a Uafecliol eee tL ab sZ MATHEMATICS a iLMI KITAB KHANA Kabir Street, Urdu Bazar, Lahore.Mr. Munawar Din Awé Mr. Nasim-ul-Isiam Prof. M. Aslam Kahut Mrs, Tanzeela Naz Mr, Irfan Hussain ‘Syed Saman Raza Mr. Faheem Hussain Mr. Afzaal Hussain All rights are reserved with the Publisher. Approved by the Punjab Curriculum Authority, Wahdat Colony, Lahore, Muhammad Hal NOC. No. FCA/12/123 Dated: 27-11-2012 > Ch. Asghar Ali Associate Professor Associate Professor (R) Govt. MAO, College, Lhr. Govt. M.A, College, Lhr. Prof. Abdul Rauf Khan Muhammad Moeen Associate Professor Assistant Professor Govt. MAO, College, Lhr. Govt. M.A.O, College, Lhr. > Muhammad Sharif Ghauri Assistant Professor (R) Govt, Islamia College, Railway Road, Lhr. Muhammad Akhtar Shirani SS, PCTB Members of Review Committee: Prof. Dr. Shahid Mubeen Mathematics Department, Sargodha University, Sargoaha jan AEA(R), Curriculum Wing, Federal Mnisty of Education (Defunct), Islamabad DEAR], Curculum Wing, Federal Ministry of Education (Defunct) Islamabad it Principal, Govt. Post Graduate Colle, Chakwal Mathomatcs Department, Islamabad College for Gis, G10/4, Islamabad ‘Govemment High School, Kot Ranjeet Sheikhupura Mr. Muhammad Azeem Assessment Expert, PEAS, Township, Lahore ‘Government higher Secondary School, Kanpur, Sheikhupura ‘Senior Subjoct Spociaist, Punjab Textbook Board, Lahore Deputy Director (Curiculum Wing), Punjab Textbook Boar, Lahore {Desk Officer, Punjab Curriculum Authorty, Wahdat Colony, Lafore Prepared by: ILMI KITAB KHANA Kabir Street, Urdu Bazar, Lahore. Composed by: Maqsood Graphies, Urdu Bazar, Lhr. Year of Edition | Impression | Copies Price Publication March, 2017 Ast Ast 35,000 | 121.00Unit No. Contents ALGEBRA Title Page No. ‘Theory of Quadratic Equations 7 Sets and Functions 74 5 FLEE 107Contents GEOMETRY 7 | [__ mntroduction to Trigonometry {5 | 8 | [__ Projection ofa side of a Triangle {im} 9 | [chords of a circle {17 | 10 J [__ Tangent toa Gircle {1 | 11 J [chords and ares {2 | 2 } ‘Angle in a Segment of a Circle { 211 } 13 } Practical Geometry-Circles { 2a | ° } [Answers {2a | * ] [___ symbols and abbreviations {2 | *. } Table of Logarithm { 260 } & J [__ stossany {2 | ° } [index {2} + ] [__ Reference Books {26 |In this unit, students will learn how to define quadratic equation. solve a quadratic equation in one variable by factorization. solve a quadratic equation in one variable by completing square. derive quadratic formula by using method of completing square. solve a quadratic equation by using quadratic formula. solve the equations of the type ax‘ + bx? + ¢ = 0 by reducing it to the quadratic form. i a solve the equations of the type a p(x) + 555 I (2 solve reciprocal equations of the type a (e + 3) +o[x+ 4 +e=0. solve exponential equations involving variables in exponents. solve equations of the type (x + a) (x +b) (x +) (x+d)=k whereat+b=c+d. solve radical equations of the types (i) \ax+b=ex+d, (i) \eta+\xeb=\xte, (iii) \x? + px + m+ x? +pxtn=q. )1.1. Quadratic Equation ‘An equation, which contains the square of the unknown (variable) quantity, but no higher power, is called a quadratic equation or an equation of the second degree. ‘A second degree equation in one variable x of the form a+ bx+c=0 , where a#0 and a, b, are real numbers, is called the general or standard form of a quadratic equation. Here a is the co-efficient of x2, b is the co-efficient of x and constant term is ¢. ‘The equations 3? — 7x + 6 = 0 and 3x? + 4x = 5 |Remember that: If'a=0in are the examples of quadratic equations. lax? + bx + c= 0, then it reduces to a linear equation bx + c= 0. 22—Tx + 6= 0s in standard form but 3x? + 4x = 5 is not in standard form. If) =0 in a quadratic equation ax? + bx + = 0, then it is called a pure quadratic equation. For ‘example x — 16 = 0 and 4x? = 7 are the pure quadratic ‘equations. 1.2 Solution of quadratic equations To find solution set of a quadratic equation, following methods are used: () factorization Gi) completing square 1.2) Solution by factorization: In this method, write the quadratic equation in the standard form as, a2 tbx+e=0 o If two numbers r and s can be found for equation (i) such that r + s = b and rs = ac, then ax* + bx + ¢ can be factorized into two linear factors. ‘The procedure is explained in the following examples. Solve the quadratic equation 3x2 6x = x + 20 by factorization. 3x? 6x =x+20 wo The standard form of (i) is. 3x2- 7x 24 a) 3,b=-T,c=-20 and ae=3x-20=-60 As -1245=—Tand-12x5=-60, so the equation (ii) can be written as 3x2- 12r+5x-20=0 ctivity: Factor or 3x(x-4) +5 (x- 4) =0 ox > (4) Gx+5) Either x-4=0 © or 3x45=0, thatis, Here3 4 are the solutions of the given equation. Thus, the solution set is ea 4 } RENTED Solve 5x? = 30x by factorization, Sx? = 30x /Remember that: Cancelling of x on 5x2—30x=0 which is factorized as Sxx-6)=0 Either 5x=0 or x-6=0 => x=0 or x=6 X= 0, 6 are the roots of the given equation, ‘Thus, the solution set is {0, 6} 1.2(i) Solution by completing square: To solve a quadratic equation by the method of completing square is illustrated through the following examples. EEDNEDD Solve the equation x* - 3x4 = 0 by completing square. P3450 ® Shifting constant term —4 to the right, we have wo 3r=4 Gi) Adding the square of x coefficient of s, that is, 2 ¢ 3 on both sides of equation (ii), we get os sn( faece and =1 are the roots ofthe given equation. ‘Thus, the solution set is (1, 4). (ERATED Solve the equation 2x? - 5x3 = 0 by completing square. ait 5x-320 Dividing each term by 2, to make coefficient of x equal to 1. vis} Remember that: For —_ our convenience, we make the Shifting constant term —3o the right | ¢0-efficient of 2° equal to 1 in the method of completing square. 3 3 3 3 @ Maltiply co-efficient of x with} i,5(~3) =-$ Now adding C y on both sides of the equation (i), we have See SPB (SP natn ( 5 32524425 a4 216 16 (48 or a4) = 16 ‘Taking square root of both sides of the above equation, we have > ok Either 7» 3 are the roots of the given equation, Thus, the solution set is f b 3}‘Write the following quadratic equations in the standard form and point out pure quadratic equations. w oe #25 @. +7) -3) Gi) ) w) wi 2. Solve by factorizat @ Gai) Gi) ) () wi) 5-9" x-3 3-4 3. Solve the following equations by completing square: @ B242e-150 @) — at+4r-a=0,a40 lle? -34x4+3=0 (iv) Le +metn=0,140 34+ 7x=0 3-2-1959 =0 ~e+ Bide eeiteedeo 8 3245 toad @ 4-349-$4 (®) Te+ 2a) + 3a? =5a (7 + 230) 1.3. Quadratic Formula: 1.3. (i) Derivation of quadratic formula by using completing square method. The quadratic equation in standard form is a@tbr+e=0 , a40 Dividing each term of the equation by a, we get eebrete Shifting constant term © to the right, we have & Be oxanG ‘Adding & ‘on both sides, we obtainb b b e Pie aabee Ge) Ga) Sada b\) b-4ac (codes ‘Taking square root of both sides, we get CBee or +a #0 is known as “quadratic formula”. 1.3 (i) Use of quadratic formula: The quadratic formula is a useful tool for solving all those equations which can or can not be factorized, The method to solve the quadratic equation by using quadratic formula is illustrated through the following examples. Example 1: Solve the quadratic equation 2 + 9x = 5x? by using quadratic formula Solution: 2+ 9x= 5x? ‘The given equation in standard form can be written as Sx2-9x-2=0 ‘Comparing with the standard quadratic equation ax? + bx + ¢=0, we observe that a=5,b=-9, c=2 Putting the values of a, b and c in | Activity: Using quadratic formula, quadratic formula write the solution set of x2 + = bth —dac x ba » we have (-9) + V9 = 45) (2) 268) +8144) _9+Ji2i 9+ “wo = 10 = 10 iu . that is,25 2,—$ate the roots ofthe given equation. ‘Thus, the solution set is es 24 EAT Using quadratic formula, solve the equation Qe+1 x-2 as ‘Simplifying and writing in the standard form xt O44) — = 2) +2)=0 ats Br4x44—(2-4)=0 dvs Ored-2 4420 or 49x+8=0 Here a=1,b=9,c=8 =0 =9 + JOP — 4x18 2x1 9 sf81=32 _-9 449 2 2 or 8 are the roots of the given equation. Thus, the solution set is (8, -1} =—4) EXERCISE 1 L Solve the following equations using quadratic formula: @ 2-8 =7e i) Se48r+1=0 (iii) VB 4x say (iv) 4? = 14 = 3x () 62-3-7=0 (vi) 3x°+8r+2=0 x42 4 (vii) (viii) (eo) (x) (+m) b2 + Ql +m) x=0, 140‘We now discuss different types of equations, which can be reduced to a quadratic equation by some proper substitution. ‘Type (i) The equations of the type axt+bx2 +c =0 Replacing x? = y in equation axt + bx? +¢=0, wwe get a quadratic equation in y. (EETTTED Solve the equation xt — 13:2 + 36 =0. SOM x4 137+ 36 Let Psy. Then ty? Equation (i) becomes y= 13y +36 =0 which can be factorized as y= 9y-4y +36=0 @ 30-9) = 40-9) =0 0-9 0-4)=0 Either y-9=0 or or Put y=? ead or = xst3 or The solution set is {42, +3} ‘i : be ‘Type Gi) The equations of the type aptx) +55 =¢ FEETITIEED Solve the equation 2(2x— 1) + 2 SSM Given that 202-1) +5 @ Let 2x-1=y. Then the equation (i) becomes ates or 2243 =5y > 2y?-Sy+3=0 Using quadratic formulaWhen y 2x-1=1 Co y=2x-)) > deelt1=2 > x51 Than. the ton sei Type (iii) Reciprocal equations of the type: (esd) so(co2)+e00 or at es besa ‘An equation is said to be a re yrocal equation, if it remains unchanged, when x is replaced| 1 bys Replacing x by *in ax! ~ bx! +.cx2— bx +a=0, we have a ey- b ay +e Qy- b 8 +a =0 which is simplified as a~ bx +x? — bx? + ax" = 0, We get the same equation. Thus ar! - bx? + ex? — bx + a= 0 is a reciprocal equation, ‘The method for solving reciprocal equation is illustrated through an example. EEENNIEED Sove the equation 2x4 — 5x3 ~ 14x?—5x+2=0, GEMM 2 — Sx? - 142 - 5x4 2= Dividing each term by x? Bei Se dx Se 2 eo et 3,2 xte Ler3)-sferd)-ue 2x2 Sx 14—bay. tense + haya So equation (i) becomes 202-2)-Sy-14=0 or 2y2—4~Sy—14=0 2y?— Sy- 18 =0 2y2 By +4y—18=0 oF y(2y—9)+2Qy-9)=0 > Qy-9H+2)=0 Either 2y-9=0 or -y+2=0 As yax+t, sowe have al 4 9=0 ty2=0 x4 5)-9= or xtyt2= 2x? -9x+2=0 or xP 42e+1=0 By quadratic formula, we get 29) +9? = 4x2 x2 -22JQP=4x1x1 2x2 re 2x1 _ 9 +81 = 16 =2sfa—4 2 = xe SNE or ore 965 =*=3 ore Thus, the solution set is {23 > B a2ve8 43 Ss ‘Type (iv) Exponential equations: In exponential equations, variable occurs in exponent. ‘The method of solving such equations is illustrated through an example. GREDTIZD Solve the equation 51+ 4 5!-*=26. S154 51,S%=26 or S54 EZ-26=0 i) Let 5*=y. Then equation (i) becomes 5 Sy +5 -26=0 Sy? +5 — 26y or Sy - 26y+5=0 5)2-25y-y+5=0 Sy (y- 5)- 1-5) =0 —5) Sy-1) Sy-1=0, thatis,Pat yao* S25) or 5 The solution setis {#1}. ‘Type (v) The equations of the type: (4a) +b) +0) (ata) =k, whereatb=c+d EEANTED Solve the equation (x- 1) (x +2) (x +8) (x + 9)=19. EMM («— 1) 6 + 2) +8) 45) = 19 or [@— I) & +8) [(x+2) (e+ 5)]-19=0 (o -148=245) (24 Tx= 8) (2 + Tx-+ 10) 19=0 @ Let BeTeay ‘Then eq, () becomes (y~ 8) (y+ 10) - 1 yi+2y-80-19 Ya 2y-99= yP+Ily-9y-99=0 y+ 11) -99+ 11) =0 o+1) 6-9) Bh Either y+ or y-9=0 Put y=a2+7x, 30 e+Tx41150 or 2+7x-9=0 Solving by quadratic formula, we have -14OP 4) OD) =1+ oP =40) a), “= 20) * 20) vr 214 36-74-85 ~ 2 ~ 2 TeVO~H__ 745 a2 74/5 -714+) 5 | rr | ——4J EXERCISE 1 Solve the following equations. 1 dxt= 12 +5=0 2 Wxtaor-4 3. Sita 7el4—2 4 E54 The solution set is & 6 Qe++ 3 Ie deel dx-1 ax-17 4x41 xt 2 2 4 2x 10I, 2xt4 8-62 4x42=0 12, 4.241-92"+1=0 13, 322 12."-3 14. 24642-2020 15. +1) (+3) (r= 5) (&=7) = 192 16. = 1x 2)(x- 8) + 5) + 360=0 1.5 Radical equations ‘An equation involving expression under the radical sign is called a radical equation eg, Vee3=x41 and fx-1=4fx—-241 1.5 (i) Equations of the type: \fax +b = cx +d ELEN ove the equation f3r47 = 2x +3 Ree T = 2x43 @ Squaring both sides of the equation (i), we get (3x47)? = Ox +3)? or Bxt 7240 + 12+ 9 ‘Simplifying the above equation, we have 42 4 9x42=0 Applying quadratic formula, _ 9 t VOP = 4x4 x2 [Note: Extraneous root is introduced either by squaring the given ‘equation or clearing it 2x4 of fractions. _ 29 ty81— 32-9 449 ~ 8 8Putting x= ~2 in the equation (i), we get 3(2) +7 =2(-2)+3 = YI=-1 which is not true. On checking, we find that x = -2 does not satisfy the equation (i), so it is extraneous root. Thus the solution set is ie At 1.5 (ii) Equations of the type x +a +-\x+b =x +e RTE sotve the equation ee +Ve46=VeF VesS tyre 6=yre @ ‘Squaring both sides of the equation (i), we have x+3 424642 (\fe43) (x6) or Nx 49x + 1B =—x +2 Gi) ‘Squaring both sides of the equation (ii), we get 402 49x 4 18) =? - 4044 or 3x? + 40x + 68 =0 Applying quadratic formula, we get 740 G0)? 