XEDRH^YD
XEDRH^YDKMK
KMK EMIDGEMO KH DEJHEDH^
DEJHEDH^DM
DM
BMIXO[MK KH DEJHEDH^ÃM IDRDO
KH\M^[MCHE[G MIMKÄCDIG KH IGEY[^XIIDÙE

IDXKMK
IX^YG 6 JHGJ^MBÃM T ^HMODKMK EMIDGEMO
YHIIDÙE 6J
J^X\G 6J
DE[HJ^ME[HY 6
FX^MKG XYIXIAMJXM, Cmrdg ><=:>8
><=:>89=D
9=D >< 
>< 
FXY[DEDMEG NXDVM, Cdjuho Íejho ><=:>8=9@ ><
><  
\DIGT CMQDCDODMEG
CMQDCDODMEG,, Hkjmrk Fhmepdhr ><=:==>
><=:==>4N
4N >< 
>< 
]XDY\H \MXIM^, Nryme Bhremekg ><=298
><=298<>F
<>F ><
><  
^GFMY YX\ME[M, Cgdsäs ><=:=<2
><=:=<22@
2@ ><

><><-=
 
 

XEDRH^YDKMK EMIDGEMO KH DEJHEDH^ÃM

Bmiuotmk kh Dejhedhrãm Idvdo
Khpmrtmchetg
Khpmrtmchetg Mimkäcdig kh Igestruii dùe Idiog ><
><><-=
><-=

ÃEKDIH

MI[MY KH ^HXEDGEHY ................................................................................................................... >

=.  CM^IG [HÙ^DIG ...........................
........................... ........................... ............................ ............................ ........ ;

>.  ME[HIHKHE[HY........................................................................................................................ :
9.  ADY[G^DM KH OM IG^^X\IDÙE HE HO \H^Ö  ......................................... ........................... 1
;.  MEÍODYDY KH OM \^GNOHCÍ[DIM .......................... ........................... ............................ ......=<
8.  \OME[HMCDHE[G KHO \^GNOHCM..................................................................................... =<
2.  GNFH[DRGY .................................................... ........................... ............................ .................... =<
:.  BG^CXOMIDÙE KH OM AD\Ù[HYDY ......................... ........................... ............................ ......==
1.  FXY[DBDIMIDÙE ..........................
.......................... ............................ ............................ ........................... ........... ==

4.  MEÍODYDY I^Ã[DIG ...................................... ............................ ............................ .................... =>

=<.  IGEIOXYDGEHY ......................... ........................... ............................ ............................ ......=9
   ...................................................................................................................... =;
==. NDNODGJ^MBÃM

=
 

XEDRH^YDKMK EMIDGEMO KH DEJHEDH^ÃM

Bmiuotmk kh Dejhedhrãm Idvdo
Khpmrtmchetg
Khpmrtmchetg Mimkäcdig kh Igestruii dùe Idiog ><
><><-=
><-=

MI[MY KH ^HXEDGEHY

 MI[M KH ^HXEDÙE KH CDHCN^GY KHO J^X\G J E¼<: 

Yhsdùe E¼<9-><><
E¼<9-><>< Bhiam6 ==:: kh fuodg kho >><><
<>< Agrm ==6<< ppc
c
Oujmr6 \omtmbgrcm vdrtumo Jggjoh Chht

\^DCH^ OOMCMKG ==6<< pc

YHJXEKG T ÖO[DCG OOMCMKG ==6<8 pc
BDE KH OM ^HXEDÙE =>6=< pc

Ige ho iuùruc kh 9 cdhcnrgs, om rhuedùe sh oohvù m imng nmfg om kdrhiidùe kh Cmrdg

Furmkg, igetmekg
igetmekg ige om prhsheidm kh ogs khcís cdhcnrgs kh Jrupg J6

HKJM^K CDJXHO CM^DG N^TME CGDYÄY

\DIGT FXY[DEDMEG FX^MKG ]XDY\H ^GFMY
\^HYHE[H Q Q Q Q Q

Kh om rhuedùe

Om rhuedùe kh cdhcnrgs kho Jrupg J E<:, tdheh igcg prgpùsdtg dekmjmr y khnmtdr
puetgs tgcmkgs pmrm om prhshetmidùe y hxpgsdidùe kho 2tg debgrch pmrm ho iursg kh
Jhgjrmbãm y ^hmodkmk Emidgemo IG2>> J.

Cgkhrmkgr6 ue (<=) cdhcnrg kho Jrupg J

• Cgkhrmkgr6 Yr. Hkjmrk Fhmepdhr \digy Cmxdcdodmeg

Cdhcnrgs kho jrupg J6

- FX^MKG XYIXIAMJXM, Cmrdg

- FXY[DEDMEG NXDVM, Cdjuho Íejho
- \DIGT CMQDCDODMEG, Hkjmrk Fhmepdhr
- ]XDY\H \MXIM^, Nryme Bhremekg
- ^GFMY YX\ME[M, Cgdsäs

 MJHEKM KH OM ^HXEDÙE6

DEDIDG6

•   Hxpodimidùe jhehrmo kho [rmnmfg <2

>
 

XEDRH^YDKMK EMIDGEMO KH DEJHEDH^ÃM

Bmiuotmk kh Dejhedhrãm Idvdo
Khpmrtmchetg
Khpmrtmchetg Mimkäcdig kh Igestruii dùe Idiog ><
><><-=
><-=

BDEMODKMK.

•   Miomrmidgehs kh kukms ige rhsphitg mo trmnmfg.

•   \rgjrmcmidùe kh hetrhjms kh ogs mvmeihs.

Ydhekg oms ==.<< pc sh dedidm om rhuedùe.

=. Khnmth y hohi
hohiidùe
idùe kho Ãe
Ãekdih6
kdih6

- Igcg jujuãm,
ãm, sh usù ho Ãekdih nnrdekmkg
rdekmkg kurmeth oms iomshs prhvdms mo dedidg kh iomsh.
- Yh kh
khnmtdù
nmtdù dkhm
dkhmss jheh
jhehrmohs
rmohs quh khnhrãme dr he imkm ppuetg
uetg khkhoo ãekdih.
- Yh kdvd
kdvdkdù
kdù ho ããekdih,
ekdih, deioudkg om
omss prhshetm
prhshetmidgehs
idgehs kkdjdtmohs,
djdtmohs, hhee 8 pmrths.
- Yh usù uem ruohtm he Jggjoh y msã khbdedckhbdedcgs
gs om pmrth quh oh iigrrhspgekhrãms
grrhspgekhrãms m
imkm ueg.

>. \rgjrmcmidùe kh hetrhjm

hetrhjmss

- Yh prgj
prgjrmcù
rmcù uem ohiohiturm
turm rípdkm h devhstdjmi
devhstdjmidùe
dùe mihrim kh ogs thcms khs
khsdjemkgs
djemkgs
he ho muom vdrtumo.
- Msdcdscg, sh prgjrmcù oms sdjudhet
sdjudheths
hs rhuedgehs pmrm ho kãm vdhrehs y sínmkg kh
om mitumo shcmem.

9
 

XEDRH^YDKMK EMIDGEMO KH DEJHEDH^ÃM

Bmiuotmk kh Dejhedhrãm Idvdo
Khpmrtmchetg
Khpmrtmchetg Mimkäcdig kh Igestruii dùe Idiog ><
><><-=
><-=

=. CM^IG [HÙ^DIG

IDXKMK (^MH)

Hspmidg bgrcmkg pgr hkdbdidgs y imoohs, rhjdkgs pgr ue ùrjmeg kh jgndhreg ogimo
(cuedidpmodkmk), khegcdemkg myuetmcdhetg, iuym pgnomidùe hs khesm y euchrgsm
y khkdimkm pgr og igcöe m mitdvdkmkhs eg mjrãigoms
IDXKMK (IGEBH^HEIDM HX^G\HM KH OM HY[MKÃY[DIM KH \^MJM)

Xem idukmk hs uem mjogchrmidùe kh cís kh 8.<<< amndtmeths kgekh chegs kho
>8% kh om pgnomidùe sh khkdim m om mjrdiuoturm. Om kdbhrheidm hetrh oms idukmkhs y
gtrms hetdkmkhs urnmems hstí kmkm pgr om khesdkmk pgnomidgemo, ho hstmtutg ohjmo u
gtrgs bmitgrhs.

