GENDERED IMPACTS OF MIGRANT LABOR AND EXTRACTIVE INDUSTRIES IN KACHIN 1jan 2021

GENDERED IMPACTS OF MIGRANT LABOR AND EXTRACTIVE INDUSTRIES IN
KACHIN
Table of Contents
SUMMARY...................................................................................................................................................2
BACKGROUND, SCOPE AND METHODOLOGY..............................................................................................2
The Background.......................................................................................................................................2
Purpose of the Research..........................................................................................................................4
Methodology...........................................................................................................................................5
LITERATURE REVIEW....................................................................................................................................6
Introduction.............................................................................................................................................6
Gender and Extractive Industry in Phakant.............................................................................................7
Communities Response to Drug Issues..................................................................................................12
Formal and Informal Labor Extractive Industry, Phakant......................................................................13
Women rights to Social Economic Employment and Education............................................................14
Women's Health and Safety Issues for Women.....................................................................................16
Women's Right to Protection from all forms of Violence......................................................................17
RESULTS And METHODS ANALYSIS............................................................................................................19
Section A: Demographic, Age, Education Level, Income Level Analysis Results........................................20
Participants................................................................................................................................................20
The Participants Profiles............................................................................................................................20
Section B: Family Responsibility, Family Social Status, Working Hours Results.........................................22
Section C: Employment, Career Advancement, Salary, Promotion, Training and Development Results.. .37
Section D: Gender Based Violence (all sorts of GBV) and Migration Results.............................................56
Section E: Social Structure/Culture Norms, Policies and Programs, Framework -Education, Social
economy, Health, Laws against Women Results.......................................................................................62
Section F: Drug Issues Women Faced Results............................................................................................71
Section G: Working Condition, Safety and Security, Job Opportunity And Living Condition”....................74
RECOMMENDATIONS/SUGGESTIONS/IMPLEMENTATIONS......................................................................78
LIMITATION AND FUTURE RESEARCH........................................................................................................78
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SUMMARY
Thought, Myanmar has made important progress on gender equality and women’s rights, and
many of these included the constitution guarantees of gender equality, inclusive participation of
women in the labor force, employment, women in Pheasant faced several social and economic
issues especially safety and security as well as employment comparing other parts of the country.
Communities in the Kachin State, especially in Phakant region faced serious drug issues such as
create addiction which causes many problems among mineworkers, family problems, crime, and
safety and security for women. အတွေးအခေါ်အရမြန်မာနို င်ငံ သည်ကျား၊ မရေးရာတန်းတူ ညီမျှမှုနှ င့်
အမျ ိုးသမီးအခွင့်အရေးများအတွက်အရေးကြီးသောတို းတက်မှုများပြုလု ပ်ခဲ့ သည်။ ဖွဲ့စည်းပုံ အခြေခံ ဥပဒေ
အရကျား၊ မတန်းတူ ညီမျှမှုအာမခံ ချက်၊ အလု ပ်သမားအင်အားတွင်အမျ ိုးသမီးများပါ ၀ င်မှု၊ အလု ပ်အကို င်၊
Pheasant ရှိအမျ ိုးသမီးများ၊ တို င်းပြည်၏အခြားအစိတ်အပို င်းများကို နှိုင်းယှ ဉ်အလု ပ်အကို င်အဖြစ်။
ကချင်ပြည်နယ်မှ အထူ းသဖြင့်ဖ ak ကန့်ဒေသရှိရပ်ရွာလူ ထု များသည်သတ္တ ုတွင်းလု ပ်သားများ၊ မိသားစု
ပြproblems နာများ၊ ရာဇ ၀ တ်မှုများနှ င့်အမျ ိုးသမီးများအတွက်လုံ ခြုံ ရေးနှ င့်လုံ ခြုံ ရေးစသည့်စွဲလမ်းမှုကဲ့ သို့
သောပြင်းထန်သောမူ းယစ်ဆေးဝါးပြ issues နာများနှ င့်ရင်ဆို င်ခဲ့ ရသည်။ Others for violating human
rights, including women and girls drug users, particularly women working at mine sites succumb
to the abundance of available heroin and opium. The findings show that women use a drug for
joy-seeking and Friend Persuade Me got the highest scores in the analysis. အမျ ိုးသမီးများနှ င့်
မိန်းကလေးငယ်များမူ းယစ်ဆေးဝါးသုံ းစွဲသူ များအပါအ ၀ င်လူ့အခွင့်အရေးကို ချ ိုးဖောက်သောအခြားသူ များ၊
အထူ းသဖြင့်သတ္တ ုတွင်းနေရာများတွင်အလု ပ်လု ပ်သောအမျ ိုးသမီးများသည်ဘိန်းဖြူနှ င့်ဘိန်းများများစားစား
ကို လက်လွှတ်လို က်ရသည်။ တွေ့ရှိချက်များအရအမျ ိုးသမီးများသည် ၀ မ်းမြောက်မှုအတွက်မူ းယစ်ဆေးဝါး
သုံ းစွဲမှုကို အသုံ းပြု၍ Friend Persuade Me သည်လေ့ လာမှုတွင်အမြင့်ဆုံ းရခဲ့ သည်။ Next is followed by
family problems and a lack of knowledge about the complication of drugs. Furthermore, the drug
issue is one of the major challenges for the society in the region as a drug is available
everywhere around the mine sites and it's cheap to buy and corruption is widespread in the
region. နောက်ဆက်တွဲမိသားစု ပြ problems နာများနှ င့်မူ းယစ်ဆေးဝါးများ၏ရှုပ်ထွေးမှုများနှ င့်ပတ်သက်။
အသိပညာမရှိခြင်းအားဖြင့်နောက်တော်သို့လို က်သည်။ ထို့အပြင်မူ းယစ်ဆေးဝါးပြ issue နာသည်ဒေသ
တွင်းရှိလူ့အဖွဲ့အစည်းအတွက်အဓိကစိန်ခေါ်မှု တစ်ခု ဖြစ်သည်။အဘယ်ကြောင့်ဆို သော်မူ းယစ်ဆေးဝါး
သည်သတ္တ ုတွင်းနေရာများတွင်နေရာအနှံ့တွင်ရှိနေပြီး၎င်းသည် ၀ ယ်ယူ ရန်စျေးပေါပြီးဒေသတွင်း၌အကျင့်
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ပျက်ခြစားမှုများပျံ့နှံ့နေသည်။ There are not many employment opportunities for women in
extractive mining male-dominated industries in Phakant. The findings showed women struggled
for employment to support the families, while the husbands were addicted to drugs unable to
work to support the families. Women in Phakant pick up different types of risky jobs including
free jade pickers at dangerous mine sites, unlawful prostitution. Phakant ရှိသတ္တ ုတွင်းတူ းဖော်သည့်
သတ္တ ုတွင်းလု ပ်ငန်းများတွင်အမျ ိုးသမီးများအတွက်အလု ပ်အကို င်အခွင့်အလမ်းများစွာရှိသည်။ တွေ့ရှိချက်များ
အရအမျ ိုးသမီးများသည်မိသားစု များကို ထောက်ပံ့ ရန်အလု ပ်အကို င်အတွက်ရု န်းကန်နေရကြောင်းပြသခဲ့
သည်။ Phakant မှ အမျ ိုးသမီးများသည်အန္တရာယ်ရှိသောသတ္တ ုတွင်းနေရာများတွင်အခမဲ့ ကျောက်စိမ်း
ကောက်ယူ သူ များ၊Women face drug addictions, rape, domestic violence, physical, mental abuse.
Women are not safe going out alone, even at home being alone sometimes. The majority of them
could find helpless to tickle the challenges and risks they face every day-to-day activity.
အမျ ိုးသမီးများသည်မူ းယစ်ဆေးစွဲမှု၊ မု ဒိမ်းမှု၊ အိမ်တွင်းအကြမ်းဖက်မှု၊ အမျ ိုးသမီးများသည်တစ်ကို ယ်ရေနေ
ခြင်း၊ အိမ်၌တစ်ခါတစ်ရံ ၌တစ်ယောက်တည်းနေခြင်းသည်လုံ ခြုံ မှုမရှိပါ။ ၎င်းတို့ထဲမှ အများစု သည်နေ့စဉ်နေ့
တို င်းကြုံ တွေ့နေရသောစိန်ခေါ်မှု များနှ င့်အန္တရာယ်များကို ဖြေရှ င်းရန်အကူ အညီမဲ့ နို င်သည်။ The findings
showed that the majority of the women who were the victim were migrants who came to Phakant
were through relatives, while other forms were also identified such as from broker, friends,
husband, boyfriend as well a boss or employer. တွေ့ရှိချက်များအရအကြမ်းဖက်ခံ ရသူ အမျ ိုးသမီး
များသည်ဖားကန့်သို့လာရောက်သည့်ရွှေ့ပြောင်းအလု ပ်သမားများဖြစ်ပြီးဆွေမျ ိုးများမှ တစ်ဆင့်အခြား
ပွဲစားများ၊ သူ ငယ်ချင်းများ၊ ခင်ပွန်းများ၊ The results of social structure/culture norms, policies,
programs, the framework of such as education, social economy, health, laws or legal against
women showed that women face different challenges access to employment, equal pay,
education, the situation of women in the social security system, being in the situation of informal
labor, being domestic and migration female workers, mechanisms to address the labor needs and
protection of migrants, government regulations governing the treatment of domestic/migrant
worker women, protect pregnant students from all forms of discriminations. လူ မှုရေးဖွဲ့စည်းပုံ /
ယဉ်ကျေးမှုစံ ချိန်စံ ညွှန်းများ၊ မူ ဝါဒများ၊ အစီအစဉ်များ၊ ပညာရေး၊ လူ မှုစီးပွားဘဝ၊ ကျန်းမာရေး၊ ဥပဒေများ (သို့)
အမျ ိုးသမီးများအပေါ်ဥပဒေရေးရာမူ ဘောင်များ၏ရလဒ်များကအမျ ိုးသမီးများသည်အလု ပ်အကို င်အခွင့်အလမ်း၊
တန်းတူ လစာ၊ ပညာရေး၊ လူ မှုဖူ လုံ ရေးစနစ်မှ ာတရား ၀ င်အလု ပ်သမားများအခြေအနေ၊ အိမ်တွင်းနှ င့်
ရွှေ့ပြောင်းအမျ ိုးသမီးအလု ပ်သမားများ၊ အလု ပ်သမားလို အပ်ချက်များနှ င့်ရွှေ့ပြောင်းအလု ပ်သမားများကို ကာ
ကွယ်စောင့်ရှေ ာက်ရေးယန္တရားများ၊ အစို းရ / ရွှေ့ပြောင်းအလု ပ်သမားအမျ ိုးသမီးများအားကု သမှုကို အု ပ်ချုပ်
သည့်အစို းရစည်းမျဉ်းများ၊ ခွဲခြားဆက်ဆံ ခြင်း။ For example, over 90 percent of jobs were informal or
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not contracts between employers and the women employees that create vulnerability,
economically disadvantaged women from these factors. For example, in the case of a dispute
between employers and employees, the majority stated they could not seek any help or
protection. These findings indicated that the government focusing on poverty reduction and
inclusive growth provides the opportunity to address gender equality and women’s
empowerment are still lacking or not improved in the Phakant region. ဥပမာအားဖြင့်အလု ပ် ၉၀
ရာခို င်နှုန်းကျော်သည်အလု ပ်ရှ င်များနှ င့်အမျ ိုးသမီး ၀ န်ထမ်းများအကြားတရား ၀ င်မဟု တ်သော (သို့) စာချုပ်
များမဟု တ်ဘဲစီးပွားရေးအရအားနည်းချက်များရှိသောဤအချက်များမှ အမျ ိုးသမီးများဖြစ်သည်။ ဥပမာ
အားဖြင့်၊ အလု ပ်ရှ င်နှ င့် ၀ န်ထမ်းများအကြားအငြင်းပွားမှုတွင်လူ အများစု က၎င်းတို့သည်မည်သည့်
အကူ အညီနှ င့်ကာကွယ်မှုကို မျှမရရှိခဲ့ ဟု ဆို သည်။ ဤတွေ့ရှိချက်များအရအစို းရသည်ဆင်းရဲနွမ်းပါးမှုလျှော့ ချ
ရေးနှ င့်အားလုံ းပါ ၀ င်သောတို းတက်မှုအပေါ်အာရုံ စို က်သောကျားမတန်းတူ ညီမျှမှုကို ကို င်တွယ်ဖြေရှ င်းရန်
အခွင့်အရေးပေးသည်။ Particular attention needs to be paid to women in ways that take into account
the lived realities and barriers faced by economically disadvantaged women from marginalized
ethnic and migrants, and underdeveloped geographical locations. ဘေးဖယ်ခံ ထားရသောလူ မျ ိုးစု နှ င့်
ရွှေ့ပြောင်းနေထို င်သူ များနှ င့်ပထ ၀ ီအနေအထားဖွံ့ဖြို းမှုနိမ့်ကျနေသည့်စီးပွားရေးအရအခွင့်မသာသော
အမျ ိုးသမီးများရင်ဆို င်ကြုံ တွေ့နေရသောဘဝအခြေအနေများနှ င့်အတားအဆီးများကို ထည့်သွင်းစဉ်းစား
သည့်နည်းလမ်းများဖြင့်အမျ ိုးသမီးများကို အထူ းအာရုံ စို က်ရန်လို အပ်သည်။ The Framework for Economic
and Social Reforms, which is an important policy link to the long-term National Comprehensive
Development Plan, along with sectoral policies and plans, emphasizes inclusiveness and
consultation. This is an important opportunity to ensure that the government’s reform agenda
addresses gender equality and women’s rights, especially, in the specific areas, such as gender
equality and respect for women’s rights in the economy; in the social spheres of education,
health, and eliminating violence against women and girls; and in political participation and
governance, including in all aspects of the peace process. စီးပွားရေးနှ င့်လူ မှုရေးပြုပြင်ပြောင်းလဲမှု
မူ ဘောင်သည်ရေရှ ည်အမျ ိုးသားဘက်စုံ ဖွံ့ဖြို းတို းတက်မှုစီမံ ကိန်းနှ င့်အရေးကြီးသောမူ ဝါဒချိတ်ဆက်မှုတစ်ခု
ဖြစ်ပြီးကဏ္ policies အလို က်မူ ဝါဒများ၊ အစီအစဉ်များနှ င့်အတူ အားလုံ းပါဝင်နို င်မှုနှ င့်တို င်ပင်ဆွေးနွေးမှုကို
အလေးပေးထားသည်။ ဤသည်မှ ာအစို းရ၏ပြုပြင်ပြောင်းလဲရေးအစီအစဉ်သည်ကျား၊ မတန်းတူ ညီမျှမှုနှ င့်
အမျ ိုးသမီးအခွင့်အရေးများကို အထူ းသဖြင့်အထူ းသဖြင့်ကျား၊ မတန်းတူ ညီမျှမှုနှ င့်စီးပွားရေးတွင်အမျ ိုးသမီး