43x68 _ ~40 + -f1600-816 +i 2x3 6 40 4-784 _ 40+ 28 6 = 6 air biet i which is not tue Pit yin yy imnich is 34 As—3"is extraneous root, so the solution set is {2}1.5(iii) Equations of the type: \/x? + px +m+./x?+pxtn=q GEENVTEED Solve the equation fx? — 3x + 36 Vx? 3x49 =3. QM V2? — 3x + 36-3 +9 = Let 2-3r=y Then fy ¥36-yF9=3 ‘Squaring both sides, we get y+ 364 y 49-2 (y+ 36)(\y 49) =9 2y +45 -~ 20+ 36) G9) =9 ~ aye a5y +324 =—2y-36 or 2p? + 4Sy +324 = -2(y + 18) = VP aSy 324 =y + 18 Again squaring both sides, we get y+ 45y +324 = y? + 36y + 324 Sy=0 > ys0 As 8-3r=y,s0 => x(x-3)=0 Either x=0 or xe =0 > x53 x=0, 3 are the roots of the equation. Thus, the solution set is (0, 3}. —— EXERCISE Solve the following equations, 1 det S=2Teo 16 2, Vee3e3x-1 3. dears 14-3 4 Be¥100-x=4 5. aferS4yee ll =\e+ 0 6. et lane-2=Ver6 7, Vil-x-6-x=27-x 8, V4a4x-Va-x= Ja 9 \eexti-VePer-1=1 10, Peart 8 +P sart d= Peart 9 +P eae a5MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISE - 1 1. Multiple Choice Questions Four possible answers are given for the following questions. Tick (7) the correct (@ Standard form of quadratic equation is (a) br+c=0,b40 (b) axtsbr+e=0,a40 © at=bx,a#0 @ at=0,a20 Gi) The number of terms in a standard quadratic equation ax? + bx +.¢=Ois @ 1 ) 2 © 3 @ 4 (ii) ‘The number of methods to solve a quadratic equation is @ 1 ) 2 © 3 @ 4 (iv) The quadratic formula is bP —4ac bn[h —dac @ xe y= PEN ab +b? + dac btsfb? + dac © =e @ x22Se w) Two linear factors of x* — 15x + 56 are (a) (x-7) and (x + 8) (b) (x +7) and (x - 8) (c) (x-7) and (x - 8) (d) (x +7) and (x + 8) (i) An equation, which remains unchanged when x is replaced by +is called a/an (@) Exponential equation (®) Reciprocal equation (©) Radical equation (None of these (vii) An equation of the type 3° + 32-* +6 = 0 is a/an (a) Exponential equation (b) Radical equation (©) Reciprocal equation (A) None of these (viii) The solution set of equation 4x2 16 = 0 is (@) {£4} &) (4) © {£2} @) £2 (ix) An equation of the form 2x! ~ 3x? + 7x2 — 3x +.2.= Ois called a/an (a) Reciprocal equation (&) Radical equation (©) Exponential equation (@ _ None of these 2. Write short answers of the following questions. @ Solve x?+2x-2=0 (ii) Solve by factorization 5x? = 15x 1 ii) Write in standard form 3 +g = (iy) Write the names of the methods for solving a quadratic equation, Solve (ox - (vi) Solve J3x+183. wo (i) (iil) (iv) Ww) (wi) (vii), (wii) (ix) & Define exponential equation. (x) Fill in the blanks ‘The standard form of the quadratic equation is ‘The number of methods to solve a quadratic equation are ‘The name of the method to derive a quadratic formula is The solution of the equation ax* + bx += 0, a4 0is, ‘The solution set of 25x2— 1 = Ois Define radical equation. ‘An equation of the form 22° — 3.2* + 5 = 0 is called a/an equation. The solution set of the equation x7— 9 =0 is ‘An equation of the type x* +9 4x2 ++ 1 =0 called a/an_ equation, A root of an equation, which do not satisfy the equation is called ___ root. ‘An equation involving impression of the variable under __ is called radical equation, => JMMAR’ => ‘An equation which contains the square of the unknown (variable) quantity, but no higher power, is called a quadratic equation ot an equation of the second degree, A second degree equation in one variable x, ax? + bx + where a #0 and a, b, ¢ are real numbers, is called the gener: quadratic equation. ‘An equation is said to be a reciprocal equation, if it remains unchanged, when x is yr standard form of a replaced by + In exponential equations, variables occur in exponents. ‘An equation involving expression under the radical sign is called a radical equation, Quadratic formula for ax? + br +6=0,a40 is bap ~ 2a Any quadratic equation is solved by the following three methods. (Factorization Gi) Completing square (iii) Quadratic formulaIn this unit, students will learn how to 2% define discriminant (b* —4ac) of the quadratic expression ax? + bx + ¢. 2 find discriminant of a given quadratic equation. 2 discuss the nature of roots of a quadratic equation through discriminant. & determine the nature of roots of a given quadratic equation and verify the result by solving the equation. determine the value of an unknown involved in a given quadratic ‘equation when the nature of its roots is given. 2& find cube roots of unity. 23 recognize complex cube roots of unity as @ and co? 23 prove the properties of cube roots of unity. = = w use properties of cube roots of unity to solve appropriate problems. find the relation between the roots and the coefficients of a quadratic ‘equation. find the sum and product of roots of a given quadratic equation without solving it. 2 find the value(s) of unknown(s) involved in a given quadratic equation when © sum of roots is equal to a multiple of the product of roots, w © sum of the squares of roots is equal to a given number, © roots differ by a given number, © roots satisfy a given relation (e.g., the relation 24+ 5B = 7 where a and Bare the roots of given equation), ¢ both sum and product of roots are equal to a given number. 2% define symmetric functions of roots of a quadratic equation. 2 evaluate a symmetric function of the roots of a quadratic equation in terms of its coefficients.2m establish the formula, x? ~(sum of roots) x + (product of roots) = 0, to find a quadratic equation from the given roots. 2 form the quadratic equation whose roots, for example, are of the type: © 2a+1,2p+1, ° a, B, where 0 Bare the roots of a given quadratic equation. & describe the method of synthetic division. & use synthetic divisic ¢ find quotient and remainder when a given polynomial is divided by a linear polynomial, ¢ find the value(s) of unknown(s) if the zeros of a polynomial are given, ¢ find the value(s) of unknown(s) if the factors of a polynomial are given, ¢ solve a cubic equation if one root of the equation is given, @ solve a biquadratic (quartic) equation if two of the real roots of the equation are given. & solve a system of two equations in two variables when © one equation is linear and the other is quadratic, © both the equations are quadratic. & solve the real life problems leading to quadratic equations.2.1 Nature of the roots of a quadratic equation On solving quadratic equations, we get different kinds of roots. Now we will discuss the nature or characteristics of the roots of the quadratic equation without actually solving it, 2.1.1 Discriminant (6? - dac) of the quadratic expression ax? + bx +c. We know that two roots of the equation ax? + bx +¢=0,a40 @ b+ Pa dae, =P hae 2a fad 2a The nature of these roots depends on the value of the expression “b?— ac” which is called the “discriminant” of the quadratic equation (i) or the quadratic expression ar +brte. 2.1.2 To find the discriminant of a given quadratic equation. We explain the procedure to find the discriminant of a given quadratic equation through the following example: (GEETLED Find the discriminant of the following equations, are fa) 2? -Tx+1=0 (b) = 3x4+3=0 (dt Te+ ) P-3r43 Here a=2, c= Here 1,b=-3,¢=3 Disc. = b? - dac Disc. = b? - dac -7)? - 4(2) (1) 3)? = 4(1) 8) =49-8=41 =9-12=-3 2.1.3 Nature of the roots of a quadratic equation through discriminant. al dae The roots of the quadratic equation ax? + bx +e = 0, (a# 0) are = ana its discriminant is 6? — 4ac. When a, b and c are rational numbers. (@) If *—4ac > 0 and is a perfect square, then the roots are rational (real) and unequal. Gi) 1? - dac > 0 and is not a perfect square, then the roots are irrational (real) and unequal. If 5? —4ac =0, then the roots are rational (real) and equal. If? ~4ac <0, then the roots are imaginary (complex conjugates). Determine the nature of the roots of a given quadratic equation and verify the result by solving the equation. We illustrate the procedure through the following examples: Sa ‘Using discriminant, find the nature of the roots of the following equations and ‘verily the results by solving the equations (b) eed @ 7 +8r41 f@) P-Sx+ (© P+8x416=0(@ 2-5x+5=0 ‘Compare with the standard quadratic equation a2tbr+c=0 b=-Sand c=5 . = BP dae = (-5)*= 4(1) (5) = 25-20=5>0 As the Dise. is positive and is not a perfect square. Therefore, the roots are irrational (real) and unequal. Now solving the equation x? ~ Sx + 5 = 0 by quadratic formula = 4ac (5) + JSP — 40) G) _5+25-20_5+V5 2a) a2 8 Evidently, the roots are irrational (real) and unequal. (b) 2-4 1=0 Here a » b=-Land c=1 Disc. = b? - 4ac 1)*=4(2) (1) =1- As the Disc. is negative, therefore, the roots of the equation are imaginary and unequal. Verification by solving the equation. Qax+l ‘Using quadratic formula ba PF dae c+ I= 4) NE tae 202) <0 1+ Evidently, the roots are imaginary and unequal. © 22+ 8x + 16=0 Here a=1,b=8and Disc. = b?- dac 8)? - 4(1) (16) 64-64=0 ‘As the discriminant is zero, therefore the roots are rational (real) and equal 16Verification by solving the equation. 224 8x+16=0 (x+4)P=0 > xe-4-4 So the roots are rational (real) and equal @ = 7e+8r+1=0 Here 1, b= Bande Disc. = b? - 4ac = 6-47) 0) = 64-28 = 36 = (6) which is positive and perfect square. ‘The roots are rational (real) and unequal. ‘Now solving the equation by factors, we get T+ 8r+ 150 T+ Tet xt] Text +1 +20 G+) (xt Either x+1=0 or 7x4 1=0, thatis x=-1 or Ine-l => x= ‘Thus, the roots are (real) rational and unequal. 2.1.5 To determine the value of an unknown involved in a given quadratic ‘equation when nature of its roots is given. We illustrate the procedure through the following example: Find kif the roots of the equation (k+3)x2—2(k+ 1) x—(h+ 1) = O are equal, if k 4-3. (k+3)2-2k+ Dx-k+ D=0 Here a=k+3, b=-2(k +1) and e=-(k +1) As roots are equal, so Disc, = 0, that is, Be dac [-2k + P= 4(k +3) [Hk + =O Afk+ IP 44k +3)(k+1)=0 of 4k+1) K+ 1+k+3)=0 > AHN) kH4)=0 of BKH1)K+2=0 => kb1=0 or k+2= = kel or Thus, roots will be equal if=a 1. Find the discriminant of the following given quadratic equations: @ 28 43x-1=0 (i) 62 -8r+3=0 ii) 9x? - 30x +25=0 (iv) 4?-7x-2=0 2. Find the nature of the roots of the following given quadratic equations and verify the result by solving the equations: @ P= 23+120=0 Gi) 2v+3x47=0 Gil) 16° -24r+9=0 Gv) 3x +7x-13= 3. For what value of k, the expression Hx? + 2(k + 1) x + 4s perfect square. 4, Find the value of &, if the roots of the following equations are equal. @ —— Qk=1) 7 + 3ke+3=0 (i) 242k +2)x4BE+4)=0 Gi) Gk #2) 2-54 x4 2k+3)=0 5. Show that the equation x? + (mx + c)? = a? has equal roots, if aX + m2) 6 Find the condition that the roots of the equation (mx + c)?- 4ax=0 are equal, 7. If the roots of the equation (c? ~ ab) x2 - 2(a? — be) x + (b? — ac) = 0 are equal, then a=Oora’ +3 +c} = 3abe. 8. Show that the roots of the following equations are rational @ — ab- 9.2 + ea) x+c(a-b) Gi) (#26) 2+ 2at bert at20)=0 9. Forall values of &, prove that the roots of the equation eaakepee3eo, #0 ate real 10. Show that the roots of the equation (b=). # + (C-a)x+ (a-b)=0 are real. 2.2 Cube Roots of Unity and Their Properties. 2.2.1 The cube roots of unity. Let a number x be the cube root of unity, 13 1 = 8-1 ()-()3=0 (1) 024x410 [using a B= (a—b) (a2 + ab +22] 0 or eext1=0=1+VaP— ore 20) cleyi=4 -1tV3 = tiy8 2.7 2 2 Three cube roots of unity are —— and = where i=J=1. 2.2.2. Recognise complex cube roots of unity as @ and @. = a ana If we name anyone of these as (pronounced as omega), then the other is «, We shall prove this statement in the next article. 2.2.3 Properties of cube roots of unity. (a) Prove that each of the complex cube roots of unity is the square of the other. i+ y=3 2 DE The two complex cube roots of unity are Proof: ‘The complex cube roots of unity are We prove that G38) 2 G4 Fay ts AS). Thus, each of the complex cube root of unity is the square of the other, that is, al+y3 a1-\3 al+y3 2 2 2 (>) Prove that the product of three cube roots of unity is one. Proof: Three cube roots of unity are a14V3 | =v 1 and FS ifo= then a? =The product of ee oats of iy = (= I =A && en 3 _1 aa ie, )(@)(@)=1 oF o=1 (©) Prove that each complex cube root of unity is reciprocal of the other. Proof: We know that @?