SHS

Inquiries, Investigation,
and Immersion
Quarter 1 – Module 2:
Identifying the Problem
and Asking Question
SHS Applied Subject: Inquiries, Investigation and Immersion
Quarter 1 – Module 2: Identifying the Problem and Asking Question
First Edition, 2020

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Development Team of the Module

Writer:
April V. Bigueja–Antipolo National High School
Editors:
1. Gilda A. Castañeda – Dalipay High School
2. Angustia P. Oraa – Visita de Salog High School
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Module
Identifying the Problem and Asking the
2 Question

This module contains discussion and activities that will help you explore
possible sources of research problems, and finally help you come up with your
statement of the problem and specific research questions.

Learning Target

In this module, you are expected to formulate clearly the statement of

research problem.

Vocabulary List

The following terms will be encountered in the lesson:

Causal Question is when a study is designed to determine whether one or

more variables causes or affects one or more outcome variables.

Conceptual definition is one that is found in the dictionaries. This is also called
constitutive definition.
Conceptual framework refers to the research paradigm that sets out the
constructs important in the research area and the relationships between these
constructs.
Definition of terms is an alphabetical list of the important words acronyms that
researcher defines particularly those used in a special way in the study so as to
avoid ambiguity.
Delimitation is the part that establishes the boundaries of the study.

Descriptive Question is when a study is designed primarily to describe a

particular phenomenon.

Framework is a set of concepts that serves as scaffolding to something. In

research, it serves as the building foundation.

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Limitation is a statement that lays the weakness of the study. An honest
acceptance of the limitation brings more credence to the study.
Operational definition is also known as functional definition. This refers to the
definition of a term as used in the study.
Paradigm of the Study refers to the presentation of a study in a form of diagram
to summarize it.
Problem Statement is the main organizing principle guiding the analysis of the
paper. The problem under investigation offers occasion for writing and a focus of
what the researcher wants to know and impart. It represents the core subject
matter of scholarly communication, and the means by which we arrive at other
topics of conversations and the discovery of new knowledge and understanding
(Alvesson, 2013).
Research is an investigation following ordered steps leading to the discovery of
new information or concept (Sanchez, 1999).

Relational Question is when a study is designed to look at the relationships

between two or more variables.

Scope refers to the part of the research that defines where and when the study
was conducted and who the subjects where
Significance of the Study is written as part of the introduction section of a thesis.
It provides details to the reader on how the study will contribute such as what
the study will contribute and who will benefit from it. It also includes an explanation
of the work's importance as well as its potential benefits.
Theory is an idea or set of ideas that is intended to explain facts or events. It is an
idea that is suggested or presented as possibly true but that is not known or
proven.
Topic refers to the guiding principle for the analysis of a research paper. It provides
avenue for writing and a focus to what one intends to communicate. It is the center
of a scholarly communication.

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 Warming Up
Task 1. Let’s Recall

Instruction: Answer the question using the “KWL” chart. Recall the concepts that
you learned in Practical Research 1 and 2. Please use notebook or a separate
sheet of paper in answering the activity.

What is research?

KNOW WANT TO KNOW LEARNED

1.

2.

Task II. Query Box

pandemic online learning shortened school year

travel restraint social distancing job loss

Instruction: Given the box of words, come up with a question and create a
statement of a problem. Please use notebook or a separate sheet of paper in
answering the activity.

(Ex. for online learning)

1. Question: What are the difficulties encountered by the senior high school
students in online learning? _________________________________________
Problem Statement: The objective of the study is to describe and understand
the difficulties encountered by senior high school students in online_ learning.

Learning About It

Research Problem
A research problem is a statement about an area of concern, a condition
to be improved, a difficulty to be eliminated, or a troubling question that exists
in scholarly literature, in theory, or in practice that points to the need for
meaningful understanding and deliberate investigation. It is typically posed in
the form of a question.
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 What are possible sources of research topics?
Here are some questions that may serve as your guide to generate ideas that
may lead to your possible research topics:
a. Do you have a strong opinion about a current issue?

b. Do you have an interest that you would like to know more about?

c. Are there aspects or concerns surrounding you that you are interested in
learning more about?

d. What are the current concerns or stories you want to learn more about?

