoociic 1 CxcoOcri u CHLCOGITN, CLD Clty Cenuenoocriiconeiteny) ciacrinest k eMC Se eee aaa Some oo 4. ASPECTE CARACTENISTICE ALE REACTILOR OnGANIC CCompusil organic sint formati din moleeale in care stort aint tur covalene, stabil, Reaclle moleeuelorcrganioe ‘iat procean Complesr in curl eirore ne esac i se efae cones de ‘ceed ele sinks dt obit, process lente care dooary ex vitese tsuraile n‘timp. Metedoloesn creek une revolt organi implies mat aulte i ‘in cars etciet (4apeet tcrmodinami),stabilveaitezl eu care age lov transfor Imarea ehimira (aspet cinete) $xabiinen mad in eate ate le tan for mares chimict (aspect merit) MEH ALA REACTNLON omEyICE ‘Termodinamica chil ar la laa principal fandamental potrivie ‘iruia renee chimice decurg cw respectare lito univerale al Cermor ‘Sinan comnts rw So aes gra tnd eos a ‘a trate termodinamieo nu 50 tine seam de molecule, siructin, lctront we. el doar de stares enengeick ital fil este fren sae runnformarea chic, indore ae drumul gray dr ‘Siem ade aap, Bulan de racic san cildura de veactie, SH, repwesints an taten de etldnns sbeorbitd ana ehibera 5m cueil sl feat chimes i ‘re cubstante init reactants «ransom tw substan finale pa Te este ep diferent intre etal pla wt finale etalpin ar ‘ate a stems ttt At A ermodinmish,enalpla de react sel ntean agar tate ie Sant eer tece wanes weeccen teen Sal darn our to ars mse» rotate as Sah ‘ed lnseraiind met Ginko each ati ae at feereseead pees erty, meee tans ree eae See eecac creed bech fueo tna Se ary ae ies dr ee ne ieee™ 4. Aspecte coractoristice ale recilor onpanice In chimie vatiatin energie evalueasd ub forma de traporteura tan ml de subetan|a gi ac expat in Real mol! ntalpia de reactie exprid valerie conditle en fre Joe 0 reaeie chimed, espeetind. principal nti a) {itgen comservdri energie ‘Termodinamica chinick stabilestecatert pent preveden ach ‘ reaoie hire este posta din punctal de vedere al varaiel energie, ‘lac ete pou din pane We Ware termesinnaie. Penkra aceasta fbloseste erie termedinaee al enalpit Widere de rene la peesine fconstantay Ad (energie bert IDDM. ‘Rnlapia ier de reaofie AG repaint ace. parte varie totale ‘entaipit (Aff) tnt sistem, eae pute utiliza efectiy pentru » pro fives hue chit, de x. tewnafer de leetrooi, rupee forms de eg {rs cavalente ete: Batali bers do reali eate mofradreaetehimions feet afar ves ror Hal cos a oe nia 2 Ge a italpi ber se detineste prin wrnataare eee termoninamie in care AU ropreint vriaiaentalpe, 7 repesin temperatura abso- Ictngrago Relvin tar A variaia enbropit(v- mai depart). ‘cEnform pnepinal a doles al termodinamial, um aster poate volun spontan hima rpreatigeren att de echibr. Decarg. Spe ml de sn pies pene de vedere termed, eae Hic Syreare atatpin iene vente M6 ace vaturtegatve (80~ 0); oii $= Su cnt at ho le ae ae ‘eal, To od eunent ex te repartena fa, cod standard (conven: {ale adil a 26 gt at me noted ew AG an Ady Gide de os ‘ind tentperaiars in rade Kelvin fa cel de samy pesiancaatzostris), ‘Din relate enalpiel Where de seariealatdand Af, se pt face ‘rover prin evoltia nel ren(s Pentru 0" Oveain este term, ‘Afsamte ponds dct ea poate anen ioe; peutra Ad > 0, dar sab “+10 eat" imol provederte sit esigore fms, procesul ete exes, dae ‘emodifics ile coma cae determin eelithral chim (rat depart), Fouttu dar 2 o'kent at prevedrile int et defaVorbile, seacio went pois in punct de vedere termodinami qea nw poate vc Jc ‘tapi Ibert de reali entererultanta a dol termeni antagonists cntapla te Peete AFT (en nom minus in teal exoterme fl e8 Ren plus fn enetie endoterme) st terment entraple 78, Mi prt 4: shspecie aracteristice ale rons organice . CConteiulia trmenudui entalpie A1 9a termonulal entropic AS 1 ema! every ibere de enclte A reise din seus fandatentall Tia temperatura jean termenal FAS este nepal sh ne pondere tars ‘evant termonult extalpie AMT: tn conzeeinla tempera jos sin, icvoriat waa exterme (Ate nth neat. egrat ih feuts termenul entropic capata pondare mare din caiza lat Ty Aa aves, ‘alae ueyaiiva char dack Aare seimn ponte, nstel ela temperatura rdleata' st resetile endoterrse devin, pon "ot egies mumirul ‘mol din substantee Ah B.c se rasfornh in © gt 1 ete eal eu na Fal de mali de C1 1 ce se transform tn A sk. Conveatrafile substantelor La echillbew tat depondente de concen: traf nial ale reactant. Tat temperaturd constant, rapartl ile ‘rodusal concentrafilor substanjelor finale si produsul eowcentrilor substanelor sna este constant. e111 arn ‘Constanta I poarts namelo de constants de cdiibe. (Bewafis este expresia trmodinaunl Tog setunll maselor; paranteele frepte repre concentra, tm molt Ta en), pnt a ii dp tpt ect nln ep sarc me titre fn eae righ In care Me este Constanta rae (1,987 cal grad! mol}, P tempera ‘tir absolute in °K, ir Ad entalpi bert de reaoio wanda (25, Ta, Tea echilhiy AZ =" Os telafin devine (Cunosctnd valeurea Ti NO" (An tabele) te posto caenla constant ae echiliora Kf invers, din valonres experimental a Tui X ae ponte al ful 84, Pentru X=, AG? = 0; pentra K>1, Ad este negatiy 3h feactia eite termodiaanie posbill; pentru <1, AG" exte positiv gi ‘aca nn este posbith din punet de vedere termodinami.~ A Aspecte caracterstice ole reactllor onganice acruton nesses Datel termodinannice ark condiile energetice pe care rebuie ie indeptincie istesn? ital st figal petra eo tranformare chi aoe eee aven Toe npuntan, Cnetka chimies studied detigurate eile in tmp. an de Pegi, 96 definese prin shinibaren coentrafiei 62 reactanilo'sa prods im wniaten de mp (seennde, manu, oe) evetantlo su 9, Rope ial In irs. Deaartce concentraile re! reentry ir te yrs crest fn fot tiupul rect, siteza de {antior Certs expniach prin Yaportal simpl dine eaustile de reactie om Psa (eat de prods forma) inten nwa imp # acest Fac ones, Ge nose valoazea Tit acest raport, derivate {ir cu tmpal a concentra! (ewereacinde}, sem min woula Invropent cu aba jervata concenteaiel (erteie), ex sem plas a teas aie Pee ei eset 2s pa lA pi Constanta de proportiousitate # se mumeste contenta de sitet sn etn specie Ba ete ith de concentatie este mSeur et Glen gach (la © amumita temperatars 3 th eondiil exper aracteritcd toy anrvind ln compararenvitezlar diertelor reac ( mentale denis tera efcttva imparts lo concentrajia reactant ltd sank # ai of coneentrsfulorTenctanlor; k reprezint®viteen 1h coz] faula Peodasrrate tururor reactamlorsint egate eu unitate). To cnet eu oe tic th am pti nadine = 1+ art, 20 grat, = =H 2500 gran een = cen == gg = HOO ‘Metranconstanta, de vite a gua do vite Foe pene determina s grate (ig 4.1) naclind ate tat a concentrator Feactanior la timpui in Faport tat 0 a nepel care we obline (~A/8) ene egalbca — 8/2305 — co gas y din eae we calla ‘Att intrenge, Moleowariatee reasfii. Reacile ta care 96 trans forms tea neaciant se numese unimolcwlare hos Pstin) 4. Aspecte caracteritice ale reacilororganice a ‘Vieza reafil este proporionals eu cancentrafia teactantulus A; eeunfin ‘Sntied este de ordinal 1 asl IM) age 9) 0 Sn care a represiutdconcentrafiareactantalai ‘Pingus (o 3) comecntrain ene final a dimpal f in cage fan parte dot reac tani se tumese bindeadare Ab oP eam DDescregteres concentraiel reactant Ii A cate egal cn aceea 6 feaetantala 1 sens ade enka nit Tp [eae eee sens rani 9 Bt = 8 4 eee eee nw IAP oe tn tor ett nent cn 34 — 2a ete de Un: ia dng le el ht a sas a nd se SR Sy api int ‘rel eine ordi de race rte. ttl date netic phan aout Cee maleefanintes suse, aac reach Nae ulate fu de crun taper) care a era(r iptie deo eset wo numero