= 1 > 00> or Thus, each complex cube root of unity is reciprocal of the other. (@)__ Prove that the sum of all the cube roots of unity is zero. ie, 1+O+Q?= Proof: ‘The cube roots of unity are a3 a 1, and i" aly a The sum of all the roots = 1+ @ + Thus, 1+0+0%=0 We can easily deduce the following results, that is, @ — 1+@%=-0 (i) 1+@=-0 (iil) @ +0? =-1 2.2.4 Use of properties of cube roots of unity to solve appropriate problems. ‘We can reduce the higher powers of « into 1, @ and oo, eg OT=P.O= (17 0-0 (oo = (1)? oF = oFJ 1 ear ora! MD vrata 14 Ht. MMM G+ 5" eS bess) (2ea)8 + (20)8 = 256 w8 + 256 «6 56 [oat + col] 56 (0)? 0? + (0 0] =256 [o? + 0] re 56 (-1) = -256 GBTTED Prove tha x— y) (= @y) (&— @y), EMI ¥ - = &-y) &- oy) &- oy) RHS = (¢-y) (x~ ay) (xy) (°—y) Lx? aay oxy + 0y?] oe — y) [2 — ay (0? + 0) + 1)" (x= y) P= xy C1) + y4] ay) BE + ay +7] o-y=LHS EXER! = 1 Find the cube roots of -1, 8, -27, 64. 2. Evaluate @ (-@-0 @ (1 = 30-302) (ii) (9+ 4044025 Gy) 2 +20- 20%) 6-30 + 30%) 0) Cl4yB+C1-V! wy 48). 28) (il) oT +0%-5 ill) oP eo7 Prove that x' +? +2) —3xyz = (x+y +2) (+ wy + 0%) (+ y+ 2). Prove that (1 +@) (1+?) (1+ 4) (1 + 0%) .... 2n factors = 12.3 Roots and co-efficients of a quadratic equation. Se ee rade ang be ta ax’ + bx + ¢=0 where a, b ate coefficients of x? and x respectively. While c is the constant term. are roots of the equation 2.3.1 Relation between roots and co-efficients of a quadratic equation. ab +P aac =b- VP dac 2a 2 then we can find the sum and the product of the roots as follows. Sum of the roots = a+ 1 and f= nb ey dae | -b—fo? dae a 2a a 2b + = tac ~ b - VF— Fac _-2b = 2a 2a Product of the roots = a 4 Ib — 4ac (= [b2 - dae = 2a 2a Cop = Cf Aue)? _ 02 ~ 0? ~ ac) - 4a? 4a? Baw + da =Pott ewe denote the sum of roots and product of roots by S and P respectively, then b__ Cocificient of x Co-efficient of x? Constant term __ ‘o-efficient of 23.2 The sum and the product of the roots of a given quadratic equation without solving it. We illustrate the method through the following example. GTITED Without solving, find the sum and product of the roots of the equations. (2) 38-5r47=0 (b) xt 44x-9=0 ETD a) Let and Abe the roots of the equation 32-5r47=0 ‘Then sum of roots = + B= and product of roots = @= $= 3 (b) Let and fbe the roots of the equation 3x2 + 4x-9=0‘To find unknown values involved in a given quadratic equation. The procedure is illustrated through the following examples. (a) Sum of the roots is equal to a multiple of the product of the roots. (CEDTED Find the value of h, if the sum of the roots is equal to 3-times the product of the roots of the equation 3x? + (9 - 6h) x + Sh=0. QAM ct o, fe the roots of the equation 3x2 + (9 - 6h) x + Sh=0 b 8% Then ot B= 5 Since a+ B= 308) (Shy 3(2h-3) #3) or SQH=3)_ 2h-3=5h => 2h-SI —3h=3 > h (b)__Sum of the squares of the roots is equal to a given number. Find p, if the sum of the squares of the roots of the equation 4x2 + 3px-+ p2=0 is unity, EMP I & Bare the roots of 4x2 + 3px +p? =0, Bw then ort B= Since a+ f2=1 Given) (a+ B)-20B=1 @)Ga BF 9pt—Bp?=16 => p2=16 => paid(© Two roots differ by a given number. GEEDTED Fina f, if the roots of the equation x?— hx +10=0. differ by 3. EMD Let rand or 3 be the roots of x2 = hx + 10=0. Then @t+a—3= 2a-3=h > da=h+3 = a=AtS @ 10 and aar— 3) =10 or aa-3)=10 i) Putting value of orfrom equation (i) in equation (ii), we get CGH > CHC 203) W=49 > hatT (@) Roots satisfy a given relation (e.g. 20+ 5B = 7, where & Bare the roots of a given equation). (EEMTTED Find p, if the roots «, of the equation x2 — Sx + p=0, satisty therelation 204 5=7, QRIMALPI & Bare the roots of the equation x? - Sx +p = ‘Then 0 => h-9 = 40, thatis, Gi) and =p = af=p i) Since 2@+58=7 (Given) (ii) Put the value of B from equation (i) in equation (iii) 2a 5(5— a) =7 2a+2S-Sa=7 ot -3a=7-25, thatis “Ba=-18 > a=6 tiv) B=5-6=-1 Use () and Gv) Put the values of arand fin eq. (ii) 6) =p = p=6 (©) __ Both sum and product of the roots are equal to a given number. (GED Find m, if sum and product of the roots of the equation Sx°-+ (72m) x+3=0 is equal to a given number, say A.(QED Le A be the roots of the equation 5x24 (72m) x43=0 a+ po —P a 1=2m_2m=1 a and ofi=£=3 Lt atf=2 @) and faa Gi Then from () and (i) a+ f= af, thatis, m=7_3 eg SS 2m-7 SS". 0 ope ‘Without solving, find the sum and the product of the roots of the following quadratic ‘equations @ e-Sr+ Gil) pt—geer () Cem) x24 mtn)xtn— Find the value of k, if (sum of the roots of the equation 2kx? - 3x + 4k = 0 is twice the product of the roots. (i) Bee I-11 0 (iv) (a+b) axr+b=0 =0 (i) DA = Smr + 9n=0 Gi) sum of the roots of the equation x? + (Bk - 7) x + Sk=0 is 3 times the product of the roots, Find k, if (sum of the squares of the roots of the equation 4k? + 3kx = 8 =0 is 2, Gi) sum of the squares of the roots of the equation 22 2kx + Ok+ 1) =0is 6 Find p, if (i) the roots of the equation x2 - x + p? = 0 differ by unity. Gi). the roots of the equation x? + 3x +p —2= 0 differ by 2. Find m, if the roots of the equation x? - 7x + 3m 5 = 0 satisfy the relation 3+ 28=4 Gi) the roots of the equation x? + 7x + 3m—5 = 0 satisfy the relation 3a-2=4 (iii) the roots of the equation 3x2 ~ 2x + 7m + 2 = 0 satisfy the relation Tar 3A= 18 Find m, if sum and product of the roots of the following equations is equal to a given number A. ()—— @m+3)x? + (Im —5)x-+ Bm — 10) =0 Gi) 4x2 G + Smx-(9m— 17) =02.4 Symmetric functions of the roots of a quadratic equation. 2.4.1 Define symmetric functions of the roots of a quadratic equation Definition: Symmetric functions are those functions in which the roots involved are such that the value of the expressions involving them remain unaltered, when roots are interchanged. For example, if f(a, B) = o + B?, then FB = B+ P= + fh B+ =o +B) =f(a B) Find the value of a? + J}? + 308, if a= 2, B= 1. Also find the value of a + f° +3af if a= 1, B=2 OMEN When or= 2 and = 1, @ + B+ 30f= (2) + (1) +32) (1) 4146215 When a@= 1 and f= 2, @ + B+ 3af =(1) + (2) + 3(1) 2) 4846-15 ‘The expression o + 8° + 3af represents a symmetric function of oand &. 2.4.2. Evaluate a symmetric function of roots of a quadratic equation in terms of its co-efficients If @, Bare the roots of the quadratic equation. ax? +bx+¢=0, (@#0) @ ‘Then ort «i and of = Gi) ‘The functions given in equations (ii) and (iii) are the symmetric functions for the quadratic equation (i). ‘Some more symmetric functions of two variables o, fare given below: @ — @+ pr Gi) a + BS 11 a wy bed w Sef If a Bare the roots of the quadratic equation petgrtr=0 , (p40) then evaluate 28+ af? MMP Since a, Bare the roots of px? + gx + r= 0, therefore,@B+ of? = afla+ ph a2(_a\ ma lM-F If a, Bare the roots of the equation 2x? + 3x +4 =0, then 11 2 th find the value of @) 2+ 6 Ww Otg EMM Since o. fare the roots of the equation 2x24 3x +4 = 0, therefore, ai (ii) a) 3 Chge2 —— EXERCISE 1. If Bare the roots of the equation x2 + px + q = 0, then evaluate @ asp? Gi) aps af? cin Gre 2. If @ Bare the roots of the equation 4x2 — 5x +6 =0, then find the values of ot. +h Gi) op? 41,1 eB id pt op ware 3. Ife are the roots ofthe equation k?-+mx+n=0 (10), then find the values of @ A fr+ op Gi)2.5 Formation of a quadratic equation. If and Pare the roots of the required quadratic equation. Let rsa and x=f ie, . xn B= and (x) (X- B)=0 (at B)x+ af=0 which is the required quadratic equation in the standard form. 2.5.1 Find a quadratic equation from given roots and establish the formula 27 — (sum of the roots) x + product of the roots = 0. Let & Abe the roots of the quadratic equation + (@#0) @ axttbx+c=0 then a+f=-£ — and Rewriteeg. (as 42 x4 £=0 oe (AreSeo P= (at fyxt aB=0 or x2 ~(sum of roots) x + product of roots = 0, that is, x-Sx+P=0 where $= art Band P= of ‘Form a quadratic equation with roots 3 and 4. Since 3 and 4 are the roots of the required quadratic equation, therefore, jum of the roots=3 +4=7 P= Product of the roots = (3) (4) = 12 As 2-Sr+P=0, so the required quadratic equation is x2 7x + 12=0 2.5.2. Form quadratic equations whose roots are of the type 2 pe il 28 (@ 2a41, 2841 Gi) BG GH OM BEE Wat B, 4 +povhere @, Bare the roots of a given quadratic equation, If a Bare the roots of the equation 2x? - 3x — ‘having roots = 0, form quadeatic equations () 2@+1,28+1 Gi) B® cin B on fee @ arp4GEM As & Bare the roots of the equation 2x? 3x-5=0, 3 therefore, a+ 8) Zand oB=F S=Sum of the roots = 2a+1+2f+1 =2(a+p+2=2(5)+2=5 P = Product of the root @ a+ 1) (28+ 1) aps 2 (crt B)+1 =4(-$)+2G)+1 =-104+3+1=-6 Using x? - Sx + P=0, we have wo Sx- Gi) $= Sum of the roots = a? + ne P= Product of the roots = a? p =p) =(-3) Using x2 -Sx+P=0, we have Be Bao 3 42-2904 25=0 Gil) $= Sumof the roots =4 Ox8 cap) we 3 . =3 c: Using x2 -Sx+P=0, we have 3) 2 2-(-g)x+(-g]=0 > Sr+3x-2=0 5 = ao Bet BL 4 iv) S=Sumof the rots = 5+ f=" = lias 8) - 208) op [C9Using x? - Sr + P= 0, we have e-(B)rvis0 => 10x? + 29x + 10=0 Bro op (%) S=Sumof the roots = os Bae ge a+ pe septs 4% =10 P = Product ofthe roots = (r+ A). (5+ Using x2 - Sx-+ P=0, we have 9 eathee()-0 = 1029-920 IF o Bae the roots ofthe equation 42-78 +9 =, then form an equation whose roots are 2orand 2/. GEM since « # are the roots of the equation x? — 7x +9 =0, therefore, and The roots of the required equation are 2c, 28 S= Sum of roots = 2a+ 28= Aart B P = Product of roots = (20) (28) = 4a8'= 4(9) Thus the required quadratic equation will be 22 Sx+P=0, thatis, 22 1dr + 36=0——) EXE! 1, Write the quadratic equations having following roots. @ 45 o 49 © 23 @ 0,3 © 26 ® --7 @ ltil-i hy) 3+y2,3-12 2. Ife fare the roots of the equation x? ~ 3x + 6 = 0. Form equations whose roots are @) 2@41,26+1 be) BP © ak SI a @ Be © ahah 3. Ifa Bare the roots of the equation x4 px +q=0. Form equations whose roots are @ & pf ) 2.6 Synthetic Division Synthetic division is the process of finding the quotient and remainder, when a polynomial is divided by a linear polynomial. In fact synthetic division is simply a shortcut of long division method. 2.6.1 Describe the synthetic division method. ‘The method of synthetic division is described through the following example. Using synthetic division, divide the polynomial P(x) = 5x4 +x? - 3x by x- 2. (Gx! +23 -3x) = (@-2) From divisor, x- a, here a= 2 Now write the co-efficients of the dividend in a row with zero as the co-efficient of the missing powers of x in the descending order as shown below. Dividend P(x) = 5x4 + 1x28 +0 x28 - 3x 40x29 ‘Now write the co-efficients of x from dividend in a row and a= 2 on the left side, aB Ba (i) Write 5 the first co-efficient as it isin the row under the horizontal line. Gi) Multiply $ with 2 and write the result 10 under I. write the sum of I + 10 = 11 under the line (Gil) Multiply 11 with 2 and place the result 22 under 0. Add 0 and 22 and write the result 22 under the line,‘Multiply 22 with 2, place the result 44 under ~3. Write 41 as the sum of 44 and -3 ‘under the line. (v) Multiply 41 with 2 and put the result 82 under 0. The sum of 0 and 82 is 82. In the resulting row 82 separated by the vertical line segment is the remainder and 5, 11, 22, 41 are the co-efficients of the quotient. As the highest power of x in dividend is 4, therefore the highest power of x in ‘quotient will be 4—1=3 Thus Quotient = Q(x) = 5x3 + 1x2 + 22x + 41 and the Remainder = 2.6.2. Use synthetic division to (a) find quotient and remainder, when a given polynomial is divided by a linear polynomial. Using synthetic division, divide P(x) =x4=32 +15. by x41 (t=? + 15) #1) As xt1=x-(l),soa=-1 Now write the co-efficients of dividend in a row and a = —1 on the left side. Quotient = Q(x) = 33 x2 +0.x+0=9—x2 and Remainder = 15 (b) find the value (s) of unknown (s), ifthe zeros of a polynomial are given. ‘Using synthetic division, find the value of h. If the zero of polynomial PO) = 3x2 +4x~Th is 1 P(x) = 3x2 + 4x — Th and its zero is 1 Then by synthetic division, Remainder =7- 7h Since 1 is the zero of the polynomial, therefore, Remainder = 0, that is, 7-Th=0 T=Th => h=1 ©) find the value (s) of unknown (s), ifthe