To make research more manageable, the following shall be considered:

Selection of research topic is one of the most challenging tasks in research
and very important as well. This phase may be easy for some researchers by doing
brainstorming. Research topic becomes the basis of the time, effort and resources
that the researcher will invest through the journey. Careful attention in choosing
the research topic will work to your benefit. Thus, the following must be considered
in deciding research topic.
a) Aspect - Choose one aspect through which you look at the research problem.
To put it more simply, look at just one facet of the issue or problem. E.g. A study
about the effect of the Corona pandemic to the life of the people is just too
broad and has multiple aspects which will be complicated for a student-
researcher.
b) Components - determine if your initial variables or unit of analyses can be
divided into more particular parameters which can then be analyzed more
precisely. For example, a study about vaping will be too broad. Topic is too
broad when there are so many different ideas about it. [e.g., a study of tobacco
use among adolescents can focus only on vaping among male adolescents
rather than adolescents in genera or focus on female adolescents of a certain
age.
c) Curiosity - Choose a topic that you know a little about, however you have the
desire to explore and learn more. There is no point in studying something you
already knew as there will be no place for finding new knowledge.
d) Interest - Choose a topic that seems interesting to you. If you do not have any
interest in a topic you will not be able to do the study with passion and probably
you will not duly devote time for it. As a senior high school student what are
the most interesting topics in your field that you want to explore. But remember
that apart from your interest, topic you chose must be objective and
researchable. Moreover, your interest must be about a novel topic. Avoid overly
discussed or explored topic.

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e) Time and Place --Remember that the smaller the area of analysis, the
narrower the focus. Moreover, the shorter the available time period, the
narrower the focus should be. Narrow down your topic and review it several
times. Get feedback from your teacher about your chosen topic.
f) Type -- Focus your topic in terms of a specific type or class of people, places,
or things. Otherwise, the conduct of the study will not be manageable.
g) Availability of Resources - Check the availability of references by visiting on-
line libraries, journals and research gates. Once you realize the non-availability
of resources, change the subject.
h) Significance of the Topic - The research topic chosen must be significant,
and must address a particular problem that will impact the life of the people in
general.

Conceptual Framework

Researchers create conceptual frameworks that include a philosophical and

methodological model to help design their work. The data collection and analysis
are also based on the theoretical and conceptual framework. Miles and Huberman
(1994) defined a conceptual framework as a visual or written product, one that
‘explains, either graphically or in narrative form, the main things to be studied—the
key factors, concepts, or variables—and the presumed relationships among them.
One of the most important things about conceptual framework is that it primarily
becomes the model of what is out there that you plan to study.

Guide on How to Make the Conceptual Framework

1. Pick your research topic. Remember the considerations in choosing the
research topic. You may refer to the previous discussion in this module.
2. Do a literature review. Read relevant and updated research on the general
topic that you decide to work on.
3. Identify the important variables. Find studies with the same variables and
figure out how these are related to your study. You may go over the abstract of
the published research. Some abstracts contain the variables. If variables are
not apparent from the abstract, you may do a skimming of the discussion. .
4. Then build your conceptual framework using the variables from the related
studies you have read.
IPO (Input-Process-Output) is one of the most used paradigms that seek to
understand a factor or variable that causes a problem or change in the subject.

Input Process Output

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 Example of a Conceptual Framework

(Output)
(Input)
(Process)
Manifestation Effect on:
of Perceived
Narcissism a. Appearance
a. Questionnaire
Concern
a. Selfie b. Interview
b. Academic
c. Focused
b. Photo Performance
Manipulation group
discussion
c. Interpersonal
c. Posting Relation

Writing a Hypothesis
A hypothesis is a statement that can be tested by scientific research. If you
want to test a relationship between two or more things, you need to write
hypotheses before you start your experiment or data collection. Hypothesis states a
prediction about what the study will find. It is a tentative answer to a problem that has not
yet been tested.

Variables in hypotheses
In experimental and correlational research, hypotheses propose a
relationship between two or more variables. An independent variable is something
the researcher changes or controls. A dependent variable is something the
researcher observes and measures.