များ၏အခွင့်အရေးများကို လေးစားလို က်နာမှုတို့ကို ကို င်တွယ်ရန်သေချာစေရန်အရေးကြီးသောအခွင့်အလမ်း
တစ်ခု ဖြစ်သည်။ ပညာရေး၊ ကျန်းမာရေးနှ င့်အမျ ိုးသမီးများနှ င့်မိန်းကလေးငယ်များအပေါ်အကြမ်းဖက်မှု
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ပပျောက်ရေး၊ ငြိမ်းချမ်းရေးလု ပ်ငန်းစဉ်၏ကဏ္ aspects အားလုံ းအပါအ ၀ င်နို င်ငံ ရေးပါ ၀ င်မှုနှ င့်အု ပ်ချုပ်မှု
တို့တွင်ပါ ၀ င်သည်။
BACKGROUND, SCOPE, AND METHODOLOGY
The Background
Extractive industries across the country, Myanmar, have fueled rights abuses, violence, drug
addiction, and environmental degradation. မြန်မာနို င်ငံ အနှံ့အပြားရှိသတ္တ ုတူ းဖော်ရေးလု ပ်ငန်း
များသည်လူ့အခွင့်အရေးချ ိုးဖောက်မှုများ၊ အကြမ်းဖက်မှုများ၊ မူ းယစ်ဆေးစွဲမှုနှ င့်သဘာဝပတ်ဝန်းကျင်
ပျက်စီးမှုကို ဖြစ်ပေါ်စေသည်။ Kachin State is among one of the worst vulnerable states to these
impacts. ကချင်ပြည်နယ်သည်ဤဆို းကျ ိုးသက်ရောက်မှုများအနက်အဆို းဆုံ းပြည်နယ်များအနက်တစ်ခု
ဖြစ်သည်။ Especially, most mining taking place, Hpakant where the jade industry is heavily
dominated by men. အထူ းသဖြင့်ဖားကန့်တွင်ကျောက်စိမ်းလု ပ်ငန်းကို အမျ ိုးသားများအလွန်လွှမ်းမို းထား
သည့်သတ္တ ုတွင်းလု ပ်ငန်းအများစု ဖြစ်သည်။ Phakant township is a township of Mohnyin District in
the Kachin State of Myanmar, where its larger part migrant population depends heavily on jade
and gold mining. ဖားကန့်မြို့နယ်သည်ကချင်ပြည်နယ်ရှိမို းညှ င်းခရို င်၏မြို့နယ်တစ်ခု ဖြစ်သည်။
ရွှေ့ပြောင်းလု ပ်သားအများစု သည်ကျောက်စိမ်းနှ င့်ရွှေတူ းဖော်ခြင်းအပေါ်များစွာမူ တည်သည်။ It is the place
where, gold dealers, hawkers, peddles, gambling den owners, and migrant workers from all over
the country come and work in the mining operation. ထို နေရာသည်ရွှေကု န်သည်များ၊ ရောင်းသူ များ၊
လောင်းကစားသမားများ၊ လောင်းကစားတွင်းပို င်ရှ င်များနှ င့်နို င်ငံ တစ်ဝှ မ်းမှ ရွှေ့ပြောင်းအလု ပ်သမားများသတ္တ ု
တူ းဖော်ရေးလု ပ်ငန်းတွင်လာရောက်လု ပ်ကို င်ကြသည့်နေရာဖြစ်သည်။ Approximately 90 percent of the
world’s jade is mined in either Kachin or the neighboring Sagaing Region. ကမ္ဘာ့ ကျောက်စိမ်း၏ ၉၀
ရာခို င်နှုန်းခန့်ကို ကချင်သို့မဟု တ်အိမ်နီးချင်းစစ်ကို င်းတို င်းဒေသကြီးတို့တွင်တူ းဖော်သည်။ Hundreds of
companies have been mining for jade, either as private entities or in joint ventures with state-
owned “Myanma Gems Enterprise”. ရာနှ င့်ချီသောကု မ္ပဏီများသည်ပု ဂ္ဂလိကပို င်ဖြစ်စေ၊ အစို းရပို င်“ မြ
န်မာ့ ကျောက်မျက်လု ပ်ငန်း” နှ င့်ဖက်စပ်လု ပ်ငန်းများ၌ဖြစ်စေကျောက်စိမ်းတူ းရန်တူ းဖော်ခဲ့ သည်။ Every year,
hundreds of thousands of individuals from different regions and states in Myanmar, have
traveled to Hpakant and also somewhere else in Kachin to work in the mines or as independent
Jade pickers and they are faced with a ready supply of drugs (Soe, 2020). နှ စ်စဉ်နှ စ်တို င်းသိန်းနှ င့်ချီ
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သောမြန်မာနို င်ငံ ရှိဒေသအသီးသီးမှ ပြည်နယ်များမှ ကချင်ပြည်နယ်ရှိဖားကန့်နှ င့်အခြားဒေသများသို့မို င်း
တွင်းများ (သို့) လွတ်လပ်သောကျောက်စိမ်းကောက်ယူ သူ များအဖြစ်လု ပ်ကို င်ရန်သွားလာကြပြီးမူ းယစ်
ဆေးဝါးများကို အသင့်ပြင်ဆင်ထားကြသည်။ ) ။ The Jade industry is intensely overwhelmed by
men, but with the male workforce ground-down by drug addiction, increasingly, women are
taking up dangerous work at the mine. ကျောက်စိမ်းလု ပ်ငန်းသည်အမျ ိုးသားများအလွန်အမင်းလွှမ်းမို းမှုခံ
ရသော်လည်းမူ းယစ်ဆေးစွဲမှုကြောင့်အမျ ိုးသားလု ပ်သားအင်အားနည်းလာသည်နှ င့်အမျှအမျ ိုးသမီးများသည်
သတ္တ ုတွင်း၌အန္တရာယ်ရှိသောအလု ပ်များကို လု ပ်ကို င်နေကြသည်။ Prostitution and unlawful drug use
thrive, and women are frequently related to hazardous practices due to the lack of government
public administrations in the region (Putri, 2018; Soe, 2020). ပြည့်တန်ဆာလု ပ်ငန်းနှ င့်တရားမ ၀ င်
မူ းယစ်ဆေးဝါးသုံ းစွဲမှုများပြားသည်။ ဒေသတွင်းအစို းရအစို းရအု ပ်ချုပ်မှုမရှိခြင်းကြောင့်အမျ ိုးသမီး
များသည်အန္တရာယ်ရှိသောအလေ့ အကျင့်များနှ င့်မကြာခဏဆက်စပ်လျက်ရှိသည် (Putri, 2018; Soe,
2020) ။ The recent deadliest landslide in Myanmar’s recent history happened in Kachin State’s
Phakant– killing 200 jade diggers buried in rainwater and mud when a dam of mining squander
collapsed on July 2, 2020. မြန်မာနို င်ငံ ၏မကြာသေးမီကဖြစ်ပွားခဲ့ သောသမို င်းတွင်အဆို းရွားဆုံ းသောမြေ
ပြိုမှုသည်ကချင်ပြည်နယ်ဖားကန့်တွင်ဖြစ်ပွားခဲ့ သည်။ ၂၀၂၀၊ ဇူ လို င်လ ၂ ရက်တွင်သတ္တ ုတွင်းတူ းဖော်ခြင်းမှ
ရေကာတာတစ်ခု ပြိုကျသောအခါမို းရေနှ င့်ရွှံ့ထဲ တွင်မြှ ုပ်ထားသောကျောက်စိမ်းတူ းဖော်သူ ၂၀၀ သေဆုံ းခဲ့ သည်။
Haunting pictures of strewn bodies and mournful families shocked individuals around the world,
but it was not the first time the grey-wasteland landslides had made headlines. အလောင်းများနှ င့်
ဝမ်းနည်းပူ ဆွေးနေသောမိသားစု များ၏ပုံ ရိပ်များသည်ကမ္ဘာတစ်လွှားရှိလူ များကို ထိတ်လန့်တု န်လှုပ်စေခဲ့ သည်။
သို့သော်မီးခို းရောင်မြေပြိုမှုသည်ခေါင်းကြီးပို င်းတွင်ပထမဆုံ းအကြိမ်ပြောခြင်းမဟု တ်
ပါ။ Landslides kill formal and informal workers each year within the intensely mined region,
home to the world’s biggest and most profitable jade reserve (Fishbein & Lamung, 2020). ကမ္ဘာ့
အကြီးဆုံ းနှ င့်အကျ ိုးအမြတ်အများဆုံ းကျောက်စိမ်း (Fishbein & Lamung, 2020) ၏နေအိမ်ဖြစ်သော
မြေမြှ ုပ်မို င်းများကြောင့်နှ စ်စဉ်တရားဝင်နှ င့်အလွတ်သဘောလု ပ်သားများကို သတ်ဖြတ်သည်။ Different
activists and rights groups called for dramatic reform and increased more transparency to the
industry plagued by corruption and conflicts of interest. မတူ ညီသောတက်ကြွလှုပ်ရှ ားသူ များနှ င့်လူ့
အခွင့်အရေးအဖွဲ့များကသိသိသာသာပြုပြင်ပြောင်းလဲမှုများပြုလု ပ်ရန်တောင်းဆို ခဲ့ ကြသည်။
အဂတိလို က်စားမှုနှ င့်အကျ ိုးစီးပွားပ conflictsိပက္ခများကြောင့် ၀ င်ရောက်လာသောစက်မှုလု ပ်ငန်းများပို မို
ပွင့်လင်းမြင်သာမှုရှိလာသည်။ Environmental watchdog Global Witness called the landslide “a
damning indictment of the government’s failure to curb reckless and irresponsible mining
practices in Kachin State’s jade mines”(Fishbein & Lamung, 2020). သဘာဝပတ်ဝန်းကျင်စောင့်
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ကြည့်လေ့ လာရေးအဖွဲ့ Global Witness ကမြေပြိုတောင်ပြိုမှုအား “ ကချင်ပြည်နယ်ကျောက်စိမ်းတွင်း
များ၌မဆင်မခြင်နှ င့်တာဝန်မဲ့ သောသတ္တ ုတူ းဖော်ရေးလု ပ်ငန်းများကို အစို းရမှ တားဆီးရန်ပျက်ကွက်မှုအပေါ်
အပြစ်စီရင်ခြင်းအပေါ်စွဲချက်တင်ထားသည် ” (Fishbein & Lamung, 2020) ဟု ခေါ်ခဲ့ သည်။ The
caution is evident: additional catastrophe is unavoidable in the future unless the government
takes prompt action to address weak policies, poor regulation, and environmentally destructive
practices. သတိပြုရမည့်အချက်မှ ာအစို းရအနေဖြင့်အားနည်းသောမူ ဝါဒများ၊ စည်းမျဉ်းညံ့ ဖျင်းမှုနှ င့်သဘာဝ
ပတ်ဝန်းကျင်ဆို င်ရာအဖျက်အကျင့်များကို အလျင်အမြန်အရေးယူ ဆောင်ရွက်ခြင်းမရှိပါကအပို ဆောင်း
ဘေးအန္တရာယ်ကို ရှေ ာင်လွှဲနို င်မည်မဟု တ်ပါ။
Besides, Phakant is still in an armed-conflict zone since 2011 after the cease-fire agreement
collapsed. ထို့အပြင် Phakant သည်အပစ်အခတ်ရပ်စဲရေးသဘောတူ ညီချက်ပျက်ပြားပြီးနောက် ၂၀၁၁
ခု နှ စ်မှ စ၍ လက်နက်ကို င်ပ conflictိပက္ခဖြစ်ပွားနေသောဒေသတွင်ရှိနေဆဲဖြစ်သည်။ Before the current
conflict, in 1994, Kachin Independence Organization (KIO) signed a cease-fire agreement with
the State Law and Order Council (SLORC), the name of the military junta ruling Burma at the
time. လက်ရှိပ conflictိပက္ခမဖြစ်ပွားမီ ၁၉၉၄ ခု နှ စ်တွင်ကချင်လွတ်မြောက်ရေးအဖွဲ့ (KIO) သည်
နို င်ငံ တော်ငြိမ်ဝပ်ပိပြားမှုတည်ဆောက်ရေးအဖွဲ့ (SLORC) နှ င့်အပစ်အခတ်ရပ်စဲရေးသဘောတူ ညီချက်ကို
လက်မှ တ်ရေးထို းခဲ့ သည်။ The agreement ended decades of violent conflict and made it possible for
companies to enter into joint-venture agreements with the Ministry of Mines, located in Yangon.
အဆို ပါသဘောတူ ညီချက်သည်ဆယ်စု နှ စ်များစွာကြာဖြစ်ပွားခဲ့ သောအကြမ်းဖက်ပ conflictိပက္ခများ
အဆုံ းသတ်ခဲ့ ပြီးကု မ္ပဏီများအနေဖြင့်ရန်ကု န်ရှိသတ္တ ုတွင်း ၀ န်ကြီးဌာနနှ င့်ဖက်စပ်သဘောတူ ညီမှုများ
ပြုလု ပ်ရန်ဖြစ်နို င်သည်။ While Kachin State is perhaps best known for its extremely large and
valuable jade deposits, the mountainous region located in northern Myanmar also contains
economically viable amounts of gold, platinum, and coal. ကချင်ပြည်နယ်သည်၎င်း၏အလွန်ကြီးမား
ပြီးအဖို းတန်ကျောက်စိမ်းသို က်များကြောင့်လူ သိအများဆုံ းဖြစ်သော်လည်းမြန်မာနို င်ငံ မြောက်ပို င်းတွင်တည်ရှိ
သောတောင်တန်းဒေသသည်စီးပွားရေး၊ စီးပွားရေးအရအလားအလာရှိသောရွှေ၊ ပလက်တီနမ်နှ င့်ကျောက်မီးသွေးများပါ ၀
င်သည်။ Several companies have been granted mining concessions since 2002. The six most
important companies include the Northern Star Trading Company, Seasun Star, the Buga
Company, the Wa Company, the Kyatkhaing Yae Company, and the Thwe Company. ကု မ္ပဏီ
တော်တော်များများသည် ၂၀၀၂ ခု နှ စ်မှ စ၍ သတ္တ ုတူ းဖော်ရေးလု ပ်ပို င်ခွင့်များချထားပေးနို င်ခဲ့ သည်။ အရေး
အကြီးဆုံ းကု မ္ပဏီ ၆ ခု မှ ာ Northern Star Trading ကု မ္ပဏီ၊ Seasun Star၊ Buga ကု မ္ပဏီ၊ Wa ကု မ္ပဏီ၊ Of
these, Northern Star Trading Company operates the largest number of sites across Kachin State.
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၎င်းတို့အနက်မှ မြောက်ပို င်းကြယ်ကု န်သွယ်ရေးကု မ္ပဏီသည်ကချင်ပြည်နယ်တစ်ဝှ မ်းအကြီးဆုံ းဆို ဒ်
များကို လည်ပတ်သည်။ All of the mining these mining companies generate toxic waste. Large-scale
intensive mining has displaced local communities that historically used artisanal forms of mining
to supplement their incomes. ဤသတ္တ ုတူ းဖော်ရေးကု မ္ပဏီများအားလုံ းသည်အဆိပ်အတောက်ဖြစ်စေသော
စွန့်ပစ်ပစ္စည်းများကို ထု တ်လု ပ်သည်။ အကြီးစားအထူ းကြပ်မတ်သောသတ္တ ုတူ းဖော်ရေးသည်ဒေသခံ များအားအို းအိမ်
စွန့်ခွာထွက်ပြေးစေပြီးသမို င်းကြောင်းအရသတ္တ ုတူ းဖော်ရေးပုံ စံ များကို အသုံ းပြု၍ သူ တို့၏ ၀ င်ငွေကို ဖြည့်ဆည်း
ပေးခဲ့ သည်။ The impacts on women in Kachin State as well as the environment have been
particularly striking. ကချင်ပြည်နယ်နှ င့်ပတ် ၀ န်းကျင်ရှိအမျ ိုးသမီးများအပေါ်သက်ရောက်မှုများသည်
အထူ းသဖြင့်သိသာထင်ရှ ားသည်။ The drug, domestic violence, rape, and prostitution have all
increased tremendously. မူ းယစ်ဆေးဝါး၊ အိမ်တွင်းအကြမ်းဖက်မှု၊ မု ဒိမ်းမှုနှ င့်ပြည့်တန်ဆာလု ပ်ငန်း
အားလုံ းသည်လွန်စွာများပြားလာသည် Especially, drugs have negatively impacted millions of lives.
အထူ းသဖြင့်မူ းယစ်ဆေးဝါးသည်လူ သန်းပေါင်းများစွာအပေါ်သက်ရောက်မှုများရှိသည်။ It has led to
damaging forms of marginalization, alarming rates of incarceration, and a wide array of
‘unintended consequences’ of drug control policies, from corruption and injustice to violence in
illicit markets. အဂတိလို က်စားမှုနှ င့်မတရားမှုမှ တရားမ ၀ င်စျေးကွက်များမှ အကြမ်းဖက်မှုများအထိမူ းယစ်
ဆေးဝါးထိန်းချုပ်မှုဆို င်ရာမူ ဝါဒများ၏အနှေ ာက်အယှ က်ဖြစ်စေခြင်း၊ To a significant extent, these social
problems are connected to the growth of a cash-based extractive economy. သိသာထင်ရှ ားသည့်
အတို င်းအတာတစ်ခု အထိထို လူ မှုရေးပြ problems နာများသည်ငွေအခြေခံ သောသယံ ဇာတထု တ်ယူ မှု
စီးပွားရေးတို းတက်မှုနှ င့်ဆက်စပ်နေသည်။ The rising cost of basic goods (e.g. food and medicine)
have created immense pressure on women and young girls from desperately poor families to
enter into the commercial sex industry, which serves the overwhelmingly male and transient
labor force. အခြေခံ ကု န်ပစ္စည်းများ (ဥပမာအစားအစာနှ င့်ဆေးဝါး) ၏ကု န်ကျစရိတ်မြင့်မားသောအမျ ိုးသား
နှ င့်ယာယီလု ပ်သားအင်အားကို ဖြည့်ဆည်းပေးသောစီးပွားဖြစ်လိင်စက်မှုလု ပ်ငန်းသို့ ၀ င်ရန်အလွန်အမင်း
ဆင်းရဲသောမိသားစု များမှ အမျ ိုးသမီးများနှ င့်မိန်းကလေးငယ်များကို ကြီးမားသောဖိအားပေးမှုများဖြစ်ပေါ်
စေသည်။ Heroin use, in addition to opium and alcohol, in the region is also widespread. ဒေသ
တွင်း၌ဘိန်းနှ င့်အရက်အပြင်ဘိန်းဖြူသုံ းစွဲမှုလည်းကျယ်ပြန့်သည်။ HIV infection rates for intravenous
drug users in Myanmar are among the highest in the world. မြန်မာနို င်ငံ အတွင်းသွေးကြောသွင်း
ဆေးဝါးသုံ းစွဲသူ များအတွက်အိတ်ခ်ျအို င်ဗွီကူ းစက်မှုနှုန်းသည်ကမ္ဘာပေါ်တွ င်အမြင့်ဆုံ းဖြစ်သည်။ In most
parts of Kachin State, for reasons related to broader gender inequality, women in Phakant are the
most vulnerable and disproportionately affected. ကချင်ပြည်နယ်အနှံ့အပြားတွင်ကျား၊ မတန်းတူ ညီမျှ
မှုနှ င့်သက်ဆို င်သည့်အကြောင်းပြချက်များအရ Phakant မှ အမျ ိုးသမီးများသည်အထိခို က်လွယ်ဆုံ းနှ င့်
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အချ ိုးအစားမမျှတစွာခံ စားကြရသည်။ The more we dig in, the more we learn about - and are
sometimes enraged by – the various harsh repercussions of drug control policies on the lives of
both men and women (Putri, 2018). ကျွန်ု ပ်တို့တူ းဆွလေလေ၊ အမျ ိုးသားများနှ င့်အမျ ိုးသမီးများ၏ဘဝများအပေါ်
မူ းယစ်ဆေးဝါးထိန်းချုပ်မှုမူ ဝါဒများ၏ပြင်းထန်သောဂယက်ရို က်ခတ်မှုများပို မို သိရှိလာလေ၊ တစ်ခါတစ်ရံ ဒေါသထွက်လာ
လေလေဖြစ်သည် (Putri, 2018) ။
Purpose of the Research