factors of a polynomial are given. Using synthetic division, find the values of J and m, if x 1 and x +1 are the factors of the polynomial P(x) =x? + 3h? + mx—-1 MMT Since x 1 and x + | are the factors of P(x) = x3 + 3x2 + mx - 1 therefore, 1 and—1 are zeros of polynomial P(x).Now by synthetic division 1 31 m - 1 o 1 3141 Stems 1 Bel lemti | 3ltm Since 1 is the zero of polynomial, therefore remainder is zero, that is, 314m=0 @ and 1 31 m “1 x1 4 =I =3+1 3l=m=1 1 31-1 -31+m+1 | 31-m=2 Since 1 is the zero of polynomial, therefore, remainder is zero, that is, 31-m-2=0 Gi) Adding eqs. (i) and (ii), we get 61-2=0 6l=2 => gu Put the value of /in eq. () (f)+m=0 or 1+m=0 => m=-1 Thus 1 ; and m=—I (@) solve a cubic equation, if one root of the equation is given. EEN Using synthetic division, solve the equation 3x° - 11x? + 5x+3=0 when 3 is the root of the equation. QWMMDsince 3 is the root of the equation 323 — 1x2 + 5x+3=0. ‘Then by synthetic division, we get ‘The depressed equation is 3x2—2x-1=0 3u8-3x+x-1=0 3xx- 1) + 10-1) =0 (-DGr+=0 Either x-1=0 or 3x+1=0, thatis,-1 > xs- 1 . Hence 3, | and ~7 are the roots of the given equation. (©) solve a biquadratic (quartic) equation, if two of the real roots of the equation are given. CEDTTTD By synthetic division, solve the equation xt ~ 49x? + 36x + 252 = O having roots ~2 and 6. GVMTDSince 2 and 6 are the roots of the given equation x! — 49x? + 36x + 252 =0. ‘Then by synthetic division, we get 419 4 45 6 6 24 1 4 21 The depressed equation is? 44x21 =0 4 Tx-3x-21=0 w+ N34 =0 +D-H=0 Either x#7=0 or x-3 x Thus 2, 6, ~7 and 3 are the roots of the given equation. or x = RCISE 2.6 g— 1 Use synthetic division to find the quotient and the remainder, when. @ O24 Ix- D+ e+ 1 (ii) (4x3 — Sx + 15) +(x +3) Gil) G8 +x? - 3x 42)+(-2) 2 Find the value of h using synthetic division, if (@ 3 isthe zeto of the polynomial 2x3 — 3hx? +9 Gi) Lis the zero of the polynomial x? - 2hx? + 11 Gi) 1 is the zero of the polynomial 2x° + Shx ~ 23 3. Use synthetic division to find the values of J and m, if @ — (x+3) and (x— 2) are the factors of the polynomial 28 44x + Dem (i) (r= 1) and (x +1) are the factors of the polynomial 8-32 + Ime + 6Solve by using synthetic division, if (2s the root of the equation x3 - 28x + 48 = 0 i) 3 is the root of the equation 2x3 — 3x2 — 11x + (ii) 1 is the root of the equation 4x} — x*- 11x— 5. Solve by using synthetic division, if (@ Land 3 are the roots of the equation x 102 +9=0 Gi) 3 and—4 are the roots of the equation x4 + 2x? — 13x - 14x +24=0 2.7 Simultaneous equations A system of equations having a common solution is called a system of simultaneous ‘equations. The set of all the ordered pairs (x, y), which satisfies the system of equations is called the solution set of the system. 2.7(i) Solve a system of two equations in two variables, (@) when one equation is linear and the other is quadratic. To solve a system of equations in two variables x and y. Find ‘y’ in terms of x from the given linear equation. Substitute the value of y in the quadratic equation, we get an other ‘quadratic equation in one variable x. Solve this equation for x and then find the values of y. ‘The values of x and y provide the solution set of the system of equations. EREDED soe the system of equations Betys4 and 32 4y2=52, EMM Me given equations are Brtya4 @ and 3x24 y?=52. Gi) Fromeq. (i) y=4—3x (ii) Pat value of y in ¢q, (i) 3x24 4-34)? = 52 3x2 + 16-2444 9x2 -52=0 122 -24x-36=0 or x2-2x-3=0 By factorization = 3rtx-3=0 x(-3)+10-3)=0 > 3 +)=0 Either x-3 x23 or Put the values of xin eq, (ii) When x=3 =0ya4-3x y=4-3@)=4-9 yes ©. The ordered pairs are (3, ~5) and (-1,7) ‘Thus, the solution set is {(3,-5), C1, 7)} (6) when both the equations are quadratic. ‘The method to solve the equations is illustrated through the following examples. Solve the equations Pe yte2x=8 and (x- 1+ (y+ 1 =8 1¢ given equations are aye 2e=8 w (x= 1? ++ D2=8 Gi) From equation (ii), we get at Ltye+ 24158 or yt 2k +226 ii) Subtracting eq, (ii) from eq. (i), we have 4x-2y=2 or 2v-y=1 2-1 (iv) Put the value of y in eq. (ii) (x= 124 Qe- 14 DP=8 2-2 + 1442-820 Sx2-2x-7=0 Se -7e45x-7=0 or xSx-7) +1 Sx-7) > Gx-De+l Either 5x-7=0 or x + 1.=0,, thats, setosle a 1 ‘Now putting the values of x in eq. (iv), we haveEDD Seve the equations 4y=7 and 22+ 3y?= 18, (EMD Given equations are xtyteT 2x2 + 3y2= 18 ‘Multiply equation (i) with 3 3x2 +3)? = 21 Subtracting equations (ii) from (iii) w=3 => x=t¥3 When x=-/3, then from equation @) S4yeT or 34227 = ytad = yt? When x=-1/3, then y=+2 Thus, the required solution set is { (4-3. +2)} Solve the equations 2? + y= 20 and 6x? + xy—y" Given equations are e+y=20 @ 6x? +.xy- The equation (ii) can be written as We have y= Substituting y= 3x in the equation (i), we wa 2? + Bx =20 or x? 49x? = 20 = 1r=20 > P=2 > x=ty When x=9/2, y=3 ()2) = 32 and when x =—~J2, Substituting ~2x in the equation (i), we have 20 or 44e ‘Thus, the solution is { (2, 32), (4/2, 2), (2,4), 2, 4)}wo 3x? — Dry—y? = 80 Gi) ‘Multiplying equation (i) by 2, we have 2x? + 2y? = 80 (iii) ‘Subtracting the equation (iii) from equation (ii), we get Day 3y=0 oy ‘The equation (iv) can be written as at Bry tay-dyte or x 3y) ty (e-3y)=0 > &-H)@+y)=0 Either x-3y=0 or = x+y =0 =3y or x Putin eq. (i), Gy)? +? = 40 (oy +y? = 40 10y? = 40 2? =40 ysd y= 20 yt? yot2V5 yao ye yas ya-2y¥5 x=3y y xey sey x= 3(2) (-2) x=- (245) x=-(-2J5) x=6 x=-6 xs-2\8 22.5 The solution setis {(6, 2), (-6, 2), (2-V5,-2-V5), (-2-V5, 2-V5)}=—)) EXERCISE 2.7 == Solve the following simultancous equations. 1 xty=5 ; a2 2y- 14 2 3x-2y=1 : 3.0 x-ys7 7 xty=a-b 4. 5 #aQ-Nt=10 6 @FHDP+OFDESS ; 1 8. 9 5 3x2 — Sry - 12)? =0 ytays3 2.7(ii) Solving Real Life Problems with Quadratic Equations ‘There are many problems which lead to quadratic equations. To form an equation, we use symbols for unknown quantities in the problems. Then roots of the equation may provide the answer to these problems, The procedure to solve these problems is explained in the following examples, ‘Three less than a certain number multiplied by 9 less than twice the number is 104. Find the number. Let the required number be x. Then three less than the number = x—3 and 9 less than twice the number = 2x — 9 According to the given condition, we have (x= 3) (2x9) = 104 2x2 — 15x +27 = 104 2x? 15x-77=0 Factorizing, we get Qx+7) (e-11) = and 11 are the requited numbers, The length of a rectangle is 4cm more than its breadth. If the area of the rectangle is 45cm2, Find its sides.‘Then the length in cm will be x +4. By the given condition rectangular area = 45cm’, that is, x(r44)=45 w+ 4x-45=0 +9 (x-5)=0 x9 or x-5=0 9 or xaS Ifx=5,thenx+4=5+4=9 (neglecting -ve value) ‘Thus the breadth is Sem and length is 9em, ‘The sum of the co-ordinates of a point is 6 and the sum of their squares is 20. Find the co-ordinates of the point. Let (x, y) be the co-ordinates of the point. Then by the given conditions, we have xty=6 0 2 +y2=20 Gi) Fromeq.() y=6-x Gi) Putting y = 6 —x in eq, (i), we get 2246-2) =20 22436422 - 12x-20=0 22 12x+16=0 or 2-6r+8=0 Factorizing, we get (e-4)(e-2)=0 > v=4 or x=2 using eq. (ii), y=6-4=2 or y 4 the co-ordinates of the point are (4, 2) or (2, 4) ="). 9 oP RS 1, The product of two positive consecutive numbers is 182. Find the numbers, ‘The sum of the squares of three positive consecutive numbers is 77. Find them, 3. The sum of five times a number and the square of the number is 204. Find the number. ‘The product of five less than three times a certain number and one less than four times the number is 7. Find the number. 5. The difference of a number and its reciprocal is, a Find the number. 6. The sum of the squares of two digits of a positive integral number is 65 and the number is 9 times the sum of its digits. Find the number.@ ai) Gi) ww) w) wi) iy (viii) (ix) ‘The sum of the co-ordinates of a point is 9 and sum of their squares is 45, Find the co-ordinates of the point. Find two integers whose sum is 9 and the difference of their squares is also 9. Find two integers whose difference is 4 and whose squares differ by 72. Find the dimensions of a rectangle, whose perimeter is 80cm and its area is 375em®. MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISE - 2 Multiple Choice Questions Four possible answers are given for the following questions. Tick (7) the correct, answer. If a, Bate the roots of 3x° + 5x-2=0, then a+ Bis 5 3 =5 @ 5 oF © Fz @ Uf a Bare the roots of 7x? —x+4=0, then apis a 4 7 @ > ) 5 © gq @ Roots of the equation 4x? - Sx +2 =0 are (a) irrational (b)_ imaginary (c)_ rational (d) none of these Cube roots of -1 are (@ -1,-0,-07 (b) -1.0,-0 © -1,-0.0? @) 1-0, -w Sum of the cube roots of unity is @ 0 1 © 4 @ 3 Product of cube roots of unity is @ 0 om oa @ 3 If? ~ dac <0, then the rots of ax? + bx += 0 are @) irrational (b) rational (©) imaginary (@) _none of these If? ~ dac> 0, but not a perfect square then roots of ax? + bx + c= O are (@) imaginary (b) rational (@) irrational (@)_—_none of these ie a8 equal to 1 @ |(xi) (xii) (xiii) (xiv) (xy) a) (iil) (iv) ) (vi) (vii) (viii) fix) &® (xi) + is equal to @ @p ©) oH © (a+ pP-206 @ ap Two square roots of unity are @ 1-1 ®) Lo © Lo @ oo Roots of the equation 4x2 — 4x + 1 =0 are (a) real, equal (b) real, unequal (c) imaginary (4) _ixtational If a, Bare the roots of px? + gx + r= 0, then sum of the roots 2orand 2Bis <4 z a4 a OF > OF @ -% If a Bare the soots of x2 x— 1 = 0, then product of the roots 2erand 2fis @ 2 &) 2 © 4 @ -4 The nature of the roots of equation ax? + bx + ¢ = 0 is determined by (@) sum of the roots (b) product of the roots (©) synthetic division (d) discriminant The discriminant of ax? + bx + c= is (a) B-dac — (b) BP +dac (©) B+ 4ac (@) ~ BP- dae Write short answers of the following questions. Discuss the nature of the roots of the following equations (@) P43x45=0 (ob) 20? - 7x43 (©) 2+6x-1=0 (@ 162—8r+1=0 Find o? it = =eN=3 2 Prove that the sum of the all cube roots of unity is zero. Find the product of complex cube roots of unity Show thax} +y* = (+) (x + ay) (+0) Evaluate o°7 + @* +1 Evaluate (1 — @ + 0) Ife is cube root of unity, form an equation whose roots are 30 and 30” Using synthetic division, find the remainder and quotient when (x! + 3x?-+ 2) + (x 2) Using synthetic division, show that x ~ 2 is the factor of x3 4x2 —7x-+ 2. Find the sum and product of the roots of the equation 2px? + 3gx ~ 4r = 0 14 Find 7g + 2 of the roots ofthe equation x? — 4x +3=0vy vv If @, Bare the roots of 4x” - 3x + 6 = 0, find @ @e & Ge @ ap If of Bare the roots of x2 — Sx +7 =0, find an equation whose roots are fa) -a-B b) 2a, 26. Fill in the blanks ‘The discriminant of ax? + bx +c = Ois . If b? — 4ac = 0, then roots of ax? + bx + are, If b? — 4ac > 0, then the roots of ax? + bx + ¢ = 0 are If b? — 4ac < 0, then the root of ax? + bx += 0 are If 2 — 4ac > 0 and perfect square, then the roots of ax? + bx+c=Oare_ If b* — 4ac > 0 and not a perfect square, then roots of ax? + bx + ¢= If of Bare the roots of ax2 + bx +e If a, Bare the roots of ax? + bx +0 If @ Bare the roots of 7x? - Sx+3 If @, Bare the roots of $x? + 3x-9 0, then sum of the roots is 0, then product of the roots is 0, then the sum of the roots is 0, then product of the roots is For a quadratic equation ax? + bx + ¢ Cube roots of unity are Under usual notation sum of the cube roots of unity is IF 1, © are the cube roots of unity, then (0°? is equal to If of are the roots of the quadratic equation, then the quadratic equation is written as If 20 and 20? are the roots of an equation, then equation is k= Discriminant of the quadratic expression ax? + bx + ¢ is “b? — 4ac’”. a5 -1-\E ates and peney Complex cube roots of unity are @ and Properties of cube roots of unity. () The product of three cube roots of unity is one. Le., (1) (@) (0) (6) Each of the complex cube roots of unity is reciprocal of the other. (©) Each of the complex cube roots of unity is the square of the other. (d) The sum of all the cube roots of unity is zero, /e., 140+ 0*=0 The cube roots of unity are 1,‘The sum and the product of the roots of ax? + bx + ¢=0,a#0 are b a+B > — Symmetric functions of the roots of a quadratic equation are those functions in which the roots involved are such that the values of the expressions remain unaltered, when roots are interchanged, > Formation of a quadratic equation if its roots are given; 2 — (sum of the roots) x + product of the roots = 0 => xt-(a+B)x+ af=0. > Synthetic division is the process of finding the quotient and remainder, when a polynomial is divided by a linear polynomial. > A system of equations having a common solution is called a system of simultaneous equations, and aff = © respectively.