Developing a Hypothesis
1. Ask a question. Hypothesis begins with a research question that you want to
answer. The question should be specific and researchable.
2. Do some preliminary research of the previous studies. Your initial answer to the
question should be based on what is already known about the topic. Look
for theories and previous studies to help you form educated prediction.
3. Formulate your hypothesis. Foresee the idea of what you expect to find. Write
your initial answer to the question in a concise sentence.
Writing a Statement of the Problem
After identifying a research problem, the next step is to write a problem
statement. It has to be concise and concrete. Writing a problem statement can help
the researcher put the topic in context and have a deeper understanding of its
significance. A problem statement may be written in several paragraphs or in
several sentences incorporated in the introduction.

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 For practical research, look at the concrete details of the situation and ask
yourself these questions:

a) Where and when does the problem arise?

b) Who are affected by the problem?
c) What attempts have been made to solve the problem?

Problem statement should also address the relevance of the research: why
is it important to resolve the problem. The problem statement need not lay world-
changing impact. What is important is that the he problem statement should lay
how you intend to address the problem. Your goal should not be to find a
conclusive solution, but to seek out the reasons behind the problem and propose
more effective approaches to understanding it. So a researcher must set the
objectives of the study. You may start with the following phrases:

a) The aim of this study is to determine…

b) This project aims to explore…
c) I aim to investigate…

The following are tasks that may help a researcher enhance skill in
discovering and identifying a research problem

a. Refer to related literature.

b. Attend webinars.
c. Be observant of the situations around you.
d. Visit libraries and online research gates.
e. Subscribe to research journals.
f. Conduct mini researches and note the gaps in the findings.

General problem statement is usually followed by specific problems which are

in a form of a question. There are two types of questions: researchable questions
and non-researchable questions. Non-researchable questions are those
answerable by yes or no. Researchable questions are questions of value or
opinion.

Researchable question:

a. What are the effects of internet accessibility in the campus to the academic
performance of the students?
b. What learning enhancement project may be implemented to improve students’
academic performance?

Definition of Terms
Definition of terms is an alphabetical list of the important words acronyms that
researcher defines particularly those used in a special way in the study so as to
avoid ambiguity.

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 Your proposed study will likely include words that are not widely known outside
your discipline. It may include constructs, formulas and operational definitions that
differ from colloquial definitions or other schools of thought. This part of your study
offers provides the reader a list of definitions of these terms. Your definition can
considerably affect how the reader understands your thesis. Be sure you use these
terms in a consistent manner from the start to finish of your study.
In writing your definition of terms, make an introductory sentence or
paragraph. It must also be noted that a word may be defined conceptually and
operationally in the study.
Example:
The following words defined are used in this study:
Photo Manipulation. This refers to editing of the pictures using the different
features available in the mobile phone or computer. Its purpose is for the person
to look better and beautiful and handsome before they post it on social media
platforms.
Self-esteem. This is operationally defined as the manner the students value
themselves through the affirmation and motivation they get through the posting
they make in the social media platform.
Selfie. This refers to self-portrait photograph typically taken using mobile
phone and shared on social media such as Facebook and Instagram. To some
people they consider it as vanity and to some it is the best way to share the both
important and non-important things about themselves.
Significance of Study
Significance of the study answers the fifth W of an academic quest. That is the
why. Why do you think your study is significant? When discussing this, you deal
with the general contribution that your study makes.

According to Unite for Sight, the goal of research is to inform action. Your study
must contextualize its findings within the larger body of research. It must have a
high quality that is applicable outside of the research setting.

Dissemination of the research outcomes is the expressed contribution of the

researcher. Leann Zarah in her article offered 7 reasons why research is important.
They are as follows:

1. Research is a tool for facilitating learning.

2. It is a way to understand various issues and it increases public awareness.
3. Research leads to business success.
4. It is a way to negate fallacious claims.
5. It finds and seizes opportunities.
6. Research is a key to love reading, writing, analyzing, and sharing valuable
Information
7. Research nourishes and exercises the brain.
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 To be guided in drafting your Significance of the study, ask yourself these
questions:
Q1: What is the specific significance of your research to yourself or other
individual?
Q2: Why is it important to communicate the value of your research?

A study without sharing its findings is a mere brain exercise and will never give
an opportunity for more learning discoveries. If that is the case, it may not be
considered significant.

Here is an example of a Significance of the Study.