The purpose of this research is that research will be used to raise awareness of the gendered
impacts of extractive industries in Myanmar, specifically how women who followed a male
family member in seek of employment opportunities in Kachin have been impacted by the
migration and the economic and social realities of their new lives. ဤသု တေသန၏ရည်ရွယ်ချက်မှ ာ
သု တေသနလု ပ်ငန်းကို အသုံ းပြု၍ မြန်မာနို င်ငံ ရှိသယံ ဇာတထု တ်ယူ မှုလု ပ်ငန်းများ၏ကျား၊ မဆို င်ရာအကျ ိုး
သက်ရောက်မှုများကို ပို မို နားလည်စေရန်၊ အထူ းသဖြင့်ကချင်ပြည်နယ်တွင်အလု ပ်အကို င်အခွင့်အလမ်းများ
ရှ ာဖွေရန်အမျ ိုးသားမိသားစု မှ အမျ ိုးသမီးများအားရွှေ့ပြောင်းခြင်းနှ င့်စီးပွါးရေးအကျ ိုးသက်ရောက်မှုများ
အကြောင်းပို မို သိရှိလာစေရန်အသုံ းပြုရန်ဖြစ်သည်။ သူ တို့ရဲ့ဘဝအသစ်များ၏လူ မှုရေးဖြစ်ရပ်မှ န်များ။ It
will illustrate increased risks these women face, including the risk of violence, economic
instability, lack of healthcare, and other social safety nets, and the prevalence of exploitative
labor practices including prostitution. စီးပွားရေးမတည်ငြိမ်မှု၊ ကျန်းမာရေးစောင့်ရှေ ာက်မှုကင်းမဲ့ ခြင်း
နှ င့်အခြားလူ မှုဖူ လုံ ရေးကွန်ယက်များ၊ ပြည့်တန်ဆာလု ပ်ငန်းအပါအ ၀ င်ခေါင်းပုံ ဖြတ်အမြတ်ထု တ်ခြင်း
ဆို င်ရာလု ပ်ထုံ းလု ပ်နည်းများစသည့်ဤအမျ ိုးသမီးများကြုံ တွေ့ရနို င်သည့်အန္တရာယ်များ၊
This study aims to increase understanding of the gendered impacts, focusing on women who are
part of families that have relocated in search of employment in extractive industries. ဤလေ့ လာ
မှုသည်သဘာ ၀၀ န်းကျင်ဆို င်ရာသက်ရောက်မှုများကို ပို မို နားလည်စေရန်နှ င့်သတ္တ ုတွင်းလု ပ်ငန်းများတွင်
အလု ပ်အကို င်ရှ ာဖွေရေးအတွက်နေရာချထားသောမိသားစု ၀ င်များဖြစ်သည့်အမျ ိုးသမီးများအားအာရုံ စို က်ရန်
ရည်ရွယ်သည်။ Specifically, this project will look at the experiences of women who trail a father
or spouse seeking employment in Kachin in extractive industries. အထူ းသဖြင့်ဤစီမံ ကိန်းသည်
ကချင်ပြည်နယ်ရှိသတ္တ ုတူ းဖော်ရေးလု ပ်ငန်းတွင်အလု ပ်ရှ ာနေသောဖခင်သို့မဟု တ်ဇနီး / ခင်ပွန်းနောက်သို့လို က်သော
အမျ ိုးသမီးများ၏အတွေ့အကြုံ များကို လေ့ လာပါမည်။ It aims to help strengthen the evidence base, as well
as integrated and gender transformative approaches, and others working to promote women’s
9
rights and gender equality in the context of extractive industries in Kachin State, Myanmar.
ကချင်ပြည်နယ်၊ မြန်မာနို င်ငံ ရှိသယံ ဇာတတူ းဖော်ထု တ်လု ပ်ရေးလု ပ်ငန်းနယ်ပယ်များတွင်အမျ ိုးသမီးအခွင့်အရေးနှ င့်
ကျား၊ မတန်းတူ ညီမျှမှုကို မြှ င့်တင်ရန်အတွက်သက်သေအထောက်အထားအခြေပြုခို င်မာသည့်အပြင်ကျား၊ The
research focuses on the following questions: အောက်ပါမေးခွန်းများကို သု တေသနပြုသည်။
I. What are the employment opportunities for Women in extractive industries in Hpakant?
ဖားကန့်ရှိသတ္တ ုတူ းဖော်ရေးလု ပ်ငန်းများမှ အမျ ိုးသမီးများအတွက်အလု ပ်အကို င်အခွင့်အလမ်းများက
ဘာလဲ။
II. What is women’s experience regarding employment opportunities and the gender-based
practices in Extractive industries? ၂ ။ Extractive စက်မှုလု ပ်ငန်းများတွင်အလု ပ်အကို င်
အခွင့်အလမ်းများနှ င့်ကျား၊ မအခြေပြုအလေ့ အကျင့်များနှ င့် ပတ်သက်၍ အမျ ိုးသမီး
များ၏အတွေ့အကြုံ ကဘာလဲ။
III. What are the labor practices in Hpakant in terms of existing legislation and other
guidelines? ၃ ။ လက်ရှိဥပဒေနှ င့်အခြားလမ်းညွှန်ချက်များအရဖားကန့်ရှိလု ပ်သားဆို င်ရာ
လု ပ်ထုံ းလု ပ်နည်းများမှ ာအဘယ်နည်း။
IV. How do women tackle the challenges and risks they face every day? IV ။ အမျ ိုးသမီး
များသည်နေ့စဉ်ကြုံ တွေ့ရသောစိန်ခေါ်မှု များနှ င့်အန္တရာယ်များကို မည်သို့ကို င်တွယ်ကြသနည်း။
Methodology
This scoping study is desk research based on literature review and semi-structured interviews. ဤ
သည်နယ်ပယ်လေ့ လာမှုသည်စာပေပြန်လည်သုံ းသပ်ခြင်းနှ င့်တစ်ပို င်းတစ်ပို င်းဖွဲ့စည်းထားသည့်အင်တာဗျူး
များအပေါ်အခြေခံ သည့်စားပွဲတင်သု တေသနဖြစ်သည်။ The researchers use qualitative and
quantitative approaches and interdisciplinary, drawing from different academic disciplines as
well as the methods of interviews use one-on-one in-depth discussion and focus group to collect
qualitative data. သု တေသီများသည်အရည်အချင်းနှ င့်အရေအတွက်ဆို င်ရာချဉ်းကပ်မှုနှ င့်စည်းကမ်း
ထိန်းသိမ်းမှုဆို င်ရာစည်းမျဉ်းအမျ ိုးမျ ိုးကို အသုံ းပြု၍ ကွဲပြားခြားနားသောပညာရေးစည်းမျဉ်းများမှ ရယူ ခြင်း
နှ င့်တွေ့ဆုံ မေးမြန်းခြင်း၏နည်းလမ်းများသည်အရည်အသွေးအချက်အလက်များကို စု ဆောင်းရန်အတွက်တ ဦး
တည်းအပေါ်နက်နက်ရှိုင်းရှိုင်းဆွေးနွေးခြင်းနှ င့်အာရုံ စူ းစို က်ခြင်းအဖွဲ့ကို အသုံ းပြုကြသည်။ The
researchers used non-numerical data such as voice recorder, video recorder, photos when
collecting and analyzing qualitative and quantitative information to thoroughly understand
concepts, opinions, and experiences of women victimized. သု တေသီများသည်နှိပ်စက်ခံ ရသည့်
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အမျ ိုးသမီးများ၏အယူ အဆများ၊ ထင်မြင်ယူ ဆချက်များနှ င့်အတွေ့အကြုံ များကို ကောင်းစွာနားလည်ရန်
အတွက်အရည်အသွေးနှ င့်အရေအတွက်သတင်းအချက်အလက်များကို စု ဆောင်းခြင်းနှ င့်ခွဲခြမ်းစိတ်ဖြာ
သည့်အသံ ဖမ်းခြင်း၊ ဗီဒီယို မှ တ်တမ်းတင်ခြင်း၊ Prior to the interviews, the researchers informed and
got the consent of the targeted respondents. အင်တာဗျူးမပြုလု ပ်မီသု တေသီများသည်ရည်ရွယ်ထား
သောဖြေကြားသူ များ၏သဘောတူ ခွင့်ပြုချက်ကို ရရှိခဲ့ သည်။
Quantitative and qualitative methods through survey interviews were implemented through a
face-to-face interview to gain detailed insights of women's responses of gendered impacts as well
as age, gender, occupation, marital status, economic and social conditions. စစ်တမ်းတွေ့ဆုံ
မေးမြန်းခြင်းမှ တစ်ဆင့်အရည်အသွေးနှ င့်အရည်အသွေးဆို င်ရာနည်းလမ်းများအားကျား၊ မဆို င်ရာ
သက်ရောက်မှုများ၊ အသက်၊ ကျားမမ၊ အလု ပ်အကို င်၊ အိမ်ထောင်ရေးအခြေအနေ၊ စီးပွားရေးနှ င့်လူ မှုရေး
အခြေအနေများအပေါ်အမျ ိုးသမီးများ၏တု န့်ပြန်မှုအသေးစိတ်ကို ရရှိရန်မျက်နှ ာချင်းဆို င်တွေ့ဆုံ မေးမြန်း
ခြင်းမှ တဆင့်အကောင်အထည်ဖော်ခဲ့ သည်။
Study Setting Location- Hpakant. It has three main towns in Phakant- (under Phakant- Maw
One Kalay, Maw One Gyi), Seng Tawn (under Seng Tawn- Kawng San, Nam Maw, Gwi Kha
etc), and Lung Hkring (under Lung Hkring- Maw Si Sar).
Targeted Informants
Mining Sector: Local and Internal Migrant Workers working in Artisanal sectors (Freelance
miners/ Hand-pickers) and Small scales သတ္တ ုတွင်းကဏ္: - လက်မှုပညာကဏ္ sectors များတွင်အလု ပ်
လု ပ်သောပြည်တွင်းနှ င့်ပြည်တွင်းရွှေ့ပြောင်းအလု ပ်သမားများ (အလွတ်တန်းလု ပ်သားများ / လက်ရွေး
သူ များ) နှ င့်အသေးစားကြေးများ
Service Sector: Shops (retail shop, jade shop), Opium dens, Karaoke stalls, Massage parlors,
Bars and Retreatants, and Truck drivers. ၀ န်ဆောင်မှုကဏ္ : ဆို င်များ (လက်လီဆို င်၊ ကျောက်စိမ်းဆို င် )၊
ဘိန်းခင်း၊ ကာရာအို ကေဆို င်များ၊ အနှိပ်ခန်းများ၊
Manufacture Sector: jade productions, jade mining, and Retail sales ကု န်ထု တ်လု ပ်မှုကဏ္ : -
ကျောက်စိမ်းထု တ်လု ပ်ခြင်း၊ ကျောက်စိမ်းတူ းဖော်ခြင်းနှ င့်လက်လီရောင်းချခြင်း
11
LITERATURE REVIEW
Introduction
Women in Myanmar still face many challenges such as discrimination in social and cultural
norms, sexual harassment, gender-based violence, inequality in education, work, and
employment, as well as minimal imbalance representation in politics at the top decision-making
level, among others (Win, 2018). မြန်မာနို င်ငံ ရှိအမျ ိုးသမီးများသည်လူ မှုရေးနှ င့်ယဉ်ကျေးမှုစံ နှုန်းများတွင်
ခွဲခြားဆက်ဆံ မှု၊ လိင်ပို င်းဆို င်ရာနှေ ာင့်ယှ က်မှု၊ ကျား၊ မအခြေပြုအကြမ်းဖက်မှု၊ ပညာရေး၊ အလု ပ်အကို င်
နှ င့်အလု ပ်အကို င်အခွင့်အလမ်းများတန်းတူ ညီမျှမှုစသည့်စိန်ခေါ်မှု များစွာနှ င့်ရင်ဆို င်နေရဆဲဖြစ်သည်။ အခြား
သူ များကို (ဝင်း, 2018) ။ For example, approximately 90 percent of executive committee members
out of 90 political parties are male. ဥပမာအားဖြင့်နို င်ငံ ရေးပါတီ ၉၀ အနက်မှ အလု ပ်အမှုဆောင်
ကော်မတီဝင် ၉၀ ရာခို င်နှုန်းခန့်သည်အမျ ိုးသားများဖြစ်သည်။ Another example of Employment statistics
indicates another source of gender inequality. အလု ပ်အကို င်ဆို င်ရာကိန်းဂဏန်းများ၏အခြားဥပမာ
တစ်ခု မှ ာကျား၊ For example, the labor force participation rate for individuals aged 15 years and
older is 63.4 percent, out of which 82 percent are male and only 48 percent are female (Win,
2018). ဥပမာအသက် ၁၅ နှ စ်နှ င့်အထက်တစ် ဦး ချင်းစီအတွက်လု ပ်သားအင်အားပါဝင်မှုနှုန်းသည် ၆၃.၄
ရာခို င်နှုန်းဖြစ်ပြီး ၈၂ ရာခို င်နှုန်းသည်အမျ ိုးသားများဖြစ်ပြီး ၄၈ ရာခို င်နှုန်းသာအမျ ိုးသမီးများဖြစ်သည်
(Win, 2018) ။ Essentially, according to the 2014 census, women in Myanmar outnumber men by
over 2 million. အဓိကအားဖြင့် ၂၀၁၄ ခု နှ စ်သန်းခေါင်စာရင်းအရမြန်မာနို င်ငံ ရှိအမျ ိုးသမီးများသည်
အမျ ိုးသားများထက် ၂ သန်းကျော်သည်။ The census showed that out of the population of over 51
million in the country, 26,661,667 were women and 24,824,568 were men (Win, 2018).
သန်းခေါင်စာရင်းကနို င်ငံ ၏လူ ဦး ရေ ၅၁ သန်းအနက် ၂၆,၆၆၁,၆၆၇ အမျ ိုးသမီးများဖြစ်ကြပြီး
၂၄,၈၂၄၆၈ သည်အမျ ိုးသားများဖြစ်သည် (Win, 2018) ။ Though there are several positive
developments in Myanmar in recent years with regards to increased gender equality according to
research on Gender Equality and Women's Rights in Myanmar, a situation analysis conducted by
the Ministry of Social welfare, Relief and Resettlement, United Nations Agencies, and the Asian
Development Bank (ADB, UNDP, UNFPA, & WOMEN., 2016). မြန်မာနို င်ငံ ရှိကျား၊ မတန်းတူ ညီမျှ
ရေးနှ င့်အမျ ိုးသမီးအခွင့်အရေးဆို င်ရာသု တေသနအရမကြာသေးမီနှ စ်များအတွင်းကျား၊ မတန်းတူ ညီမျှမှုတို း
မြှ င့်ရေးနှ င့် ပတ်သက်၍ မြန်မာနို င်ငံ တွင်အပြုသဘောဆောင်သောတို းတက်မှုများစွာရှိသော်လည်း
လူ မှုဖူ လုံ ရေး၊ ကယ်ဆယ်ရေးနှ င့်ပြန်လည်နေရာချထားရေး ၀ န်ကြီးဌာန၊ ကု လသမဂ္ဂအေဂျင်စီများနှ င့်
အခြေအနေများကို လေ့ လာခြင်း အာရှ ဖွံ့ဖြို းရေးဘဏ် (ADB, UNDP, UNFPA, & WOMEN ။ , 2016)
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These include achieving gender parity in education with regards to enrollment ratios of girls and
boys in primary and secondary education. ယင်းတို့တွင်မူ လတန်းနှ င့်အလယ်တန်းပညာရေးတွင်
မိန်းကလေးများနှ င့်ယောက်ျားလေးများ၏စာရင်းသွင်းမှုအချ ိုးနှ င့် ပတ်သက်၍ ပညာရေးတွင်ကျား၊ Secondly,
in the case of divorce, women in Myanmar enjoy equal rights regarding inheritance laws and
equal marital property rights. ဒု တိယအချက် - ကွာရှ င်းခြင်းကိစ္စတွင်မြန်မာနို င်ငံ ရှိအမျ ိုးသမီးများသည်
အမွေအနှ စ်ဥပဒေများနှ င့်တူ ညီသောအိမ်ထောင်ရေးပို င်ဆို င်မှုအခွင့်အရေးများနှ င့်တန်းတူ အခွင့်အရေးများရရှိ
သည်။ Thirdly, in 2013, the government approved a National Strategic Plan for the Advancement
of Women, which identified twelve areas in which it must act for gender equality. တတိယအချက်
အနေဖြင့် ၂၀၁၃ ခု နှ စ်တွင်အစို းရသည်အမျ ိုးသမီးများဖွံ့ဖြို းတို းတက်ရေးအတွက်အမျ ိုးသားမဟာဗျူဟာ
စီမံ ကိန်းကို အတည်ပြုခဲ့ သည်။ ၎င်းတွင်ကျား၊ မတန်းတူ ညီမျှမှုအတွက်ဆောင်ရွက်ရမည့်ကဏ္ areas ၁၂ ခု ကို
ဖော်ထု တ်ခဲ့ သည်။ Areas include poverty reduction, education, health care, inclusion in decision
making and the promotion of the welfare of girls. ,ရိယာများတွင်ဆင်းရဲနွမ်းပါးမှုလျှော့ ချရေး၊ ပညာရေး၊
ကျန်းမာရေးစောင့်ရှေ ာက်မှု၊ ဆုံ းဖြတ်ချက်ချခြင်းတွင်ပါ ၀ င်ခြင်းနှ င့်မိန်းကလေးများ၏သက်သာချောင်ချိ
ရေးကို မြှ င့်တင်ပေးခြင်းတို့ပါဝင်သည်။ Lastly, the Protection and Prevention of Violence Against
Women bill has yet to be submitted to the parliament by the Ministry of Social Welfare and
Resettlement and Women Groups, Non-government organization which was drafted in 2013.
နောက်ဆုံ းအနေဖြင့်အမျ ိုးသမီးများအပေါ်အကြမ်းဖက်မှုကာကွယ်ရေးနှ င့်ကာကွယ်တားဆီးရေးဥပဒေကို
၂၀၁၃ ခု နှ စ်တွင်ရေးဆွဲခဲ့ သောလူ မှုဖူ လုံ ရေးနှ င့်ပြန်လည်နေရာချထားရေး ၀ န်ကြီးဌာနနှ င့်အမျ ိုးသမီးအဖွဲ့များ
ကပါလီမန်သို့တင်ပြရန်မရှိသေးပါ။
Despite these positive developments, Myanmar still faces several problems that need to be
addressed regarding women and their position in society. ဤအပြုသဘောဆောင်သည့်တို းတက်မှုများရှိ
သော်လည်းမြန်မာနို င်ငံ သည်အမျ ိုးသမီးများနှ င့်လူ့အဖွဲ့အစည်းတွင်သူ တို့၏အနေအထားနှ င့် ပတ်သက်၍ ဖြေရှ င်းရန်လို
အပ်သည့်ပြ several နာများစွာရှိသည်။ Many Myanmar people still accept that men are nobler than
women and are approved preferences in inheritance and education, employment, and politics.
မြန်မာလူ မျ ိုးအများစု သည်အမျ ိုးသားများသည်အမျ ိုးသမီးများထက်သာလွန်ကြောင်းလက်ခံ ထားကြပြီး
အမွေအနှ စ်နှ င့်ပညာရေး၊ အလု ပ်အကို င်နှ င့်နို င်ငံ ရေးတို့တွင် ဦး စားပေးရွေးချယ်မှုများရှိသည်။ Though
Myanmar’s Constitution guarantees all individuals equal rights before the law and equal legal
protection (Section 347) and does not discriminate against any Myanmar citizen based on sex
(Section 348), some references in Myanmar's constitution show bias against women.
မြန်မာနို င်ငံ ၏ဖွဲ့စည်းပုံ အခြေခံ ဥပဒေသည်လူ တစ် ဦး ချင်းစီအားဥပဒေအရတန်းတူ ညီမျှအခွင့်အရေးနှ င့်
တန်းတူ ညီမျှမှုရှိသောဥပဒေအရကာကွယ်မှုကို အာမခံ ပေးသည် (ပု ဒ်မ ၃၄၇) နှ င့်လိင်အပေါ် အခြေခံ ၍ မည်
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သည့်မြန်မာနို င်ငံ သားကို မဆို ခွဲခြားဆက်ဆံ ခြင်းမရှိသော်လည်း (မြန်မာနို င်ငံ ၏ဖွဲ့စည်းပုံ အခြေခံ ဥပဒေပါ
အချ ို့ကို းကားချက်များတွင်အမျ ိုးသမီးများအပေါ်ဘက်လို က်မှုရှိသည်။ Committee on the Elimination of
Discrimination against Women (CEDAW Committee) specified that a legal definition of
“discrimination against women, mentioning "Mothers” references to women principally and this
may reinforce the gender-based stereotype of women as typical mothers and there requires
protection that neither the Constitution nor domestic legislation. အမျ ိုးသမီးများအပေါ်ခွဲခြား
ဆက်ဆံ မှုပပျောက်ရေးကော်မတီ (CEDAW ကော်မတီ ) မှ “ အမျ ိုးသမီးများအားခွဲခြားဆက်ဆံ မှုဆို င်ရာ
တရား ၀ င်အဓိပ္ပါယ်ဖွင့်ဆို ချက်တွင် “ မိခင်များ” သည်အဓိကအားဖြင့်အမျ ိုးသမီးများအားရည်ညွှန်းသည်ကို
ဖော်ပြပြီး၎င်းသည်အမျ ိုးသမီးများအားကျား၊ မအခြေပြုပုံ စံ များကို အားကောင်းသောမိခင်များအဖြစ်ပို မို
အားကောင်းစေပြီးအကာအကွယ်လို အပ်သည်။ ဖွဲ့စည်းပုံ အခြေခံ ဥပဒေနှ င့်ပြည်တွင်းဥပဒေပြ္ဌာန်းခြင်း
များမရှိပါ။ Furthermore, CEDAW stated that some laws and customs discriminate against women
" on “on grounds of ethnicity and within ethnic groups;” despite prohibiting gender
discrimination in the constitution (ADB et al., 2016). ထို့အပြင် CEDAW မှ အချ ို့သောဥပဒေများနှ င့်
ဓလေ့ ထုံ းတမ်းများသည်အမျ ိုးသမီးများအား“ လူ မျ ိုးရေးအရလည်းကောင်း၊ လူ မျ ိုးစု အလို က်သော်လည်းကောင်း
ခွဲခြားဆက်ဆံ ခြင်းကို ဖြစ်စေခွဲခြားဆက်ဆံ သည်။ ဖွဲ့စည်းပုံ အခြေခံ ဥပဒေတွင်ကျား၊ မခွဲခြားဆက်ဆံ မှု
ကို တားမြစ်ထားသော်လည်း (ADB et al ။ , 2016) ။
Gender and Extractive Industry in Phakant
Hpakant is a township in Kachin State whose majority migrant population relies heavily on jade
and gold mining. The population of Phakant township is 312,278 and male 201,033 (64.4%) and
female 111,245 (35.6%) according to the 2014 census (Ministry of Labor, 2014). Labor Force
includes (aged 15 – 64) participation rate 76.5%, with male 92.6% and female 42.0%. The
proportion of the productive working population between 15 to 64 years of age in Phakant
Township is 78.2 percent (Ministry of Labour, 2017). In Phakant Township, there are fewer
females than males with 181 males per 100 females. The majority of the people in the Township
live in rural areas, with only (19.3%) living in urban areas. The population density of Phakant
Township is 62 persons per square kilometer (Ministry of Labour, 2017).
Kachin State's economy represents 1.9 percent of Myanmar’s GDP, most of the businesses
coming from mining minerals. Principally, the economy of Kachin State is predominantly
14
agriculture and the major products include rice, teak, sugarcane, and other mineral resources
including jade, gold, amber, and other valuable commodities. The informal economy relies on
the extraction of natural resources such as Jade and gold. Jade production and trade, for example,
are worth much more than the official data show. For example, Global Witness estimated jade
production values in 2014 of up to $31 billion, and that figures could be even higher. Even if it
was at least $15-$20 billion, which is likely, such a huge jump of production would suggest a
truly highest level of extraction in one year—equal to two-thirds of official GDP (Globalwitness,
2014).
Jade value Export to China from 2004 to 2016
15
In 2016, Government the government halted issuing mining licenses and several mining licenses
got expired in 2018. Some companies can continue to dig until their licenses expire and it will
take until 2021 before all the permits for the new Gemstone Law were passed (Mon & Sway,
2016).
Though the Jade mining industry is mainly dominated by men, women are taking up dangerous
work at the mines as well. Many women work as "yemase" or freelance jade pickers as many of
their husbands' addicting to heroin leaving men incapable of working. Drug addiction stains the
lives of many jade pickers at Phakant which produces jadeite of a quality that has been sold to
China (Soe, 2020). Frontier Myanmar, a local media interviewed a woman, Myint Mint Htwe, 38
old, a mother of two children, as an example, is originally from Kantbalu in Sagaing Region but
has lived for more than 10 years near the Hwekha mines at Hpakant (Soe, 2020). She works as a
freelance jade picker at the Gwekha mine in Phakant as she needs to feed two of her children.
She decided to become a yemase thama (freelance jade picker) due to her husband's addiction to
drug and the incapable work of working. Another friend is Myint theme Htwe’s friend, Ma Sheh
16
Paing, aka Ma Chin Ma, 40, who is originally from the town of Kalay in Sagaing Region,
bordering Chin State. Since 2010, she has worked as a yemase thama, (freelance jade picker)
alongside her husband, with whom she has three children. Myint Myint Htwe said that “finding
valuable stones is all about luck and there is no reason why both men and women can’t do it; it’s
just luck,” “Here, it’s like the men have to work as jade pickers or in the mines and women have
to work in the kitchen, but I don’t like that. There’s no reason why we can’t work beside men;
we can both be lucky. We have two hands and two legs, the same as men, and we can find jade,
too.(Soe, 2020)”
Beyond the drug, the working conditions at the mines are notoriously dangerous. The jade
pickers are at constant risk of landslides killing thousands of people in 2018, Myintkyina-based
Humanity Institute (HI) and Kachin National Social Development Association (KNSDA)
estimated that about 500 people had been killed in landslides and in April 2019, 54 mine workers
drowned in sludge after a tailings dam collapsed on a hillside above their heads. There are 10
government-designated waste sites in Hpakant, an inadequate number to support the amount of
earth the companies move every day. These sites are far from the mines and dumpers face little
monitoring. It is common for trucks to offload their waste wherever convenient. Heaps of waste
in Hpakant reveals very high. Dynamite explosions and heavy rain can cause these mounds of
waste to collapse, triggering large-scale landslides. These now happen frequently in Hpakant.
Several landslides over the past years have buried hundreds of formal and informal workers hired
by mining companies alive. Compilation of casualties as reported by local and international
media between January 2015 and July 2018 showed that there were at least 245 deaths during
that period. The actual number of dead is likely much higher. In November 2015, a collapse at
Kan Hkar village claimed at least 113 lives. Another 100 workers whose bodies were never
found were recorded as "missing. The following figures show casualties caused by landslides in
Phakant each year.
17
Source
18
This table shows a Snapshot of Employed persons aged 15 - 64 by industry by sex in Phakant
township. Department of Population Ministry of Labor, Immigration and Population October
2017 Source.
The mining and quarrying sector employed the highest number 19841 (19,393 male and female
448), followed by Wholesale, Retail Trade, Repair of Motor Vehicles and Motorcycles employed
16,917 (11,906 males, 5011 female). The Agriculture, forestry and fishing sector came the third
employing 8,241 (6306 male, female 1935), followed by Accommodation and Food Service
Activities came the fourth employing 2916 (1001 male, female 1915) which is higher than male
in this sector.
19
Communities Response to Drug Issues
People have been fighting War on Drugs in Kachin State which shows the failed Policies of the
government. Communities in the Kachin State have launched a ‘people’s war on drugs’ Known
as Pat Jasan and its ‘people’s war on drugs' has brought to light drug-related problems facing not
only the Kachin State but also the rest of the country. Praised by some Kachin activists for
finally addressing drug problems, they are also criticized by others for violating human rights
and not providing any services to marginalized communities, including drug users and poppy
farmers (KNG, 2020b). The government-controlled Phakant township in Kachin State, which
hosts some of the world’s richest jade mines, is also teeming with illicit narcotics. Many
mineworkers and others succumb to the abundance of available heroin and opium.
Ja Mai, an ethnic Kachin woman started smoking opium six years ago to alleviate pain, able to
keep her opium addiction a secret for some time. As a middle-aged mother of two, few would
have suspected her to be an addict. But her family knew, and after she started smoking heroin
last year, her adult offspring convinced her to enter the All Nations drug rehabilitation center in
the state capital, Myitkyina (O'Connor, 2015).
In phakant, there are also some local NGOs responding to social drug issues such as A Women-
only-Drop-In Centre and the Kachin National Development Foundation—Amyusha Zinlum
Hpung. A Women-Only Drop-in Centre (DIC) provides a community resource for Women in
Phakant especially for women who use and inject drugs (Putri, 2018). This DIC serves about 500
to 600 women who use/inject drugs, as well as 520 individuals through outreach services in
Hpakant (an area of about 350,000 people), while 40 clients are enrolled in the Government’s
methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) at the moment. The Centre welcomes an average of
30 to 40 women of all ages each day and can host up to 60 visitors. Women who use drugs, as
well as sex workers and women from low-income backgrounds make up the majority of these
visitors, although the center is specifically targeted for women who use/inject drugs, especially
in light of the limited availability of health services in the region. Women can come to the center
anytime it is open, obtain any available services they need for free, and leave as they wish(Putri,
2018)
Similarly, a local based Kachin NGO, the Kachin National Development Foundation—Amyusha
Zinlum Hpung in the Jinghpaw language—opened the shop at the end of last year in Mawsizar
20
ward. Drug use is rife in the area and the mining industry, with heroin widely abused(KNG,
2020a). A small workshop has been opened in Hpakant to train women recovering from drug
addiction in the skill of jade cutting.
For decades, the war on drugs has negatively impacted millions of lives. It has led to damaging
forms of marginalization, alarming rates of incarceration, and a wide array of ‘unintended
consequences’ of drug control policies, from corruption and injustice to violence in illicit
markets. In most parts of the world, for reasons related to broader gender inequality, women are
disproportionately affected by these policy impacts at varying levels.
Formal and Informal Labor Extractive Industry, Phakant