OM IDXKMK KH ODCM

He om äpgim prhigogcndem, ho thrrdtgrdg kh og quh agy hs om idukmk kh Odcm hstmnm

amndtmkg pgr kdvhrsgs jrupgs mchrdekdgs he ogs vmoohs kh ogs rãgs Iadooùe, ^ãcmi y
Ourãe mjrupmkgs nmfg kdstdetgs shýgrãgs rhjdgemohs
rhjdgemohs igcg igcg ho shýgrãg kh Diacm.
Ho vmooh kh hstgs 9 rãgs y sus morhkhkgrhs hstmnm giupmkg pgr uem shrdh kh
giupmidgehs y igefuetgs hkdbdimkgs kh kdstdetms äpgims igestrudkms he mkgnh, nmrrg
y pdhkrm msgidmkms mo sdsthcm kh drrdjm drrdjmidùe
idùe kh ogs vmoohs0 agy hxdsthe
mprgxdcmkmcheth 8<< kh hsgs rhstgs (igcöecheth oomcmkms "aumims") he bgrcms
kh pdrícdkhs, pomtmbgrcms
pomtmbgrcms y cís, kdsphrsgs pgr om idukmk. He ho sdjog QR, ogs deims
igequdstmrge om rhjdùe, giupmrge mojuegs kh hstgs sdtdgs y mkhcís hrdjdhrge sus
prgpdgs hkdbdidgs pönodigs he sdtdgs igcg \miamiícmi kh grdjhe Zmrd.

BXEKMIDÙE HY\MÝGOM6

He =89>, ue jrupg kh igequdstmkgrhs hspmýgohs kdrdjdkgs pgr Brmeidsig \dzmrrg

khrrgtmrge mo deim Mtmaumopm y igequdstmrge su dcphrdg. Kmkg quh om Igrgem
Hspmýgom amnãm egcnrmkg m \dzmrrg jgnhremkgr kh oms tdhrrms quh igequdstmsh,
ästh hcprhekdù
prdchrm hohiidùeom nösquhkm kh uekh
buh om idukmk oujmr mkhiumkg
Fmufm, pmrm hstmnohihr
sde hcnmrjg, su impdtmo. buh
hstm undimidùe Yu
igesdkhrmkm deigevhedheth pgr su motdtuk y su ohfmeãm kho cmr mo hstmr sdtumkm he
chkdg kh ogs Mekhs. Hxpogrmkgrhs hspmýgohs kdhrge iuhetm kh ue chfgr oujmr he ho
vmooh kho ^ãcmi, ihrim kho giämeg \miãbdig, ige mnuekmeths prgvdsdgehs kh mjum y
cmkhrm, hxthesgs imcpgs kh iuotdvg y ue nuhe iodcm. Yh trmtmnm kho puhnog kh
^ãcmi (prgeueidmkg pgr ogs Tuejms igcg Odcmi), amndtmkg mprgxdcmkmcheth pgr
>< <<< amndtmeths y undimkg he thrrdtgrdgs kho iurmim kh ^ãcmi, [muodiausig. Maã,
\dzmrrg, igcg hrm igstucnrh hetrh ogs igequdstmkgrhs hspmýgohs, buekù su euhvm
impdtmo sgnrh uem idukmk ym hxdstheth, ho =1 kh hehrg kh =898 ige ho egcnrh kh
Idukmk kh ogs ^hyhs. Mo pgig tdhcpg kh buekmkm, ogs metdjugs pgnomkgrhs kh Odcm
(tmetg oms mutgrdkmkhs dekãjhems igcg om jheth kho igcöe) buhrge trmsomkmkgs m
Iauetmy, sdtdg quh pgshãme ogs dekãjhems y quh sh undimnm he kgekh mitumocheth
sh heiuhetrm om djohsdm kh Yme Yhnmstdíe.

;
 

XEDRH^YDKMK EMIDGEMO KH DEJHEDH^ÃM

Bmiuotmk kh Dejhedhrãm Idvdo
Khpmrtmchetg
Khpmrtmchetg Mimkäcdig kh Igestruii dùe Idiog ><
><><-=
><-=

He mjgstg kh =892, om rhidäe buekmkm idukmk buh sdtdmkm pgr oms trgpms kh Cmeig
Deim, oãkhr kh uem rhnhodùe deimdim igetrm ho cmekmtg hspmýgo. Ogs hspmýgohs y sus
modmkgs emtdvgs, heimnhzmkgs
heimnhzmkgs pgr ho prgpdg \dzmrrg, khrrgtmrge m ogs rhnhokhs ouhjg
kh buhrths ouiams he oms imoohs kh om idukmk y sus morhkhkgrhs.1 Ho 9 kh egvdhcnrh
kh =892, om Igrgem Hspmýgom rhigegidù om buekmidùe y ho : kh kdidhcnrh kh =89:,
ho hcphrmkgr Imrogs R igebdrdù ue hsiukg kh mrcms m om idukmk.

IG^^X\IDÙE

Igrrupidùe hs om miidùe y hbhitg kh igrrgcphr (khprmvmr,

(kh prmvmr, hiamr m phrkhr, sgngremr
m mojudhe, phrvhrtdr, kmýmr). Ho igeihptg, kh miuhrkg ige ho kdiidgemrdg kh om ^hmo
Mimkhcdm Hspmýgom (^MH), sh utdodzm pmrm egcnrmr mo vdidg g mnusg he ue hsirdtg g
he oms igsms eg cmthrdmohs.

G^JMEDVMIDÙE CXEDID\MO

Yhjöe om prhsdkheidm kh igeshfg kh cdedstrgs, hstm uedkmk hstí rhbhrdkm mo

bueidgemcdhetg kh om cuedidpmodkmk, he su igekdidùe kh hetdkmk pönodim. Yh kdvdkh
he 9 shiidgehs iomvhs6

Ho Jgndhreg cuedidpmo6
Hstm shiidùe hstí rhbhrdkm m om cuedidpmodkmk igcg Ùrjmeg kh Jgndhreg Ogimo quh
iuhetm ige kgs destmeidms0 uem kh Jgndhreg y gtrm Hfhiutdvm. Om destmeidm kh
Jgndhreg hstí igebgrcmkm pgr ho Igeihfg Cuedidpmo heimrjmkm kh om hcdsdùe kh
oms egrcms ogimohs y rhmodzmr om bdsimodzmidùe kh om jhstdùe cuedidpmo y om Moimokãm,
igcg ùrjmeg hfhiutdvg, heimrjmkm kh kmr iucpodcdhetg m oms kdspgsdidgehs kho
jgndhreg ogimo.

Om Mkcdedstrmidùe cuedidpmo6

Hstm shiidùe hstí khkdimkm m om grjmedzmidùe dethrem y ogs sdsthcms mkcdedstrmtdvgs

kh om Cuedidpmodkmk, hstí dethjrmkm pgr ogs bueidgemrdgs y shrvdkgrhs pönodigs,
hcpohmkgs
igcuedkmk. yIgrrhspgekh
gnrhrgs, quh prhstme
m imkm shrvdidgs pönodigs
cuedidpmodkmk grjmedzmry om
mkcdedstrmtdvgs
mkcdedstrmidùem kh
om
miuhrkg ige sus ehihsdkmkhs y prhsupuhstg grdhetmkgs amidm om jhstdùe hbdidheth
kho khsmrrgoog ogimo, om ouiam igetrm om pgnrhzm y om prhstmidùe kh shrvdidgs pönodigs
m om pgnomidùe.