peredounimleare le wpa i cal cae#2 4 Aspecte cargcterigtice ale reaction onganice svotio binslecuara nul in reactant 50 ls in mate exe de ox ‘ivalvant care ia parte Ia ceveie qt vara(ia concentraie wees ‘ural reacfied na ents semnifintivs, Reach dei ex salar poate ‘trata coo reel unimotoculaea iceman inet do ordinal TL Be ¥ Teduce ln expresie ciple de vitasd do orton Z opie determinant de eitest, Nuneroaa resi eeu a. mal multe ‘tape pritro sustostune de oac(i elomsentare, flee din alo avind 0 ‘tntnidt vitor Geen oe este arb este viteeareaciet ele mal tenke intoomai ex mera convot do yeisale,viteza vehicula col mai Tent ‘eterming viteea Ineegatul convol);-adeasta pouria mele le reat tide vitesk. ‘Baxi revrnible. Rewcilo reversible. au, loc In ambole sensuri ping a stabitves ual eetiibra. = -Constantele do vitert ale colar dou real in sens opus so noteatt eu Uys toys Benin ciel este Lata) __ tm nin 1 ootiibrs HCA] = RC, Constante’ de etre AC dovine Rett ‘ato constanta de stent yb enerin molvouelor, Buergia uel ‘wolecle, reprint san inte energin wa potenfiali Vy (remltat al Interact’ de‘nataro sletrosatioh a atomilor din molecule) 3 oremnclics de mgeate, (2 VF #:). Pentru ga ideal, By = 33 EP Aindependet de asd pectelor) Heare =i Ieuan ta Holla finale, By OB = ‘istpeeTeeSiuetine moter (sub form de energie do. vl ‘intent, dover de unghfurt ste) Gnd 0 egiturd (Cea mal nabs din male cult) dobindets eneyla egal cu enerta ed danse we proce Faperes fvsetTegitar sl ate lee transformaresekinich. \yp__. Teor eveirlar moleeware. Rnerpia de asiare, Motul reae D'ionsad inte ee sana indo sonsse, Numara locaton feat ‘holecule dint-an gun in uniaten de imp, eae extrem de mae, de ordi- ‘aga een ue rie apeelar ar ties, fics ar duce a produst ie recto, race chime tae petroce Int ‘imp ests de ur de oda 16-*. Witwode reer ate roecnle ‘nt ion mult sai ast domrese mx toate cioonie bimolocalare int AMlcen: Pentru dou sseosie a neveiooe tnt ele teebule ca “4 Aspect coracterstie ae reaefllorerganice s ‘momentul elses posede impreand o umumitt eantitae de evergie ‘itl, numit energie de eteare Cu alte euvinte reacjioneash titre ele ‘buat gcele molecule care posrds o energie suplimentarh ath de rest ‘moleeullor Fractianea din nunirul (otal de molecule ab aml mol de gus care posed o energie opus ni mai nave delt energia do activase, Bog, ete Proparjiouals ew factor fu Boltzmann, e-"F, In-care «este basa loz Fret natural, Test opeatae absluld lt ete constant puso (into 3303) Tote oad ites ta uel eae er Pa esi re orn 1889) fea Chie per vice al tara a sities Teast cada Ww was sl ack aun he fi as Sf eae eon Sa Ra 0 wat i sine SPE SSS EP Se Bere etna creer bso vl PAIS Saat Seettant ead: oS nae os perce tet ak soreinbeeatdak the Zareme lt sae See eens cearcce separ) “Rnergia. de sctvare ao determin nsrind Int dag log tafe) 7 Panta drepteteate #2305 Ie “Gait enorgin do active extemal mare,» [7 a at mal pone molecule pone In momen | fat clocniis enero egal ‘cuenergia eee | trader alee ect a at mare o erorere tee mecdear, del ‘erg! cnetce a ln, precum si freceelel ‘doenior siteza de pace x Tn a ii peritans se tneste cn 10 neti frevte de 108 os eral, din ttadul de moteeat, nami rulde motectieeive posed energie egal cw ‘energia de actvane, ste ml. "yariotin energie! tn chvul mel regal 6 12. Bateman ote se ilusrearh prin ngrame eae reprenued Sse etary ‘arltia energidlpotenfiae tn raport a timp f care ve destagoant tia foordonate de rai) i ig. 42) ega 4. Anpecte caractersice ale reactor onpanice Din 4.3 rion cla ot pentru yaa racf he trash tech ‘gn energia de tiv, Bon ‘rte Ip oc pie con nln i eg se oe vod ann sea a ers ere at Beetpcr ec av ari one pana ree tat ELSPei gape Oven Tea eee Then on ana ere ree eee se Sate Sete ana ae FolcBay era Aci Spt rm ne coi writ atic ee eee tances at Saat ina eee mee rien a Sant eaar st endo tatty beta Sr Ghetto le eco ama en oe ete aca praigipmerter rey son ee ie a chats ny ela Soon i adler (stare de tnaiele + Pre senna a um ope cn carwar tar de taal te “ iat fn au cn oie sup acclorash SCAR EUE Grae lil ciniee care ene yale pent aoe {ale normale. Palalpie de ativare AH* resent diferente energiareactan ior, facts orn -de Sars gemega war de nage ‘rtspurio energie de activa din oor siocice. Puctoru! determiant ‘pent frmarea Hari de transite ete calm rie ree chile, exalpia Tora de acces, Ad. Ke represnth travalial neces peutra'» adace 4. Aspect ceracterstice ale reactor organice ® ‘in star initial in stares de transite Bota pla sul eaefie) pote ea eal ntropin de ectivare AS* ou valoare posits mae favorinmaxi formate RG iano, nel eit ee de ere frigcare rr) dei renin fea proiuce wal ior, vite ma rmare fatholeculcle right, neare structure inpune wnat erent le ree ‘anon entropis de activate AS ane val poaiive mc! kaw este neatly ‘gviters reetilr mal mick, tie activare are-eoresponden Tn eoria elamnrion tactocal de peobatalate, P, din ecu ta Arrheniys nteeentotpia hers de wetivare gi constanta de ehilibou K* (inte ‘eactanflq stare de traaile) exists relafin AG? — — ET In K* iar inte ‘Baal donstanta de vita a recy! de formate a sari de traniie est eljia Ete 22°, Gu elt emtapa Mer de setivare este mal mare, ree fia are vilent mai ini 465. ASPHE MBCAMIICE ALE MENETMLOHE nua Ih starea de tranigieIogitury inte atomit moteetet ear porto reels se modes teepnt plo ln re” Ttapetes tne Topitutt eovaleute do doi electron! poate sven lo oud ted : In ruperea homolitcdflecare atom al legiturlt pietreast una din teton ttre atom a Taal Site de rupert de covateae ac mimes, ea tao roi rad ‘ile Henle cic fark ganna contin etait danivangt nopo ina ie prtia reperea heloltiod nol in atom legiar 4 cl do ectzont dofenind a lon negair tr cailalt stom, rman deicitar i ‘Stctrond, devine un ton ori Reso in ear intarvin atfl do Tupi ‘ile oe mane fag tray tu rt on, a en {tad ieidk mage Oe obee br dizovnn ea favors forma Sent ‘Din ponctal de vedere al etapelor prin caro tree reactant pl I teansformaceo Tor in produi tinal de reneie, ne Osting dowd (spur de Inocanieme fandamentale da reseie: prin Mare de transite pin inter Sel stall i ovat tg in rad po rl ra cntalizate)* 4. Anpecte cavacteristice ale reacpilor orgdinice oem fn tare do Teghtury 11-0 aso Jeecanisaaa ein tue deri eae de seemed ences ion Go moleaia Bong potemiais panies ren iencas “atarate. a sniper ima ake Seiraet necciuens ‘a gna ten aie tavea do tranifie Igitors Bo —C se Iungeste, distanta tntre atomi scores datas ra Sean ans soe ac ta a fie aN HAT. ser, Jenget normale eaaee r 7 = ect Feoetie,exptermi, antosrraromemanr on ee ae 4 Anpectecavoeterstce ele reetiltr oganice + CI vu ven fn noentons dou thaxime coordonstelor de ind interaiein Geeta Wan eueife)qtatseel ena arapanat fFulat (igs): Avera ete mat bogae in energie dost reactant it dat mit Slrac In eaerple eet oreare din ele dou st de trait interiediart ‘io molec definite om extent eid ft da fart rut 2 pe oat en aaron pot poli edn pn produ lor sain Sshniay FA mada me ses ng el Io RNR i ile er ene te nar gi at ree ee es eae as SPs ay bone penta a pec de es i Wiad iS > ih ta ee ater ree an | ephemera reste eer Arty oN eee fae ane Seesaw ewer ns t sore pire eterna Sinan ati ta ae ota ref don ene rc ie ate cilantro i a Seetth percep epee“8 4. Arpecte caracterstice ale reactor organice atorul, dar eu vitest extrem de mica), © ‘ebiibral chica nu pot mudi ai ‘er mese dear vtexa resojifor in ambele sens tallatont na pt depts amet chien ars rg ae 1. 