The informal economy produces informal workers. Census data for 2014 suggests that Hpakant
had a total of 312,278 inhabitants. While the actual population might have changed from that
figure due to constant flux in the region, local lawmakers and activists estimate nearly 300,000
of Hpakant’s residents are migrant miners, working either legally or illegally. The local people
complain that very little benefit from the jade trade eventually trickles down to local
communities.
The actual size of Myanmar's jade industry is hard to estimate and research by various
organizations presents a wide range of figures. Whatever the precise figure is, the environmental
and social costs are tangible, stark, and visually obvious. According to Extractive Industries
Transparency Initiative report data for the 2015-2016 fiscal year, nine private companies were
awarded mining licenses to operate between 2011 to 2015. Though the mining licenses were
ended but jade production and mining never stop until now. Many companies operate informally
and employ many informal workers. The standard size for each jade mining plot for private
companies in Myanmar is 1 acre. The government has set this size limit to prevent large-scale
mining. However, companies operating in Myanmar's jade sector avoid this restriction by
acquiring several adjacent licenses and each operating company in Phakant uses informal
workers in each business sector. Informality is linked to corruption, drug trafficking, smuggling,
illegal migration, and cross-border trade, therefore, it is the moment for Myanmar authorities to
consider formalizing informal practices is regarded as an essential transformation step for a
developing economy in Myanmar.
21
Last July the landslide in phakant killed at least 172 lives, Myanmar leader Aung San Suu Kyi
expressed sadness n a scheduled Facebook Live broadcast of what she described as the need for
people to illegally sift for jade because they lacked other ways of making a living. Suu Kyi said
most of those killed Thursday were illegal miners. She said that shows it is difficult for the
country’s citizens to get legal jobs, and that generating jobs should be a priority. However, critics
place the blame for such accidents on the legal mining operators and the government’s lax
enforcement of safety measures (Htet & Win, 2020).
Women rights to Social Economic Employment and Education

