Higher Nationals in Computing

UNIT 9

SDLC

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Contents

LO1 Describe different software development lifecycles................................................................................................6

P1 Describe two iterative and two sequential software lifecycle models....................................................................6
Sequential model....................................................................................................................................................6
Waterfall model......................................................................................................................................................6
V-model................................................................................................................................................................... 7
The iterative SDLC model........................................................................................................................................8
Spiral model............................................................................................................................................................8
Agile Model :...........................................................................................................................................................9
Rapid development:..............................................................................................................................................10
P2 Explain how risk is managed in the Spiral lifecycle model...................................................................................11
LO2 Explain the importance of a feasibility study........................................................................................................12
P3 Explain the purpose of a feasibility report..........................................................................................................12
P4 Describe how technical solutions can be compared............................................................................................13
References:.................................................................................................................................................................... 16

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P1 Describe two iterative and two sequential software lifecycle models
Sequential model
Waterfall model
The waterfall model is a model that flows downwards corresponding to each stage, meaning that
the next phase begins when the previous phase is completed. This model is the most widely used and
simple to use but often does not return to the previous stages to change customer requirements.
Advantages Disadvantages
- Clearly identify the requirements and activities - Costly and time-consuming and labor-intensive to
that are clearly implemented implement

- Risk verification at each stage - Adjustment and return to the previous stage is
difficult and expensive
- Presented in a clear and understandable way for - Not as flexible as other models.
people who don't know anything about software

The usage

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 Projects which not focus on changing the requirements, for example, projects initiated from a
request for proposals (RFPs), the customer has a very clearly documented requirements [4]

V-model
It is a development and expansion model of waterfall model. The stages are flowing downwards and
the stages are curved in a V-shape and the test plans are also deployed earlier than the waterfall model.

Advantages
- Simple, easy to use
- Be tested early to have a higher success rate in
the early stages of product development
- Risk verification at each stage
Disadvantages
- Inflexible
-The software is developed in conjunction with the
phase so there is no prototype of the software
-Costly and time consuming and labor intensive

Picture of V-model
The usage

It is used in shrink-wrap application and large system which built-in small phases or segments. Also,
can be used in a system has separated components, for example, ERP system. Which we can start with the
budget module as a first iteration and then we can start with the inventory module and so forth.

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 The iterative SDLC model
Spiral model
Spiral is an iterative, sequential and Prototype model combination pattern that can analyze risks
most closely with reality. Determine the implementation of the next stages at the right time even when the
previous phase has not been completed. In particular, the time frames for developing the planned steps
are developed according to the developer experience or based on the statistics.

Advantages Disadvantages
- The software lifecycle is broken down and - Costly and time-consuming and labor-intensive to
processed if the risk is high implement
- Can expand and develop or change functions as - Experts assess the risks are highly skilled
required
- Relatively accurate data evaluation and statistics - Requires project documentation and excessive
planning

Picture of Spiral model

The usage

It is used in the large applications and systems which built-in small phases or segments.

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Agile Model:
Agile model is a combination of iterative processes developing in increasing direction. The Agile
model divides the product into small tables in each loop and at the end of the product loop is displayed for
customers to see and evaluate.
Possible of Agile model:
-Promotes teamwork and cross training.
- Functionality can be developed rapidly and demonstrated.
- Resource requirements are minimum.
- Suitable for fixed or changing requirements
- Delivers early partial working solutions.
- Good model for environments that change steadily.
- Minimal rules, documentation easily employed

Disadvantages :
- Costly and time-consuming and labor-intensive to implement
- High risk of errors and ongoing management.
-

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Rapid development:
Rapid development model is a fast application building method. RAD approaches to software
development put less emphasis on planning and more emphasis on an adaptive process. Prototypes are
often used in addition to or sometimes even in place of design specifications.

RAD is especially well suited for (although not limited to) developing software that is driven by user
interface requirements. Graphical user interface builders are often called rapid application development
tools. Other approaches to rapid development include the adaptive, agile, spiral, and unified models.
Possible of Rapid development
- Easy to control and fast test
- The developer has a lot of experience
- Products tested early

Advantages
- Flexible easy to use
- The paralleled development can be applied
- Software is checked and controlled more easily
- Can prevent the risk of errors in the previous loop
Disadvantages
- Costly and time-consuming and labor-intensive to
implement more and more .
- High risk of errors and ongoing management
- Because of the high risks, high-level risk
assessment experts are needed
- Need helpdesk in lv1, lv2, lv3 to complete the
software

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 Spiral model is used when:
- when making a big project
- The requirements of the software are constantly changing

I think best choice of the company's source tune is to use the Spiral model because we have
relatively clear estimates of sales, budgets, business requirements, and user requirements. We can manage
risks and evolve into more realistic stages and schedule plans that meet deadlines and end user
requirements. We can add functions when user requirements are changed and of course must correspond
to the appropriate cost. We will improve the product in each subsequent loop and will have alternatives
and methods and collect the user's opinion from time to time. The test steps will be tested and tested soon
to help products become more effective and more successful.

P2 Explain how risk is managed in the Spiral lifecycle model

In software environment risks are inevitable for each system. As for Spiral model, the Spiral model is
a gradually improving software, so we need to evaluate and analyze risks thoroughly and find solutions or
alternatives to those risks.
In spiral model, there are four phrases:
- Determine objective
- Identify risks
- Development and test
- Plan the next iteration
In the second phrase in each loop we can turn all the ideas into a design and evaluation table and
consider the risks that may affect the software or what is involved in the product or the system. We can
manage and minimize it.
Some risk of manager in the Spiral lifecycle model:
- When developing software, there are stages that have not yet been completed, it has moved to
the next stage.
- The product is completed in each successive loop. The first products to use are prone to errors.
-Need a highly skilled evaluation team so in this period there is often a shortage of manpower to
implement.