46 — comand nach gant 4 te ne ‘le nae Catalizatenl formeazi cx, woul dln reactantt (ewtratal cataice) fnvermediart postal, iat ret! doct reatantul nfl, eare jaa parte 1a reacyie eu cel dei doles tevctant ducing ia prod final lar 50 regenerearh Sb i os cease cre earl tt lw ee oreo vo Ei met cs ti ot rth aw a oc eae wp Phas oO Prin rapereslopitsilorcovalente din compari organi! ia sols fe ut dao de aon rat Nee in url covalente Ele pot ft de patra felurt9t anomie + radical arbocationy, R cavbaniont Hs~ st carbeng Ic: “aici Khor a idrocataior om mttaer sin td pnt de ere Cectre st din causa ocupirt Incomplete aunt orbital eu electron e Sint foarte reetvi Hn ravi ibe alchitatoml de carbon care pour 4. Aspect carateristie ele racilororganice ” ‘entrul radicale este Minden p8, Seat futrun orbital pnehiby ae contguratie plant iar eletronal pla tral Lihert tntze oi tulad drop rin refi Un radical lier este considerat mal ata dit altul dae. energia cesar pentru formar Ini din sleauul respects (energia de disci 22 fogaturit CH) este mal me, Hoengie de dsocere sead in ordines CHte = Hpes He = Ho dees ustrin de formave gt sttilitaten “ra ‘aioe UNGH eres! ae Invert Cllg = lige Hise = Hen (UR. 1) we | ae te ao 1 aye es ee a a Diterenta inne am radical ber primar si unl tetiar, din panel mt este mare (aprox. etd mol 3 adieait iheri ajar ex interned rmesoiam nol” (detevnpanert te ‘hice le). Carbocatonit aint mole contin ta atonii de carbon uyorbitalpnehibntiaa,,neecupat fleetroni. i am syns puitivs. agi tadialt ibert tim, ze provenifi din alesai au geometric land datorth edrbooalut defiofiar fn'elettons, hubridiat ape; orbital ‘cant ee aff Sate-nn play pprpentienlar pe pant nesta snot (tig 9),CF 4. Aapecte caructerstce ale reatiler organice 4: dapucte caracteriatice ale reaction organice * i tite relatin carborniar cao numb de rape iterpfte, doer: nr: carbon pian el tera sh tsar econ eer ea ns sty mama cet rs ne eel i, eb oo ; Hips abeeae yr oneal tee een rs " fi oe Bea Aon ral st a ol ved te oe tg mda neste iat east tt sans pe arrest Ses neat neater Sra an t, Somets) co al relents eu tines 9 0 omhoog Slee eee 9 BAG ae AEA a aan mee cies Se ene SOG cae ova Mut na bat =| Sechrest mp FA oni, | ere aaemeae tlle SSIES i ee aw | pee sac eae [aye sc “foroehimiea a etalenth a dlavonetanntu SMa i 2 cacectea adel pe te a ive on 2,3, Cote etter ter temas depen chick? Dt wnat aie eae aac dears ae oe Se nko ane ree St al i i 8 nt ag Peps Sayers ae ee om, CHAT Go an tnt rc a speedo5, ALCAN St Crcvoancaxt ai. GLAMMNCAME, SoMRNELATEN Hudrocarturile saturate se tmpatt, tn tunefle le natura eatene, idiwentburt saturate aise, Inare sa famniieate (0 formula gene: Ho) 9 hidrocarbun saturate ceo (ew formula sencralt Oa) ‘ivacartarte saturn sclelce eo eafene nkare se humese et sw dup o-tomenelaturt mal veehe, pavafine. Petnit par tertoent fel setmmese metan CH, tan Uylly propat CyLly bute Cle Ni ‘inion teen, ne fon const i, Metin Gg dan CF, lear CyPe abe” th gener, cere ‘dbaltan se uilizeart pent eamipust cu catentliniare. Uneot, eid este [recast natura intra 0 catener prin sdiuzea, in ume itis tered ac sermitistin de mal erjoen en, bi, eerie uaa rt cng una we amc ne ‘su oparafine, Denraires termenilr sete se face pin aurea pia so ia numele lean ou aclagt nuit de ato! de. carbon. Pei fermen in ria ggaleanilor este izobutanal sau 2-metipropannl ‘Patra unele hideocarbur eu numa relativ mie de afort de carbon e folosst th mod eurento serie do depuis mai vee (numiel comune) ptrte tn ta dim peta esi 9 chime onganies, dee neopets au exh -ar—c14 ay leanilor ue frank din name ‘ctonele lara (ramiicaile) PRuneltfih dt et sree ” i fubattuentt deena, Nunc edtenelor later (eonsidere fail ffoh) aga le pumacleeatenel de baz In ordinencomplestatt {i ordinesalfaeieh ernercny ic, gig cuban ries ce) EIS oa Seetipcs ce Sm (ate atte ot omar up do on oni nea mae sean a oe ei Fda forma ‘tom de hidrogen.Acarte grup Poa th snele genet ti a resturs afohl Coatehit eu eisonihi), Nude ttmentlo individual Fadialior leh se frmenst din mete aleanuta reapect® pe aloes {ermine ar en deen fil CE, CH. CH a tend te meense enema mull de Geleh AEH cares fie dept or) teal "So asting pote fi dated cto rimar (log de ws ing Aisin de earbon'y serundar (oznt de dot atom de earbomy torte es et ak de cron) eater gat de pate So i ae ‘Atcmil de large legate weests atom de eat xe ner tn ecumst gt Rieu leit pot pratt Ry HEMT, Ry, tes Ky De ex, do Lx butanul Rormal gia enutan deriva ete doi reall erent conden by, th dln, pentan se, utlneta af cm prefix et tee neon, Mf Hea iain of He~om, tb5 Alcan i citootent reprezints print-un poigon,aubinte fn mod eurentccloteani be, Aegina cere eal al poligomu e afl un atom de caro . oO) eonenon oO Clabvan Celopentan a cigar ee Oo eect aan Sipe era tesa gerne sie medil (€,—Cyo} 91 elelogleant cu ine mart sau macroedchuri (> Cy). at Ss pe ean nate a ta ea Mar crear Sumter cet Oe oe ‘Selopropit-eclopentan. ompgt dont sau ma multe cia avind un atom de carbon omun nme pitt. Nuonle lr se formeaad pin adage pect felspiro ta numeleaicenunt en sees wumar estat deearbon. Numira Av toni de carbon din fecae il, eg de atomaal de cago enter, piracy ete inca prin ete dgpune tn paruntere dept, ayxate nie ‘efixa spiro si memele idoestbr i Ot oO Cicupropt- ——SproBat-——_spreaa- Teen ‘stot ida i comp in on aap ia cl pf daa deste So (hrocsrburt le en pu {prt baal steam! eral naa de acm! ear La ate se IMiaugt prefs bre filo cle. peat indica noarat ae lar ‘unraltomior de carbon di past! este Indiat in parantere drepte, ‘ordi: decrescina ‘oa oaDd Pidclo clo cio Acie ico, tig’ ia” Bee) aaah aay futon penton wom Pepn eta {yt egnyerinisric: AL 2a KeURILOW SIMA sa smmceront, one al serie} hidrocarbuelor saturate, ane reansingir ator de earbon ibe fone hidtogen pei legit covalente CTLs X 5, Alcan lloaleant » Etanol l vermenii ex ana saulléwtomi de carbone etait alah perdi tan, ea ae _Acostetipuri de legatun deterinin’ peoprietileFisce si chinite speiicw ‘hae! birorarburioe eaunates m id pot. p teas “it ede Pe ~ Let ste ne sp zie eats 0 ata de LA ncn nee 110 11 Ain eelellte hidrocarbur, Inge eettuilor OC ext de 131 A {2 alcan fm ciloaleani x inle normatey med i tar. Tn ecloaieant ci ints ie clean, chutes) ose abet ae alo Feghtwrite C0 din cielopropan ant tat neue (1326 4a cl Ain eelobutan sin tat tong G82 A) decit ale din nee’ norma ‘Unghitl inte valenfele Adomior HOH qt HCO ete de 100.5 (10098), Be ober mama mie abate dela aceaatl.Yalote 26a aml de ron ote ll ee ese ae ale ‘ial nl atom de cazbon- dn propa unghlal CCC ere la tar tpl Om sce 107 Abate! a asl no ober a alent ¢u ine mil (¥. Stereochinia eisleateanlor, § 63). Teraile de Ghoclere varisl cu naturn sfonitor de hirogen reopoctv de eathon, cate aleSlenleiture; ele sit cartels clr {tot pun de epataed © sadn ord {mn aclagi sons varias enengile de diocere ale leyiturlor (© (e. Boergi de dinoeier § 2.4). ‘Bo note, in reac or, ‘Monui erg ert nn na et dete el sonar aes 5 MUTODE DE StvFI ALE mROCARHURIKON SanUHATE: Hideocarburile saturate sint componentele principale din_guecle ‘Prin prelucrarenacestora se ile In Ate pur ‘erinent inferior! (Cy Cy) (¥. Sutee naturale, § 3. pcan lente ier ale ldrorfhaiaauate mpl, ei pom r= conta, de obec “TaTifoeuees eu Mdeogen a ene: grape funcHonale dia molecule care sng0 5 Aleani cietoaicant oj sebeletalldeocarburi ine. A ‘apelin sintege de molecle ma complexe in eare se uensnesteinloculiea tint grup fonestoale en hidrogen, pasted altele neteansformate Metor dele princare we formas legituri CC ducla antena sehelet nes oleate eto gener eonstitle uneort bouts