Example A

Significance of the Study

The study is beneficial to the following people:
The Students. This study will give awareness to students on the effects
of social media addiction on their behavior. Moreover, they can be enlightened
and may practice using social media in an appropriate way.
The Parents. This study will help the parents to understand why their
children are being addicted to social media. Through this study, they can think
of some preventive measures to help their children control the use of social
media.
Future Researchers. This study may benefit future researchers since
this will serve as blueprint of the findings and conclusions which may lead to
further studies.

Example B

Significance of the Study

This study is considered beneficial to the following:
Community. This study will benefit the community in general as the
findings will give the people better understanding of the millennial and their
manner of boosting self-esteem through the use of social media platforms.
Teachers. This will help them understand the developmental, social and
behavioral effects of using social media to their students. The results of this
study will be their basis in incorporating intervention and strategies on how
to enhance the teaching and learning process and promote and develop
students’ interpersonal skill.

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 Students. This will help them realize the positive and the negative
effects of selfie, photo manipulation and posting in the social media with
their self-esteem with relation to their physical appearance and academic
performance and interpersonal relationship skills which make them more
responsible, sociable and contented of their self-worth.
Parents. This will make them aware of the positive and negative effect
of selfie, photo manipulation and posting to the self-esteem, academic and
interpersonal skills of their children in order to guide their social networking
behavior and help them become better and responsible individual who
know how to prioritize their time in studying and household duties.
Researchers. The knowledge derived from the study will lead them to
have better understanding of the personality and social network behavior
of the millennial students on how they will promote and present themselves
in social media to become likeable. Further, this study will help them
recommend some possible solutions to mitigate the negative effects of
selfie, photo manipulation and posting on their self-esteem, academic
performance and interpersonal skill.
Future Researchers. This will serve as their guide in making further
studies and provide related reading materials and additional information
for their own investigation.
(Source: Perceived Narcissism Among Education Students of Education
Students of University of Nueva Caceres as Manifested in the Use of
Social
Scope and Media (Ablay, Bigueja et al, 2017)
delimitation
Everything must have limits. Government, politics, power, rights and sports
have its own bounds. Conduct of a study must have bounds as well. It is necessary
to narrow down research topic and limit its bounds. Otherwise, it will not be
manageable and your study will go nowhere. Readers of your research must know
these limits. The scope identifies the boundaries of the study in term of subjects,
objectives, facilities, area, time frame, and the issues to which the research is
focused.
Given here are examples of opening phrases to express the scope of the study:

The coverage of this study ___________________________________________.

The study consists of _______________________________________________.
The study covers __________________________________________________.
The study focuses on _______________________________________________.

The purpose of the delimitation of the study is to delimit by geographic location,

age, sex, population traits, population size, or other similar aspects. Delimitation
makes study more manageable and feasible. Part of it sets the constraints or
weaknesses of a study which are beyond the control of the researcher. An example
of limitation is accessibility of data. The quality of the research findings will depend

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upon the ability of the researcher to access information from people or
organization. Another example of limitation is the time that a research has to
devote in the conduct of the study. So, the researcher must be careful in deciding
on a research problem. Interest over the topic will not suffice. It must be practicable
within a manageable period of time.
Given here are examples of opening phrases to express the scope of the study:
The study does not cover the _________________________________________.
The researcher limited this research to__________________________________.

Here is an example of Scope and Delimitation.

Predictors of Students’ Performance in Chemistry Laboratories

Of Selected Private Schools (Estrella, 2009)

This study was focused on the factors affecting students’ performance in

Chemistry laboratory in selected schools in Balanga City for the School Year
2008-2009. In this study, the students’ performance refers to the average
grade of the students in their Chemistry laboratory from the first to third
grading period. Chemistry, the chosen field for the study is the science with
more abstract theories which must be proven with actual events through
experiments by the students.
The study considered the following schools in Balanga City Schools as
the research locale of the investigation Tomas del Rosario College Asia
Pacific College of Advance Science of Bataan Christian School. This is
because these schools belong to the same category as private institutions.
Specifically, the factors in this research were students-related ones
which pertain to the attitude of the students in Chemistry laboratory. Teacher
related factors pertain to the teaching strategies, competencies and
teachers’ attitude in conducting experiments in the Chemistry laboratory.
Lastly, laboratory related factors pertain to the adequacy, availability and
usability of the laboratory equipment and the laboratory manual and facilities.
The grade point average (GPA) were gathered and tabulated to measure
their performance in the Chemistry laboratory.