In Myanmar as in many other countries, women make enormous contributions to the economy—
as farmers, business owners, entrepreneurs, managers, administrative staff, or wage workers, or
through their unpaid work within households and communities. Women’s enjoyment of their full
and equal rights to livelihoods and participation in the economy with men is an expression of
women’s human rights, in line with Myanmar’s commitments to gender equality and women’s
rights. There is a growing body of evidence emphasizing that investing in gender equality and
women’s economic empowerment brings women’s untapped skills and talent pool to the fore,
enhances economic efficiency, and improves other development outcomes that are critical in an
increasingly competitive and globalized world. Ensuring gender equality and women’s rights
also have positive intergenerational impacts; over time, it results in more inclusive institutions
and policy choices that optimize development outcomes (ADB et al., 2016).
In Myanmar, 80% of Myanmar households were headed by a male and 20% by a female; in 72%
of them, the head was widowed. A total of 13% of female-headed households had adult males in
them, and these households were similar to male-headed households in terms of household size,
composition, resources, and well-being. However, 7% of female-headed houses with no adult
males were different, with fewer resources and diverse income sources. The relationship between
household headship and poverty is also complex (ADB et al., 2016). Defining female headship is
difficult and varies by country. In many countries, it is a self-declared category and may or may
not mean that there is an adult male resident in the household. In some countries, it would be
inconceivable to identify a woman as a household head if any adult male also lived there or if a
male migrant belonged to that household(ADB et al., 2016). However, according to the 2008
22
Constitution of Myanmar, Article 349 guarantees that “citizens shall enjoy equal opportunity in
carrying out the following functions: (a) public employment; (b) occupation; (c) trade; (d)
business; (e) technical know-how and vocation; and (f) exploration of art, science, and
technology. Article 350 states that women shall be entitled to the same rights and salaries as that
received by men in similar work.” Article 352 states that “the Union, in appointing or assigning
duties to civil service personnel, shall upon specified qualifications being fulfilled not
discriminate for or against any citizen based on race, birth, religion, and sex.” Despite
prohibiting gender discrimination in appointments to government posts, Article 352 states that
“nothing in this section shall prevent the appointment of men to positions that are naturally
suitable for men only”.
This study will investigate the women’s experience in the extractive industry in Phakand,
a conflict zone, whether all of the women’s rights have been violated as men dominated
extractive mining gold and jade industry in Phakant township. Men are far more likely to profit
in terms of compensations and jobs from the extractive industry while women’s unpaid labor is
often increased due to barriers to access to resources.
Women's Health and Safety at Working Environments
Working condition in Phakant especially at mining Jade and Gold sites is very dangerous
because of waste dumps everywhere and landslide kill individual every year. There is no
monitoring mechanism for the working environment and the soil itself is dangerous as many
companies, their waste dumps have proliferated close to villages and mining settlements
everywhere at their convince. There is no proper guidelines or standard procedures, how it
should be mined, no mining experts are provided. This will pose serious threats to the workers’
health including men and women. People from China came and built mining companies at the
mine in Phakant but these companies were only concerned with the factory operations and did
not care about workers’ health or the environment. Even when workers and people became very
sick from bad working conditions, the Chinese businessmen and the Burmese government did
not say anything. When people began to die because of not only mining accidents but also the
drug use and general lawlessness that pervades Hpakant, they did not say or do anything
(Frontiermyanmar, 2019). Women, although they rarely perform the heavy labor associated with
23
mining operations, often face greater long-term health risks. Women commonly transport ore,
wash and then treat it with chemicals, and collect water needed for drinking, washing, and
cooking. Additionally, gold mines rely heavily upon mercury and cyanide, while copper mines
typically use sulfur, hydrochloric acid, and other toxic chemicals. Repeated exposure to toxic
chemicals— especially common at artisanal mines—also dramatically increases the risk of injury
and illness, both on-site and, due to their cumulative impacts, years later. Such chemicals, for
example, increase the statistical likelihood that subsequent children will have physical and/or
mental abnormalities. Chemical spills and intentional dumping, again all too common in the
mining industry, further pollute the environment, releasing toxins that cause a range of problems.
As a result, they are exposed to more toxic chemicals and for longer periods. Such exposure
threatens their physical wellbeing, their babies (via breast milk), and future children due to
damage to their reproductive health.
Children represent the future. However, women involved in the mining industry often have to
bring their children to sites where they are exposed to chemicals. Long-term exposure can result
in a variety of chronic problems that will adversely affect their physical and mental development.
Additionally, mining sites are very dangerous and children playing in and around them face the
additional risk of injury or death from accidents.
Another issue health issue drug-related problem is addiction which causes many problems
among miners workers. The addiction will cause an individual to do anything to get money to
buy drugs, violence against women or wives, stealing jade. Many companies start hiring women
because they are more trustworthy and more reliable. The decision resulted in many applications
from women keen to make a living as mine workers. Women were trained to identify different
grades of jade, their basic salary starts at K120,000 a month, including meals and
accommodation, and they receive a commission for any valuable stones
Women's Right to Protection from all forms of Violence
Increased physical and sexual violence against women is also closely associated with mining
operations. First, women who work in mines often face physical violence at the hands of other
24
miners and, especially, military personnel guarding the sites. Additionally, they are almost
always paid less than, men, even where they perform the same tasks.
Second, a decrease in food security often produces an increase in levels of domestic violence at
home. women are primarily responsible for obtaining and preparing food. Mines make this task
vastly more difficult because valuable farmland is frequently seized without any compensation.
Additionally, mines create “dead zones,” where nothing will grow due to the intensity of the
mining operations and the toxic air and water population. Furthermore, mining operations force a
rapid shift from a largely subsistence-based economy to one based on cash. This shift is
accompanied by inflation, which makes it increasingly difficult for families to purchase the basic
goods they need to survive: cooking oil, clean water, fuel, medicine, etc. Together, these changes
often force women into the sex industry since they have no other way to provide for themselves
and their families.
Third, the rapid immigration of men to mining sites also leads to increased demand for sexual
services. This triggers the physical safety and bodily integrity of young rural ethnic women and
girls, in particular, who have been subjected to sexual violence, including rape, sex slavery, and
trafficking in the region. In 2017, there were 1405 rape cases across Myanmar, much higher than
the 1100 cases recorded the year before, according to a report released in 2018 by the Ministry of
Home Affairs.
Rape, as well as institutionalized forms of sexual violence (e.g., brothels), rise as a result. As
rape is often a display and abuse of power, it has been argued by many women’s organizations
that rape is utilized by military powers as weapons of war. The use of sexual violence and
exploitation as a means of torture during the conflict primarily by the armed forces against
civilian women and girls. Conflict-affected women and girls have also been subjected to human
trafficking and forced marriage.
CEDAW Committee expressed its deep concern at the high prevalence of sexual and other forms
of violence, including rape, perpetrated by members of the armed forces against rural ethnic
women. The committee also expressed concern at the apparent impunity of the perpetrators of
such violence—although a few cases had been prosecuted at that time—and reports of threats,
intimidation, and punishment of the victims. Sexual violence against women can go on with
impunity and it has to be stopped(Win, 2018). The safety of women in armed conflicted areas
25
face major challenges as they face many troubles and difficulties and their safety is safety should
be a number one priority of the country since Myanmar’s long road to democracy has been
hindered by violent ethnic conflicts, which have taken its toll on women. Within these instances
of violent conflicts between minorities, women often suffer abuses such as rape and other forms
of physical violence. All these need to be addressed regarding women and their position in the
country (ADB et al., 2016).
RESULTS And METHODS ANALYSIS
The following Result Report Findings are divided into the following sections A to G.
Section A: reported demographic, age, education qualification, income level analysis results
Section B: family responsibility, family social status, working hours (length of service)
organization tenure analysis results.
Section C: employment, Career Advancement, salary, promotion, training, and development

analysis results.
Section D: Gender-Based Violence (all sorts of Gender-Based Violence) and migration analysis
results.
Section E: Social Structure/Culture Norms, policies, and programs, framework such as

education, social economy, health, laws against women analysis results.
Section F: Drug issues women faced analysis results.
Section G: opened ended qualitative questions asking “working condition, safety and security,
job opportunity for women and living condition”.
All of these sections cover the variables that were discussed in the literature reviews
section such as gender in the extractive industry in Phakant, community’s response to drug
issues, formal and informal labor in the extractive industry in Phakant, women rights to social-
economic employment and education, women's health and safety issues and women's rights to
protection from all forms of violence.
26
Section A: Demographic, Age, Education Level, Income Level Analysis
Results.
Participants
A total of 126 female Participants was recruited from different fields of jobs in Phakant,
Myohnin District, in Kachin State. It has three main towns in Phakant- (under Phakant- Maw
One Kalay, Maw One Gyi), Seng Tawn (under Seng Tawn- Kawng San, Nam Maw, Gwi Kha,
etc), and Lung Hkring (under Lung Hkring- Maw Si Sar).
The Participants Profiles
The Age of Participants

Frequency Percentage
Under 25 Years
44 34.9
25 to 29 Years
25 19.8
30 to 39 Years
31 24.6
40 to 49 years
20 15.9
50 years above
6 4.8
Total
126 100.0
27
The Education Level of Participants
Primary Education 29 23.4
High School 27 21.8
Bachelor 37 29.8
No Education 31 25.0
Total 124 100.0
No=126, missing=2
The two participants did not respond to the question.
The Income Level of Participants

28
Primary Education 120 95.2
High School 6 4.8
Total 126 100.0
Section B: Family Responsibility, Family Social Status, Working Hours