YORMAMEA DELEGATE @) ) Din nidrocarburt nesotwate prin hidrogenare etait dee = end om tate (8, Fp 8 ot ar Prin hidsogenarea catalities a elebenelor se obtin alee lchene se obfin Selous. De ex din elena se objine eta event, ielohenan, & fl Coleen iotenon pte Iidrogenares etait, x, Keaciilealehenelor, § TH.1A, (Bm emp grat ya ec a Saha Rear sid a Atomit de halogen (Ci, Be, 1) legate un atom de carbon satura pot fi inloeit'en atom de hidvogen prin mai bute variance experimen: Tale ‘e Reaincerco et hidrusi complexe, de ex, hidrar de titin-aluninin Lau, ae ex agent redneitortondl de Murs HL Tedaceren ate loc in conditit blinds, pein inealsifea compusnlui halogenat cu hidruray in ‘ler eile 1a fierbert, UUliand LAID, se poate Tnloeuthalogenal eu den eri, reacfan tfol servind Ti tareaten fw Mewteria'@ snuimitor posit a ‘nwt, . exycrycnmen, “PS conenycsmest, we 5, Alcon ctelotcant ‘a 4s se, tay str 4, educerea cu metale si seit, cunaweat’ in ehimia elasick suly ‘numele de reducers eu hirogen in sare ndscind, este otal de bie, x simbolul (Ht) spre ho dating de redaere ch Mragen ine hota cu TH. Mottin are rolul de a cada eletfon sabes i {85 compusol aogenat ar dzovantulexteturnizora de peal ps formaresYegitur CH. Motaele eu potenfal de hntzae a it ‘Stave Lai, de ex. Zn st HOU saa acid acetie melee po {8 tena mie nei ae al sai ee alco eee 6 Hidrogenarenentalitic « ana compus alogenat se fce In pe ‘zzntd. de base pentru a neutralleaacidaleliberat in weaetin de reduce Sunes ee ataegnite (SA0H), ora st eta ep Qing gps tras a tem omer | a ecen ne a 4 tk ‘Compost organo magnerini, HMAX, se bin din compas hal emia aleantor clsior tau al Maser” ass, ps intact ere aba in si {in etor ei, se objine bro ‘nauneai eae la tata ev ph etany pn Weare eu DO an aeaterat ae eee te + 6th om Gp Comps organi i pi Hiei met E 6 formeask din compas halogenai i safe de hdrosarbry dex. an, sopenta ete100 5. Aleanl #1 cleloatcant ‘de petro), Acoarece eral reactiones cx compas organe Tite. Spe deo Stole compnsit organo magnesier, eomplsiy argon a itil int ‘fb ta oxigen in aer de eocea Ia Prepararen or 3¢ Tete in ‘tmocfrd de gus inert (azo. a0. argo. in emp gun mt ga Cama ate pte oar ‘nth. Metal re polaitate poniivs far retol crganieaze poartate {inky se compart in rent ex mation al earn ua tba { Garonaion, Fs) aged pratt Gani (®) din stot 9 aero tor teeta |G@ Redvoore ou acid faniic neo > ma —> nom , Meduoerea ailelfonailor | neon —on-osoar BE wi m0) ape bso mn posto Hino. dete idvogen, Petra cranstabes lees ale raps hives tte tana STREMH cpu lgenat ao ower ellnt cre ce al en are et dan coi fap tn eantoranen suai naga ns a neon eee de et soe 1 Beant pil et noite prop! ivenl cx hrgen concurs is nen Se ier ee SNCMRES heh ES ea ual Ti amg nent sonar el me Te hoe pears eet + cx eg, rerteiciiy + Hern Cleland Sennsuloctord ‘cept Oe. ¥.)) Din compusi carhoaiic pein reduoce $0 soca cent: Zot Cs ESF mt ema. Senos oN, 00" "ema Re a 5, Alcon i ciloaeaai wo ‘Compusi carboniiel (aldehide sa eetone) ex cote mal vari fueibe Gopi tor aera eee caer pen feat peo) ato grupet —00—in grup CH, ponte fh ne Inetltea eompustial carbone oak ampngsenst Sache (ietoda Clemmaensen). 0 a dona tate genes pit car ar Torta grip {Beige nema iam at de aa in presents efoxud de soit (CL, 0N 1180" mata. Kiger'Wwolsncn at de hdr x ho ‘aay ieingl Ya 180 rata Huang ian), otro alt vara snes unsere ntl stipoal carbon tn aes acta te desrterd isthe 3 3p eens ere Rp RoaLcR > ReaEHR 5 om cw Din ciclopentanont de ex, se objie clelopentan prin urmiteates suvoe- O*O+0=0 S24, FORMAREA pI: LEGATURI 6-6 B)y in compu logan (etada Warts) Cor em Cf a anaes Neer Naar La eactiacompusilorbalogenalt RX (in ate poate fun radial ‘et lke bn tometer a) tt’ In ies hidroarbur fmmate dn dou Tenant, de Condensarea intr comps balogenati cu rude leh deri duce 1s amestocurt film acest car valoares preparntivs a inetodet este Ted XE RK Sp RR KS RW Aplicarea monet Wart in forma ei clasied, a sitene de eielo- sean (m casnlinclelor nermale de elves de fame alemi Re one ielopentan eu randaanent bon din i,é-tibrom pentan‘iu cllohexan din 1-dibexan, Metoda nu se spliok mb aceast for’ inteoe do tnele vei edt sat mart (peste opt atom de carbon) Sohinut iste randkomnt ware di by taibrom- iam dei In tteatadeofuran sau tae ete, Hy ‘Gelobutanal post tan pei ieee i 5 A nn | 4-0 a \etiene Tae Ciclopropanal se obtine dia 1, clorpropan prin insane cx palbere do sind; moto se plies aust, eelopropsl Wnd ata dept ‘Snertenie general ui 4) Dia comps halogenotxi comp i ae | | Pentru formarea de legituri O—C Inte doi radical diferii, unul ‘in oi find un raga alehll primar. se utiizeartcomplexal ale ‘Mchicupru (dachileapeastitiy RyOuliyseactiv Corey) (B.S. Corey, 1967)- | ‘Ace so obtine din eompusel halogeaat. (peimar, seeundar saw tetiat ‘prin traage eu itis mctaie si apo sa Logue Renetivaly com HPlosul do Wislchilenprntii, se ilizensd fark Wotare, In condenses) Ercompusil blogentt primar, Dees. dia bromara de socbutit9 bromark | ‘de aogentil se poate abiiae 2,Sdimotitbeptaa, | ie aaa ee Seen + chy -CCH, > ey, ec sony Me ae rte api satus de lea nalnt gti (©) Din sirarte sciitor carole prin deearhoxlare eestrolitick ~| (meson: Katie carhoxileh COO perde la anod 1 taece tw radical liber COO cates descompane. in C0, faatical tiber alll Rey aeesta se Stabilzeus rin cambinare ctu al Taaical Her (dumerizae,"v. f'863-a) teefnd inno hidroearbusk Ie—T ‘Be ex: dn asetat de nadia te objine clan. ete cxyc00- ow; > neayee Lt ee BE Nort am ee Re en exo ciclicl care contin grupe fune}ionale suseeptibile de » fi inloeuite ‘cu bid SpE ar SR nn ch elas nen cee oe earner eee oan cornet ee lane ene as See ees coe outcry a eos Othe wad hg drag Seer ane neta 8 Condensers compl. ditaogenat. «ser malo oe ace sha Oc cmon cn. cove Scones Condensarea compositor ailulogenatl eu ester malonie WH sin ats gyal generals entra oofiere de ae i ci nines as oc io aitogen cetera i eset elena de fed “toatl de soi transform in ester ane Ino combina stay enteral maleate eed mooe\cH, + GILONE —> «oom CAE = Mt + GILOH Alle-Be£001 pipe TN, ewe ea noon106 5. Aleant 9 cicloatoant diclretan se objine esteral acidulu ec es ain 1am Bile propaadicarhosi- ‘bline esteral asdafut clelopenta- dar Prin hidoliz acastor distri se obtin aii dicsrboxilic veapectii ‘are tind deetval de nid maton (w:§ 28.3) se deearbonilea iy slab Inctzie irecind bn aeist monoearboxtet Dees. tin seul esfobuta dicarboxilie 0 objine acta elalobatn monocarbosile oy ee C006, ‘Trunsformares avidulul ciolobutan-eoxbosilie in eelobutan na se ponte realiza dee prin decarboxitare (ean navel condi enengice {aro tavorizead rapéres inet ‘entry Ialosties gripe enon), idrogon exis mi, ule posit sinttie,feware din ole mpicind mai mutt elape. Caen cea a comoda const in inacuirea grape earhoxtl cw bromt (reactions: Aiceker. v_ 1231.0) at inlocaten Bromalal eu hideogen pi Ga din Om HE Oe EO we $280.8, alte metode de degradare grupei carbox 28D 8 2. Cioinaes intramolecular’ ester asisior dieaosiit coon, ES HNC Ce co05 enc, sleril scalar dlearboxilelsufers tn presents de etoxid de godin saat neler educa wert Peston ci oars 1804), Prin tidrollze esterlor f-catoniel ti dost ‘acon Feetonci forma, rezula stone cilioe, Pentru 9 obtine clot lean etup earoni ve transform in geoph CH, yin una dn mato TRearia se oplik eu randamente miei la ellan de cine §i do goxe | Omi sae | ey Oy (een | pree — O oe 5 Aant gi eetatcent 108 ster aciilrdicarbositic a neste cu wal metale tn tluen au pnt ‘condestae.Intamoletlsa,etocal pion