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 Keeping You in Practice

I. Background of the Research Problem

Practice Task 1. Proposed Research Problem

Topics are given below. List possible concerns, problems or issues you can think
of or have encountered relative to it. The first one is done for you. Use a separate
sheet of paper in answering the activity.

Topic Relative Problems or Issues

a. Effect of social media to the interpersonal skills of the
Social Media students
b. Impact of social media to the academic performance
c. Over reliance of teens in social media
a.
Gender
b.
Discrimination
c.
a.
Bullying b.
c.
Disaster a.
response b.
management c.

Practice Task 2. Narrow Down the Topic

Topics in Practice Task 1 will be used in this activity. In Column A, write a general
idea that may lead to a research problem. In column B, narrow down the general
idea to target a particular aspect of the topic. The first topic is answered to serve
as an example. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the activity.

Column A Column B
Topic
General Topic Narrow It Down
Social Media Social Media and Academic Social Media and Its Impact
Performance on the Academic
Performance

Impact of Social Media on

the Academic Performance
of High School Students

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 Gender
Discrimination

Bullying

Disaster
response
management

II. Statement of the Problem

Practice Task 1. Drafting the Research Question

Answer the following questions in Column A. An example is provided. Use a
separate sheet of paper in answering the activity.

Column A Column B
1. What broad topic are you most Household Chores and Absenteeism
interested? If you cannot think of any,
it will help if you will do a background
research.
2. What specific part of the topic are
Household chores and the resulting
you most interested? school absenteeism of the students.
3. List 2-3 possible questions about
How do household chores affect school
your chosen topic area. attendance?
What are the effects of household chores
to school attendance?
4. Choose one to be your main How do household chores affect school
research question. attendance?
5. Make your question clear and How do household chores affect school
specific as to scope. attendance of the senior high students of
Antipolo National High School?

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Do the same in this worksheet.
Question Answer
1. What broad topic are you most
interested? If you cannot think of
any, it will help if you will do a
background research.
2. What specific part of the topic are
you most interested? In this part,
you list sub-topics from the broad
topic you picked.
3. List 2-3 possible questions about
your chosen topic area.
4. Choose one to be your main
research question.
5. Make your question clear and
specific as to scope.

Practice Task 2. Drafting the Research Question Part 2

This activity will give you more practice in drafting your research questions. The
worksheet is more appropriate when the nature of the study is action research.
Give what is asked in Column A. Put your answers in Column B. Brief descriptions
are given in Column B. Use notebook or a separate sheet of paper in answering
the activity.

A B
Problem or Issue
People most affected by the issue
Type of problem
Probable cause of the problem
Goal for improvement
Proposed solution to the problem
(Write a focusing question about the
problem you are interested in)
Answer:
(Identify the people most affected by the
issue.)
Answer:
(Identify if the problem is about
knowledge, skills, attitude or feelings.)
Answer:
(Based on your data analysis, what is the
most significant cause contributing to this
problem.)
Answer:
(This describes how you will impact the
problem. This becomes the basis of your
goal statement)
Answer:
(This becomes the basis of your action
planning.)
Answer:

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 Additional Tasks
Task: Choosing and Refining Topic
Think of a topic/s that captures your interest. Write it in Column A. Narrow down
your general topic and write it in Column B. In Column C list the keywords relative
to the topic. For Column C, list the references you used. Note that Column D is
important because reference to literature is a process that leads one to another
insight and provide a way to analyze it. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering
the activity.

An example is provided.
(A) (B) (C) (D)
General Topic Narrow It Down Keywords Sources Referred
for the Ideas
Household chores Household chores Household Jalagat, Revenio.
and the resulting and its effect to chores; Relationship
school the school Assessment
absenteeism of attendance of the School Between
the students. senior high absenteeism of Absenteeism and
students of the students Their Academic
Antipolo National Performance: The
High School Case of Selected
Pupils in
Laguindingan
Central School.
2017
Portner, Claus.
Effects of parental
absence on child
labor and school
attendance in the
Philippines.
September, 2014

Answer the worksheet below.