Results
Family Responsibilities
Marital Status
Yes 85 90.4
No 7 7.4
Refuse to answer 2 2.1
Total 94 100.0
No-94 and missing= 32 did not respond to the question and 85 participants were married and 2
participants refused to answer.
29
Employment Status of the Partner
Yes 66 75.0
No 21 23.9
Total 88 100.0
No-88 and missing= 38 did not response to the question and 66 participants said they are
working and 1 participant refused to answer.
Giving Support by Partner
Yes 60 69.0
No 26 29.9
Total 87 100.0
30
No-87 and missing= 39 did not respond to the question and 60 participants said their partners are
actively supporting and 1 participant refused to answer.
Whether They Have Children or Not
Yes 78 81.3
No 17 17.7
Total 96 100.0
No-96 and missing= 30 did not respond to the question and 78 participants said they have
children and 1 participant refused to answer.
31
Number of Children of Family Have
One Child 24 30.0
Two Children 20 25.0
Three Children 22 27.5
Four Children Above 14 17.5
Total 80 100.0
No-80 and missing= 46 did not respond to the question which means they are single or have no
children 24 participants said they have one child and 20 Participants said they have two children;
22 participants have three children and 14 participants have more than 4 children respectively.
they have children and 1 participant refused to answer.
32
The Age of The Children
less than 1 age 3 4.2
1-2 years old age 20 28.2
3-4 Age 11 15.5
4-5 Age 11 15.5
7-8age 26 36.6
Total 71 100.0
children. 3 participants said they have one child under 1 age and 20 Participants said they have
children aged between 1-2 years old, 11 participants have their children age 3-4 years old and 11
participants have children age 4-5 years old, and 26 participants said they have children age 7-8
years old respectively and 1 participant refused to answer.
33
The Mode of Childcare
Partner/Spouse 32 84.2
Baby Sitter 1 2.6
Living in Maid 2 5.3
Children at School 3 7.9
Total 38 100.0
children or they do not have any mode of childcare when they are at work. 32 participants said
they have partner/spouse and 1 Participant said she has a baby sister and 2 participants said they
have children living with Maid. 3 participants said they have children at school.
34
The other 44 participants said they have other Mode of Childcare which included, Me,
Sister-in-law, Neighbor, Grandmother, Sister, Eldest Daughter, Mother-in-law, and Mother.
Average Hours Spending with Children Per Week
Less than 5 Hrs. 11 14.5
5- 10 Hrs. 13 17.1
10-15 Hrs. 7 9.2
15-20 Hrs. 4 5.3
Over 20 Hrs. 41 53.9
Total 76 100.0
children or they do not have any mode of childcare when they are at work. 11 participants said
they spent less than 5 hours and 13 Participants said 5-10 hours, 7 participants said 10-15 hours,4
participants 15-20 hours, and 41 participants said over 20 hours spent with their children.
35
Family Social Status
Yes 39 34.8
No 73 65.2
Total 112 100.0
No-112 and missing=14 participants did not respond to the question. 39 participants said they
have the same social status in the family and 73 participants said No which indicated that Men
and Women do not have the same social status in the family.
If yes please indicate the following statements represent your status in the next section.
36
Children’s Education
Mainly husband 12 13.2
Mostly husband 12 13.2
Together 41 45.1
Mostly wife 8 8.8
Mainly wife 18 19.8
Total 91 100.0
Total-126, Missing=35 did not respond to the question or being single ladies and 41 participants
said they took care of children's education together.
37
Housing and Property Purchase
Together 18 19.1
Mostly wife 20 21.3
Mainly wife 28 29.8
Individually 1 1.1
Total 94 100.0
Total-126, Missing=32 did not respond to the question or being single ladies. 28 participants said
mainly wife to take care of the purchase of Housing and Property Purchase, while 21 participants
said mostly, husband. The data shows that mostly wife 20 and mainly wife 28 indicated that the
wives took care of the housing and property purchases in the family.
38
Asset Management

Together 24 25.5
Mostly wife 23 24.5
Mainly wife 21 22.3
Total 94 100.0
Total-126, Missing=32 did not response to the question or being single ladies. 21 participants
said mainly wife to take care of asset management, while 21 participants said mostly husband.
The data shows that mostly wife 23 and mainly wife 21 indicated that the wives took care of the
asset management, while 24 participants said together.
Living Expense
39
Together 45 47.9
Mostly wife 4 4.3
Mainly wife 11 11.7
Individually 1 1.1
Total 94 100.0
they did it together, while 21 participants said mostly, husband. The data shows that living
expenses were taken care of together.
Employment or Job transfer
Together 38 42.7
Mostly wife 3 3.4
Mainly wife 15 16.9
Total 89 100.0
40
job transfer was done together, while 19 participants said job transfer was carried out by mostly
husband. The data shows that 14 mainly husbands and 19 mostly husband indicate that job
transfer was carried out by husbands.
Organization tenure (Length of Service) Participants’ Working Hours Per Week

Less than 30 Hrs. 35 30.2

30-39 Hrs. 22 19.0
40-49 Hrs. 15 12.9
50-59 Hrs. 11 9.5
Over 60 Hrs. 33 28.4
Total 116 100.0
Total-126, Missing=10 did not respond to the question. 30 participants, the majority said they
work 35 hours per week, while 22 participants 30-39 hours and 15 participants 40-49 hours
respectably.
41
How long have you been employed at your present company?
Less than 1 year 10 9.4

1-2 Years 35 33.0
3-5 years 25 23.6
6-10 years 19 17.9
Over 10 Years 17 16.0
Total 106 100.0
Total-126, Missing=20 participants did not respond to the question or they are not being
employed in the company.
42
How long do you intend to remain in your current employment?
Less than 2 year 15 13.9
2-5 Years 35 32.4
6-10 years 9 8.3
Until retirement 49 45.4
Total 108 100.0
Total-126, Missing=18 participants did not respond to the question or they are not being
employed in the company.
43
Section C: Employment, Career Advancement, Salary, Promotion,
Training, and Development Results.
Indicate Participants’ Job Types of Employment Status
There were participants from Sale Person(9),Beauty Salon(1),Laundry Worker(8),English

Teacher (1),female Pastor(1) Social Service worker(1),Casual Worker(7), Sex Worker(7),
Labor(4), Nursery Teacher (1) Clerk(8), Waitress (3), Accountant (4),Company Staff (2), Jade
Trader(2), Dependent (9) House Maid (5), Online business(2), Organization (1),Trader(1),Sale
assistance (6) Vendor(1), Faith based Organization (1), Cosmetic seller (3) Barbecue Shop (2),
Noddle Shop (1),Tailor (3), Volunteer (1), Early childhood Care (1), Massage (4), Tailor
Instructor (1), Company Employee(6), Gold-miner(1), Selling betel nut(2),Digging Gold with
husband (1), Broker (1), Greengrocer(4),selling Clothes (1), Kindergarten Teacher (1), Fish
seller (1), Shopkeeper (3),Part-time job (1).
Participants' Types of Jobs

1.00%
Shopkeeper 3.00%
1.00%
Kindergarten Teacher 1.00%
1.00%
Greengrocer 4.00%
1.00%
Digging Gold with husband 1.00%
2.00%
Gold-Beater 1.00%
6.00%
Tailor Instructor 1.00%
4.00%
Early childhood Care 1.00%
1.00%
Tailor 3.00%
1.00%
Barbecue 2.00%
3.00%
Faith base Organization 1.00%
1.00%
Sale assistance 6.00%
1.00%
Organization 1.00%
2.00%
House Maid 5.00%
9.00%
Jade Trader 2.00%
2.00%
Accountant 4.00%
3.00%
Clerk 8.00%
1.00%
Labour 4.00%
7.00%
Casual Worker 7.00%
1.00%
Pastor 1.00%
1.00%
Laundry Worker 8.00%
1.00%
Sale Person 9.00%
0.00% 1.00% 2.00% 3.00% 4.00% 5.00% 6.00% 7.00% 8.00% 9.00% 10.00%
44
Employment Status
Permanent 45 37.5
Temporary 47 39.2
Part-time 5 4.2
Casual 19 15.8
On-call 4 3.3
Total 120 37.5
Total-126, missing=6 participants did not respond to the question. Other specify included
Household Stuff, Household stuff, Dependent, Chores, Dependent which indicate working at
home or housewives.
Level of Position
Non-Management 70 72.2
Junior Management 16 16.5
Middle Management 11 11.3
Total 97 100.0
45
Total No-126, Missing= 29 did not response to the question as they are not employed or working
at home as house wives or independent workers. 70 participants were from non-management, 16
participants were from junior and 11 participants were from middle management position. Other
specify included housewives and a pastor were reported.
Experience Gender discrimination in the workplace

Strongly Agree 24 19.2
Agree 20 16.0
Neutral 26 20.8
Disagree 23 18.4
Strongly Disagree 32 25.6
Total 125 100.0
Total-126, Missing=1 did not respond to the question. 32 participants said they did not
experience gender discrimination at work, while 24 participants said they either experienced or
agree to the statement of gender discrimination at work. 26 participants said to be in the position
of Neutral.
46
Supervisor Treatment of Employee at Work

Agree 26 20.8
Neutral 39 31.2
Disagree 22 17.6
Total 125 100.0
Total-126, Missing=1 did not respond to the question. 22 participants said their supervisors do
not consider gender in delegation job assignment, while 39 participants said to be in neutral
status. 22 and 16 participants said they disagree and strongly disagree with the statement.
47
My gender does influence my profession
Agree 33 26.2
Neutral 36 28.6
Disagree 20 15.9
Total 126 100.0
Total-126, Missing=0, 33 participants said that their gender does influence their professions and
31 strongly agree with the statement, while 20 participants did not agree with the statement.
48
Peers would treat me differently because of my gender
Agree 15 12.1
Neutral 29 23.4
Disagree 37 29.8
Total 124 100.0
Total-124, Missing=2 did not respond to the question. 18 and 15 participants said strongly agree
and agree, while 37 participants and 25 said to disagree and strongly disagree with the statement.
49
Jobs and Career Advancement Results
How did you end up in this occupation/career field?
I volunteered for it and it was my first

24 19.8
choice
I did not have any choice 58 47.9
It was the only job open for me 39 32.2

Total 121 100.0
Total-126, Missing=5 did not response to the question. 58 participants indicated that they did not
have any choice, while 39 participants said it was the only job open for them. 24 participants said
to be their first choice and volunteer for it.
50
Salary Gap
There are salary gaps among the same level in my organization

Agree 7 9.5
Neutral 10 13.5
Disagree 19 25.7
Total 74 100.0
Total-126, Missing=52 did not respond to the question or is not employed or working as
housewives at home. 26 and 19 participants said they disagree and strongly disagree, while 12
participants indicated strongly agree. 10 participants said to be in a neutral position.
51
I have been unfairly denied a salary increase in my organization

Agree 8 10.8
Neutral 10 13.5
Disagree 23 31.1
Total 74 100.0
Total-126, Missing=52 did not respond to the question as they are not employed in a company or
working as housewives or independent workers without a regular salary. 23 and 28 the
participants said that they disagree and strongly disagree, while only 8 and 5 participants
strongly agree and agree. 10 participants said to be in the neutral position.
52
I am satisfied with my current salary
Frequency Valid Percent

Agree 21 27.3
Neutral 18 23.4
Disagree 17 22.1
Total 77 100.0
Total-126, Missing=49 did not respond to the question or work as housewives at home which
means they are not on salary or wages. 21 and 8 strongly agree and agree, while 17 and 13 said
they disagree and strongly disagree. 18 participants said to be in a neutral position.
53
I have been unpaid often

Agree 15 20.3
Neutral 9 12.2
Disagree 27 36.5
100.0
Total 74
Total-126, Missing=52 did not respond to the question. 27 and 19 participants said they disagree
and strongly disagree, while only 4 and 15 participants said they strongly agree and agree. 9
participants said to be in the neutral position.
54
My salary cannot cover my living expense

Agree 30 39.0
Neutral 18 23.4
Disagree 8 10.4
Total 77 100.0
Total-126, Missing=49 did not respond to the question or work as housewives at home. 30 and
16 participants said both strongly agree and agree, while only 5 and 8 strongly disagree and
disagree. 18 participants said to be in the neutral position.
55
I believe I have been properly compensated by this employer

Agree 20 26.3
Neutral 9 11.8
Disagree 7 9.2
Total 76 100.0
Total-126, Missing=50 did not respond to the question or working as housewives at home. 23
and 20 participants said they strongly agree and agree with the statement, while 17 and 7
participants strongly disagree and disagree. 9 participants said to be in the neutral position.
56
Job Promotion

Agree 12 16.9
Neutral 10 14.1
Disagree 6 8.5
Total 71 100.0
Total-126, Missing= 55 participants did not respond to the question or being housewives at
home. 26 and 12 participants strongly agree and agree to get promotion for their career or job
advancement, while 17 and 6 strongly disagree and agree with the statement. 10 participants said
to be in a neutral position.
57
My manager/supervisor encourages me to see my potential

Agree 13 18.3
Neutral 19 26.8
Disagree 7 9.9
Total 71 100.0
Total-126, Missing= 55 did not respond to the question or working as housewives at home. 17
and 13 participants strongly agree and agree that their supervisors/managers encourage them,
while 15 and 7 participants said strongly disagree and disagree. 19 participants said to be in a
neutral position.
58
I have more potential than current position.

Agree 28 39.4
Neutral 16 22.5
Disagree 3 4.2
Total 71 100.0
Total-126, Missing= 55 did not respond to the question or working as housewives at home. 28
and 13 participants stated that they strongly agree and agree to the statement that they have more
potential than their current position, while 11 and 3 participants stated they strongly disagree and
disagree to the statement. 16 participants said to be in a neutral position.
59
I am confident in going for promotion
Frequency Percent

Agree 15 21.1
Neutral 18 25.4
Disagree 5 7.0
Total 71 100.0
Total-126, Missing= 55 did not respond to the question or work as housewives at home. 25 and
15 participants strongly agree and agree, while 8 and 5 participants stated strongly disagree and
disagree with the statement. 18 participants said to be in the neutral position.
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Training and Development
There are wide opportunities for training to meet my needs.
Frequency Percent
Strongly agree 19 26.0
Agree 17 23.3
Neutral 4 5.5
Disagree 13 17.8
Total 73 100.0
Total= 126/ missing=53
61
Manager to talk to in the organization about how to develop my career.
Frequency Percent
Agree 16 21.9
Neutral 12 16.4
Disagree 10 13.7
Strongly disagree 20 27.4
Total 73 100.0
Total= 126/ Missing= 53
62
I have opportunity within my job to learn and broaden my experience

Agree 15 20.5
Neutral 11 15.1
Disagree 7 9.6
Total 73 100.0
Section D: Gender Based Violence (all sorts of GBV) and Migration

Results.
Experienced the following Types of Abuses?

Physical 20 27.0
Sexual 13 17.6
Mental/Emotional/Psychological 41 55.4
Total 74 100.0
Total= 126/ Missing=52
Other specify include both physical and sexual cases of abuse.
63
Have Anyone you know suffered from domestic violence or abuses?
Yes 93 76.9
No 28 23.1
Total 121 100.0
Total-126, Missing= 5
64
Sorts of Domestic Violence or Gender-Based Violence Women Experience in Phakant
Sorts of Violences Against Women In Phakant

6% 5%
8%
I have not been the victim of gender-
16% based violence
Pushing or shoving (causing no injury)
Pushing or shoving (with injury)
16% Hitting, slapping punching causing
injury
Kicking
Pulling hair
Using a source of an object to hit you
17% Attempt of strangulation
20%
13%
Other specify included Thrown with Salt, try to stab with a knife, Beaten with Rope, push from
stairs, pointed by Gun, Swearing verbal assaults.
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The Relationship with Abuser
Frequency Percent
Boyfriend/ girlfriend 9 12.3
Husband/ wife 26 35.6
Living with them 27 37.0
Family member 11 15.1
Total 73 100.0

Other Specify included employer, guest, outside of the house stranger, friend, customer, and
neighbors.
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Other Specify Abusers included the followings
With Employer 2%
Guest 1%
Outside of the house stranger 1%
Friend 5%
Customer 3%
Neighnbour 10%
0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% 12%
If you were the victim, where would you go to?