eaefla ate loo prin iatermedil wnat dl uestaat fxd 1) ‘care tteceepontan. in etealcol Osan acidull dian {CH} SiC). Uncori se pote lola dsiitosderivaval intermedia ate Duro trace n aces J.J. Boome, 108), Tavares dvtlsidetes, ful eu tram dger ino dicetons (I. Wablinaun, 1960), Prin sesceen sahil eto abe lca ss Ju ‘tanaformat in alli campus eae pot da final ciconlthene sau ickesns Fr wows eal fe sbfinselone eu Soe celebutane ee ee n-tir-coon nbn —osveny, 7 abar-t—on 7 nlir too ‘in dieser biecii se objinelcloalean poise! nuit proplanis a Prin metoda conden eine multe 12 atom de carbon, ot sintetza gi cian mati, eu mi ® Prin deesrbeaiaree celizanth a schlerdleaesitich | emp — maces Stride ealciu san de bavi ale acisior dicathonii, la dinione ‘scat, dan eetone cu wn atam de carbon mal pilin deeit sed iio (OV, Wialcenus, 1888). Pe neeastd ale ne cbfin cu tandamrent on cee ‘ow inet de ened fide se toms nu se obin cetone eu cell nle! sau snag BD} Inte do gave atom prin hidrapenarea compusitorsromatit iii Wom er)10 5. Alconi qi cilotcent ‘Compass en inl eitohesanie se obtin eet mai imply din compust armmaSe in drogen eazales pe LL ba. Di bene oe Sbjlne lela To oafalind ne bye trains (y2teteadeo- ‘aating) st deciins (decahidronaftlln). 00 * 00 * CO ttt Deca meted important prin cre ao obi campus mong pots cu ina Sete emer te Reese Suen cave vw f cata Mf 10.8 wie, B, | Towle de srt 4 pi de ase atomi prin react de lnomerzare cont tet AC, ‘Una din reasile importante ale chim hidrocartulor saturate ‘este reachin de inomrizare fall de clorura ‘de alunini activation Sime ds aps (ape avind Tol de covatalisatar- Heacia af dscuat I Woe Comput polstiet ew inele de elnet tee in compas eu ie de ase, de ex hidearbura pH, te vomerzcast th compastt tal stabil {evn mal ei ilo oe ge, adamantaal iy = © semonion 6. | Compas eu inele nicl pein react de cloloitit | @Compust ene elctopropani prin eel de cielopropanace on nearer nang, A nee Sonn IRevctia de cilapespanate @ alehenslor constitaio o metods dos ‘witizats pentru formaren de compusi eu inele de tet atom, Hu poate fh eallsati prin trtaren alchenel ca compasi prin a eéror descompanere (Gotochimles ta ealalizt) se formeazi Intermedia! nestabll cu struc- (tnt de carbene (¥- fl} cot anogs al acestort(earbendi) eu ectivi- fate do carbene ieee 5, Alcon eetoteant a0 a descomponeri fotochimice au 180.) carbene saw earbenoin cate hur alene. We ex ntermediar tu acest esa este metilona, CHa earbens liber. ‘cela campus se poste obi sl prin Fea{ia lchevel ea ae amie a pes de cupl a a,aA,nluic eeich (GeaeieSmtons-Sinith, 1098). Transfer rupel ellen ae cy in faced eng, Intreon intermediar Gaganemetalic ceubenod, 1CH.Za1) Recs ons cay 5% 0 Rater diazenoetio N.CH—COOR (v. § 25.5) ate reactivits ‘corbenbi La teatare eu alchene sau dene dt colspagl en ine lloptopet De lex- eu dimetiheaadient in present de sirurt de eaprn (Cushy) 66 ‘bine un acid eu ine! eel ‘numit acid erzontemic (component ‘ami insectiea natural a Hote de Piet) {enigc-c-cr-ceny + Scu-coon = eugene Gi cea, (©) jeompust cn set de para din slchene pin ciclo ‘icloaditia ahenelor ducind la compas cx ine! ciclobutanic are Joo focoohimley ea au age Loe tenaie (0. f 142.8) ‘Dau weaetf de eicioadiie fotochimiel slchenele activate prin srupe stsigitoare de eletroni de ex. grupe COOK, halogen «ic. Despre meen hima reat de eelondfion vf 180-8 A. Mideoeasbusi din gaze naturale gf din petrol rocarburle saturate sit componentale principe le gator eats supe fi ele sicdnin practi pur in alll se plato fester cu hirorarbr! nferoare (CC) do crete ep tc oeay ire fun Metal Ydnnd age de as ls108 5. Alcont # cletoaleant pan incon ua de oie 107) aa de Siecatad al gle Ad Ode drogen (50. atl ba ma ie es mene tne oa din hiro ata ance lita de ca fis (434) te som fru'cn xian (es fan) sompagten al cenpnl etn) Reva ear (compa hts. pts se gees Brora Ineaatarave (alchenc, acetlen). ‘Tyflal din uncle atetminte conan in ‘proporte msi mae slcant en eatene hints (fears parutinoase) stu lle Fiche ecm anc lnc draabunieaomaice tur sfaltoaee sat naftanice) ae {ipl tending chee care em emt ipl lene ca a ae us pine 2 aie eon Gt Rea tc (ES) Soin seatth Tere ar Sores ‘icin (gate de con alu, Petzl brut esto supus unol distil Is pecsiune normale stir primar; se cules Frachant pe amumite inter Yate, dupa toopul unairt. Cepul do autre ou psu 20" (truchiune Cyc) Hervey tare tat Gaps teparare hn Componente, ca mater Dima’ in indaseie (v-Alchene) sau deept combust (gay Uebel ta Beta aed 3258 metre dina ei art omer CyCy fu annie seopur se cue mal multe fveiaa ‘ter de petal (p-£'28-M0", aster de izomet ,) sligrout (p50 ~100", Chi fn unelo tchnotoat te calog truetraate Cy oeparat al CPG, scpaany a veduren unr pretuoe lteionre in benzine de eallats ‘albu. mat depart), Petri lunpant (p.. 170290") ene amestoc fs Gy Gy mica ps 2300) copie Marat CC esau de pata eo. 9) contin itor pa Tone ncn ijclurpartinase be ofa pn Gry ota Sano, paraan (ametec deco Horna Oy“) Prin alan rd pleurirgprelaerare secondard) se objinuleurle de uns (lnbrefiane) fr. asco i hidroosrbnr Cy “Uae Ou et eooflnutal uleulat In efloaan ‘in hitrocarbgriaronntieu cite aterate lune este mai mare, arin icositi neulal eu temperatura este mai mie st uleal formenz’ mai bine fmt de unger. Regal nomat dah ditaree ta vid, tala, ‘cu eumposiie necumoscut, provine din hadeorarbt aromatice superant® prin condensiet oxidative; servegte Ia axfaltarea gosdelor, ‘Bena, tampantu fl motorine c wtllznad dreptearbarant pentru sear rtrd atin ce mate fo petra Oe “sensi oh ‘fea mu corespande tutu ‘olitativ connor taku moderne qt este innaitents wt rt beptan (CO. 9 toostan 2, eeimetipnion, 0. = cota tie to Sage mean 9 5. Aiea pt cicloateant 8 es das ratty ncn entra satifacareacerinelorcresende de benains 4 de de irra inestoare (Cy-Cy), tal vatoroase ex materi Drocedca In ruperea freon’) frcfunilar mal gle (motorin, p Finds) ‘a drcfiunt mai ngoare Pence aoeusta exists mal faze (motan #alahene CC) Grins tart, Pentrn a obfine’o bensinit satura, Ee alchen (condo Seep petra wae of et barat) beside cae rogencarty in presenta de eniaizator’ po baat de moliden opus pees ‘Oxide shui, la 250-450" (dreraoaré sau kidrofinare. Tn news fv exzil heitelor ea procent mare de suf (dependent de nturk cimatu din care provine) are Toe gt derufuraren. Benzina reall fnteo enna satura‘ eu confiout-mare de hidrocarburlramifieate (cate Slant nagtere prin izomeriaren sleanilo, atalantd'de osidal do alt fainia) i cu etm oetantek mare, peste 9. 1th provalecle de ecare Stall, frcfinnle grele de motorink se te, in tare de vapor! peste eatalzator format din seat de al ‘ini hata ane ta a form de rales (pat ula), tue Tulatiy Jones, de 400-400" gt 1-15 ataostere. In traces fsck so formeoad multi truce C.