—_— ee SSS pe eee [Se SSS |e ee. ee ae eee a In this unit, students will learn how to 28 define ratio, proportions and variations (direct and inverse). 2s find 3", 4", mean and continued proportion. 2 apply theorems of invertendo, alternendo, componendo, dividendo and componendo & dividendo to find proportions. & define joint variation. & solve problems related to joint variation. & use k-method to prove conditional equalities involving proportions. & solve real life problems based on variations. 8)3.1 Ratio, Proportions and Variations 3.1(i) Define (a) ratio, (6) proportion and (c) variations (direct and inverse). (a) Ratio A relation between two quantities of the same kind (measured in same unit) is called ratio. If a and b are two quantities of the same kind and b is not zero, then the ratio of a and bis written as a : b or in fraction 5 8, if a hockey team wins 4 games and loses 5, then the ratio of the games won to games lostis 4:5 orin fraction S Remember that: (® The order of the elements in a ratio is important. (i) In ratio a: b, the first term a is called antecedent and the second term b is called consequent A ratio has no units CTD Find the ratio of (i) 200gm to 700 gm Gi Tkm to 600m NMP) Ratio of 200gm to 700 gm 200_2 200 : 700 = 599 = 5 =2: Where 2 : 7 is the simplest (Lowest) form of the ratio 200 : 700, (i) Ratio of tkm to 600m Since 1km= 1000m_ or Tkm: 600m = 1000:600 1000 | 600 _ 9.6 00? 100 = 10:6=5:3 (EEDTED Find a, if the ratios a+ 3: 7+ a and 4: 5 are equal QAM Since the ratios a +3: 7-+a and 4: 5 are equal. in fraction formFRETTTEED tr 2 is added in each number of the ratio 3 : 4, we get a new ratio 5 : 6. Find the ‘numbers GAIMMD Because the ratio of two numbers is 3: 4. ‘Multiply cach number of the ratio with x. Then the numbers be 3x, 4x and the ratio becomes 3x:4x. Now according to the given condition 3xt2_5 ax 6(3x +2) =S(4e +2) > 18+ 12=20r+ 10 18x-20r=10-12 > -2v=-2 > x=1 ‘Thus the required numbers are 3x=3(1)=3 and 4x=4(1) =4. ETE Find the ratio 3a + 4b : Sa + Thifa:b=5:8, aT = a_5 SEMIN Given that a: b=5:8 or 5=§ 3a+4b Now 3a44b:Sa+7b=37 575 st Boal a+ 7b = -(a\.,/(b) (Dividing numerator and denominator by b) m5 s(5)+7(5) 2G ( “sQ)+10) *) cis 15,4 15432 28 25 = 5456 “BI gt7 8 Hence, 3a44b:5a+7b=47:81 (b) Proportion A proportion is a statement, which is expressed as an equivalence of two ratios. If two ratios a : b and ¢ : d are equal, then we can write @: b= 0: d Where quantities a, d are called extremes, while b, ¢ are called means. Symbolically the proportion of a, b, ¢ and d is written as, a:bne:d rbse:dor ois gals je, ad= This shows that, Product of extremes = Product of means. Find x, if 60m : 90m :: 20kg : x kg Given that 60m : 90m :: 20kg : x kg 60: 90=20: x 30 ie, xis 30 kg EDITED Find the cost of 15kg of sugar, if 7 kg of sugar costs 560 rupees. Let the cost of 15kg of sugar be x-rupees. Then in proportion form 15kg : Tkg :: Rs..x: Rs, 560 15:7 =x: 560 Product of extremes = Product of means 15 x 560 = 7x Tx = 15 x 560 = 152560 5) 1200 Thus, x =Rs. 1200. Seat —— 1, Express the following as a ratio a : b and as a fraction in its simplest (lowest) form. @ Rs. 750, Rs. 1250 (i) 450em, 3m Git) 4kg, 2kg 750gm () 27min, 30 sec, 1 hour @) 75°, 225° 2, In a class of 60 students, 25 students are girls and remaining students are boys. Compute the ratio of (boys to total students (i) boys to girls 3. If3(4x— Sy) = 2x—7y, find the ratio: y. Find the value of p, if the ratios 2p + 5 : 3p +4 and 3 :4 are equal If the ratios 3x-+ 1: 6+ 4x and 2: 5 are equal. Find the value of x.‘Two numbers are in the ratio 5: 8. If 9 is added to each number, we get a new ratio 8: 11. Find the numbers. 7. If 10 is added in each number of the ratio 4 -13, we get anew ratio 1 : 2. ‘What are the numbers? 8. Find the cost of 8kg of mangoes, if Skg of mangoes cost Rs. 250. 9, Ia: b=7:6, find the value of 3a + 5b: 7b - Sa. 10. Complete the following: @ 98-5 then de= Sa_15b (i) =F then ay = (id) we BP then Sy = 11, Find x in the following proportions. () Bx-2:4::2e4327 wi xo35 xe1 4 mea |) id) ) 0 Sax: Mx 16-3: 25-4 (©) Variation: ‘The word variation is frequently used in all sciences, There are two types of variations: (i) Direct variation Gi) Inverse variation, () Direct Variation If two quantities are related in such a way that increase (decrease) in one quantity ‘causes increase (decrease) in the other quantity, then this variation is called direct variation. In otherwords, if a quantity y varies directly with regard to a quantity x. We say that y ke. ie, 2= hk. is directly proportional to x and is written as y s x or ‘The sign « read as “varies as” is called the sign of proportionality or variation, while 40s known as constant of variation. eg, (Faster the speed of a car, longer the distance it covers (i) ‘The smaller the radius of the circle, smaller the circumference is Find the relation between distance d of a body falling from rest varies directly as the square of the time 1, neglecting air resistance. Find k, if d = 16 feet for r= 1 sec. Also derive a relation between d and t. Since dis the distance of the body falling from rest in time 1 ‘Then under the given condition daeSince d= 16 feet and r= | sec ‘Then equation (i) becomes 16=k (1)? ie, k=16 putineg.@) d= 16F Which is a relationship between the distance d and time t. Activity: From the above example: @ Find time 1, when d = 64 feet (i_Find distance d, when t= 3 sec If y varies directly as x, find (a) the equation connecting x and y. (b) the constant of variation k and the relation between x and y, whenx=7 and (€) the value of y, when x= 21 (a) Given that y varies directly as x. Therefore y= x,ie, y=kx, where kis constant of variation in equation @ 6 Weget 6=7k => k= Putin eg. () y= 4x @) (©) Now put x = 21, in equation (ii) Then y Sen-1s 782 Given that A varies directly asthe square of rand A=" cm?, when r= 9em, Ifr= 14cm, then find A Since A varies directly as square of r 2 Aw or A=kr @ 1182 _ 1 @Put and r =14em in eq. (i) A=? ge =72xc14% 14 = 616 em? If y varies directly as cube of x and y= 81 when. ee that y varies directly as cube of x. ie, yew or y=ks (@ (where kis constant) Puty=81 and x=3in (i) 81=kG)) = 2k=81 > k=3 Now put k=3 and x= 5 in eq. (i) Loa = 3, so evaluate y when x= 5. (ii) Tnverse Variation If two quantities are related in such a way that when one quantity increases, the other decreases is called inverse variation, In otherwords, if 2 quantity y varies inversely with regard to quantity x. We say that y k i 1 is inversely proportional tox or y vaties inversely as x and is written as y = ot y= , where k #0 is the constant of variation. a [Ep If y varies inversely as x and y = 8, when x=4, Find y, when x= 16. SEED Since y varies inversely as x, therefore yet or @ > ey) Putting y = 8 and x in (ii) k=0)0) =@)G)=32 Now put k= 32 and x= 16 in (i) => ye 16, when x=, so find x, when y = 100, fy varies inversely as x? and y = 16, ‘Since y varies inversely as x2, therefore @ Now put k= 400 and y = 100 in (i)fy varies directly as x, and y (@ yin terms of x (ii) xwhen y=28 2 If y x, and y=7 when x =3 find @ yim terms of x (x when y=35 and y when x= 18 3 If R « T and R = 5 when T = 8, find the equation connecting R and T. Also find R when T = 64 and T when R = 20. 4. IfRe TP and R=8 when T= 3, find R when T=6. 5, Tf Vex R8 and when R = 3, find R when V = 625. 6. If w varies directly as w* and w = 81 when Find w when u = 5, 7. 8. Ify varies inversely as x and y = 7 when x= 2, find y when x = 126. Iya tand y =4 when x= 3, find x when y =24 9. Iweebandw=5 when 2=7, find w when 2 = "4° 10. Awband A=2.when r=3, find r when A =72. 11, aeefyand a=3 when b= 4, find a when b= 8, 12, Vehand V=5 when r=3, find Vwhen r= 6 and r when V= 320 1 13. moc 23 and m=2 when n=4, find m when n = 6 and n when m= 432, 3.1(ii) Find 3", 4", mean and continued proportion: We are already familiar with proportions that if quantities a, b, c and d are in proportion, then a:b:0:d ie, product of extremes = product of means Third Proportional Ifthree quantities a, b and c are related as a: b:: bc, then c is called the third proportion. (GEEDV TED Find a third proportional of x + y and x? — y2. Let che the third proportional, then xty:@-y2ax—ytre erty) = 02-99) (2 -y9)9G?) _ OH) a-y ety) x+y (ty) €= (2-99) e-y) = (x+y) YP Fourth Proportional If four quantities a, 6, ¢ and d are related as aibse:d ‘Then dis called the fourth proportional. (EATED Find fourth proportional of a? - 63, a+ b and a? + ab +B? QED Let x be the fourth proportional, then (a6): (a+) (2+ ab +0) :x ie, x (a—b')= (a+b) (a? + ab +b?) (a+b) (@+ab+b2) (a+) (a? + ab +b%) a-b = (a= 6) (a? + ab +B) © ‘Mean Proportional If three quantities a, b and c are related as a:b :: b= c, then b is called the mean proportional. (GREENTED Find the mean proportional of 9p%q! and r*. QED Let m be the mean proportional, then 9p%q4: ms: m8 or om. m= 9pSq4 (r8) m= 9p%qtrs mat 9pige = + 3piert Continued Proportion I three quantities a, b and c are related as a:bubre , ‘where a is first, b is the mean and c is the third proportional, then a, b and ¢ are in continued proportion. (SEMTILED Find p, if 12, p and 3 are in continued proportion. QEMMED since 12, p and 3 are in continued proportion. I2:p=p:3 ie, p-p=(12)G) => pr=36 Thus, p=+6a 302 i) @-Ba-b () — &-yPe-y Bag _p-q Peg’ P- pate ©) ety taay 2? o) 2. Find a fourth proportional to @ 5,815 (i) 4x4, 208, 18x it) 150568, 10429, 210°? (oy) = Le +24, = 3), 5x4 4008 ©) +e PP ppg P 0) PPO PIE DP) P +E P—@ 3. Find a mean proportional between @ 20, 45, (ii) 20x3y9, Sx?y Git) 1Sp4gr3, 135q5r7 fe) e-y, D 4. Find the values of the letter involved in the following continued proportions. @ ‘S,p.45 (ii) 8x, 18 (ii) 12, 3p -6,27 (iv) 7,m=3,28 3.2 Theorems on Proportions If four quantities a, b, ¢ and d form a proportion, then many other useful properties may be deduced by the properties of fractions. (1) Theorem of Invertendo Ita: b=c:d,thenb:a=d:e (SENT ICED If 3m : 2n =p : 2g, then 2n:3m=2q:p GETIND since 3m: 2n =p: 29 : 3m_p 2n ~ 2g By invertendo theorem 2n 2g 3m p ie, 2n:3m=2g:p Q) Theorem of Alternando Ifa:b=c:d,thena:c=b:d EDT 3p 1: 2g = 5r: 7s, then prove that 3p + 1: Sr= 2g 27s GEMM Given that 3p + 1: 2g = Sr: 7s2g “7s By alternando theorem 3p+1_2¢ Sr 77s Thus, 3p+1:Sr=2g:7s @) Theorem of Componendo Mea:bse:d,then @ — atb:b=c+d-d and (i) asatb=eretd RET mn +3 sn =p: q-2, then mtns3 +q-2:q-2 SEM sons n=piq-2 m+3__p mn ~g-2 By componendo theorem (m+3)+n_p+(q-2 no q-2 m+n+3_ptg-2 ™ g-2 Thus m+n+3:n=p+q-2:q-2 (4) Theorem of Dividendo If a:b=e:d,then @ a-b:b=c-d:d Wi) a:a-b=c:0e-d Gams. n-2=2p43:3g41, Then m-n+3:n-2 —3g+2:3q+h BMD civen that m:n 22 2p 43: 3941 m+1_2p4+3 ‘Then n-2~3q41 By dividendo theorem m _2p= 342 n-2 > 3g+l Thus m—n+3:n-2=2p-3q42:3q+1 ‘Theorem of Componendo-dividendoThus SEND rm n= ‘Then prove that 3m +n: 3m—7n = 3p +7q : 3p -7q AMM since min=pig Maliplying both sides by >. we get 3m_» In 7g ‘Then using componendo-dividendo theorem 3m+In_3p+7q 3m ip —7q 3m-47n:3m— n= 3p +74: 3p—79 (SEMIN Sm + 3: Sm—3n = Sp +3q : Sp - 3g, then show that_m:n=p:q Given that Sm-+3n: 5m—3n=Sp +3q:Sp—3q By componendo-dividendo theorem (Sm +3n) + (Sm—3n) _(Sp + 3g) + (5p ~ 34) (Sm + 3n)—(Sm—3n) ~ (Sp +3q)— (Sp — 34) Sm+3n+5m=3n_Sp+3q+Sp—3q Sm 3n—Sm+3n Sp+3q—Sp+3q 10m _10p, 6n > 6q Multiplying both sides by $ mp nog m:n=p:q (CGREETTEED Using theorem of componendo-dividendo, find the value of m+3p m+29 Sq Sptmaag m—MMMM since m= 5, OF me eg @ By componendo-dividendo theorem m+3p_2g+p+g)_2g+ptq m—3p—2q-(p+q)24-p-4 m+3p_p+3q m-3p" q-p Again from eq. (), we have me. 2q>pr4 By componendo-dividendo theorem m+2q_3p+p+g)_3p+ptq m—2q~3p-(p+q) 3p-P—4 m+2q_dp+q m-2q~2p-q ‘Adding (ii) and (ii) mi3p mt2g_ abate ote p+3q, dpa m—3p* m-2q~ 2p-q-” p-q” wP-|q +34) Op-g)+(p~ 4) Gp +a) (-4) 2p-9) 2p? = Spy + 3q? + 4p*=3pq— a (@-a@p-9@) 2p? 8pq +242 _ 2p? 4pq +g") ~(p-D2p-g P-4g)2p-9) GENTTED Using theorem of commnnentoiende solve the equation Vee3 +yr=3 Ve3-\k-3 3 wi ii) mm «. tion is eS eve=3_4 GEUTITED civen equation is YES NESS = By componendo-dividendo theorem ea3 + ye—3 +e 3-3x+3=49(x-3) > x+3=49x- 147 => x-49x=-147-3 150 48 —48x=-150 = 48x=150 = x= Ge+32-G-5P 4 5 ‘Using componendo-dividendo theorem, solve the equation (“335 (P= Solution Get 3h == SP 4 SLND Given equations EEF G5)“ By componendo-dividendo theorem (et 3) = (r= 5)? + 4 3) He? (+3) 5)? 