Ho Ydsthcm kh Igetrgo6

Hstí shiidùe hstí rhbhrdkm mo Ydsthcm kh Igetrgo, iuyms miidgehs sge

buekmchetmohs pmrm ho chfgrmcdhetg kh oms mitdvdkmkhs y shrvdidgs hstmtmohs he
nhehbdidg kh om Emidùe. Ho sdsthcm kh igetrgo hfhridkg kh bgrcm gpgrtuem y hbhitdvm
nusim prhvhedr y vhrdbdimr, chkdmeth om mpodimidùe kh prdeidpdgs, sdsthcms y
prgihkdcdhetgs täiedigs, om igrrhitm, hbdidheth y trmespmrheth utdodzmidùe y jhstdùe
kh ogs rhiursgs y ndhehs kho Hstmkg, ho khsmrrgoog agehstg y prgng kh oms bueidgehs
y mitgs kh oms mutgrdkmkhs, bueidgemrdgs y shrvdkgrhs pönodigs, msã igcg ho

8
 

XEDRH^YDKMK EMIDGEMO KH DEJHEDH^ÃM

Bmiuotmk kh Dejhedhrãm Idvdo
Khpmrtmchetg
Khpmrtmchetg Mimkäcdig kh Igestruii dùe Idiog ><
><><-=
><-=

iucpodcdhetg kh chtms y rhsuotmkgs gnthedkgs pgr oms destdtuidgehs sufhtms m

igetrgo.

CDJ^MIDÙE DE[H^EM HE HO \H^Ö

Om Grjmedzmidùe Dethremidgemo pmrm oms Cdjrmidgehs (GDC) sh igcpomih he

prhshetmrhe
hecmrim ho oms
hstukdg ‟Oms cdjrmidgehs
mitdvdkmkhs kho prgyhitgdethrems he ho \hrö–
‟Bgrtmohidcdhetg iuyg
kh oms khsmrrgoog
pgoãtdims sh
pönodims
he cmthrdm kh cdjrmidgehs y khspomzmcdhetgs dethregs– bdemeidmkg pgr ho Bgekg
pmrm ho Khsmrrgoog kh om GDC. Ho hstukdg igestmtm quh, he oms öotdcms käimkms, ho
\hrö am hxphrdchetmkg imcndgs sdjedbdimtdvgs he su rhmodkmk sgidmo, higeùcdim y
khcgjríbdim, kgekh oms cdjrmidgehs dethrems ame fujmkg ue rgo dcpgrtmeth pmrm om
igebdjurmidùe kh om sgidhkmk mitumo. Cuiags cdjrmeths dethregs ame pgtheidmkg ho
igchridg rhjdgemo y ogimo kmkg quh hstgs boufgs eg dcpodime sgog ue imcndg kh
rhsdkheidm, sdeg, he cuiags imsgs bgrtmohihe mkdidgemocheth, hetrh gtrgs0 (m) om
mitdvdkmk higeùcdim mpgrtmekg m om gbhrtm y khcmekm omngrmo, (n) jhehrmekg
hcpohg h dejrhsgs y (i) chfgrmekg oms igekdidgehs kh vdkm kh ogs cdjrmeths y sus
bmcdodms.

Imnh shýmomr, quh oms/gs cdjrmeths dethregs, mo cgchetg kh trmsomkmrsh m gtrg

hspmidg jhgjríbdig, eg khfme tgkg mtrís, sdeg quh trmhe igesdjg sus igstucnrhs,
sus vmogrhs, su bgo`ogrh y jmstrgegcãm, og iumo am jhehrmkg uem pgkhrgsm sdcndgsds
iuoturmo he oms zgems kgekh sh destmome, he ue hspmidg he igcöe kgekh sh hetrhomzm
og mekdeg, og igsthrg y og mcmzùedig he ue prgihsg dethriuoturmo dethjrmkgr.
[gcmekg igcg puetg kh pmrtdkm hstm rhmodkmk, om GDC he su imríithr kh hetdkmk
dethrjunhremchetmo
dethrjunhrem chetmo khkdimkm m om thcítdim cdjrmtgrdm y mo bgchetg kh uem cdjrmidùe
grkhemkm y he igekdidgehs aucmems, igesdkhrm dcpgrtmeth kdbuekdr ho pmpho quh
khshcphýme oms cdjrmidgehs dethrems he om mitdvdkmk higeùcdim y sgidmo kho kh o \hrö,
pmrm su igcprhesdùe y vmogrmidùe. Msã, m trmväs kh hstukdgs h devhstdjmidgehs hs
pgsdnoh igcprhekhr hsth bheùcheg sgidmo higeùcdig y iuoturmo, kmekg m igegihr
oms igekdidgehs kh ogs cdjrmeths y sus bmcdodms.

Om GDC igcpmrth ige sus Hstmkgs Cdhcnrgs uem vdsdùe dethjrmo y cuotdkdchesdgemo
kh oms cdjrmidgehs
cdjrmeths dethrems,
mo khsmrrgoog prgcgvdhekg
quh sh hxprhsm heyhorhsimtmekg
irhidcdhetgm prgkuitdvg,
edvho jognmo he
ho mpgrth kh
ho ícndtg
sgidmo, khcgjríbdig y iuoturmo. Om prhsheth punodimidùe sh nmsm he ho meíodsds kh
buheths y idbrms hstmkãstdims, sdjudhekg uem chtgkgogjãm quh igetrdnuym he om
igcprhesdùe kho bheùcheg cdjrmtgrdg dethreg y sus hbhitgs he dcpgrtmeths
dekdimkgrhs higeùcdigs y sgidmohs kho pmãs. Msdcdscg, hsth hstukdg khstmim
dcpgrtmeths rhtgs quh khnhríe mbrgetmr ogs Hstmkgs prgkuitg kho irhidcdhetg
khcgjríbdig, om hxiousdùe sgidmo y om irhidheth urnmedzmidùe gimsdgemkm pgr oms
cdjrmidgehs, pgr hoog, sh khstmim y igebdrcm tmcndäe om ehihsdkmk kh kdshýmr h
dcpohchetmrr ppgoãtdims
dcpohchetm goãtdims cdjrmtgrdms trmesvhrsmohs h ddeiousdvms.
eiousdvms.

Bdemocheth, rhmbdrcmcgs euhstrg igcprgcdsg he igetdeumr bgchetmekg om

igcprhesdùe kh oms iuhstdgehs cdjrmtgrdms he mrms kh bgrtmohihr ogs hsbuhrzgs kh
pomedbdimidùe kh pgoãtdims pönodims kho Hstmkg pmrm om prgthiidùe kh om kdjedkmk y ogs
khrhiags kh ogs cdjrmeths y sus bmcdodms.