-C, Al hidrocarbac aromaticn {Genzen,toluen len, mtibnaeal et) Ta exer etait a mol {thet (Coe) paraitonse se obfineo bens oa coahinat ‘penta (pink in 2%) caro 50 sopard unoodt are ia opal uli Beso, 1D, Midrocarburt pein prelurareeerhunilor a te sa kr ep va fas Meten te te S030 gular) 6-0 ‘Carbunil au fost Ian in consderare ca materi pris ‘codes indurteiate pontra ob{inere de eaxburanft (beuziy motor Prowedeole tehnice a Ta bua dud reac fundamental ale carbon ‘oni de carbon 1 hid at 40 ey nr tmnt proces tbc wink tu amesicede'oxd de carbons de Mirogen cn ompeifsaprosimatich 62 gama de dent Acute a frmenst in eae, doh ‘elape. la freren de abur peste earbune ineandescent se obtine a ator: ta seem rin #19 00 ai ado sp”: Pest bbogtfines ia hidrogen, gual do ap eet recut, Ie a0oe katea neoesrk de vapor de ap pete un eatallzar forint ais f) Aeonvertren glut ae apa) de earbon exe indepirtet prin dpllare gusta Cua say peel re, “Gaal do sinteal ete recut apo pete ui euizaion de cbelt 9 ‘epua pe kitelgur. Tn acest med at obfin hidrwarburl sscarutes eta pink Ia Cag care pot Ti preluerie prin procedeele will In Dreluerares petrol 55 PRonnmersy ruc idrocstburite saturate set molecule nepolare. Prete de aracle {nico molecle slat fore sla, de tpul forte van der Wane, Scena se fle napa paetlor deere de opi ga salt Sale emi terment al vere ease 9 ak etovleanior stn gine bs temperatura normal Incepind eu Cy tent moc st Uh he ea ‘perio! rine sola (tabula) ‘Punctle de ferbere se alcaor crt in sea omg, pent fie stom de eto tu 2090 ene Teateanil su punete de ferberw mal acirute deft atcanitnoroal natn dato do arb zr cal mal ranaetevind paa ot em, Eh, Cth EH-cr,-eH4, cy, —cn, 8: Alcan llotnnt m mitten apropats de margines cena sade puncul defer ber eu evade: Bebe a-necanl re pf Smetpentane! 6055 ‘hutdpenuaal e037 ser-aimetibutanel 380" ae 22 ametbutaiah ‘ceaneua) a0.r" ‘Pnotelo do fierbere ae cllalenor sat ma cate dit ale leat cu acl nia de sb 42 carbon (tein Bo) Se a {wn molruart mat mick 0 dou Wt ont de te dco ear! wa ile it ale leno, Sit eid o regains net w alan el 1a ic. ican’ a vari puncetor de tote tana molecular. Puneet de i nd dependents de coesione intr cee In ental de Fula {citer mai nitric nets de opie mal ate De ex” portsnul Se toperte 1 50) tar Homer sit ametrg, hexametaetanl re a0F ‘Texan ete slab meta dar este sli a etal wi eo mer smitten hidrorburior nat ete mal mi dest denitatn ind 0. $3 Ia eicloalcani. de yhidrocarbuxi", cel superar! int inodot, : Beier | od eee eer ema rire easua 8. Alcan eietoatcant ii (vg. 8.2). C4 wrare, im specie sean seul din grape (iy Cul ee obacrns rintonrcle aboneht fom Grupole tor-butt presinid absorbgii la 13701307 em Inopropil, is 1 70-1880 em ‘Vibragitefegituilor CC se manitst& prin bonsi de intensitate reduat care Spar Seeste Bena se ‘Specielecisloatcaniior ‘preint® umltoarle-abiari dstorte pear tase ey ee ee anlar (eae mee : le Ls [as rea Spa BM. In sn vemoale grapes Ol apr a3 0,0 pm, ale grape CH, be Situmte en ros ai ale graplor CH 1,90 par In aceste items ine eupbje siial vrtek ice BPH 100 ‘te euplaje vieinale eevee cc, yneas sata emis | ccmten | Gcntaan | cto 2% asa | nae 4 | wie |e Sete 7. anc ee’ in lal teal sin wien at ii Baa an ea ici dome Wan 2 ad EF a FACT ACK mNOCARHOALOR sATORATE Reacfillehidrocarhurlor saturate pot fi grupate, in fanctic de ‘modal In ext se rp legitarleeovalente OH gh OC in excl eu tases ‘ns hoevolite avind ca intermedia! atom radial lier i reach en ‘ecaniam heterolitie ta onic avind en tatermedian carbocation 5. Alcon sf cloaeani us @) Deseompuneren termics a bidrocarbartlor Gian > Gig + He aes SaeHlims —P Callas Cam rare ‘Metal te subi termic pink la 80? THrveaeburle eu wal tori de carbon tas ales cele supesioare) sur prin incite 40-0 siempre ere eet = (aa) star CoH (a Jin accete proces, dintrun 3 ota span eon tens oe ak at roporte ma mare, De ex la deseampaneren termed a batola t W, {in Joe unnitoutele Tene 6H Feay=cH—ctl,—Demctanae ey om-cH—cy aren, +c e-CHACH-c, ergs Cicoatcanit se descompun termic tn mod aveminitor eu ‘tid alehene. Din eielopentan do ex. se obin tent propent Oh +S Din cislobutan, ta 480" se formeazi don molecule de etn e-em om ind, Bevctille de descompaner termicS 4 hidrocatburlor au fox deo ‘gt dein ade; le ube rotted Marsh Tor saperoare din petrol = Mecanion de rede, Realit homies) Descompuner temic rocarbailr eet orenotien mecaniam hamolie wad ce mtesa dat stot gt radial Hber Jn ovioe reaefie eu meeanism homolitic se disting dows fui de react lemestare: reat aide In care o formant fea sss ‘echt de sabitare a raza Uber! farnagt ts machin take mi te non o Fate nd ae ee enero ofall on energa de diocire login care te be, Ae merge poate ft dobinaltstermie (pin abmrbjie de cite) fotoshins {pin abonbfta ube! euante de fuss) gt eeetochinsc (pi tenses Heide cnr ae cnt gee a at de ace ec. Absor) Inmina visibid eau Ultraviolet de acces inition eae eect ‘dlealice pe nari cale nu este un fenomen imma heenrt 5, Aleani pt cictoatcant Rowsile de abilisary ae adieaio ber sin do ma mult flan ‘eactit le recombinare a dol Muda beri, Meet de extrager de to fin ale mace 3 tears de adie ln molecule mesaturate Th cee dou eur din way radiata eaves stableat (rin extragor de sto a ‘aifie)transfortd molecele cu care reacfiontaaa fn radical ibert, ato (Mare de radical na spare (¥- Heaetia hidvocarbuelor ea halogens ‘elit de bubsttufie ew meeanlsm, Remote tana) eveiie de tecombinare doi radical ibert de esl el xe namese reacts de dierizare. Dimerizaea gin general recombinaren a dol radical este 0 reetie in care se formato legiturd covalent. Ha este Inso[td de degajure de ‘cengic» ebrel valore este eps eu energn ce te connimis pentra HDS fee (henge do disncire) Din est motiv exnté coud peelnee ca legitura format sis rape far in radical” Penteu tecombinaren 2 dot ‘ical ber in fark gasoand este neces fle prezenth oa trela molecu Inert, 3, care #& pret energen liberal (clochiretrimoteculara), tecind fon inal inten molecu nergizaty MP. Bxcesal de energie poate fi preuat gi de pretele vasulul (reac dd perete). Uneor,peutrua favonizn vaca dedimtviaieesemaette sup {jade contact umplind vast! eu spirtunt de material iner. Ta molectlele ‘mal mart epergla cose cibetvaat fn recombinaea 4 do tadieall ber 8 terpenes Gira fgituriastel ek procesul de recombinare poate aven Ie. "K dnt cae destabilize» radially Uibeettonsts in extrageree de otont dearer (sh de soe) dsteo molecu Mablittramsfrming-o fe aceaate din ws inceun radical Hee ‘Un al treilea mod de stabiizare al rdiealilor bet consts tn aifia ‘adicalut tno molvtlt esitarata dex, la leghture dubia dint alehind {ransfornind alchens Inte-un radicl Uber (¥- Polimerizares alehenelor, prt We Domed > nade aos my 5. Aleen scictoneant us, 1a temperatur rdicate de abicel in fax gases, radial ber superior’ pot suteri rupert tu pocfia 2 (beta fat ae eatral radicaiey ormensdalehend gun nou ridicl ber Inferior real iia (v. eracanen tenmiedy § 5 ge To RACH CIh CMC > cH 4 hey B | Rex ste aroobasor aturate cu Reactit de ‘nbwteie hana em akon nual "et ame ona Hidrocarburo saturate nu reactions coral sa ou brtat 4a intaneriey Ta temperate eamere. tn prescfa Tam ultra solar sau anal be patra) dup 0 sur peroads edepian Purtates mbetanfe, Incepe refs energy Tait pin {ntonsh de hracd a ers een tm stom de hidrogen al badnecun «ste Inlet eu acm te halogen (rene de hloars det) Halogen hdocarburlr pate avea loc taney ia ald tp ae), evel made mil ana is treated orate oxigen itr sr cy ae in recfia Inte metan 4 lor (in Fapot mast 1: 1) a focus lorurk de met, CHC iach eran ae en em 5 > enya yes Ouexes er fra ar de mee Cyto ‘on daar hy ltnlan meee een 4a clorurarenpropanalat obtin doi compas! mouelilonensf CTL GCH + C —> CHC + CoH, ekemere ———caneapon lateni an, ca alee, prota de ube Mconom draft, Reni omnes hs nats Aone do alto ref ca met hetaltc pik apa ht tape: onecfe de erence formie ses ‘de eit de prom saa aa ‘ered pi ent (net Se 10 ty deri a pray ge read tear ln eae ea a Aixpare pinta veces reambinae dea ada enaa0 5. Alcan gi ciloateant Halogenarss direct a hidrossrburilor saturate este o react eu rmocanim Hennoltc Inltut, Cele te elape ale teaehe sn acta de initiere < ae To halogenarss trmieS a aprox, 1007 nre Loe de asemmenes raperea fnivnta tne oleae de cota atom! tbeejraperes