3-5) 2x43)? _ 9 20=5P 1 Taking square root or The solution set is (3, 9) —— EXERC 1. Provethat_ = a:b=e:d,if dat Sb _4e+5d 2a+9b 2c+9d © Ga=5b~ c= 5d () Ya=9b~ 2=9d atebP 4d a@e4bed adap Gt) P= bP Od a ee () pat gb: pa qb=pe+ qd: pe-gd atbtced a-bt+e-djy 24#3b+2043d 2a 3b420—3d (i) a4 36-20 3d~ 2a~3b-2e+3d 2. Using theorem of componendo-dividendo xedy xed xa2ytx-22' BP yar (Find the value of (i) Find the value of "> i x= 6a_x46b _ lab Gi) Find the value of Tgq—"— gp «if «=p xo3y_a+3 _ 3x Gy) Find the value of [35 —Toae > if x= 75 So3p s43q 4, Opa () Find the value of 3p +539 > ifs =7 00 (-2? ye 12 i) Sove Cie grains (vii) Solve (vill) Solve E82 Ve =o Verspeye—p 3 (e+5P-G-3) 13, (et5P+@-3p 14 3.3.4) Joint variation A combination of direct and inverse variations of one or more than one variables, forms joint variation Iva variable y varies directly as x and varies inversely as z Then yar and yo! (ix) Solve. In joint variation, we write it as yey x ie, yaks Where k# 0 is the constant of variation,For example, by Newton’s law of gravitation, if one body attracts another with a force (G), that varies directly as the product of their masses (m,), (m,) and inversely as the square of the distance (d) between them. m ie, Gx or G=k TAT where ks the constant 334i) Problems related to joint variation. Procedure to solve the problems related to joint variation is explained through examples. Iy varies jointly as x? and z and y= 6 when x = 4,2=9. Write y ae a function ‘of x and z and determine the value of y, when x=—8 and z= 12. Since y varies jointly as x? and z, therefore yeexte ie, yekee @ Pu y=6,x=4,2=9 KAP) 6 1 Texan = k=39 Purk=gzin eq), y=pys%2 Now put x=-8, 2= 12 in the above equation, yeoman p vaties jointly as q and 72 and inversely as s and #, p = 40, when = 3, 1= 2, Find p in terms of qr and 1. Also find the value of p when q =~2,r and e HMM Given thar pa ae nO) Put = p=40,q=8,r=5,s=3andr=2 =, BOGE 40=k 307 40x3 x 8x25 BR S ‘Then eq. (i) becomes 12 gr POS stNow for g=~2, r=4, s=3 and 1=—1, we have 12 24" 128, P= My Ss SS" TOE 1 If-s varies directly as u? and inversely as v and s = 7 when u = 3, v = 2. Find the value. of s when « and v = 10. 2. If'w varies jointly as x, y? and z and w = 5 when x = 2, y= 3, z= 10. Find w when x=4,y=Tand 2=3. 3, If y varies directly as x° and inversely as 2? and 1, and y = 16 when 1= 3, Find the value of y when x= 2, 2=3 and r= 4. 4, fu varies drety a x and inversely asthe product ye, and w= 2 when x=8,y=7, z=2. Find the value of u when x= 5. I'v varies directly as the product xy* and inversely as bedef kbsd+p beds} LHS. =RHS. @h+Cd+ef atcre abe + cb + ef be def LHS. = =k RHS. Thus, 1. a:b=e:4,(a,b,c,d#0), then show that 4a-9b 4e-9d 6a-Sb_60~Sd Oar 9e=tex9d = Gan Sb=6e4 5d z ai) 5=\/are Gv) ah e8: B+ =abed: bid () pad) gb: ple +d) + qdact ce+ea @ bargep ii) 3.4(ii) Real life problems based on variation ‘The strength “s” of a rectangular beam varies directly as the breadth b and the square of the depth d. If 2 beam 9cm wide and 12cm deep will support 1200 1b. What weight beam of 12cm wide and 9em deep will support? GET By the joint variation, we haves « bd? ie, $= kb @ Put = 1200, b=9 and d= 12 (9) (12)? = 1200, x —1200__ 25 9x 144" 27 25, Putin eg. i) s= 5p bd? Now for b = 12 andd=9 25 25(12) (9) (9) 3 aa op - MLB) soo EEDIIED The current in a wire varies directly as the electromotive force E and inversely 2 the resistance R. I J = 32 amperes, when E = 128 volts and R = 8 ohms. Find J, when B= 150 volts and R = 18 ohms, E EON ts joint vation, wehave 14, ie. For 1=32, E= 128 and R= 8, @ (128) _ 32x8 3220 Ap tk > ka? Putineg. @) = Now for £= 150 and R= 18 2150) _ 50 =o sy amp.SS" 9 Sok RPS The surface area A of a cube varies directly as the square of the length / of an edge and A = 27 square units when / = 3 units. Find () A when = 4 units (i) when A = 12 sq, units The surface area S of the sphere varies directly as the square of radius r, ‘S=16when r = 2. Find r when S = 36. In Hook’s law the force F applied to stretch a spring varies directly as the amount of elongation Sand F = 32ib when S = 1.6 in. Find (i) S when F = 50 Ib (ii) F when S=0.8in. The intensity J of light from a given source varies inversely as the square of the distance d from it. If the intensity is 20 candlepower at a distance of 12f1. from the source, find the intensity at a point 8ft. from the source. The pressure P in a body of fluid varies directly as the depth d. If the pressure exerted on the bottom of a tank by a column of fluid Sft. high is 2.25 Ib/sq. in, how deep must the fluid be to exert a pressure of 9 Ib/sq. in? Labour costs ¢ varies jointly as the number of workers n and the average number of days d. If the cost of 800 workers for 13 days is Rs. 286000, then find the labour cost of 600 workers for 18 days. The supporting load c of a pillar varies as the fourth power of its diameter d and inversely as the square of its length /. A pillar of diameter 6 inch and of height 30 feet will support a load of 63 tons. How high a 4 inch pillar must be to support a load of 28 tons? The time T required for an elevator to lift a weight varies jointly as the weight w and the lifting depth d varies inversely as the power p of the motor. If 25 sec. are required for a 4hp motor to lift 500 Ib through 40 ft, what power is required to lift 800 Ib, through 120 ft in 40 sec.? ‘The kinetic energy (K.E.) of a body varies jointly as the mass “m” of the body and the square of its velocity “v". If the kinetic energy is 4320 fvlb when the mass is 45 Ib and the velocity is 24 ft/sec, determine the kinetic energy of a 3000 Jb automobile travelling 44 ft/sec. MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISE - 3 Multiple Choice Questions Four possible answers are given for the following questions. Tick (“) the correct answer. Inaratioa: b, aiscalled (@) relation (b) antecedent (©) consequent (@) None of these(@) relation (b) antecedent (©) consequent (a) None of these Ina proportion a : b (a) means ‘extremes (©) third proportional (@)__ None of these (iv) Ina proportion a (a) means ‘extremes (©) fourth proportional (@)__ None of these (¥) In continued proportion @ : b = b : ¢, ac = b?, b is said to be proportional between a and ¢, (a) third (b) fourth (©) means (None of these (vi) Incontinued proportion a: b=: ¢, cis said to be___ proportional to a and b. (a) third (b) fourth (© means (@)__ None of these (vii) Find xin proportion 4 sx ::5: 15 % 3 @) 12 (viii) (b) u=k? (dd) w=1 wo got & yas @) y=ke ow ® (a) (xi) The third proportional of x2 and y? is @ % © © §(xiii) (xiv) (xv) @ (i) (ai) dv) w) (wi) (ii) (viii) (x) The fourth proportional w of x: y2:v: wis @ 2 &) © ov @ If a:b=x:y, then alternando property is @ 4% &) @ ee @ Ifa: b=x:y, then invertendo property is b @ {5 ) box © BP @ € > then componendo property is aie @ aera ) o # @ Write short answers of the following questions. Define ratio and give one example. Define proportion. Define direct variation, Define inverse variation. State theorem of componendo-dividendo. Find x, if 6:42:35. If.x and y? varies directly, and x = 27 when y = 4. Find the value of y when x = 3 If wand v varies inversely, and w = 8, when v = 3. Find vy when w = 12. Find the fourth proportional to 8, 7, 6. Find a mean proportional to 16 and 49. Find a third proportional to 28 and 4. Wy and y= 28 when x =7, 2= 2, then find y. Iz « xy and z = 36 when x = 2, y=3, then find z. Iw «4 and w=2 when v=3, then find w.w Gi) (iii) @) o wi) (vii) wii) x) &) (xi) (xii) xii) (iv) Fill in the blanks jo tt G2 + xy +») The simplest form of the ratio SS Inatatiox: y; xis called Ina ratio a:b; bis called Ina proportion a: b ::x: y; a and y are called Ina proportion p : g:: m:n; q and m are called _ In proportion 7 : 4 ::p :8,p 166: m:: 9 12, then m If.x and y varies directly, then x= __ If vaties directly as w, then u? If w varies inversely as p?, then A third proportional of 12 and 4, is ‘The fourth proportional of 15, 6, 5 is The mean proportional of 4mm?n and p® is. The continued proportion of 4, m and 9 is, —— LON AES = A telation between two quantities of the same kind is called ratio. A proportion is a statement, which is expressed as equivalence of two ratios. If two ratios a: b and ¢ : d are equal, then we can write a:b d “a as If wo quantities are related in such a way that increase (decrease) in one quantity causes increase (decrease) in the other quantity is called direct variation. If two quantities are related in such a way that when one quantity increases, the other decreases is called inverse variation. Theorem on proportions (1) Theorem of Invertendo Ia:b=e:d,thenb:a=dic (2) Theorem of Alternando Ifa:b=e:d,thena:c=bid 3) Theorem of Componendo Ie a:b=e:d,then @ — atb:b=ctd:d Wi) aratb=cre+di) ‘Theorem of Componendo-dividendo If a:b=e:d, then atb:a-b=c+die-d ‘A combination of direct and inverse variations of one or more than one variable forms joint variation. K-Method, @ ‘then a=bk and c=dk 0) ky then a=bk,c=dkand e=/k= SSS eee See pee [ee SS =e eee es Eee In this unit, students will learn how to 2 define proper, improper and rational fraction. & resolve an algebraic fraction into partial fractions when its denominator consists of © non-repeated linear factors, repeated linear factors, ¢ non-repeated quadratic factors, repeated quadratic factors. 2)4.1. Fraction ‘The quotient of two numbers or algebraic expressions is called a fraction. The ‘quotient is indicated by a bar (—). We write, the dividend above the bar and the divisor below the bar. For example, =? isa fraction with x2 #0, 2 ) then the fraction is not defined because x ~ 2 = 0 => x= 2 which makes the denominator of the fraction zero. 4.1.1 Rational Fraction ‘An expression of the form Bo » where M(x) and D(x) are polynomials in x with real coefficients and D(x) #0, is called a rational fraction, es3 2 + DED) GD HD) 4.12 Proper Fraction: For example, are rational fractions, Nu) A rational fraction BO , With D(x) # 0 is called a proper fraction if degree of the polynomial N(x) in the numerator is less than the degree of the polynomial D(x) in the 2 2x-3 3x2 denominator. For example, 7. 3-4 and 357 ate proper fractions, 4.1.3 Improper Fraction: NQ) a , A rational fraction yey, « with D(x) # 0 is called an improper fraction if degree of the polynomial M(x) is greater or equal to the degree of the polynomial D(x. Sr 3842 xt 8. Ted De Tee TDP aT Me improper fractions. Every improper fraction can be reduced by division to the sum of a polynomial and a proper fraction, This means that if degree of the numerator is greater or equal to the degree of the denominator, then we can divide N(x) by D(x) obtaining a quotient polynomial Q(x) and a remainder polynomial R(x), whose degree is less than the degree of D(x). rine M29) 8 qin 19:40: Whee) gue pnd 24 xel RQ ep 8 aproper fraction. For example, is an improper fraction. 2 2 xe a 1)4—2— i.e., an improper fraction th has been resolved to xa 2 ~ 1 and a proper fraction = a quotient polynomial Q(x) = a+ sel (REMDILED Resotve the fraction “SS into proper fraction QD Let No) = - 2 +4 Land Dexyer +5x-l By long division, wehave x2 +5) B= + x41 —e tSx =P ade 41 ze FS 46 ~ 4x46 P45 (txt) 2x+5 tt 2x @ Dery “DG ME e-D ‘Activity: Convert the following improper fractions into proper fractions. oia2=l cp BESE=E axe] 2x2 — x 4.2 Resolution of Fraction into Partial Fractions 1 4 Consider 7. FF] GS of three fractions each of which is prefixed by a positive or negative sign. It is easy to find a single fraction, which is equal to the sum of, these fractions 24 x4) dy ede- DOH Thus welt xs xa Det) Ope? + Qe p44 x@-D OF) _ Be 43r—4 =x0= Dor D 3x2 + 3x-4 The single fraction = Ty. is the simplified form of the given fractions and is 24 known as resultant fraction, The given fractions —— . 