2
 

XEDRH^YDKMK EMIDGEMO KH DEJHEDH^ÃM

Bmiuotmk kh Dejhedhrãm Idvdo
Khpmrtmchetg
Khpmrtmchetg Mimkäcdig kh Igestruii dùe Idiog ><
><><-=
><-=

>. ME[HIHKHE[HY

Igcg methihkheth idtmcgs om buekmidùe y hvgouidùe kh om idukmk kh Odcm  ’ \hrö y

rhimoimekg quh hsth egcnrh buh kmkg pgr ogs igequdstmkgrhs hspmýgohs ouhjg kh
vheihr mo [maumetdesuyg. Hetgeihs, ho =1 kh hehrg kh =898 buh buekmkm ige ho
egcnrh kh Odcm ‟Idukmk kh ogs ^hyhs–. Ouhjg pmsù m shr egcnrmkm impdtmo kh
Rdrrhdemtg
sh dedidù omkhoäpgim
\hrö mvdrrhdemo
imrjg kho vdrrhy
quh kurùheamstm
rhprhshetmidùe kho rhy khHe
om dekhphekheidm. Hspmým, ige hstg
hstm htmpm sh
prhshetmrge kdvhrsgs suihsgs igcg oms kdsputms hetrh jrupgs kh hspmýgohs, om
irhmidùe kh om prdchrm uedvhrsdkmk kh Yukmcärdim, uem nmstm igehxdùe kh igchridg
ige Hurgpm, irhidcdhetg tmetg kh pgnomidùe igcg kh dekdbhrheidm sgidmo pgr om iumo
cuiags dekdgs hrme rhiamzmkgs khndkg mo rmidscg y iomsdscg hspmýgo, hstm
prgnohcítdim sh dethesdbdimnm he gtrms rhjdgehs kho \hrö kh hetgeihs.

Mbhitmkm pgr oms rhbgrcms ngrnùedims sh kdg pmsg m om dekhphekheidm he =1>=

prgkuitgs kh cuiams juhrrms y pgr oms iumohs sh prgkufg ue hstmeimcdhetg
higeùcdig y khsgrkhe pgoãtdig kho pmãs, pgr hekh, m oms jrmekhs idukmkhs, quh
pmrmodzù su khsmrrgoog urnmeg. Hstg buh chrcmkg mýgs sdjudheths ige om hxpogtmidùe
kho jumeg quh trmfg igesdjg uem cgkhredzmidùe kh cuiams idukmkhs kho pmãs, phrg
tmcndäe he hsth igethxtg pgkhcgs detudr quh hcpdhzm om igrrupidùe pgr pmrth kh
ogs kdrdjheths kho pmãs fuetmcheth ige ogs ùrjmegs kh jgndhreg ogimohs (kh
idukmkhs) kh mquho hetgeihs kmkg quh sh prgkufg ue dejrhsg cmsdvg kh kdehrg y
tmcndäe ho cmo cmehfg kh hstms.

Khspuäs kh om juhrrm, y kho rhtdrg kh oms trgpms iadohems, om idukmk mtrmvhsù pgr ue
prgihsg kh rhegvmidùe urnmem y hxpmesdùe khskh om käimkm kh =14< amstm om kh
=4><. Tm quh ho ihetrg kh Odcm sh amoomnm sgnrhpgnomkg, he =142 sh hstmnohidù ho
írhm rhsdkheidmo
rhsdkheidmo kh Om Rditgrdm igcg ue nmrrdg gnrhrg. Kurmeth hhsth sth phrãgkg om
igebdjurmidùe kh om urnh buh cgkdbdimkm pgr om igestruiidùe kh jrmekhs mvhedkms
quh hetrhiruzmrge om idukmk y om igehitmrge ige pgnomkgs vhidegs igcg Cdrmbogrhs.
Hetrh oms käimkms kh =4>< y =4;<, cuiags hkdbdidgs kho ihetrg adstùrdig buhrge
rhigestrudkgs,
rhigestrudkg s, deiouyhekg ho \momidg kh Jgndhreg y ho \momidg Cuedidpmo.

Hetrmekg ho sdjog
prgkuitg kh QQ sh dethesdbdiù
prästmcgs, oms iumohsomegs
jrmesdjuhe
khphekheidm
amstm omkhbhiam
devhrsdgehs
y rhbohfmmchrdimems
om tgkmvãm
khphekheidm higeùcdim y cuiams idukmkhs kho pmãs pmsmrge pgr gtrg prgihsg kh
cgkhredzmidùe kh imrm mo Ihethemrdg kh om Dekhphekheidm.

He ho odnrg Adstgrdm kh om Igrrupidùe he ho \hrö sh rhbohfm cís m khtmooh tgkgs hstgs

prgihsgs y suihsgs y iùcg mbhitù om phrvhrsm decgrmodkmk y igrrupidùe kh cuiags
kh ogs ùrjmegs kh jgndhregs ogimohs, he pmrth, m cuiams idukmkhs y msã cdscg m
euhstrm emidùe. Imnh cheidgemr
cheidgemr quh, kurmeth ogs mýgs 1< y 4<, khndkg mo prgihsg
kh cdjrmidùe kh euhstrm sdhrrm, sh prgkufg ue imcndg he oms idukmkhs igsthrms
igcg deirhchetg pgnomidgemo, mcpodmidùe thrrdtgrdmo, irhmidùe kh euhvgs kdstrdtgs
quh mitumocheth, nmfg ho igeihptg kh idukmk, pmsme m oomcmrsh idukmkhs.
Hvdkheidmkg hetgeihs
hetgeihs cuiags suihsgs quh debouyhrge he ho prgihsg kh bgrcmidùe
kh oms idukmkhs phrumems, pmrm hsth debgrch, egs vmcgs m hebgimr he om debouheidm
y prgnohcítdim kh om igrrupidùe y cdjrmidùe.

:
 

XEDRH^YDKMK EMIDGEMO KH DEJHEDH^ÃM

Bmiuotmk kh Dejhedhrãm Idvdo
Khpmrtmchetg
Khpmrtmchetg Mimkäcdig kh Igestruii dùe Idiog ><
><><-=
><-=

9. ADY[G^DM KH OM IG^^X\IDÙE HE HO \H^Ö

Cís quh ue odnrg, ho trmnmfg kho mutgr igestdtuyh ue vhrkmkhrg thstmchetg

dethohitumo, om iuocdemidùe kh uem gnrm pohtùrdim kh deigetmnohs mpgrths pmrm om
adstgrdgjrmbãm omtdegmchrdimem, he om quh sh khstmime trmnmfgs igcg Khukms
govdkmkms6 destruchetgs
destruchetgs kh iräkdtg he om higegcã
higegcãmm igogedmo phrumem =:
=:8<-=1><
8<-=1>< y
Om khukm khbrmukmkm6
devhstdjmidgehs quh ameigesgodkmidùe kh =18< ypmrm
shrvdkg kh despdrmidùe kgcdedg higeùcdig
om omngr he ho \hrö,
kh mimkäcdigs quh
möe igesdkhrme quh om adstgrdm tdheh ue pmpho prdcgrkdmo he ho meíodsds kho prhsheth
y om igestruiidùe kh ue pgrvhedr cís fustg, y eg igcg uem kdsidpodem rhtùrdim kh om
igethcpomidùe pmsdvm kh oms ngekmkhs kh ue pmsmkg rhpohtg kh mrthbmitgs y
ohejumfhs g kdsiursgs dkãodigs.
dkãodigs. Hetgeihs sh egs buh ohjmkg eg sgog ue odnrg, sdeg om
gnodjmidùe cgrmo kh hbhitumr hfhrididgs sdcdomrhs he ho igefuetg kh ogs pmãshs
omtdegmchrdimegs mzgtmkgs pgr ho bomjhog kh om dehqudkmk, modchetmkm pgr om
igrrupidùe rmcpmeth.