une legitant CHE ‘aitetecam nooosta ener Mal matt (104 Kea) ql deel temperatarl mal i oacit de propagart. Atami et de or, formasi tn, concentzaie nics in teneia Oe mutar, eeaefoneaas et molecule de mana In {Mes extrugnd un atom de hidrogen sf scenein; fe formeazdo molecula SEE uo cla clartare far molnula de mean cte trnsformat® intr-an Shull er metil CH adic liber met la efcniren eu o molecule Tele enttgrala tcasta un om decor forma o molecu etblit de cet geil yun stam ier decor. Atom liber do elor rela lanjul Gemee repethdteacin devextragee de hudrogen din mctan ete rover se roped de aecl ma nite de ide oti ate foie probable au los gf coon inte ator beri de lor simmoteete de lor san inte deat Hbort et qt moleculo de met dar ‘Aibibu sint sunniietive pontra mors rachis ele durin le eaceren ‘motecailor iia era ser cy omy = Om He 5, Aleuat 9 cloadeant ut Rave de ttrerapere de tan sist react normale do stailzare ‘ale ruaaltor liber! prin fecombinare aa prin tmeranr. ie lee eu ‘degaate de energie, tle ace se prio de bie! pe pertee vu at in'preceata alte moloote sre © prea energie ibera “andemen oui Het eta isle ering rin raprea ize meal de mol de prods obtina fal de munud ‘ip molt do Tenctant transtormat | MOAN OHNE FARK to sce mca Romie inn, nits fovea undnenal rece we exprmt in raport cu tral de cute uot eis empoeat ' nmat do eglesbull neers eo furore denetar {asain 390, ste ok mental SXGonnit de Hamid iia teaatomnaren wil nutle fue mee molecule, . sa aan Arrests oneraig al rnc do exbttaic ot mocaniem hows {steno Hlogeters hidvoctbutior tee rach ower tn roca intr om mot de mam sum mal de eo se deo 26 eat mola in renin eu uh mol dbo ae Geet 8) kel ea ‘cf de bromarae ete a putin exter ec ef de crave ‘Ente erence nels du ert ne ft crud yr see fio de doire al eghtano inplicte rnc vole 31) ce a aa 3 {hot + BeBe > awe MBAs nO ema ee ea apna oy nplite eae taka arash tte teebrgeantacrar ger ara earns SEMEL Sean what skin a anes da Ee Se pe Gale Sore cians weniger poe Dimmers Met > ON ay saa > onc ter Cs “ ‘ars = 3 tama (es)us 5. Aleant 91 letoatcent Tn reucia metanuly cu bm prem reacfeeementar de propagare et endotermt (16 heal). Deoarece cen dea dou tenfie ese execcen, (24 eat) procena tn amaaabiy, este exotermn (60 kel) Nal rd eg tr dua a leet de ro. Dogare in reactia mistantfat elor yin nencha metal ea bran St Fete in fg. Ga, By-o—6i* | aera esos aoe —— Fe 82.~ pa vine nl ty ae ere Primal bro} al curbel repesint® coondouatete primel reais ele rmontare, emt or = Rite 3 Po Siuawal we un det de energie ogt eu energa do actvare 4 keal snot) tn punta eliiaat al cre sega pelt mast de rere In aca are (stare ge franaie) hagas OAT nu ea ape incite tgiturs HET nu format sree poste fi considers vores fiona pe aia. Din nec pane etninant dd ener poate en Ia rout init ann ponte clus spe produ taal a acted ict represni ale de engta a ASE La en eae fepenina ovale ‘erie det ister van te dies ea ered represath ool eneri! ncaa cele doa doa Teac camentare, muna evotutio energies i an 26 pst art neni de activare a acestet rent elementare este mic (1 Kea ‘9 decurg uyor, aren de tansiiese'va tinge shmpuria si eete eel er. 5. Alcon i celolcant ni ‘dont ct sistemul va evolna fn acest se, spre fo Tema nengllstostor reat bes iver stings je ce pot sven toe $1 Margie inverse fone ses em, ga ema ese rp eens aoe eosin hbase See: Hidrocarburle siturate nu reactoneaxs ca oxigen, in condi nnonmaie, ln tenperitura camergt Ta ealdy in prvsenfa de want med ‘desubstanfe numite promotor ae le o tactic ta cursul eat. Se one ‘hun oxigen Cx prodagl pra al sete rae fomeaes hid Beroxici HOOIL Hidroperoxiall peimurs 9h aecumdatt tint nesta se Azscompan chia in eursl resi trecing im compas oxigenat (akcoly ‘Aided, cotone eau produit do oxidare at aocstora, et cabuulil ‘Hidroperosiat trae! wnt tat still y pot ft holafi De cx, pr ox ‘dares obutanulat en oxigen tolecular sat aet tn presen{ erie. de Thr drept promotor, se obtine hidroperosid tery bul extant yo, 2B ‘eactile de oxidare ex oxigen molecular se numese refi de ute _sidare spre To distinge de reacile de oxidate cu agen oxidant oni iumite Pelt do oxtdare Mecanitm de reac. Antoridares hldrvearburitor este o reactc eu mecaniim: homolitae, or oxidabi are ‘tori libes le iyind un atou de hidrogen ‘ind nagtete Ia magenta ber al hidrocaeburi care teaefmersd Wool ot ‘oxigen. Gale trel tape ale refit de autoxidave cnt React des initine Ite +0, —> 00 + me120 5. Alcont si cieloateant Reel de propagaee +0, —> R007 aa Maori Keoeile de ntrerupere aint reve normale de dimerizae saw de recombinare de Wot radia | & ies Mc item lt +(O8 +120, —S 060 (0417140 Ale = ct ate to presengi de oxigen sau aot ta tmperaturs Soa, toate hidro- ‘arburile Aint oxidate pn ls laxld de carbon $1 ‘Acrderen este 0 Toictie generals tutarer tomapayior organic a este Insets de degajare de energie tub form de caldurd, rani ildird de ardere sau de eombustie (8 noteast eu Ai. Caldurte, de fandere ale hidrocarburir au fost determinate en mare pecale ee servese in evalusrea ‘moleculeor. Arderes compusior radial pit In (60, iH sti Ip haan metodel anatiel dementare eatitatie (e. 231-0) Nojiuss de termochinie, Termochimiay un capitol al terminal Sty mien aeons Some ean een sais Sa carntohanontrs tana mraoee lla de ary so exer: cainntal nbn rei Act cam ld i Se Seman mae eis 5. Alcan ¢ leloaloens 1 CAldura de ardere » metas pnatourele etait termoehiniee sn condi standard se expres prin ag +20 = Cy +2840) ty 2308 ka ‘Seizin eildura do vaporizare aap (10,1 keal “mol? 2 20,8), reals ge +20 = Cy 2 Oy My 1099 Rat mat walle tem on puny ae de agen sata prin sabolurte(g) ua, 0 lies () sol). ‘ildirs ae adores tsa nora ste Si 765k al far a inobutatlad All, =~ 68537 heal mot, Remain ermochinca pnt el dl nome! eno ateet: yt) 8 Ogg = 8g + 5g ‘Foptul ef tu anderea butanula se dogajh mal male eBldun seit 4a ardeves sobutanulal arate aobutanal ete mai sirac in emerge eet ‘mbutarl cu 228 ktal- mol. Termenul de eomparapie ta abet cstesintemul produsiior de andere (hionid de tathon ap), stem ce mat sie in energie, deci eal mal Hab \Caidura de formare in eemente tn’ stare standard AHS AIP represint etiaar ee sar dezaja into teaetie reals anu ineginans f site molecula ar Ii nojtere din elomente ln 25° yd at. Se onsets cn Wentionsl et entalpile ia elementelor in slare standart sing ale ea ‘ero, Pentru substanfele care at mat multe sti de agregare me fa cone, 4iderore, gentry area standaed, fori lor oun mitt sbi in nese cnt ‘ii dee 140 el 1,0 ag carbon. se consort su Torn, sa ‘isting de grat, mal sail die dmantule 4a cele mai inl cazuri eBidurte de formnsre mu ke pot dete alive prin masuratori de edldunt de reais put deduce fact pit ‘afeal it date eltdaritor de andere, (ildara de formare 4 uneisubstante se esleueasi din suma cid dle arte ale etementelor din eave se scacteeldara de andere «sh stanfe. Deer. ciara deformare-a ut iool de metan din cash (eat) (qhldrogen, in stare standard, se aft szind elldure de andere metal ‘in sum e&ldarior de ardore ale cementelor, carbontt 3 Mugen G0 + Onn) = 04 Gee Main 2Hug Oxg) ~ 2180, 211 = 3804 kant 049 +2140 AU = 2229 ct1 5 Alcant i cieoaleant De ex. caleularea cildurit de ardere 4 metanu tiiind ‘nergilor de legiturt din tabeln 2.5 dieu apronimafe bund valoaren fexperimentalt. Se consider’ mai iti disocierea patra lepituns © (1, = 90 keal: mol" gia dot molecule deoxigen (By — 118,t eal: mol") In ator respeetivs tag = Bay Mig th 0) — ep Ratt ebay they at eT) 28 nat Se comsiderd apo recombinarea alomilor de C, H, O im molecule de COp $111,0 , pentru C=0 101,6 eal-mol™; penta O #11106 kel: mol- sb 2 B= i = Sea a9) — 3883 ea 48g #2 fag 21 ath = — 1806) = HR est Din insumarea valorilor de mai sus reat. pentrw etdars de andere a metaoala 20 bab mah. 2. uEAeTIEeL NcasasN Ose G)) Homeric hide: sturate, cn = teen | coat CG open 0 Micha Uae pcs 0 idrocorbarie saturate swferk transformiotprofundeaub influent, ‘ataliticd «clorarit de aluminin umevte, dueind la un amestee de idro- ‘atburtizomere a cir compouite ste dotemminatl. de stabitatea temmo- ‘inamiek « ieomerio. ‘Butanul normal treco tn jzobutan iar izabutaml freee in n-butan plu ta stabilizes tna echllbr, én, 5, Alcan s cieloateani 135 in cllohexan sau din metieiclopentan se objine, la punetal de fiosbere un amertee x compositin de 19%, cielohexan g136% metioeo pentan (C.D, Nenijesed, T- Cabtunat, A. Digan, 1851). 