7 and 5 are called components or partial fractions. In this chapter, we shall be given a rational fraction (or resultant fraction) and required to find its partial fractions, Every proper fraction BO | with D(x) # 0 can be resolved into an algebraic sum of partial fractions as follows:4.2.1 Resolution of an algebraic fraction into partial fractions, when D(x) consists of non-repeated linear factors. Rule I: If linear factor (ax + b) occurs as a factor of D(x), then there is a partial fraction of aALp where is a constant tobe found mid In Degy the polynomial D(x) may be written as, DO) = (yx +b) (yx +B.) on (age +B) with all factors distinct. N@) Ar As Ay Wehave, Dix) ~ Gat, *ayx+b; taxed, to tax, where A, A) ... 4, are constants to be determined, The following examples illustrate how we can find these constants: Sx+4 ; (EEDDTED Resolve Spc, gp into partial fractions r —5s+4 AB GMM: ha ats o ‘Multiplying throughout by (x 4) (x + 2), we get Sxt4=A(x42)+B(-4) i) Equation (i) is an identity, which holds good for all values of x and hence for and x= ~2. =4=0 ie, x=4 (factor corresponding to A) on both sides of the equation (ii), Put we get 5@)+4=A4+2) => [Aza] Put x+2=Oie, 2 (factor corresponding to B), we get 5(-2)+4=BC2-4) > ~6 Bel ‘Thus required partial fractions are Sxe4 44 * = Aix #2) x This method is called the zero’s method. This method is especially useful with linear factors in the denominator D(x), Hence, Identity: An identity is an equation, which is satisfied by all the values of the variables imoived Foreman, 26¢4 1)=2¢+2 and 2 nea too the osarton eid by all aes of @ Mathematics 10ENTLED Resolve into partial fractions. 34x-2e QAM 5, ps cam be written as for convenience 5 > ‘The denominator D (x) = 2x? - x -3 = 2x? -3x+2x-3 (x= 3) +1 2x3) =(r+ DQx-3) 1 =1 AB 8 BEL a= 3 GF DO-IT IF ‘Multiplying both the sides by (x + 1) (2x -3), we get AQx-3)+BG+1) Equating coefficients of x and constants on both sides, we get 2A+B=0 (i) Let, Gi) Solving @) and (i), we get A = and B 1 Fex-28 7 See ‘Thus, Note: General method applicable to resolve all rational fractions of the form ae is as follows: (The numerator N(x) must be of lower degree than the denominator D(x) (ii) We degree of N(x) is greater than the degree of D(x), then division is used and the remainder fraction R(x) can be broken into partial fractions, (iii) Make substitution of constants accordingly. (iv) Multiply both the sides by L.C.M. () Arrange the terms on both sides in descending order. (vi) quate the coefficients of like powers of x on both sides, we get as many as equations as there are constants in assumption. (vii) Solving these equations, we can find the values of constants. = ‘RCISE 4.1 — Resolve into partial fractions. Ix=9 Gre 2 3 x25 3x03 Ix=25 4 Bead 5 Gerd 6G Ha-3 es2etl 6x3 + Sx? -7 2+ 3) 3x 2x14.2.2. Resolution of a fraction when D(x) consists of repeated linear factors. Rule Il: If a linear factor (ax + b) occurs n times as a factor of D(x), then there are m partial fractions of the form. AL Ay Ay Geet By xt bit” + Gece pyr: Where Ay Ay ~ °A, ate constants and n2 2 is a positive integer, A A, A, x) ~ (ax +b) (ax + by (ax+ by ‘The method of finding constants and resolving into partial fractions is explained by the following example. [REIT Resolve wep into partial fractions. c 2 1 AB G&D x- 1-1 x-2 Multiplying both sides by (1)? (x—2), we get = A(x — Ie 2) + Bex 2) + Ce 1 => AQ?—3x+2) 4 Blr—2) + C2241 Since (i) is an identity and is true for all values of x Put x-1=0 or x=1in@),we get BO -2 => -Be1 or Be-1 Put x-2=0 or x=2in(),we get CQ-1P=1 = C=L Equating coefficients of x2 on both the sides of (i) A+C=0 = A=-CsoA=-1 ‘Hence required partial fractions are = 4 1 &—1F* @—2) 1 a * = @-2) > x427G EP EXERCISE 42 Resolve into partial fractions. RSME Le, @ Thus, 1 eW3r+1 2 24741 9 @-1P@-D +P O+3) @— Dera? 4 xl 5 Te+4 1 2 (x-1) (Bx + 2)x + 1? (x-1PAx +1) 3x2 + 154 16 1 8. (+P (= De+)42.3 Resolution of fraction when D(x) consists of non-repeated irreducible quadratic factors. Rule TIL: If a quadratic factor (ax? + bx + ¢) with a # 0 occurs once as a factor of D(x), the partial fraction is of the form Tae Tera: Whete A and Bare constants o be found. PRENTTD Resolve Tere into partial fractions. 1x43 A_ | Br+c =F +N GH 49 Multiplying both the sides by (x3) (2 +9) = Urt3=AG+9)+ Bret © (x-3) = lx+3=AG? +9) + Bot - 3x) + Ce-3) @ Since (i) is an identity, we have on substituting 3343=A(9+9) => 184=36 > A=2 ‘Comparing the coefficients of x? and x on both the sides of (i), we get. A+B=0 = B=-2 “3B+C=1l > 3(-2)+C=11 = C=5 =2et5 P49 SUMED Let ‘Therefore, the partial fractions are a Resolve into partial fractions. 1 3x11 , 3x47 4 1 oe +D + DAH DED 4 9-7 5 3x47 , 2 a e+) 5 Gera DD 1 1 1 241 1 Bel [um seep e aT 8 FH 4.2.4 Resolution of a fraction when D(x) has repeated irreducible quadratic factors. Rule IV: If a quadratic factor (ax? + bx + c) with a #0, occurs twice in the denominator, the corresponding partial fractions are Ax+B Cx+D t+ bx 6 * P+ bx OP ‘The constants A, B, Cand D are found in the usual way,REDD Resolve AF into para fractions. am is a proper fraction as degree of numerator is less than the degree of denominator. =22-2 Ax+B Cx+D G4? ~ eel (2+? ‘Multiplying both the sides by (x? + 1), we have W322 2= (Ax +B) (2 + 1) + Cr+ D 2-22-25 Ad +3) + BO? + 1)+Cx+D (i) Equating the coefficients of x3, x2, x and constant on both the sides of (i). Coefficients of x°: Coefficients of x: Let Coefficients of x: Constants: -2+2=0 > D=0 e-2e-2 x Thus “G+ IP +1 @ +P GEIR tone 2 in pari fons 2ee1 A BrsC) Dxt+E @- Deseo x-1 tee tee Pe Multiplying both the sides by (x — I)(a? + 1)? De 1S AG? 4124 Bx = 102 +1) + De + HexD) @ Now we use zeros’ method, Put x~ 1 = 0 orx= 1 in (i), we get FSIMED Assume that 35, (+p? = A=> Now writing terms of (i) in descending order. Det SAG! + 2x24 1) + Brot 2 +r 1) + CUP x +x 1) + DP = 2) + BO) or Det LSA (2241) +B Ot + =a) + CO 24 x= 1) + DOP= + EHD) Equating coefficients of x4, x8, 2°, and x on both the sides. Coefficients of x4: A+B=0 Coefficients of x3: -B+C=0 = C=) Coefficients of?) 2A4B-C+D=0 = D=Z Coefficients of x: -B+C-D4+E=2 i dadseer 9 p22, “Veet 3 ‘Thus required partial fractions ae G5 + IGT ta DE . 2x41 3 3@+1) _Gx-1) Doe + IP He-1) 407 +1) 2G? +E =—\) EXERCISE 4.4 §-—= Resolve into partial fractions. i wie3exel wa 2 Gere , . — + DG? +1? (= D0? + DF Pa fa 5 (+27 ° (+? MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISE - 4 1. Multiple Choice Questions Four possible answers are given for the following questions. Tick (7) the correct answer. wo The identity (Sx + 4)? = 25x? + 40x + 16 is true for (@) one value of x (B) two values of x (0) all values of x (@) none of these Gi) A function of the form f (x) = ad with D(x) # 0, where N(x) and D(x) are polynomials in x is called (a) anidentity (6) anequation (©) afraction (@) none of these Gi) A fraction in which the degree of the numerator is greater or equal to the degree of denominator is called (@)_—aproper fraction (®)—_animproper fraction (©) anequation (@) algebraic relation (iv) A fraction in which the degree of numerator is less than the degree of the denominator is called (a) anequation (6) an improper fraction (©) anidentity (@_—— aproper fraction 2x4 © pep" (a) an improper fraction (b) an equation (©) aproper fraction (@ none of these(vii) (viii) (ax) @&) (+32 =x + 6x4 9is (a) alinear equation (6) an equation © an identity @ ‘none of these +l . = Da +2)* (a) aproper fraction (b) an improper fraction (©) anidentity (d) a constant term Partial fractions of are of the form x-2 @—De+2) AB @ Sth? o Bx+C o Apts o x+2 Partial fractions: tes De D are of the form A B A_ Bx+C€ @ yeTt4d eit 42 Ar+BC Bx © yeT tH 42 OD yatta? 241 Partial fractions of [yj —y ae of the form A B @ TS ® 1+ Ax+B oC © @ Cnty Write short answers of the following questions. Define a rational fraction. Gi) What is a proper fraction? (ii) What is an improper fraction? (iv) What are partial fractions? (%) How can we make partial fractions of = (vi) Resolve + into partial fractions z 3 (ii) Find partial fractions of —yq—yy (iil) Resolve [55 into partial fractions. ¢ (x) How we can make the partial fractions of +, (+ ayx—a) (x) Whether (x + 3)? = x? + 6x +9 is an identity?‘A fraction is an indicated quotient of two numbers or algebraic expressions. pmarineitts form 2, with D(a) #0 and N(x) and D(x) ate polynomials in x with real coefficients, is called a rational fraction. Every fractional expression can bbe expressed as a quotient of two polynomials. > A rational fraction = with D(x) # 0 is called a proper fraction if degree of the polynomial N(x), in the numerator is less than the degree of the polynomial D(x), in the denominator. > A rational fraction BO with D(x) # 0 is called an improper fraction if degree of the polynomial N(x) is greater or equal to the degree of the polynomial D(x) > Partial fractions: Decomposition of resultant fraction ao with DG) #0, when (@) D(x) consists of non-tepeated linear factors. (6) D(®) consists of repeated linear factors. (©) D() consists of non-repeated irreducible quadratic factors, () DG) consists of repeated irreducible quadratic factors.ca we www In this unit, students will learn how to sets recall the sets denoted by N, W, Z, E, 0, P and Q. recognize operation on sets (U, 7,\, --) perform operations on sets union, intersection, difference, complement. give formal proofs of the following fundamental properties of union and intersection of two or three sets. commutative property of union, ‘commutative property of intersection, associative property of union, associative property of intersection, distributive property of union over intersection, distributive property of intersection over union, De Morgan’s laws. verify the fundamental properties for given sets. use Venn diagram to represent * union and intersection of sets, © complement of a set. use Venn diagram to verify © commutative law for union and intersection of sets, * De Morgan’s laws, * associative laws, @ distributive laws. recognize ordered pairs and cartesian product. define binary relation and identify its domain and range. define function and identify its domain, co-domain and range. demonstrate the following * into function, * one-one function, ¢ into and one-one function (injective function), ¢ onto function (surjective function), ¢ one-one and onto function (bijective function). examine whether a given relation is a function or not. differentiate between one-one correspondence and one-one function. include sufficient exercises to classify/differentiate between the above (os.5.1 SETS ‘A sot is a well-defined collection of objects and itis denoted by capital letters A, B, C ete. 5.1.1()Some Important Sets: In set theory, we usually deal with the following sets of numbers denoted by standard symbols: N= The set of natural numbers = (1,2, 3,4, +=} W= The set of whole numbers = (0, 1, 2,3, 4, =} Z= The set of all integers = {0, +1, 42, 43, E= The set of all even integers = (0, +2, 24, = The set of all odd integers = (£1, 23, 45, +=} P= The set of prime numbers = {2, 3, 5,7, 11, 13, 17, +} Q= The set of all rational numbers = (x1x=7, where m,n € Zand n #0) Of = The set of all irrational numbers = (x 1x47", where m,n € Zand n #0} R= The set of all real numbers = Qu Q’. S.L.1(i) Recognize operations on sets (U, 0,\,..): (a) Union of sets The union of two sets A and B written as AU B (read as A union B) is the set consisting of all the elements which are either in A or in B ot in both, Thus AUB=(alxe Aorxe Borxe Aand B both} For example, if = {1, 2, 3, 4) and B= (4, 5, 6,7), then. AU B= (1, 2,3, 4,5, 6,7} (b) Intersection of sets The intersection of two sets A and B, written as A 7 B (read as ‘A intersection B’) is the set consisting of all the common elements of A and B. Thus AOB=(alxe Aand xe B). Cleatly re ANB xe Aandxe B For example, if = {a, b, c, d) and B AOB=(c,d) (© Difference of sets IFA and B are two sets, then their difference A ~ B or A\ Bis defined as: A~B=(ilxe Aandxe B} Similarly B-A={xl xe Band xe A} For example, if A = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5) and B= (2, 4,5, 6, 8), then A~B=(1,2,3,4,5}—(2,4,5,6,8} = (1,3) Also B-A=(2,4,5,6,8}~{1,2,3,4,5} = (6.8). c,d, e, fl, then(a) Complement of a set If U is a universal set and A is a subset of U, then the complement of A is the set of those elements of U, which are not contained in A and is denoted by A “or A‘. A’SUWA= (lve Unde A). For example, if U= (1, 2, 3, ... 