EE 516 BIOMEDICAL SYSTEMS

Assignment-2

1. Design a block diagram to depict homeostasis in:

a. Cardiovascular system
b. Glucose metabolism
c. Body temperature regulation

2. Give examples of positive feedback loop operating in our body. How is it ensured that the
positive feedback loop do not go out of bound.

3. The fundamental of hemodynamics is important for diagnosis and management of disease of the
cardiovascular system, including coronary artery, heart muscle dysfunction, vascular disease, and
circulatory disease. The cardiovascular system is distributed systems which compose of blood
varying nonlinear and homeostatic system (controlling blood flow and pressure). Develop the
cardiovascular system model using Matlab/Simulink software, to validate model parameters, to
simulate a real time simulation data, and comparing to the physiology data. This model integrates
many sub-models such as heart-model (without coupling respiratory and baroreflex control
system), systemic vascular model, and pulmonary vascular model. You may use a lumped
parameter method where an electrical analog is the equivalence between the hemodynamic
parameters and electric parameters. The correlating electrical elements including voltage, current,
diode, resistor and capacitor may be related to blood pressure, flow, heart valve, resistance and
compliance. In this electrical analogy that you will be using, electrical charge represents blood
volume, while potential and currents correspond to pressure and flow rates. A particular vessel, or
group of vessels, can be described by an appropriate combination of resistors, capacitors and
inductors. Blood vessels resistance, depending on the blood viscosity and the vessel diameter, is
modeled by resistors. The ability to accumulate and release blood due to elastic deformations, the
called vessel compliance, is modeled by capacitors. The blood inertia is introduced using coils,
and finally heart valves (forcing unidirectional flow) are modeled by diodes. Generally heart
chamber operation depends on a normalized time-varying elastance. The heart pumping chambers
having different elastance functions. The idea is similar for four elastance functions; each is
defined by a periodic function like the one for the left ventricle shown directly below:
  t 
 1  cos  ,0  t  TS1
  T S 1 
  1  TS 2  TS1 
elv(t )  1  cos  , TS1  t  TS 2 …………………………………………….(1)
  TS 1 
 0, TS 2  t  T


The time-varying elastance functions for the ventricles. The timing of the peak of systole,
characterized by TS 1 , the end of systole TS 2 , and the length of the heart beat period T . The
normalized elasticity function is combined with maximum and minimum values of elastance at
systole ( E lv , s ) and diastole ( E lv ,d ) to calculate the elasticity function of the left ventricle. The
formula used to describe instantaneous elasticity in the left ventricle is:
 E lv , s  E lv ,d
Elv (t )  elv(t ) …………………………………………………………………..(2)
2
The atriums are characterized by a time varying elastance as given below for left atrium:
 0,0  t  T pwb
  t  T pwb 

ela (t )  1  cos 2 , T pwb  t  T pwb  T pww
 T 
  pww 
 0, T pwb  T pww  t  T
……………………………..…………….(3)
Where ela (t ) is the instantaneous elastance of the atrium, T is a cardiac cycle, which is the time
beginning of P wave in ECG and is the time duration of P wave in ECG. The formula used to
describe elasticity in the left atrium is:
E la ,max  E la ,min
Ela (t )  ela (t )
2 …………………………………………………………..……(4)
where Ela ,max and Ela ,min are the constant value of elastance. Right atrium elastance can be written
in the same manner. A volume change is calculated for the left ventricle equal to the flow rate in
the case of the left ventricle from the mitral valve minus the flow rate exiting the left ventricle
through the aortic valve.
dVlv
 Qmi  Qao
dt …………………………...………….…….……………………………….(5)
Pressure in the left ventricle is calculated using an initial pressure value plus the instantaneous
elastance time the volume currently present in the left ventricle as follows:
Plv (t )  Plv0  elv (Vlv  Vlv 0)
…………………...…………………………..………………(6)
The flow rate coming out of the left ventricle is then subjected to a conditional statement. Blood
flow is only allowed when pressure inside the left ventricle exceeds the pressure of the systemic
aortic sinus (Psas ) . The simple on/off nature of blood flow across the aortic valve is defined by
the statement:
1, Plv  Psas
ARao  
0, Plv  Psas ……………………………………………………………………….(7)
The ARao parameter which describes orifice area for the aortic valve simplistically treats the
valve as either open or closed depending on whether or not the cardiac cycle is in its systolic
( ARao  1) or diastolic phase ( ARao  0) . Aortic blood flow coming out of the left ventricle is
calculated as:
QaoARao Plv  Psas , Plv  Psas
Qao   ………………………………………………..(8)
 0, Plv  Psas

Similarly, the models for the other pumping chambers follow the same mode of definition as the
left ventricular model.
The Cardiovascular system that is used to solve for pressures and flows of individual vessels, by
using parameter for inductance, resistance, and capacitance applied to calculate pressure and
blood flow through each component. Pressure in the aortic sinus is calculated as:
dPsas Qao  Qsas
 …………………………………………………………………………..(9)
dt Csas
Blood flow is calculated as:
dQsas Psas  Psat  Rsas.Qsas
 …………………………………………………………(10)
dt Lsas
Pressure and flow rate changes are calculated differently in the arterial component of the systemic
loop as the arterial component integrates arterioles and capillaries into this part of the model as
pure resistance units. The pressure equation for the arterial section is calculated using the
governing equations for pressure change.
dPsat Qsas  Qsat
 ……………………………………………………………………….(11)
dt Csat
Flow rate equation is:
dQsat Psas  Psvn  ( Rsat  Rsar  Rscp )Qsat
 ………………………………………(12)
dt Lsat
The systemic vein uses the equation for pressure change:
dPsvn Qsat  Qsvn
 ………………………………………………………………………(13)
dt Csvn
and directly calculates flow rate:
Psvn  Pra
Qsvn  …………………………………………………………………………(14)
Rsvn
Hemodynamic variables in the above model are assigned values derived from literatures and
shown in the tables below:

Table I. Heart parameter and values

Table II. Heart valve resistance parameter and values

Table III. Circulation parameter and values

 Table IV. Timing parameter and values

Develop an electrical analog for the cardiovascular model considering the heart, systemic
circulation model and pulmonary circulation model using SIMULINK. Simulate the aortic
pressure, systemic aortic sinus pressure as a function of time and determine the systolic and
diastolic blood pressure from the plot. Obtain the plot of the left ventricular volume as a function
of time.