0-90 ws Be Cleloacanit ew inele mai mari say mal_micl da eine sou do gase tami decabon se truforiad in compas! ciel deine! gd ase atom O-¥-O + Hidrocarburile saturate seizomerizeae prin creer lr tn state de ‘vapor, peste caalizatofermafs di alicat de alumina Tatura 0 snte {icf rl seanor seating wn iets de cnet eu atene nal se ter ‘tape inifiad a reacfid const in fonparea unui carbocation, prin ‘ruperesheteralitieha une! legit CHL. Renofte de propose consi In react destabilize ale canbocatinilor sitemedatl 8 jalyon Goes we aveyouy= > ah. ¥* |ejou scent vt ce fee She eee eerie ene EL fe trata feta prtenuh etna ears: D. Rea, Aven FS,16 5. Alcent gt cletoatoant nun afteartatn ofan rca pouch Pa Ta ea ae Ai Niort uty sage ant la rads a eS Svinte" ‘atin, as Wtepocti, pn care on shoo nal pat nl ter ee feat fate Inbar oad {hea tor emmoditalet de eeapt vag Bhintall rae de tabi le carol hl Trae intruder aio Ndr Ms dea wn tm vein (ante Fon dete “inact Sense anaes ‘Sionslaa sothe tem 9) cn = neon >, Transfer intermolecular de in de hidrard de tao sith molecu de hidrocarburt; carboeational ee intro molecu stabia tar molecu ‘donoare’ de ion de hidrurk eee teeing eh nte-un carbocation care ‘meas st el una din Tescille de stabilnar cme men = nena Ra Ret . Transfer intramolecular de grupo nett cu cel doi eletooni CH (cehivaient al ionulus de hcdrurs din weaeie anteioate). Transfer ste Joe intotdewana de la un enghon vecin sin senso de a ds taytere la th sou tarboatton stl wate termodinamic eta mae (reed freee i teria) Jn care are loc modifieaes.seheltalui hidrocasbomst sthimbarea local un atom de eatbon ve amese radi ‘te transposifio de aceltsau tramepacfs moteouare, Ele sat frecvente ta eaefil in etre spar intermodic earbncationy, dap tum se'va veel ‘pare 1. Stare de carboration dispute pein ruc de elininare de proton Jn un atom do'tarion veein eu central sushoeationies se obfin alee, cain cate reverubil deourece alehenele ot fxs wn prog tela tat Jnteun carbocation (©. Alehene, § 7-8-8), 5, Alcon ¢ lloakeant a Toni classi. Loni neces Inue-un enebocation paint: mt este tm Tile epee acca et ‘eit eet scoandand (wf 4). fireaeti In ero iter uh ‘star iben ‘Traneferl de jon de drs su de grap ctl ae Toe fone ene ma Joust In eave sen este difesatt intrest tet at flaw pare ls tanaposijie.Astiel de ion! se umes fom wefan! spe ft ‘deosebitt de cabocntiont care ne numese fat eliotn it eset (3°. Rater 1881), mo Rd exe Paps Sei In joni nedlaic se admite oi deficit de eeetruni deta atoanul de carbon cationie este cmpeasat partial prin partiipares electron ‘hel Tegan vetne nsf et Aapeng ne ah hi pe eel putin tet ata Taomerizarea n-butan = seobutam aye szecanima janie inntu CCattiatoral are reba de'a frau earboeationnl ipa (Matta) Nests sar Se de rch de waned ide ras dare int eind ange 13h a fr, al sab, Poin Feat {is cro mole ge n-butan result tobten hse rlae arbor ecundat nial eae nia anf detransfarm. Poateetapee za Sint reverse. Carpio anestecufa final este determinate on termodinauiel eel donk cmon cH Eien oH, trewens Fy = oka i oe128 5. Alconi 9 cictoatoant Poatra iomerisaeaclcohoran 2 melelcopeatn. se urmétoral lanj de reactii : - — + Ob erro + CS mene Aawctetrnodinamice. te eeaeia de lzomotinre 2 aa (la25° 1 at compoxifn la achilibru a smesteculu ate de18,8% n-butan, $151,744 tzobutan (in provente malare); ln 100" este de 249, e-butan 4604" iadbatom (determinate experznentl) ‘Din valotreaeonstantel de ehlib se poste esata entapia ter {ie reace 869 n condi standard precum a etalpin beré de reacle 3 ‘orice moment al reaejets nver dit valoaea” AG* se pate alle cone Santa de echilibea ta diferitetempetatar, dct 9 comversit: Se wllizeat ‘lati termodtinal = SA 804 RE Ka 808 0 2589 te Tea eshiibea 30% =0 3 AG? — —RT In K = —2,503 RT tog K ‘otalpia Mier do seach AG® in 2B est 80 = — 2.908 6.96 etn 2 e718) 80° 4678 0) Ig A eta) Aceastainseaumt fa co cit pata e680 eal at illo Aste irobutanal este mai stabi 5, Aleen si citoateant a Hotalpin thers, de neueie 6% ta transtormanea mbutanall ‘gobnutan mypresinth diferentadintce entatpie bere de foruate stam ‘SaPateaobatenulai W0keal mol) ade “0,80 eal mol Constanta de relibny ta 25° se ealeutaad di relia 8) = — Ro (4.8709 og de unde rezulth JE = 4,49, respetie (labutan) = 8 ‘eat as exit iemperata, dos. 10 sompoii nei nut go mn gener 499 keal mol) sa utanala 4 AG 3042900 HT og Kt ane seve an thy = 0= 090 428 (8-8 eae) unilererutS = 8,810; » (obutun) = 76% ml (1 — 2} (tan = 21% mol ‘inostind ag" standard se pot catenla valori AG ponte Pe 01. —Stpctar ats te epee pet met Te ptr, pena etre eee Tian ree aed Se nam dy argon fa cent (0, Negeri6, Stereachimie 1 ) 6. Stersochimie 1 ‘conventional, eX lepituilefigurate orizontal sat orientate ita, 106 | Aetracdtice. Modslul tetracdric prevede existent. do ‘bsereata, i cele dona hegitar ‘certeal sit asentae In | yr er tom gman mle apa tes ait og leon io reed no ni, oa oes Sa ag Smeg Da a 1 T ieee meee cee meee a cs le’ representing configurafia unal Lzomer steric, ‘ecipaa ac ‘ital prin simp roti in et Deceit do sugstive mul wilde pent representaren con “Nu ‘oft conformer aut acoeastatabilitate. Molecalle adoptscn —{—_tormerilor sin formal ‘Newman (hg. 63). Ete we dedve din precidore aaumia conforma preferate, mat sirace a energie, ded iat formulele deaf sia (aps Cel dol atomt de eaten slo be (ema departs) farce a feat. Valeniele nwtelah Faraleaemolinio, Rereonares graft «cnfrneriy Pe ad tat se esau deasupra cenula ia cele ae arcs repreaentaren gafies tn apa(il hdimenaioal (tale de hie abl in pate bo figures en puorave sau Ha pline care se oprese 2 Tmagin!tienstonie's une moleti pe folese mal tlt pu de intardonerng sere te fe figuteacs unghiu! ed formule. Toate formate utlizte aa Ia hast tnele convent cae tale tdntre va je'rplanal hile 's anghiunat-dintre vale peste. | tetearelan facta varagt Rate ¢~B60" ” Permle de ise modelal tetrwedo al atonal de carbon fig. 6.2). Ble nt practoe pentra reprezentaea anor moleru Ape dis devin acomode in Tepresentare lecleor al mal a, Qferapite stout, Zofia tpi, Intmnriicen 1 ' on formate etre ane ora rome ora lean ple C0 j yal La ae re hd i ae Ste seats | pene pate tcc eee seer oe Tespidksatesletd ot eacteene estan ae 2 conan? a Sci as came nea se etc | a fn seit Soares care ae etna pean ge : Si ida rots dal oo a va eh Sot eens 5 a oe molecu lass cep printo ifnat de cao ate cae Bormulele de proieatic deviv’s din formulele de. rurati¢ sau ‘isting dou conformalit extreune : 9 conformapie eatipsutir (a = 0) st 0 soesisen “pin fainaten taro. subsianaion Stor ae cat ‘onorpie interedats (0 0") (i. 6, Spee Scis oan tes (aerate acevo is " ssh cillaltaatata ‘