Kmkm om dcpgrtmeidm quh sh kdg m ogs mrrhjogs destdtuidgemohs dehstmnohs, igcg

deihetdvg prdcgrkdmo pmrm om hchrjheidm kh príitdims dohjmohs he ho cmehfg kh ogs
bgekgs pönodigs pmrm ho nhehbdidg pmrtdiuomr y pmrm ho muchetg kh ogs igstgs kh
trmesmiidùe y quh, pgr og tmetg, khshstdcuome om devhrsdùe y jhehrme ho khthrdgrg kh
oms igekdidgehs nísdims pmrm ho khsmrrgoog higeùcdig, ]udrgz grjmedzm buheths kh
imríithr iumetdtmtdvg y iumodtmtdvg quh oh phrcdthe chkdr ho vmogr cgehtmrdg kh ogs
bgekgs khsvdmkgs igcg hxprhsdùe pgrihetumo
pgrihetumo kho \DN he ho omrjg pomzg h doustrmr ogs
pgrchegrhs kh ogs chimedscgs kh bueidgemcdhetg kh oms rhkhs kh igrrupidùe,
khsirdndhekg khtmoomkmcheth ho pmpho kho jgndhreg idvdo, ogs cdodtmrhs y ho shitgr
bdemeidhrg he ho cmehfg kh ogs sgngregs he om igestruiidùe kh gnrms pönodims y kh
ogs chimedscgs dohjmohs he ho cmehfg kh om khukm hetrh =:1< y ><<<.

Ige nmsh he og methrdgr, ]udrgz eg sgog ogjrù khsirdndr oms imrmithrãstdims kh ogs
chimedscgs hcpohmkgs
hcpohmkgs pmrm ho khsmrrgoog kh om igrrupidùe, sdeg quh pukg hvmoumr
su dcpmitg sgnrh ho khsmrrgoog kho mpmrmtg hstmtmo y ho ndhehstmr igohitdvg he \hrö.
\mrm tmo bde, km iuhetm kh iuíohs sge oms vmrdmnohs m memodzmr pmrm oohvmr m nuhe
tärcdeg su mcndidgsg pome igcg og hs0 khthrcdemr om hbdidheidm kho sdsthcm ohjmo
pmrm
kdshýgho kh
igetrgo kh ogshigeùcdim,
om pgoãtdim bgekgs pönodigs, igestmtmr
igrrhomidgemr ogs hbhitgs
ho mujh kh omyigrrupidùe
higeùcdig oms juhrrmsheige
ho
ogs idiogs kh igrrupidùe, hstukdmr m bgekg oms destdtuidgehs devgouirmkms, hstmno
hstmnohihr
hihr
ho pmpho khshcphýmkg pgr ogs devhrsgrhs hxthregs, igcprhekhr ho
khshevgovdcdhetg kh oms igetdhekms pgoãtdims y hsiukrdýmr ho pmpho kh ogs chkdgs kh
igcuedimidùe.

Igcg rhsuotmkg kh ue hstukdg prgbuekg kh hstms vmrdmnohs pgr pmrth kh ]udrgz,

phrcdtdù quh hstmnohidhrm idiogs kh igrrupidùe sdstäcdim kh imríithr grjíedig,
vdeiuomkgs ige om hvgouidùe kh oms destdtuidgehs, ho Hstmkg, ogs cmrigs ohjmohs, ogs
rhiursgs kdspgednohs, ogs mujhs hxpgrtmkgrhs
hxpgrtmkgrhs y oms rhkhs kh igrrupidùe mkmptmkms
(p.98). Mkhcís kh hstg, hstmnohidù ue idiog kh igrrupidùe phridndkm, kh imríithr
dehstmnoh y quh sh heiuhetrm khthrcdemkg pgr om kdbusdùe kh hsiíekmogs, igcg
prgkuitg kh ogs chkdgs kh igcuedimidùe g jrmidms m oms igetdhekms he ue mpmrmtg
pgoãtdig igeboditdvg. Msã oms igsms, m og omrjg kh om adstgrdm kh \hrö sh prhshetmrge

1
 

XEDRH^YDKMK EMIDGEMO KH DEJHEDH^ÃM

Bmiuotmk kh Dejhedhrãm Idvdo
Khpmrtmchetg
Khpmrtmchetg Mimkäcdig kh Igestruii dùe Idiog ><
><><-=
><-=

sdhth idiogs kh igrrupidùe sdstäcdim, he ho dethrdgr kh ogs iumohs sh prhshetmrge

idiogs kh igrrupidùe phridndkm.
p hridndkm.

Ho prdchrg kh ogs idiogs hstukdmkgs mnmrim ho phrdgkg igogedmo tmrkãg, cmrimkg pgr
ogs cmogs cmehfgs kh ogs bueidgemrdgs rhmohs m bmvgr kh sus prgpdgs dethrhshs,
hsphidmocheth ogs rhomidgemkgs ige om mkcdedstrmidùe kh oms rhetms rhmohs
prgvhedheths kh omkhmitdvdkmk
om dekhphekheidm cdehrm.
om rhpönodim \gsthrdgr
rhidäe m hoog,
buekmkm, hstm sh igestmtm
ahrhkù quh khspuäs
oms príitdims kh
prgpdms
kho sdsthcm igogedmo, imrmithrdzmkms pgr ho pmtrdcgedmodscg, he ho iumo ogs cdodtmrhs
iucpodhrge ue pmpho prhpgekhrmeth.
prhpgekhrmeth. Xe euhvg idiog kh igrrupidùe shrãm dedidmkg pgr
om hxpogsdùe kho mujh jumehrg, quh sh cmthrdmodzmnm he uem hejmýgsm prgsphrdkmk
urnmem, he kgekh ogs igstgs kh om igrrupidùe oohjmrge m =<1 cdoogehs kh sgohs he
=1:<, igcg prgkuitg kho cmehfg cmodetheidgemkg kh om khukm pönodim, ogs igetrmtgs
kh gnrms y kh om igeihsdùe jumehrm. Hetrh =11; y =49< sh prhshetmrãm ue euhvg
idiog kh igrrupidùe, dedidmkg ige om rhiuphrmidùe kh om pgsjuhrrm kho \miãbdig,
cmrimkm pgr om dcpohchetmidùe kh chkdkms pmrm ho brheg kh om igrrupidùe, oms
iumohs shrãme tgtmocheth mnmekgemkms y cmogjrmkms pgr oms príitdims igrruptms
bgrtmohidkms kurmeth ho geihedg kh Mujustg N. Ohjuãm.

Om rhigestruiidùe kho grkhe destdtuidgemo, khspuäs kho geihedg kh Ohjuãm, oohvmrãm

m igestmeths iagquhs pgoãtdigs
pgoãtdigs quh sdrvdhrge kh igrtdem kh kdstrmiidùe pmrm ogs trmtgs
dohjmohs he oms igcprms kh mrcms y he ho cmehfg kh oomm khukm hxthrem. Hetrh =429
y =414 om igrrupidùe kh euhvg rhdeù. Xe hfhcpog kh hoogs sh heiuhetrm he ogs
cdodtmrhs y su ioísdig cgkhog kh jgndhreg, m trmväs kh khirhtgs hfhiutdvgs he kgekh
om dehbdidheidm y om igrrupidùe oohvmrge m igestmeths käbdidts, kh euhvg bdemeidmkgs
ige sgsphiagsgs igetrmtgs kh khukm hxthrem, igstucnrhs quh eg buhrge mfhems mo
jgndhreg pgpuodstm kh Mome Jmriãm, quh khfmrãm mo pmãs sucdkg he uem buhrth irdsds
higeùcdim.

Ho öotdcg idiog memodzmkg pgr ]udrgz eg pgkãm shr gtrg quh ho rhjdstrmkg hetrh =44<
y ><<<, igcmekmkg pgr ho ndegcdg ehbmstg Bufdcgrd-Cgethsdegs, qudhehs, m trmväs
kh om iggptmidùe kh tgkms oms rmcms kho pgkhr pönodig, trms ho mutgjgoph kh =44>,
jgzmrge kh pohems odnhrtmkhs pmrm amihrsh ige ogs bgekgs pönodigs he nhehbdidg
prgpdg.
iíoiuogsHohstdcmkgs
trmnmfg khkho
]udrgz
igstgidhrrm ige ue
adstùrdig kh dethrhsmeth cgkhog
om igrrupidùe pmrm omhorhmodzmidùe
he ho \hrö, kh
iumo hs pdhzm
kh khnmth he om mitumodkmk y quh bíidocheth puhkh shr hcpohmkg pmrm ho hstukdg kh
gtrgs igethxtgs he Mcärdim Omtdem, ym quh phrcdth chkdr ho vmogr cgehtmrdg kh ogs
bgekgs khsvdmkgs kh ogs gnfhtdvgs pönodigs y kh khsmrrgoog, msã igcg dethetm
kdsirdcdemr ho kmýg imusmkg pgr om igrrupidùe he oms destdtuidgehs quh bmidodtme om
hstmndodkmk y om devhrsdùe.