Family 30 40.0
Friends 23 30.7
Women’s Organization 12 16.0
Police 3 4.0
Church Leader 7 9.3
Total 75 100.0
Other specify included Neighbor as well as nowhere to go to seek help.
67
Migration to Phakant

Broker 4 4.1
Relative 56 57.1
Friend 13 13.3
Husband 21 21.4
Boyfriend 1 1.0
Boss/Employer 3 3.1
Total 98 100.0
Other specify included alone, family, local people, family
Other specify Included to Get to Phakant
Alone 2%
Local People 5%
Family 6%
Buiness Purpose 1%
Born and raised 1%
0% 1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 6% 7%
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Section E: Social Structure/Culture Norms, Policies and Programs,
Framework -Education, Social economy, Health, Laws against Women
Results.
The Social Structure and Norms Challenges Women Face
69
Social Struture and Norms, Policies, Framework Women Face
Challenges
13% women face against ccess to

employment
Equal pay
27% Education
The situation of women in the social
security system
11% The situation of informal labor
Domestic and migrant female workers
mechanisms to address the labor needs
and protection of migrants
Regulations governing the treatment of
domestic/migrant worker women
10% protect pregnant students from all
forms of discrimination
12% Damaging against women educatdion,
economy etc
4%
5%
2% 10%
7%
Legal in Business
Yes 8 6.8
No 109 93.2
Total 117 100.0
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Disputed with Employer
Yes 17 16.5
No 86 83.5
Total 103 100.0
No-103, missing=23 did not response to the question as they are not being employed or working
as housewives. 86 participants said that they did not have any dispute with the employers, while
17 participants said to dispute with their employers.
If yes, where did you go to seek help which they mentioned were No Help, Headman of the
village, To Friend, my family, By Myself, from another a contact.
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Access to Education
Yes 29 23.4
No 95 76.6
Total 124 100.0
No-124, missing=2 participants did not respond to the question. 95 participants said that they
were not denied access to education, while 29 participants were denied access to education.
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Women Health
When you get sick did your employer allow you to take a leave?
Yes 90 90.9
No 9 9.1
Total 99 100.0
No-99, missing=27 out of 126 participants because they were working as housewives or not
being employed in a company. 90 participants said that their employers allowed them to take a
sick leave, while 9 participants said that they could not get sick leave from their employers.
Other specify included that when they get sick, half of the people specified that they went to
clinic and hospital nearby and other half said no service or no clinic available.
The Present Health of the Participants
I wake early and then sleep badly for the rest of the nigh.
Yes, definitely = (1) 24 19.4
Yes, sometimes = (2) 43 34.7
No, not much = (3) 15 12.1
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No, not at all 42 33.9
Total 124 100.0
No-124, missing=2 out of 126 participants because
I get very frightened or panic feelings for apparently no reason at all
Frequency Percent
No, not much = (3) 24 19.2
Total 125 100.0
74
I feel miserable and sad
Frequency Percent
No, not much = (3) 23 18.7
Total 123 100.0
75
I feel anxious when I go out of the house on my own
Frequency Percent
No, not much = (3) 22 17.6
Total 125 100.0
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I have lost interest in things
Frequency Percent
No, not much = (3) 20 16.3
Total 123 100.0
No-123, missing=3 out of 126 participants. Over 40 percent said they felt lost in things, while the
other 40 percent said they did not feel lost in things.
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Section F: Drug Issues Women Faced Results
Have you ever used any drugs such as Opium, Heroin, Cocaine, Morphine?
Yes 23 18.4
No 102 81.6
Total 125 100.0
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How often did you use the drug?
Frequency Percent
Once a day 2 40.0
More than once a day 1 20.0
Once a week 1 20.0
Several times a week 1 20.0
Total 5 100.0
No-5, missing=121 out of 126 participants. 40 percent of participants said that they used the drug
once a day, 20 percent said they used it more than once a day, once a week, several times a week.
Other specify included sometimes, not regularly, more than 20 times, for a month, etc.
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why did you start using drugs?
Why did you start Using Drugs

5%
5%
Joy-seeking
Family problem
40% Friends persuade me
Lack of knowledge about
complications of drugs
Having free time
35%
15%
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Section G: Working Condition, Safety and Security, Job Opportunity
and Living Condition”
Working Condition at Work
Participants' Reponse to Working Condition

Difficult for causual work 2%
Demands betal nut goues down 1%
Causual work 2%
Need more customer 5%
It is just so so 1%
It is no problem in my work place 1%
It depends on how much I try 2%
Not enough for 6000kyat per day 1%
Not too bad 1%
Unable to support fimily 1%
No more job due to Covid-19 6%
It is fine if the customary come regularly 1%
sleep deprivation 2%
Struggle for food 1%
Unhappy/pressure 1%
It is fine 4%
Unlike before 6%
Happy 2%
Not good 8%
Difficult 1%
Satisfied 1%
A little worry 1%
School closed 1%
Depend on custormers 4%
Bad 14%
Good 23%
Very bad 1%
Normal 16%
Too bad 1%
Too Serious,worry 1%
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25%
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Safety and Security of Women
Participants' Response to Safety and Security

Not safe without husband 3%
Phakant is not safe for girls 2%
Safe when with a lot of girls 1%
Not safe even at my house 3%
Not sate at work especially at night 2%
Not safe due to the theifts 2%
Need to worry for my children 1%
No safe and need to wear clothes properly 5%
No safe and no rule of laws 6%
Not safe from being rape 1%
Not safe and afraid from recruitement 2%
Not safe for unmarried girl 2%
Not safe and abused by husband 2%
Safe with family and relatives 2%
Not safe due to drug users 7%
Not safe and full of struggle 2%
It will be safe if there is no women organization 1%
No safe and gender discrimination and abuses 1%
No safety and security due to bad custormer 3%
Scarcity of job apportunity 1%
Safety and Security is bad 1%
About worry about safety 1%
Need law enforcement 2%
Being abuse phyically and mentally 2%
Not safe 33%
Mostly not safe 1%
No abuse on women 1%
Safe at home but not safe outside 1%
Safe 16%
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35%
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Job Opportunity for Women
Participants' Response to Job Opportunity For Women

Not like before 3%
Low demend 2%
Washing clothes 7%
Broker 6%
Job is not stable 2%
Men get priority in the work place 7%
Less demend for women 3%
Very hard to find job 6%
Make up, selling and beauty polour 2%
It is fair 2%
The job does not suit for educated people 3%
Vendor 2%
Good opportunity 4%
More opportunity for men 3%
No opportunity for selling shop 4%
Equal opportunity 1%
Normal 1%
Less opportunity 5%
No safe 1%
lack of job opportunity for women and girls 43%
Forced to work 1%
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% 50%
Living Condition of Women
83
Participants' Response to Living Condition in Phakant
Not safe environment 3%
Not good business 2%
No income due to Covid-19 3%
I have to work even when I am sick 1%
Not good and want to migrate 8%
Difficult to live 10%
Difficult to access water 26%
Need to struggle a lot 16%
Full o problem and depression 17%
Struggle to get rent 19%
Expensive to rent 8%
Not good 14%
Fine 4%
Not safe 5%
Difficult condition 18%
Poor Condition 20%
Dusty, muddy and air pullution and poor transporation 16%
Drug, corruptiong and poor management 1%
Peaceful 4%
Normal 4%
good 14%
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30%
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RECOMMENDATIONS/SUGGESTIONS/IMPLEMENTATIONS
Section A- the results of demographic, age, education qualifications, income level

analysis were reported in this section. A total of 126 female participants, whose ages were
between 25 to 60 years old, were recruited from different fields of jobs in Phakant which has
three main towns Phakant, Seng Taw, and Lung Hkring. The participants’ education levels were
23 percent primary education, 21 percent high school, bachelor 28 percent, and 25 percent of
participants had no education. This means that the majority of participants had primary, high
school, and bachelor educations and only 25 percent got no education. 90 percent of participants
were married, while only 7 percent did not get married. Their monthly income level, 95 percent
of them had below 250,000 kyats.
Section B- the results of family responsibilities, family social status, working hours
(length of service) organization tenure analysis results were reported in this section. The findings
indicated that 75 percent of their partners were working, and 23 percent of the participants’
partners were not working. This tells us that some women in Phakant, their husbands could not
find jobs to support the families or were addicted to drugs. This might bring extra burdens on the
women in the families, while facing many family challenges or solving the family problems
alone in the male-dominated extractive industry in Phakant. The partner-support question
indicated that there was a piece of evidence that 70 percent of their partners were supporting,
while 30 percent said their husbands did not support her jobs. The women might need emotional
and financial support to solve family problems. The majority of them had the modes of
childcarers as 84 percent of participants said that their husbands took care of children, while
other modes of childcare included sister-in-law, mother-in-law, mother, grandmother, and
neighbors were also received. The workplace regulations are more relaxed in Phakant, some
women workers may bring their babies and children to their workplace. There were fewer
spending times for women with their children as the finding indicated that 54 percent of
participants spent over 20 hours with their children in a week. On the other hand, sharing family
responsibilities such as children’s educations, Housing and Property Purchases, Asset
Management, the husbands and wives managed together participants stated wives or husbands
managed them Overall findings showed that husbands and wives shared the families’
85
responsibilities, while some women were struggling alone without supports from their partners.
Job Transfer and Share Living Expenses, the majority of participants stated they did together,
while some other participants stated they followed their husbands. On average the working hours
of women in Phakant, in a week, 30 percent of the participants had less than 30 hours, 28 percent
more than 60 hours, 19 percent works 30-39 hours, 12 percent works 40-49 and 9 percent works
50-59 hours. It is challenging for women in Phakant due to lack of government’s rules and
regulations or law enforcement, the women’s time burden of domestic work, thus freeing more
time for income generation, and improving their access to employment or markets. Of the
women who were being employed, 45 percent of them said they would work at their companies
until retirement, and others may work 2 to 5 and 8 years.
Section C- the results of employment, career advancement, salary, promotion, training,

and development were reported in this section. Participants from different fields of jobs were
randomly selected for this study. 37 of them working in permanent positions, while the majority
of them working as temporary, part-time, casual, and on-call. Their jobs were non-management
positions, including a few working in junior management and middle management positions
which indicated that women do not get in management positions in their jobs in Phakant.
Moreover, the finding indicated that there were still gender discriminations, treatments based on
gender, jobs, and career advancement or promotion, training-development, and salary gap at
work. Though the constitution or union level guarantee that women or any citizen of the
Republic of the Union of Myanmar, based on race, birth, religion, and sex full and equal
participating in the economy with men, there are still challenges for women in different jobs to
face gender discrimination occurs in the extractive industry like in Phakant.
Section D- the results of gender-based violence (all sorts of GBV) and migration were
reported in this section. The findings indicated that the women in Phakant have faced different
types of abuses such as physical, sexual, mental, emotional, and psychological. Some of them
experienced these abuses and also stated that there were other women being abuses and domestic
violence. Other types included threatening with a knife, gun pointed, beaten with rope, pushing
as well as verbal insults. The abusers were husbands, boyfriends/girlfriends, family members,
living with them, employers, guests, strangers, friends, customers, and neighbors. In terms of
seeking help, the majority stated that they talked to their families, women organizations, Church
86
leaders. Only 4 percent of them stated they went to the police. These findings indicated that
women in Phakant need protection against violence and abuses, especially Women sex workers,
women at massage are also exposed to abuses and violence. The government failed to prevent
violations of rights or to investigate and punish acts of violence, and for providing
compensation… States parties should take appropriate and effective measures to overcome all
forms of gender-based violence, whether by public or private act. The findings also indicated that
the majority of the women who were the victim were migrants who came to Phakant were
through relatives, while other forms were also identified such as from broker, friends, husband,
boyfriend as well a boss or employer.
Section E- the results of social structure/culture norms, policies, programs, the framework
of such as education, social economy, health, laws, or legal against women were reported in this
section. or limitations the findings indicated that women face different challenges access to
employment, equal pay, education, the situation of women in the social security system, being in
the situation of informal labor, being domestic and migration female workers, mechanisms to
address the labor needs and protection of migrants, government regulations governing the
treatment of domestic/migrant worker women, protect pregnant students from all forms of
discriminations. For example, over 90 percent of jobs were informal or not contracts between
employers and the women employees that create vulnerability, economically disadvantaged
women from these factors. For example, in the case of a dispute between employers and
employees, the majority stated they could not seek any help or protection. These findings
indicated that the government focusing on poverty reduction and inclusive growth provides the
opportunity to address gender equality and women’s empowerment are still lacking or not
improved in Phakant region. Particular attention needs to be paid to women in ways that take
into account the lived realities and barriers faced by economically disadvantaged women from
marginalized ethnic and migrants, and underdeveloped geographical locations. The Framework
for Economic and Social Reforms, which is an important policy link to the long-term National
Comprehensive Development Plan, along with sectoral policies and plans, emphasizes
inclusiveness and consultation. This is an important opportunity to ensure that the government’s
reform agenda addresses gender equality and women’s rights, especially, in the specific areas,
such as gender equality and respect for women’s rights in the economy; in the social spheres of
87
education, health, and eliminating violence against women and girls; and in political
participation and governance, including in all aspects of the peace process.
Section F- the results of drug issues women faced were reported in this section. The
finding indicated that 18 percent of participants were reported to have used drugs and 40 percent
said that they used the drug once a day, 20 percent for Once a week, more than once a day, and
several times a week. The reasons for using drugs showed that joy-seeking got the highest score,
followed by friends persuade me second-highest, 15 percent stated family problems related, lack
of knowledge, and having free time got 5 percent each. This finding further reassures the drug
issues in Phakant and people in the region have been fighting War on Drugs in Kachin State
which showed the failed Policies of the government. Though, there are A Women-Only Drop-in
Centre (DIC) and Kachin National Development Foundation that provide a community resource
for Women in Phakant especially for women who use and inject the drug. The drug has led to
damaging forms of marginalization, alarming rates of incarceration, and a wide array of
‘unintended consequences’ of drug control policies, from corruption and injustice to violence in
illicit markets in Phakant. It is highly concerned that people who inject drugs, or women in the
sex sector were highly vulnerable and being the victims of facing different sorts of violence or
abuses.
Section F- the results of qualitative questions asking women working conditions, safety
and security conditions, employment opportunities, and living conditions for women in Phakant
were reported in this section. Jade mining condition is often dangerous and risky which bring
income and death due to unsafe working conditions and landslides are common. It is believed
that the mine collapsed after heavy rainfall while mine workers (informal men and women)
searching for valuable stones in mining waste were swept away by a strong stream of mud and
water. The flood destroyed around half of the village where the families of the affected miners
are living. Women started working as independent freelance jade pickers due to the husbands’
addiction to drugs and incapable work of working face constant risk of landslides killing
thousands each year. Some companies also start hiring women for reliable and trustworthy jade
pickers and they give monthly bonuses to the workers to find the most valuable stones.
Moreover, the findings indicated that women working as sex workers and massage parlors, lack
protection from unlawful prostitution and unlawful drug use thrive and the women are frequently
88
related to risky practices such as sexual violence, physical and different forms of abuses due to
lack of government public administration in the region. Myanmar government needs to protect
the mine workers and improve the working conditions for women and facilitate at all mine sites
to have a collective voice to improve the health and safety of the women including men.
Secondly, the overall lack of public safety and security, women fear the different types of
violence. The findings indicated that women and young girls are not safe to go out without
husbands or guardians and parents. Thieves and drug users are everywhere. Sometimes it is not
safe even at their homes, especially at night. Many women worry about their safety and security
in Phakant. The security sector in Phakant consists of a range of actors, police, military, ethnic
armed group need to ensure the safety of women. The findings showed that Safety and security
for women are mandated to guarantee for all citizens, especially for women.
Thirdly, women in Phakant find it difficult to get a job due to the lack of employment
opportunities available for women compare to men as many migrant workers work at mine sites.
Covid-19 Pandemic made it more difficult for the economy which made it even harder for
women difficult to find jobs. The research findings showed that participants talked about lack of
employment, no stable jobs, struggling to support their families which made them difficult to do
living there. Besides, living conditions for women showed that due to lack of safety and security,
crimes as well thieves, women are unsafe to live there peacefully. Myanmar's government joined
the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI) to increase transparency and
accountability in how the country manages its natural resources. However, it failed to manage
and conduct or sustainably extract mineral resources. Women find it extremely hard to do a
living though rarely perform the heavy labor associated with mining operations, often face
greater long-term health risks. Women commonly transport ore, wash and then treat it with
chemicals, and collect water needed for drinking, washing, and cooking. Moreover, chemical
spills and intentional dumping further pollute the environment, releasing toxins that cause a
range of problems. Women involved in the mining industry are exposed to chemicals that can
result in a variety of chronic problems that will adversely affect their physical and mental
development. Finally, mining sites are very dangerous and children playing in and around them
face an additional risk of injury or death from accidents.
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Some Key Highlights
1. Women and girls from Hpakant are needed urgent protection from domestic violence
against by their intimate partners and husbands.
2. The government should establish specific legal protection institution for women and girls.
3. Jade mining companies should give equal salaries or payments to women and girls.
4. Jade mining companies should employ workers or staff with proper documents regardless
of gender.
5. Workers from jade mining areas should be paid for their overtime and should not force
them to work for more than 8 hours.
6. The government should enforce rule of law and protect the public from Hpakant for their
safety and security.
7. Government and mining companies should improve the living condition of workers for
their well-being, safety, and security.
8. Government and mining companies should provide adequate health services to the
workers and the public from Hpakant.
9. There is no secure job for women and girls, the government should create a suitable and
equal pay job for women and girls.
LIMITATION AND FUTURE RESEARCH
There are time and financial limitations to conduct this research and cover a wide range of
different sectors, especially the crisis is ongoing effecting economic crisis and health care crisis
everywhere on this planet. The responses to those crises by the government imposing different
lockdown restrictions and rules while this research being conducted. For example, researchers
were not able to conduct field research in Hpakant due to Covid-19 travel restrictions, have to
rely on enumerators, and the participants are also hesitant to receive interview as Hpakant is
hugely impacted by Covid-19 pandemic in Kachin State and they are worried for their health.
90
Some participants from sex industries and massage parlors denied answering our questions
because of their dignity concerns and safety. Interviews with participants were randomly chosen
in relation to age, sex, and gender. Additionally, the time is very limited to choose and conduct
an in-depth interview with specific migrant women, girls, and other vulnerable women and girls
from different places in Hpakant Township. It will be good to do further research on the detailed
challenges of women and girls in their day to day lives and how do they overcome and seek help
to protect themselves.
There are several avenues for future research, particularly those motivated by the limitations of
this research. First, to improve the generalizability of the research finding of gendered impacts of
migrant labor and extractive industries in Kachin State. The future research might seek the
current findings into a deeper level of investigations into specific contexts to narrow the research
topic down, for example, sex workers health, women addicted drug victims, and HIV health
issues related research topics by deploying qualitative in-depth interviews and discussions and
how these women are coping these challenges in the future research.
91
References:
ADB, UNDP, UNFPA, & WOMEN., U. (2016). Gender Equality and Women’s Rights in Myanmar: A
Situation Analysis. Retrieved from https://asiapacific.unwomen.org/en/digital-
library/publications/2016/09/gender-equality-and-womens-rights-in-myanmar
Fishbein, E., & Lamung, A. M. (2020, 24 Aug). Kachin State’s yemase jade miners and dealers demand
a more equitable industry. Retrieved from https://www.frontiermyanmar.net/en/kachin-states-
yemase-jade-miners-and-dealers-demand-a-more-equitable-industry/
Frontiermyanmar. (2019, 4 June). Hpakant: Time To Declare an Environmental Emergency. Retrieved
from https://www.frontiermyanmar.net/en/hpakant-time-to-declare-an-environmental-
emergency/frontiermyanmar
Globalwitness. (2014, 02 Dec). Will Myanmar’s Government Walk Its Talk on Extractive Industries
Reform? Jade Trade Will Be Key Test
Retrieved from https://www.globalwitness.org/en/blog/will-myanmars-government-walk-its-talk-

