Database management system is a collection of related data consisting of a set of

programs to access those data. It is the complete description of the database

structures and constraints.
 In the file processing systems, the information is stored as a group of records
called files. These systems are the combination of files and application programs to
access those files. These files are called flat files.
 The database defines the field names and format of data, that is, whether the
data is a textual data, binary data or character data, and so on; structures of the
records, that is, whether the record is a pointer, fixed length or field order, and so
on; structure of the files, that is, whether the file structure is indexed, sequential, and
so on.
 DBMS acts as an intermediatory agent between programs and the data. Only
after the application programs access DBMS, the DBMS accesses the data.
Application programs are independent of the file structures. So change in file
structures does not require change in the programs and vice versa.
 The most important property of a database is that it is a logical collection of data
having some implicit meaning.
 The important compoents of DBMS are database engine, data dictionary, forms
generator, report writer and query processor.
 The various users of DBMS are Database Administrator (DBA), Database
Designer (DBD), end users, system analysts and application programmers, DBMS
system designers and implementers and tool developers.
 The three major types of database systems are analytic databases, operational
databases and object-oriented databases.
 The major advantage of DBMS is reduction of redundacy that leads to an
increase in consistency.

Constructing: Process of storing the information of a medium as instructed by

DBMS.
Defining: Specifies the data types, structures and constraints of the data to be
stored in the database.
Manipulating: Includes requests to retrieve the specific data in the database,
updating the database and generating reports from the retrieved data.
Sharing: Simultaneous accessing of data by multiple users

1. The file processing system is relatively cheaper compared to database

management system. In a file processing system, the programs and data are
interdependent where as in DBMS they are independent of each other.
2. In the centralised database system, database is stored in a central location.
3. One of the important properties of database systems is that database is a logical
collection of data having some implicit meaning. If the data are not related then it is
not called as proper database.
4. There are many components of DBMS. Very important are database engine, data
dictionary, report writer, forms generator and query processor.
5. The different types of database users are Database Administrator (DBA),
Database Designers (DBD), end users, system analysts and application
programmers, DBMS system designers and implementers and tool developers.
6. The most important advantage of DBMS is that it reduces redundancy and
consistency is increased.

The three-schema architecture has three levels of architecture, an internal level, a

conceptual level and an external level. The three-schema architecture is also
referred to as client–server architecture.
 The conceptual data modelling identifies the highest level relationships between
the different entities. Highest level relationships means it does not have detailed
information about the attributes and schema. Relationships are the type of
connectivity between two or more entities. The different types of relationships are
one-to-one relationships; one-to-many and many-to-one relationships; and many-to-
many relationships.
 Data and data types are described using two DBMS languages, namely, Data
Definition Language (DDL) and Data Manipulation Language (DML).
 The different types of DBMS interfaces are menu-based interfaces for web clients
or browsing, forms-based interfaces, graphical user interfaces, natural language
interfaces, interfaces for parametric users and interfaces for the DBA.

Entity is something that has a distinct, separate existence, though it need not be of
a material existence. You can define schema as a description of the database.
Instance is the collection of data stored in the database at a particular moment. A
database instance is also called as database state or snapshot

The three-schema architecture has three levels of architecture, an internal level, a

conceptual level and an external level. The three-schema architecture is also
referred to as client–server architecture. The division of architecture into three levels
is an advantage of this architecture which allows both developers and users to work
on their own levels. They do not need to know the details of the other levels and
they do not have to know anything about changes in the other levels. Note that each
of these schemas are only descriptions of data and the actual data exists only at the
physical level
In one-to-one relationships, an entity of one database is uniquely related to an entity
of another database. In one-to-many and many-to-one relationships, one entity of a
database may be related to one or more entities of another database and vice
versa. In many-to-many relationships, multiple entities of one database may be
related to more than one entity of another database and an entity in the second
database may be related to many entities in the other database. That means
multiple instances exist between the relationships

The languages are necessary for describing data and data structures. There are two
languages that are used for definition and manipulation of database. They are DDL
(Data Definition Language) and DML (Data Manipulation Language). The different
types of DBMS interfaces are menu-based interfaces for web clients or browsing,
forms-based interfaces, graphical user interfaces, natural language interfaces,
interfaces for parametric users and interfaces for the DBA