Ygog egs rhstm khidr quh pmrm ogs adspmegmchrdimegs hstm gnrm tdheh uem jrme
dcpgrtmeidm, ym quh ho devhstdjmkgr igcprgchtdkg heigetrmrí he hstms píjdems ue
hfhcpog m shjudr pmrm ho khsmrrgoog kh hstukdgs sdcdomrhs mpodimnohs m su igethxtg y
ho ohitgr khsprhvhedkg amoomrí om adstgrdm kh su pmãs rhbohfmkm he om kho \hrö, kgekh
ho imcndg kh mojuegs egcnrhs, oujmrhs y idriuestmeidms amrí kh om adstgrdm emrrmkm
he ho odnrg ue thxtg
t hxtg vhrãkdig y igeigrkmeth ige om adstgrdm prgpdm kh imkm emidùe.

4
 

XEDRH^YDKMK EMIDGEMO KH DEJHEDH^ÃM

Bmiuotmk kh Dejhedhrãm Idvdo
Khpmrtmchetg
Khpmrtmchetg Mimkäcdig kh Igestruii dùe Idiog ><
><><-=
><-=

;. MEÍODYDY KH OM \^GNOHCÍ[DIM

Hvdkheidmkg hetgeihs quh prgkuitg kh cmogs cmehfgs kh bueidgemrdgs y ùrjmegs

cuedidpmohs, quh sh kdg eg sgog khskh om dekhphekheidm, sdeg khskh cuiag meths,
y m bmvgr, he ue dedidg, kh sus prgpdgs dethrhshs y ouhjg pmsmr m shr igohitdvgs. [gkg
hstg mbhitù kh cmehrm ehjmtdvm m ue thùrdig irhidcdhetg quh khndhrge shjudr
cuiams
shr y quhidukmkhs khskh su buekmidùe.
sge ym hxpogtmkms, T phsh
ige subdidheth m shr ue
dejrhsg pmãs kh jrmekhs
higeùcdig thùrdig yrdquhzms
rhshrvmsm
kh hstms, tgkmvãm egs heigetrmcgs he ue hsimoùe debhrdgr igcpmrmkg m pmãshs
hxthrdgrhs quh pgr cís kh thehr sdcdodtuk he tdhcpg kh buekmidùe y quh he rhiursgs
sge debhrdgrhs, prhshetme ue chfgr irhidcdhetg y hvgouidùe kh sus idukmkhs.
Hetgeihss hs iruidmo prhjuetmregs ho pgrquä kh hstg, quh ·quä hs og quh jhehrù ue
Hetgeih
ohetg irhidcdhetg kh euhstrms idukmkhs7 sd ho phrumeg hstí shetmkg he ue nmeig kh
grg.

\gr gtrg omkg, om pgim myukm quh nrdekm ho hstmkg mo shitgr mekdeg, pgr om
deshjurdkmk (thrrgrdscg) g pgr gtrgs cgtdvgs trmhe igesdjg uem kdsigebgrcdkmk kh
kdiam pgnomidùe he ho cgkg kh vdkm quh oohvme, vdhekg hstgs ue chfgr buturg mo
trmsomkmrsh m gtrms idukmkhs, hstg sh khbdeh igcg cdjrmidùe.

8. \OME[HMCDHE
\OME[HMCDHE[G
[G KHO \^GNOHCM

^hspgekdhekg m oms prhjuetms meth

^hspgekdhekg methrdgrhs,
rdgrhs, ue bmitgr prdcgrkdmo quh grd
grdjdem
jdem ue ohetg
irhidcdhetg y quh sh detuyh sheidoomcheth hs sgnrh om bueidùe kh ogs ùrjmegs kh
jgndhreg ogimo. Hetgeihs pgkhcgs igetdeumr om brmsh0 ho \hrö hs ue chekdjg he ue
nmeig kh grg (Metgedg ^mdcgekd) kmkg quh cuiags eg sgog smnhe ed sh ame
phrimtmkg kh hoog, sdeg quh tmcndäe mquhoogs quh sã y egs rhbhrdcgs m ogs ùrjmegs
kh jgndhreg sh mprgvhiame kh hstm djegrmeidm cmygrdtmrdm pmrm rhmodzmr cmogs
cmehfgs pmrm su nhehbdidg igeihptumodzmkg he igrrupidùe igcg he om homngrmidùe
kh gnrms kh hkdbdimidgehs quh rhsmotme ho khsmrrgoog kh idukmkhs he om quh sh
prhshetme kdvhrsgs prgihsgs y uem kh hooms hs ho bdemeidmcdhetg kho hstmkg
 fuetmcheth ige ogs ùrjmegs
ùrjmegs kh jgndhreg ogimo, phrg mquã sh chrcm og doãidtg y hstg
hs cuy igegidkg h devhstdjmkg mitumocheth.

[gimekg magrm ho thcm kh cdjrmidùe, hsth hs ue bmitgr quh debouyh he om kdeícdim

kh Idukmk, pgr hekh, hs ehihsmrdg smnhr iuío hs hsm debouheidm jhehrmkm y m su vhz
hstukdmrr ho dcpmitg pgsdtdvg y ehjmtdvg quh prgkuihe tmetg pmrm om idukmk quh khfme
hstukdm
igcg m om quh oohjme.

2. GNFH[DRGY

GNFH[DRG \^DEID\MO

Devhstdjmr y oohjmr m igegihr iùcg sh prgkuih hsth mprgvhiamcdhetg doãidtg pgr pmrth
Devhstdjmr
kh ogs ùrjmegs kh jgndhreg ogimo y kh quä cmehrm mbhitù m ue khsmrrgoog egrcmo kh
oms idukmkhs phrumems.

=<
 

XEDRH^YDKMK EMIDGEMO KH DEJHEDH^ÃM

Bmiuotmk kh Dejhedhrãm Idvdo
Khpmrtmchetg
Khpmrtmchetg Mimkäcdig kh Igestruii dùe Idiog ><
><><-=
><-=

GNFH[DRG YHIXEKM^DG

Devhstdjmr kh quä cmehrm debouyh om oohjmkm kh cdjrmeths m uem idukmk ym hxdstheth

Devhstdjmr
g igcuedkmk tmetg pgsdtdvgs igcg ehjmtdvgs.

:. BG^CXOMIDÙE KH OM AD\Ù[HYDY
AD\Ù[HYDY \^DEID\MO

\mrm ho mprgvhiamcdhetg doãidtg khnh jhehrmrsh cgchetgs gpgrtuegs quh og

bmidodthe. \uhkhe kmrsh kurmeth irdsds g ouhjg kh ue mujh higeùcdig he ho quh
pmrmohomcheth sh amjme jrmekhs hkdbdimidgehs he bmvgr mo khsmrrgoog kh om idukmk
om iumo igetheth m uem cmygrdtmrdm pgnomidùe, phrg tmcndäe sh hbhitöhe jrmekhs
rgngs quh hstmrãme iundhrtgs pgr og cheidgemkg methrdgrcheth msã cdscg ogs
sgngregs y ho igetrgo kh ogs ùrjmegs kh jgndhregs ogimohs fuetmcheth ige ogs
chkdgs kh igcuedimidùe prgodbhrme uem hxthesm rhk kh igrrupidùe quh sh pgeh m om
ouz mitumocheth, igcg om igrrupidùe he jrmekhs hkdbdimidgehs, phrg quh vdheh
khskh käimkms mtrís y quh hetgrphihe ue nuhe khsmrrgoog kh oms idukmkhs.