extractive-industries-reform-jade-trade-will-be-key-test/
Htet, Z. M., & Win, P. S. (2020, 3 July). Myanmar’s Aung San Suu Kyi blames deadly mining tragedy on
joblessness. Retrieved from https://www.theglobeandmail.com/world/article-myanmars-aung-
san-suu-kyi-blames-deadly-mining-tragedy-on-joblessness/
KNG. (2020a, 11 Jan). Hpakant Jade Cutting Workshop Recruits Women Recovering From Drug
Addiction. Retrieved from https://kachinnews.com/2020/01/11/hpakant-jade-cutting-
workshop-recruits-women-recovering-from-drug-addiction/
KNG. (2020b, 4th Feb). Pat Jasan Destroys Poppy Farms In Kachin State. Retrieved from
https://kachinnews.com/2020/02/04/pat-jasan-destroys-poppy-farms-in-kachin-state/
Ministry of Labor, p. a. m. (2014). The 2014 Census. Retrieved from
https://www.dop.gov.mm/en/state-region/kachin
Ministry of Labour, I. a. P. (2017, Oct). The 2014 Myanmar Population Mohnyin District Phakant
Township Report. Retrieved from
https://www.dop.gov.mm/sites/dop.gov.mm/files/publication_docs/phakant_0.pdf
Mon, Y., & Sway, K. K. (2016, 27 July). Jade Mining Permit Extensions Suspended. Retrieved from
https://www.mmtimes.com/business/21593-jade-mining-permit-extensions-suspended.html
O'Connor, B. (2015, 15 Aug). Hidden Troubles for Myanmar’s Female Drug Users. Retrieved from
https://www.irrawaddy.com/specials/women/hidden-troubles-for-myanmars-female-drug-
users.html
Putri, D. (2018, 8 Mar). Women and drugs in Myanmar: Beyond harm reduction. Retrieved from
https://www.tni.org/en/article/women-and-drugs-in-myanmar-beyond-harm-reduction
Soe, N. S. W. K. (2020, 20 Feb). The women who mine jade. Retrieved from
https://www.frontiermyanmar.net/en/the-women-who-mine-jade/
Win, H. N. (2018, 12 Mar). Women's Empowerement Has Far to Go in Myanmar. Retrieved from
https://www.mmtimes.com/news/womens-empowerment-has-far-go-myanmar.html
92
Appendices:
Annex 1 Questionnaire Development
Section A: Demographic Gender

Male☐
1 Female☐
Other ☐
Age
2 Under 25 Years ☐
25 to 29 Years ☐
30 to 39 Years ☐
40 to 49 Years ☐
50 Years and Above ☐
3 Education qualification
Diploma ☐
Bachelor Degree ☐
Master Degree ☐
Doctorate ☐
No Education ☐
Others (specify)……………
4 What is your current income per month?
Below Ks 250,000 ☐
300,000 Ks to 500,000 ☐
500000 Ks to 1000,000 ☐
1000,000 Ks to 1,500,000 ☐
1,500,000 Ks to 2,000,000 ☐
2,000,000 Ks to 2,500,000 ☐
2,500,000 Ks to 3,000,000 ☐
3,000,000 Ks to 3,500,000 ☐
3,500,000 Ks to 4,000,000 ☐
93
4,500,000 Ks to 5,000,000 ☐
Above Ks 5,000,000 ☐
Employments What type of job you are doing?

Please specify………………….
5
Indicate your employment status
6 Permanent ☐
Temporary ☐
Part-time ☐
Casual ☐
On-call ☐
Other (please specify) ……………...
What level of position
7 Non-Management ☐
Junior Management ☐
Middle Management ☐
Senior Manage ☐
Other (please specify) ……………...
8
Please Choose the appropriate answer to indicate the extent to which you agree to the statements.
Strongly Agree (SA)= 1, Agree (A)= 2, Neutral (N)=3, Disagree (DA)=4, Strongly Disagree (SDA)=5
I have experienced gender discrimination in the workplace
My supervisor does not consider gender in delegating job assignment.
My gender does influence my profession
Peers would treat me differently because of my gender
Section B: Are you married? (If yes, please answer questions the following)
Family responsibility Does your spouse work?
Yes ☐
9 No ☐
94
10 Does your spouse actively support you in your career?
Yes ☐
No ☐
11 Do you have children? (If yes, please answer questions the following)
Yes☐
No ☐
12 How many dependent children do you have?

1☐
2☐
3☐
4 above ☐
13 Age of dependent children (You may select more than one)
Less than 1 year old ☐
1,2 years old ☐

3,4 years old ☐
5,6 years old ☐

7,8,9 years old ☐
14 What is the mode of child care when you are at work?
Partner/Spouse ☐
Baby Sitter ☐
Baby Care Center ☐
Living in Maid ☐
Children at School ☐
Other (specify)…………………
15 How many hours in an average week do you spend to care for your
children?
Less than 5 ☐
5- 10 ☐
10-15 ☐
15-20 ☐
Over 20 ☐
95
Family social status Do men and women have the same social status within the family?
Yes☐
16 No ☐
If yes, please provide any references in the following question No 17.
17
Mainly Mostly Mostly Mainly

Classification Together Individually
husband husband wife wife
Children’s education
Housing and
Property purchase
Asset management
Living expenses
Employment or
job transfer
Organization tenure (Length of On average, how many hours do you work in a week?
Service) Less than 30 ☐
30-39 ☐
40-49 ☐
18
50-59 ☐
Over 60 ☐
19 How long have you been employed at your present company?
Less than 1 year
1-2 Years
3-5 years
96
6-10 years
Over 10 Years
20 How long do you intend to remain in current employment?

Less than 2 year
2-5 Years
6-10 years
Until retirement
Section C: Career Advancement
21
How did you end up in this occupation/career field?

I was forced to it?☐
I volunteered for it and it was my first choice. ☐
I did not have any choice. ☐

It was the only job open for me.☐
22
Salary
Please choose the appropriate answer to indicate the extent to which you agree to the statements.
There are salary gaps among the same level in my organization
I have been unfairly denied a salary increase in my organization.
I am satisfied with my current salary.
I have been unpaid often
My salary cannot cover my living expenses
I believe I have been properly compensated by this employer
97
23
Promotion
I am looking forward for promotion/ career advancement
My manager / supervisor encourages me to see my potential
I believe that I have more potential and ability than what I apply in my
current position.
I am confident in going for promotion
24
Training and Development
There are wide opportunities for training to meet my needs.
There is a counselor or manager to talk to in the organization about how

to develop my career.
I have opportunities within my job to learn and broaden my experience.
GBV Have you been experienced the following types of abuse?

25 Physical☐
Sexual ☐
Mental/Emotional/psychological ☐
26 Have you or anyone you know suffered from different forms of the
domestic violence or abuses?
Yes ☐
98
No ☐
27 What sort of domestic violence or Gender Based Violence have you or
someone you know experienced?
I have not been the victim of gender-based violence ☐
Pushing or shoving (causing no injury) ☐

Pushing or shoving (with injury) ☐
Hitting, slapping punching causing injury ☐

Kicking ☐
Pulling hair ☐
Using a source of an object to hit you ☐
Attempt of strangulation ☐
Other (indicate)……………….
28 What was the relationship with abuser?

Boyfriend/girlfriend
Husband/wife
Living with them
Family member
Other (please specify) ............
29 If you where the victim, where would you go to?
Family ☐
Friends ☐
Women's organization ☐
Police ☐
Social Service ☐
Church Leader ☐
Other (please specify) ..............
Working in Hpakant (Form of Human How did you end up in Hpakant?
Trafficking/ migration) Broker ☐
Relative ☐
30 Friend ☐
Husband ☐
Boyfriend ☐
Company ☐
Boss/Employer ☐
Forced to work ☐
Other (please specify) ..............
99
Social Structure/Norms Could you tell us the main challenges women face to enter and stay in the
labor market?
31
Is there any national and local framework, policies and programs that
discriminate against women?
 Access to employment ☐
 Equal pay ☐
 Education ☐
 The situation of women in the social security system ☐
 The situation of informal labor ☐
 Domestic and migrant female workers ☐
 The existing mechanisms to address the labor needs and
protection of migrant workers ☐
 Regulations governing the treatment of domestic/migrant worker
women ☐
 protect pregnant students from all forms of discrimination ☐
Is there any social structural, and cultural that damaging equal access by
women to economic, education, housing, property, land, credit, and
technology?
Yes
No
If Yes, please (specify)…………………………….
Legal Is there a written contract for your employment or offer letter?

Yes ☐
32 No ☐
Others (Please write down) ………………………
Legal Have you been disputed with your employer?

Yes ☐
33 No ☐
100
If yes, where did you go to seek help?
Please specify……………….
How did you get help?..........................
Education Have you been denied to access education?

Yes☐
34 No☐
Health When you get sick where did you go? Is there any medical service
available at your place? If yes, please name them……………………….
35
When you get sick did your employer allow you to take a leave?
Yes ☐
No ☐
36
Yes, definitely = (1),
Please indicate the number how you Yes, sometimes = (2)
are feeling now, or how you have No, not much = (3),
been feeling THE LAST FEW No, not at all= (4)
DAYS, by putting a tick in the correct Please write the number in the box that indicate your feeling.
box in the answer to each of the
following items I wake early and then sleep badly
for the rest of the nigh.
I get very frightened or panic feelings for
apparently no reason at all
I feel miserable and sad
I feel anxious when I go out of the house
on my own
I have lost interest in things
Drug Have you ever used any drugs such as Opium, Heroin, Cocaine, Morphine?
Yes
37 No
Other (please specify) …………...
101
If you use drugs for any other reason, please mention the
reason………………
38 How often do you use drugs?

Once a day☐ More than once a day☐
Once a week☐ Several times a week☐
Others (Please write it down) ……………….
39 Why did you start using drugs?

Joy-seeking☐
Family problem☐
Friends persuade me ☐
Lack of knowledge about complications of drugs ☐
Having free time ☐
Presence of an addicted person in residence ☐
Others (Please write down) ………………………
40 Could you tell us the working condition at your work?

Working Condition
Could you tell us about the safety and security for women?
41
Safety and Security
42 Could you tell us job opportunity of women here?
Job opportunity
43 Could you tell us about the living condition here?
Living Condition
102
103
104

GENDERED IMPACTS OF MIGRANT LABOR AND EXTRACTIVE INDUSTRIES IN KACHIN 1jan 2021

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GENDERED IMPACTS OF MIGRANT LABOR AND EXTRACTIVE INDUSTRIES IN

BACKGROUND, SCOPE, AND METHODOLOGY

Purpose of the Research

Gender and Extractive Industry in Phakant

Jade value Export to China from 2004 to 2016

Formal and Informal Labor Extractive Industry, Phakant

Women rights to Social Economic Employment and Education

Women's Health and Safety at Working Environments

Women's Right to Protection from all forms of Violence

RESULTS And METHODS ANALYSIS

Section C: employment, Career Advancement, salary, promotion, training, and development

Section E: Social Structure/Culture Norms, policies, and programs, framework such as

Section F: Drug issues women faced analysis results.

The Participants Profiles

The Age of Participants

The two participants did not respond to the question.

The Income Level of Participants

Section B: Family Responsibility, Family Social Status, Working Hours

Giving Support by Partner

Whether They Have Children or Not

Average Hours Spending with Children Per Week

Mainly husband 5 5.3

Employment or Job transfer

Organization tenure (Length of Service) Participants’ Working Hours Per Week

Less than 30 Hrs. 35 30.2

Less than 1 year 10 9.4

Indicate Participants’ Job Types of Employment Status

There were participants from Sale Person(9),Beauty Salon(1),Laundry Worker(8),English

Participants' Types of Jobs

Experience Gender discrimination in the workplace

Strongly Agree 22 17.6

How did you end up in this occupation/career field?

I volunteered for it and it was my first

It was the only job open for me 39 32.2

Strongly Agree 12 16.2

Strongly Agree 5 6.8

Frequency Valid Percent

Strongly Agree 8 10.4

Strongly Agree 4 5.4

Strongly Agree 16 20.8

Frequency Valid Percent

Strongly Agree 23 30.3

Strongly Agree 26 36.6

Strongly Agree 17 23.9

Frequency Valid Percent

Strongly Agree 13 18.3

Strongly Agree 25 35.2

There are wide opportunities for training to meet my needs.

Frequency Valid Percent

Section D: Gender Based Violence (all sorts of GBV) and Migration

Experienced the following Types of Abuses?

Other specify include both physical and sexual cases of abuse.

Sorts of Violences Against Women In Phakant

Total= 126/ Missing= 53

Outside of the house stranger 1%

If you were the victim, where would you go to?

Frequency Valid Percent

Other specify included Neighbor as well as nowhere to go to seek help.

Frequency Valid Percent

Other specify included alone, family, local people, family

Other specify Included to Get to Phakant

Born and raised 1%

The Social Structure and Norms Challenges Women Face