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 - Because the unfinished phase has now moved to another stage, the software and database of
analysis may be erroneous.
- Because there are many intermediate stages so documents about the stages will not be tight and
will slow the progress of the project.
We may use prototyping methods and alternatives during periods of significant risk throughout the
development process. And give the standard in stages and then to survey the user's opinion and thereby
analyze the data and have the most effective way to handle it.

P3 Explain the purpose of a feasibility report.

The company needs a feasibility study group because it will help organizations have a smarter
investment, benefit analysis and more accurate costs. The risks of Sourse Tune project will be controlled
and mitigated significantly. Since the project is in a large scale, development processes need to be more
rigorous and detailed. for more detailed preparation to better understand the proposed information
system. Instruct the Organization whether or not to proceed with the project. The project must be
managed and controlled.

The areas to conduct feasibility studies are:

- Analysis of costs and benefits : Calculate the costs of benefits, and the risk of damage to money
and physical impact of Source Tune
- Technical feasibility study: The first technique in the feasibility analysis is to assess the technical
feasibility of the project, the extent to which the system can be successfully designed,
developed Risk analysis can affect technical users and technical users of the project. Whether
developers are delayed because of new technologies because of the high level of project
integration. Whether this project can be completed on time and how long it will take to
complete. The IT department must have a high level of expertise in the system of selling CDs
and data on music download applications. The project time frame is somewhat critical, since the
system is needed to maintain our competitive position in the market.The compatibility with
Tune Source’s existing technical infrastructure should be good.

- Organizational feasibility : The feasibility of an organization often requires determining whether

our project size is small or small because each organization will follow international standards to

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 implement projects. And which organization will be responsible if the project is at risk because
each organization has its own management and implementation methods.
The feasibility of the organization is very similar to the role of an organization that depends
on funding to implement the project if the funding is not enough will face a lot of risks because
we are a project that needs intermediaries between organizations. For example, we need an
organization that runs the Source Tune Web CD store and we need employees who use
language techniques like C # to develop projects if they don't know Using this language, we
need time to train those employees in the shortest possible time.

- Economic Feasibility: We look at project development costs and revenue costs for years and
operating costs for those years. In the last Month of the year we will calculate all the revenue
achieved in each specific figure and the economic benefits achieved in that year. The costs we
have spent and the benefits that the project has brought. And other costs related to the project
we will be statistics on and that is called an economic feasibility study.
We are sure that there is no case in which the costs cannot be calculated because economic
management is a very important and necessary thing.
Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4
Benefits 2000$ 5000$ 7000$ 5000$
Costs 1000$ 2000$ 1000$ 1500$
Total: (Benefits – 1000$ 3000$ 6000$ 3500$
Costs)

This table shows the total cost of profitability we have achieved in the last 4 years.
- The first year we get the total cost for the whole year: 1000$
- In the second year, we received the total cost for the whole year: 3,000$
- In the third year, we receive the total cost for the whole year: 6000$
- In the fourth year, we received the total cost of the year: 3500$
A total of 4 years we have earned are: 1,000$ + 3,000$ + 6,000$ + 3,500$ = 13,500$
All calculations include investment costs in the project.
This is just statistics about software development. We also have statistics on other expenses such as
annual staffing costs, training costs and system maintenance and costs of upgrading new versions and
other electrical costs.

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P4 Describe how technical solutions can be compared
When we need to provide good solutions for Source Tune, we have to gather many feasible
methods into a criteria table to easily manage the benefits and risks when applying to the project.

This table shows the same features as a report of strengths and weaknesses of different techniques
including tool and technical. From there, we can deduce what solutions to use the most beneficial
technologies for Source Tune include criteria for all aspects of the technology.

This grid will be displayed with ratings and scores for each compared technique. Then add these
points together, the more technical the developers will consider and apply the most feasible techniques to
Source Tune's project. The scores shown in the grid will be subjective to match the developers' wishes in
the project. So we can change or add new features or new requirements added to the project

The strong points of the project will be divided into certain points in accordance with the
techniques. The conversion method will be calculated as follows:

1 TB = 1 poin Tb : Memory needs to be stored

+10 ping = -1 poin Ping: Express load speed

10.000.000 Human = 1 poin Human : User

Type Criteria 1 :C# Criteria 2 :php Criteria 3: python Criteria 4 :C++

Memory 7 Tb 8 Tb 9 TB 6 TB

Popular 100.000.000 60.000.000 70.000.000 80.000.000

Ping 50 50 60 70

Total 12 9 10 7

The grid table shows that the total score of techniques is C # = 12 poins; PHP = 9 poins; Python = 10
poins; C++ = 7 poins about the technical level of best choice for Source Tune is C # language.

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References:
1. Existek.com. (2019). [online] Available at: https://existek.com/blog/sdlc-models/ [Accessed 15 Aug.
2019].
2. Tutorialspoint.com. (2019). SDLC - Agile Model. [online] Available at:
https://www.tutorialspoint.com/sdlc/sdlc_agile_model.htm [Accessed 17 Aug. 2019].
3. Text Book: System Analysis And Design - 5th Edition, Roberta M. Roth, Alan Dennis, Barbara Haley
Wixom, John Wiley & Son 2011;
4. Sami, M. (2019). Software Development Life Cycle Models and Methodologies - Mohamed Sami.
[online] Mohamed Sami. Available at: https://melsatar.blog/2012/03/15/software-development-
life-cycle-models-and-methodologies/ [Accessed 21 Aug. 2019].

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