AD\Ù[HYDY YHIXEKM^
YHIXEKM^DG
DG
Cuiags pdhesme quh om cdjrmidùe he ho \hrö hcphzù prgkuitg kho thrrgrdscg he ogs
mýgs 1<-4< iumekg he rhmodkmk hstg sh vdheh kmekg khskh cuiag meths y hs quh
og khbdedcgs methrdgrcheth igcg prgkuitg kh kdvhrsgs bmitgrhs sdhekg ueg kh hoogs
om shjurdkmk kh vdkm.

Hetgeihs, pomethmkg uem debouheidm sh hvdkheidm om mothrmidùe kh om khesdkmk

pgnomidgemo y prgkuitg kh hstm cmsdvm cdjrmidùe puhkhe khsmpmrhihr y irhmrsh
euhvgs mshetmcdhetgs
mshetmcdhetgs aucmegs quh m om omrjm pmsme m oomcmrsh idukmkhs. [mcndäe
puhkhe pgtheidmr ho igchridg rhjdgemo y ogimo, prhsheidmrsh ue cmygr trmnmfg eg
mjrãigom g hsimshs kh hstm khndkg m om sgnrhpgnomidùe, sh rhsmotme hstgs puetgs ym
quh deidtme m ue chfgr g cmo khsmrrgoog kh om idukmk.

1. FXY[DBDIMIDÙE

Hstmnohidkg
Hstmnohidkg euhstrms adpùthsds6

\mrm pgkhr fustdbdimrog hs ehihsmrdg rhiurrdr m thxtgs quh thejme pgr thcm om
hvgouidùe kh idukmkhs prgkuitg kh jrmekhs rhkhs kh igrrupidùe y hstg buh
prhshetmkg,
prhshetmk g, he pmrth, mo dedidg kho debgrch he ho odnrg Adstgrdm kh om Igrrupidùe he ho
\hrö he iumo khtmoom om dcpgrtmeidm quh sh kdg m ogs mrrhjogs destdtuidgemohs
dehstmnohs, igcg deihetdvg prdcgrkdmo pmrm om hchrjheidm kh príitdims dohjmohs he
ho cmehfg kh ogs bgekgs pönodigs pmrm ho nhehbdidg pmrtdiuomr y pmrm ho muchetg kh
ogs igstgs kh trmesmiidùe y quh, pgr og tmetg, khshstdcuome om devhrsdùe y jhehrme
ho khthrdgrg kh oms igekdidgehs nísdims pmrm ho khsmrrgoog higeùcdig. [mcndäe sh
prhshetmrge igethxtgs igcg om hxpogsdùe kho mujh jumehrg quh sh cmthrdmodzmnm
he uem hejmýgsm prgsphrdkmk urnmem, ouhjg ige om rhiuphrmidùe kh om pgsjuhrrm
kho \miãbdig, ogs jrmekhs prästmcgs he ho jgndhreg kh Mujustg N. Ohjuãm Om
==
 

XEDRH^YDKMK EMIDGEMO KH DEJHEDH^ÃM

Bmiuotmk kh Dejhedhrãm Idvdo
Khpmrtmchetg
Khpmrtmchetg Mimkäcdig kh Igestruii dùe Idiog ><
><><-=
><-=

rhigestruiidùe kho grkhe destdtuidgemo, khspuäs kho geihedg, oohvmrãm m igestmeths

iagquhs pgoãtdigs
pgoãtdigs quh sdrvdhrge kh igrtdem kh kdstrmiidùe pmrm ogs trmtgs dohjmohs he
oms igcprms kh mrcms y he ho cmehfg kh om khukm hxthrem. Ho jgndhreg kh ogs
cdodtmrhs y su ioísdig cgkhog kh jgndhreg, m trmväs kh khirhtgs hfhiutdvgs he kgekh
om dehbdidheidm y om igrrupidùe oohvmrge m igestmeths käbdidts, ho jgndhreg pgpuodstm kh
Mome Jmriãm. Ho ndegcdg ehbmstg Bufdcgrd-Cgethsdegs, qudhehs, m trmväs kh om
iggptmidùe kh tgkms pmrm
kh pohems odnhrtmkhs oms rmcms kho ige
amihrsh pgkhr
ogspönodig,
bgekgs trms ho mutgjgoph
pönodigs kh =44>,
he nhehbdidg
nhehbdid jgzmrge
g prgpdg. [gkg
hstg prgkuidhekg igethxtgs gpgrtuegs y quh gimsdgemrge ue khiodvh y ohetãsdcg
khsmrrgoog, he debrmhstruiturm, kh cuiams idukmkhs phrumems.

T hbhitdvmcheth, nmsíekgegs he rhpgrths y punodimidgehs igcg Oms cdjrmidgehs

Dethrems he ho \hrö he su Igethxtg mitumo kh Om Grjmedzmidùe Dethremidgemo pmrm
oms Cdjrmidgehs (GDC) oohjmcgs m igegihr quh og adpgthtdzmkg methrdgrcheth sh
rhprhshetm he0 idukmkhs imsd khsmpmrhidkms igcg om idukmk kh Mtmigiam quh he ho
mýg ><=: hstmnm pgnomkg pgr sgog 1< phrsgems phrg quh mýgs mtrís, iumekg ihrim
kh hsth hstmnm sdtumkg om Cdem kh Mtmigiam hsth hrm uem idukmk prùsphrm, he om
quh sh prgkuiãme jrmekhs dethrimcndgs igchridmohs
igchridmohs sucmkg mo mcpodg trmnmfg qu
quhh
prgvhãm om cdem. Ydcdomrcheth he om käimkm kh ogs 2< y :< sh bgrcmrge euhvms
idukmkhs igcg Euhvg Imfmcmrim (=4:>) y Igcms (=42=) prgkuitg cmygrdtmrdg kh
om oohjmkm kh hstgs jrupgs cdjrmidgeidtms quh pgtheidmrge ho igchridg rhjdgemo y
ogimo kmkg quh hstgs boufgs eg dcpodime sgog ue imcndg kh rhsdkheidm, sdeg, he
cuiags imsgs bgrtmohihe.

4. MEÍODYDY I^Ã[DIG

- Ho prgih
prgihsg
sg khsmrrgoog kh oms idukmkhs he ho \hrö kurgs vmrdms käimkms, m su
vhz tuvg vmrdgs bmitgrhs quh igetrdnuyhrge ige hstms igcg om cdjrmidùe amidm
oms jrmekhs idukmkhs. Cuiams vhihs vhcgs igcg ehjmtdvg m hsth prgihsg, ym
quh jhehrg prgnohcms igcg om sgnrhpgnomidùe, debgrcmodkmk he trmnmfgs,
hxpmesdùe kh om idukmk m zgems miidkhetmkms, hetrh gtrms, phrg khnhcgs
memodzmr mihrim kh oms igsms pgsdtdvms quh trmfhrge hstms igcg cmygr cmeg kh
gnrm, oms iumohs sge cuy dcpgrtmeths pmrm ho khsmrrgoog kh oms dekustrdms he oms
idukmkhs, tmcndäe(FX^MKG
kh shr vmogrmkms. sus mpgrths he om jmstrgegcãm,
XYIXIAMJXM, y cuiams gtrms quh khnhe
Cmrdg).