(A) (B) (C) (D)

General Topic Narrow It Down Keywords Sources Referred
for the Ideas

15
 Cooling Down

Task: Writing Problem Statement and Research Questions

In this activity, write the problem statement that you intent to study. It may be a
topic you already mentioned in the previous activities. This time, you will have to
identify the focus or scope of your study to narrow down the research problem.
Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the activity.

Research problem:
a. _________________________________________________________________
b. _________________________________________________________________
c. _________________________________________________________________

Learning Challenge

Task 1. Practice More

Provide the necessary information as asked in the 1st Column. An example is given
below. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the activity.

Example A:
Question/Instruction Answer
Topic of the Study Online Gaming
Problem Statement Many students skip school attendance
because of online games.
Hypothesis Based on the Inappropriate online games weaken
Problem academic performance.

Do the same in this table.

Question/Instruction Answer
What is your proposed topic for
study?
Write your statement of the problem
Formulate your hypothesis based on
your statement of the problem.

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 Points to Ponder

Research is a critical investigation of hypothetical propositions about the

presumed relations among natural phenomena.
McGuican (1978) the following are situations that can be a source of research
problem:
When there is a gap in knowledge;
- When there are contradictory claims; and
- When there is a fact that is not explained yet
Characteristics of good research problem:
- The topic must be new.
- It must be significant or of use to a particular group of people.
- Topic must be of interest to the researcher
- It must be attainable within a particular period of time.
A hypothesis can be defined as a tentative explanation of the research
problem, a possible outcome of the research, or an educated guess about the
research outcome. (Sarantakos, 1993)
There are three main functions of research title:
a. It sets the summary of the entire study.
b. It serves as the guiding blueprint of the whole thesis.
c. It helps other researchers through easy reference for theories.

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 Answer Key

III. WARMING UP

Task I. Let’s Recall

Answers may vary.

Task II. Query Box

Answers may vary

I. Background of the Research Problem

Practice Task 1. Proposed Research Problem

Answers may vary
Practice Task 2. Narrow Down the Topic

Answers may vary.

II. Statement of the Problem

Practice Task 1. Drafting the Research Question

Answers may vary.

Practice Task 2. Drafting the Research Question 2

Answers may vary.

Additional Tasks
Task 1: Choosing and Refining Topic
Answers may vary.

VII. COOLING DOWN

Task 2: Writing Problem Statement and Research Questions
Answers may vary.

Learning Challenge
Task: Explore More
Answer may vary

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 References

Burkhardt, MacDonald & Rathemacher’s. October 2012. Teaching Information

Literacy: 50 Standards-Based Exercises for College Student. File Retrieved from
https://library.wlu.ca/sites/default/files/pdfs/tutorials/researchquestionworksheet
Camp. 2001. Definition of Conceptual Framework. Retrieved from
https://www.scirp.org/(S(351jmbntvnsjt1aadkposzje))/reference/ReferencesPap
ers.aspx?ReferenceID=799522
Cristobal Jr, Cruz-Cristobal MC. 2017. Practical Research 1 for Senior High
School. 1st Edition. Philippines: C & E Publishing, Inc. 2017
Cristobal Jr, Cruz-Cristobal MC. 2017. Practical Research 2 for Senior High
School. 1st Edition. Philippines: C & E Publishing, Inc. 2017
Choosing Topic for Research (July, 2016). File Retrieved from
https://cdn.dal.ca/content/dam/dalhousie/pdf/library/CoreSkills/Choosing_Topic.
pd
Definition of Research. Retrieved from
https://libguides.usc.edu/writingguide/researchproblem

Regoniel, P. 2015. Conceptual Framework: A Step by Step Guide on How to Make

One. File Retrieved From https://simplyeducate.me/2015/01/05/conceptual-
framework-guide/
Robbins, S. 2000. Organizational Behavior. 9th Edition. New Jersey. Prentice Hall
Sevilla C., Ochave J., Punsalan T., Regala B., Uriarte G. 2000. Research Methods.
Manila, Philippines. Rex Book Store
Sources of Research Topics. April, 2017. File Retrieved from
https://www.quora.com/What-are-the-sources-of-research-topics-problems-
collecting-the-research-topic
Strategies to Help Focus on Your Topic. File Retrieved from
https://library.sacredheart.edu/c.php?g=29803&p=185906

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