- Om idukmk
idukmk,, hs ue th
thcm
cm cuy igcp
igcpohfg
ohfg ym quh mnmrim cuiags msp msphitgs,
hitgs, hetrh
hoogs pgoãtdigs y sgidmohs, he ho \hrö ige ho odnrg kh "Om Adstgrdm kh om Igrrupidùe
he ho \hrö" egs hxpodim ue msphitg cuy dcpgrtmeth, y kh ahiag ueg kh ogs
msphitgs cís irãtdigs hs igegihr euhstrm adstgrdm. Ogs jgndhregs methrdgrhs ame
sh nhehbdidmkg higeùcdimcheth m imusm kho khspgfg mfheg, y igcg
igeshiuheidm kh hstg hstí om pgnrhzm hxtrhcm he mcpodms zgems kho \hrö,
mtrmsg idhetãbdig y thiegoùjdig y cís. Ige tgkg hstg sh irhù uem nrhiam imkm
vhz jrmekh he imcdeg m om prgsphrdkmk y egs cmetdheh pgr sdhcprh igcg ue
pmãs kh thrihr cuekg. (FXY[DEDMEG NXDVM, Cdjuho Mejho).

=>
 

XEDRH^YDKMK EMIDGEMO KH DEJHEDH^ÃM

Bmiuotmk kh Dejhedhrãm Idvdo
Khpmrtmchetg
Khpmrtmchetg Mimkäcdig kh Igestruii dùe Idiog ><
><><-=
><-=

- [mo y igcg hs khbdedkg ‟idukmk– dcpodim igeihptgs igcg cdjrmidùe y khsmrrgoog

urnmeg, hsth öotdcg hs khtmoomkg he ho odnrg kh ]udrgz he rhomidùe m om igrrupidùe
y hs omchetmnoh quh ogs ùrjmegs kh jgndhreg quh sge hohjdkgs pgr egsgtrgs y
quh egs rhprhshetme eg khe hstgs rhsuotmkgs, phrg igegidhekg ym euhstrm
adstgrdm khnhcgs tgcmr chkdkms pmrm pgkhr brhemr hstg y eg sgog igcpomihregs
ige khidr quh euhstrm ehbmstm debrmhstruiturm y cgkg kh vdkm, he jhehrmo, hs
iuopm
vdhehekhkhsmrrgooíekgsh
hstgs päsdcgs ybueidgemrdgs.
quh khnhrãmeHsthehr
mquã cmygr
kgekh dcpgrtmeidm
chkdkms quhpgr
ohetmcheth
pmrth kho
hstmkg, igcg uem nuhem heshýmezm kh ätdim y cgrmo, puhstms khskh ue dedidg
hsigomr, kmrãme nuhe dcpmitg. (\DIGT CMQDCDODMEG, Hkjmrk Fhmepdhr)

- Oms idukmkhs cís pgnomkms kho pmãs sh igeihetrme he om igstm y ame sdkg
mbhitmkms pgr prgihsgs cdjrmtgrdgs khskh amih käimkms, phrg om fustdbdimidùe
kh hstms gohmkms kh cdjrmidùe prgvhedheths kh om rhjdùe sdhrrm, sh buekmchetm
he om ihetrmodzmidùe pgr pmrth kho jgndhreg, amidhekg quh oms idukmkhs
pmrtdiuomrcheth eg impdtmodems cdjrhe m Odcm pgr ue imcndg kh vdkm, hstm
ihetrmodzmidùe hs ue prgnohcm, deirhchetmekg msã om smturmidùe kho hspmidg,
muchetmekg om suphrpgnomidùe, tríbdig, prgnohcms he ho sdsthcm kh trmespgrth,
hti. Xem sgouidùe shrãm rhmodzmr ue mvmeih he gtrms idukmkhs, pmrm quh hstäe mo
edvho kh Odcm, kh og igetrmrdg ho prgnohcm shjudrí pgr cuiags mýgs (]XDY\H
\MXIM^, Nryme).
- [mo igcg rhomtm ho thxt
thxtgg kh ]udrgz, tgkgs hs
hstgs
tgs prgihsgs kh igrrupidùe tdhehe
tmcndäe uem hvgouidùe, msã igcg oms idukmkhs, hsphidmocheth he om impdtmo
odchým, sh hxprhsm iomrmcheth.
iomrmcheth. Igcg pgr hfhcpog khspuäs kh om prdchrm cdtmk
kho sdjog QQ, ogs "puhnogs fùvhehs" quh igcprhekhe ogs hxtrhcgs kh Odcm,
buhrge tgreíekgsh he om bdjurm kh idukmkhs igcg mitumocheth oms igegihcgs,
magrm ogs kdstrdtgs mo thehr uem motm khesdkmk pgnomidgemo, ohs igrrhspgekh uem
cmygr kdstrdnuidùe h dejrhsgs he oms mrims cuedidpmohs, og quh jhehrmocheth
mtrmh m ogs imekdkmtgs m quhrhr jgnhremr hstgs kdstrdtgs, phrg cís quh jhehrmr
ho ndhehstmr pgpuomr, sh gimsdgem kmýgs m hsth he ho khsmrrgoog urnmeg quh
khnhrãme shjudr y sh kme ogs khshcngosgs drrhjuomrhs h doãidtgs kho cuedidpdg
quh jhehrmocheth thrcdeme he ogs "ngosdoogs" kh oms mutgrdkmkhs (^GFMY
YX\ME[M, Cgdshs).
=<. IGEIOXYDGEHY

- Euhstrg pmãs am pprhsheidmkg

rhsheidmkg kh
khskh
skh dedidgs kkhh om igogedm amstm om mitumodkmk
rhkhs mcpodms kh igrrupidùe y hstg hs hvdkheidmkg he ho meíodsds mo odnrg kh
Mobgesg Z. ]udrgz prhshetmkg mo dedidg kho debgrch.
- [mcndäe igrrgng
igrrgngrmcgs
rmcgs quh oms kkhidsdgehs
hidsdgehs y ppgsturms
gsturms quh prhshethe ogs
ùrjmegs kh jgndhreg ogimo sge ue puetg kh dedidg dcpgrtmeth pmrm ho nuhe
khsmrrgoog kh oms idukmkhs, kmkg quh cmoms khidsdgehs y päsdcms pgsturms
gimsdgeme ue käbdidt y ohetg irhidcdhetg he om idukmk quh jgndhreme.
- Om cdjrmidùe dethrem quh sh prhshetm he euheuhstrg
strg pmã
pmãss fuhjm uuee rgo dcpgrtmeth
he ho igeihptg kh idukmk pgrquh mothrm bmitgrhs igcg khesdkmk pgnomidgemo, ho
shitgr trmnmfg, hti.

=9
 

XEDRH^YDKMK EMIDGEMO KH DEJHEDH^ÃM

Bmiuotmk kh Dejhedhrãm Idvdo
Khpmrtmchetg
Khpmrtmchetg Mimkäcdig kh Igestruii dùe Idiog ><
><><-=
><-=

==. NDNODGJ^MBÃM

- Adstgrdm kh om Igrrupidùe he ho \hrö kh Mobgesg Z. ]udrg

]udrgzz
- Oms cdjrmidgehs Dethrems he ho \hrö he su Igethxtg mitumo kh Om Grjmedzmidùe
Dethremidgemo
Dethremidge mo pmrm oms Cdjrmidgehs (GDC)
- attps6//me
attps6//mekdem.ph/m
kdem.ph/mjheidm/egtdidm-shds
jheidm/egtdidm-shds-kdstrdtgs-igeihetrme-cm
-kdstrdtgs-igeihetrme-cmygr-euchrg-
ygr-euchrg-
cdjrmeths-prgvdeidmegs-odcm-8899>=.mspx
- attps6//koh.rmh.hs/idukmk

=;