10} and A = {2, 4, 6, 8}, then A‘=U-A 1,2, 3, .., 10) — (2,4, 6, 8) = {1,3,5, 7,9, 10} 5.1.1(ii) Perform operations on sets: RNID 1 = (1, 2,3, ... 10), A= (2,3, 5,7}, B= (3, 5, 8), then find (AUB (ANB (ii) A-B (iv) A’and B” EMM A B= 2,3,5,7303,5,8) = (2,3,5,7.8) 2, 3,5, 7}. (3, 5.8) = (3,5) (ii) AB = (2, 3, 5, 7) \ (3, 5, 8} =(2.7) (iv) A’= U-A= (1, 2,3, ..., 10} - {2,3, 5,7) = (1,4,6,8,9, 10) B’=U-B={1, 2,3, ..., 10} — (3, 5, 8} = (1, 2,4, 6,7, 9, 10} = TET 1 If X={1, 4,7, 9} and Y= (2, 4,5, 9} Then find: (i) xXuY (ii) XnY (iii) YuX (iv) Y¥oX jet of prime numbers less than or equal to 17 and Y= Set of first 12 natural numbers, then find the following Gian, @ xu (i) YUX Git) XaY (iv) ¥ax 3. Y= ZT = O',then find) @) = XU¥ Gi) xXuT Gi) Yur Ww) xn @ XAT wi) YAT 4 If Us (xlre N A3 xeA or xeB (by definition of union of sets) => xeB or xed > xe BUA = AUBCBUA @ Now letye BUA > yeB or yea (by definition of union of sets) = yeA or yeB => yeAUB = BUACAUB a From (i and (ii), we have AU B= BUA. (by definition of equal sets) (b) Commutative property of intersection For any two sets A and B, prove that A. B= Proof:Let xe ANB => xeAandxeB (by definition of intersection of sets) => xeBandxeA > xe BOA aA ANBCBOA a Now letye BOA = yeBandyeA (by definition of intersection of sets) => yeAandye B => yeAnR Therefore, = BOACANB a) From (i) and (ii), wehave ANB=BOA (by definition of equal sets) (©) Associative property of union For any three sets A, B and C, prove that (AUB) UC=AU (BUC)@ Proof: © Proof: Let xe AUB)UC > xe(AUB) or xe € => xeAorxe Borxe€ => xeAorxe BUC > reAUBUO > AUB)UCCAUEUO, @ Similarly AUBUOQCAUB)UC ey From (i) and (ii), we have AUB)UC=AUBUQ) Associative property of intersection For any three sets A, B and C, prove that (A 0 B) A C=AN (BAO) Let xe ANB)NC = xe (ANB) and xe => @eA and xe B) and xe C => xeA and (ve Band € C) => xeA and xe BAC > xEAABOO * NB)AC GC ANBNO @ Similarly = AN@AQ cs AnB)AC Gi) From (i) and (i), we have (OB)NC=AN BOO Distributive property of union over intersection For any three sets A, B and C, prove that AU (BO) = (AUB) (ALO) Let xe AUBNO => xeAorxe BOC = xe Aor (ve Band xe ©) = (WEA or xe B)and (ve A or xe C) > > xe AUBandxe AUC xe AUB) NAUO) Therefore AU (BAC) CAUB)N(AUO) @ Similarly, now let ye (AUB) (AUO) = ye AUB)andye (AU) => (We Aorye B)and (ve Aotye ©) = ye Aorge Bandye O => yedorye BNC => yeAUBNO = AYBAALOCAUVENO Gi) From (i) and (ii), we have AU (BOC) =(AUB)O(AUO)(3) Proof: Gi) Distributive property of intersection over union For any three sets A, B and C, prove that A 9 (BUC) = (ANB) UANO) Let xe AN(BUC) => xeA and xe BUC > xe A and WeB or xe) => (eA and xeB) or (re A and xe ©) = EAN) or («@eANO) = re(ANB)UANO ANBUO cANBUANO 0 Similarly (ANB)UANO CANBLO ai) From (j) and (fi), we have A (BUC) = ANB)UANO ‘De-Morgan’s laws For any two sets A and B @ — AuBy=a'nB Gi) AnBy=a'UR Let xe AUBY => x€AUB (by definition of complement of set) => xe@A and xeB => red ad xeB > xe ANB (by definition of intersection of sets) = AvuBy CAB @ Similarly A’ Bc (AU BY (id) Using (i) and (ii), we have (Aw BY =A’ B Let xe AMBY => 1€AnB > xe AorxeB = xeA’orxe BY > xe AUB’ => ANBY cA’UB’ @ Let ye A‘UB’ > yeA’oryeB’ > yeAoryeB => yeAnB => ye AnBy => AUBC(AnBY Gi) From (i) and (ii), we have proved that (AnBy=A’UB’=—1) EXERCISE 1 kX =(1,3,5,7, +++, 19}, and Z={2,3,5,7, 11, 13,17, 19,23), 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, ---, 20} then find the following: @® xXu~ey @ KuY)uz Gi) XAWAD Gy) &AY)aZ @ xUuYaD wi) KUY)AKUD oi) XAYUD (iil) XAY)VUEND 2 WA={1,2,3,4,5,6}, B= (2,4,6,8}, C=(1,4,8). Prove the following identities: @ = ANB=BOA Gi) AUB=BUA Gi) ANBYUO=ANB|UANO @) AUBAO=AVB NAO 3. TF U={1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9, 10) A=(1,3,5,.7,9), B= (23.5.7), then verify the De-Morgan’s Laws je, (ANB = AUB and (AUBY =A’ 4 EU ={1,2,3,-,20, X= {1,3,7,9, 15, 18, 20) and Y= {1,3,5,++, 17), then show that @ = x-Y=xnr Gi) Y-X=¥nx 5.1.2(v) Verify the fundamental properties for given sets: (@) A and B are any two subsets of U, then A UB = B UA (commutative law). For example A ={1, 3, 5, 7) and B= (2,3, 5,7) then AUB=(1,3,5,7) U (23,5, 7) = (1, 2,3,5,7) and BUA=(2,3,5, 7} U (13,5, 7) = (1, 2,3,5,7) Hence, verified that AU B=BUA. (b) Commutative property of intersection For example A={1, 3, 5, 7} and B= [2, 3, 5,7) ‘Then AOB=(1,3,5,7}.0(2,3,5, 7) =(3,5,7) and BOA=(2,3,5, 7} 0(1,3,5, 7) = (3,5, 7) Hence, verified that A. B= BOA. (©) IfA,B and C are the subsets of U, then (A UB) UC (Associative law) Suppose A= and vBevO. 12,48) B= (2.4.6) 4,5, 6}= AUBUC = ((1,2,4,8} U (2,4, 6)) U3, 4, 5, 6} = (1,2,4,6,8) U (3,4, 5, 6) 1,2,3,4,5,6,8} vBvO 1, 2,4, 8) U({2, 4, 6} U (3, 4,5, 6)) = (1,2,4,8) U (2, 3,4, 5,6) 1,2,3,4,5,6,8} LHS.=RHS. Hence, union of sets is associative. (@)__ IfA,B and C are the subsets of U, then (A MB) AC=A (BAO) (Associative Law) Suppose A (1.2.48); B= (2,4,6) and C= (3, 4, 5, 6} then LHS. = ANB)NC (C1, 2, 4,8} 9 (2, 4, 6)) 0 (3, 4, 5, 6} {2,4}. (3,4,5,6}= (4) and RHS. = ANBOO, {1,2,4, 8) 02, 4, 6}. (3,4, 5, 6) (1,24, 8) 0 (4,6)= (4) LHS. = RHS. Hence, intersection of sets is associative. Distributive laws (©) Union is distributive over intersection of sets If A, B and C ate the subsets of universal set U, then AUB A ©) = (A U BVA LC) Solution: Suppose A = {1, 2, 4. 8}, B= (2, 4,6} and C= (3,4, 5, 6) then LHS =AUBNO) 1,2,4,8} (2,4, 6) 0 (3,4, 5, 6) 1,24, 8) U (4,6) = (1, 2,4, 6,8) and RHS=(AUB)V(AUO) (1,2, 4,8) U (2,4,6)) 01, 2,4, 8) U (3,4, 5, 6) 1,2,4, 6,8) 0 (1, 2,3,4,5,6,8) 1,2,4,6,8) LHS=RHS and RES.Intersection is distributive over union of sets To provea n(BUC)=(ANB)UANO) Suppose A = (1,2,3,4,5,---,20} B= (5,10, 15, 20, 25, 30) C= {3,9, 15, 21, 27, 33} LHS. = ANBUO = {1,2,3,4,5, +++, 20} A ({5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30} U (3, 9, 15, 21, 27, 33) = (1,2,3.4,5, «=, 20) 4 (3, 5, 9, 10, 15, 20, 21, 25, 27, 30, 33} = {3,5,9, 10, 15, 20} RHS.= ANB)UANO = (1, 2,3, 4, +++, 20) 9 {5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30}) UCL, 2, 3,45, 2+, 20-9 (3, 9, 15, 21, 27, 33)) = {5, 10, 15, 20} U {3, 9, 15) = (3,5, 9, 10, 15, 20} LHS.=RHS. (g) De Morgan's Laws (4 BY = A’UBY and (A UBY'=A’NB" Suppose U=(1,2,3,4, 10) A=(2,4,6,8, 10} = A’= (1,3,5,7,9} B=(1,2,3,4,5,6) —> B’=(7,8,9, 10) Now considerA VB = {2,4,6,8, 10} 9 (1,2, 3,4, 5, 6} {2.4.6} (AnBy = U-(ANB) {1, 2.3.4, +++, 10} — (2, 4, 6) (1,3, 5,7, 8,9, 10) AUB (1,3, 5,7, 9} U{7,8,9, 10} = {1,3,5,7, 8, 9, 10) Then LHS. and RHS. LHS. = RES. (AUBY =A 0B Suppose U= (1, 2,3,4, +, 10) A= (2,4,6,8, 10) = A’= (1,3,5,7,9} B=(1,2,3,4,5,6) = B’=(7,8,9, 10) Now considerAUB = {2,4,6,8, 10) U {1,2,3,4,5, 6} {1,2,3,4,5, 6, 8, 10) (AU BY = U-(AUB) = (1,2,3,4, 10) ~ (1, 2,3, 4, 5, 6,8, 10) (7,9) 1,3,5, 7,9} (7,8, 9, 10) LHS. and RHS=.5.1.3 VENN DIAGRAM British mathematician John Venn (1834 ~ 1923) introduced rectangle for a universal set U and its subsets A and B as closed figures inside this rectangle. 5.1.3(vi) Use Venn diagrams to represent: (@) Union and intersection of sets Disjoint sets Overlapping sets AB U U U “1| @S || Fig. 1 Fig. 2 u u 4#11@O@)|| &® Fig.4 Fig. 5 (Regions shown by horizontal line segments in figures 1 to 6) (©) Complement ofa set = U—A=A’is shown by horizontal line segments. A 5.13 (vii) Use Venn diagram to verify: (@) Commutative law for union and intersection of sets Ui B= (x Ry such that y= 2r for x€ A, ye B} => R={2,4),B,6).(4,8)} Dom R= {2, 3,4) ¢ A and Rang R= (4, 6,8) ¢ B. CRETE Suppose A = (1, 2, 3, 4} and B = (1, 2, 3, 5} Form arelation R:A—>B = {x Ry such that x+ y= = R={(1,5), 6,3), 4,2)} Dom R= (1, 3,4) CA and Rang R = (2,35) CB 5.3 Function or Map 5.3. (i) Suppose A and B are two non-empty sets, then relation f : A —> B is called a function if @) Dom f= (i) every x € A appears in one and only one ordered pair in f Alternate Definition: Suppose A and B are two non-empty sets, then relation f: A > Bis called a function if @) Dom f= (ii) V xe A we can associate some unique image element y= fix) € B. forxe A,ye BY Domain, Co-domain and Range of Function: If f : A — B is a function, then A is called the domain of f and B is called the co-domain of f, Domain f is the set consisting of all first elements of each ordered pair in f and range ‘Fis the set consisting of all second elements of each ordered pait in fETD Suppose A= {0,1,2,3} and Define a function f:A > B S=M& y)ly=x41Vxe A, ye B) f= (0,1, (1,2),2.3), 8.4} Dom f ={0,1,2,3}=A Rang f= ({1,2,3,4) cB. B={1,2,3,4,5} Sed The following are the examples of relations but not functions. is not a function, because an element a € A has two images in set B and h is not a function because an element d ¢ A has no image in set B. £ A a ‘ \ ’ >4 | ————— : Os d Sera see Sat Sab 5.3(ii) Demonstrate the followin (a) Into function: A function f: A > Bis called an £ into function, if at least one element in B is, not an image of some element of set A i.e, Range of fc set B. \__ SG For example, we define « function ff (f:A—> B such that —— £={0,1),.0, D, 2, 3), B,D} where A={0,1,2,3} and B= (1,2, 3,4) SetA SeB Fis an into function (b) —One-one function: A function f : A ~ B is called one-one function, if all distinct elements of A have distinct images in B, ie. flrs) =flrs) > m=m€ A or Vaueme A => flr) Asia)For example, if A= {0, 1, 2, 3} and B= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, then we define a function f: A > B such that fa (Gylysxtl,Vxe Aye B). = (0,1). 0,2), 2,3), 8,4)} ‘is one-one function. ) Set A Set B (©) Into and one-one function: (injective function) ‘The function f discussed in (b) is also an into function. Thus fis an into and one-one function. (@ —Anonto or surjective function: A function f: A — Bis called an onto function, if every element of set B is an image of at least one element of set Aiie., Range of f= B. For example, if A= (0, 1, 2, 3} and B= (1, 2, 3}, then f: A — B such that f= (, 1D), 2, 2 3). B,D} Here Rang f= (1, 2,3) =B. Thus f so defined is an onto function, Set A SetB (©) __ Bijective function or one to one correspondence: A function f : A > B is called f bijective function iff function f is one- For example, if A= (1, 2, 3, 4} and B= (2,3, 4,5} We define a function f:A > B such that fa (@lyaxtl, We Aye BY Then f= {(1, 2), 2, 3), 3,4), (4, 5)} Evidently this function is one-one because distinct elements of A have distinct images in B. This is an onto function also because every element of B is the image of atleast, one element of A. iSuppose A = {1,23} B= {1,2,3,4,5, 6} We define a function f:A—>B = {(x,)) y= 2x, ¥xe A,ye B} Then f= (1, 2), 2.4), 3, 6)} Evidently this function is one-one but not an onto £ 5.3(iii) Examine whether a given relation is a function: A relation in which each x € its domain, has a unique image in its range, is a function, 5.3(iv) Differentiate between one-to-one correspondence and one-one function: ‘A function f from set A to set B is one-one if distinct elements of A has distinct images in B. The domain of fis A and its range is contained in B. In one-to-one correspondence between two sets A and B, each element of either set is, assigned with exactly one element of the other set. If the sets A and B are finite, then these sets have the same number of elements, that is, n(A) , b,c}, M = (3, 4), then find two binary relations of Lx M and Mx L. 2. If Y= (-2, 1, 2}, then make two binary relations for ¥ x ¥. Also find their domain and range. 3. If L= {a,b,c} and M=(d,e,f,g), then find two binary relations in each: @ LxL Gi) Lx (ii) MxM If set M has 5 elements, then find the number of binary relations in M. 5. WL=(elreN a xs5), M = (ylye P » y<10}, then make the following relations from L to M @ R= {&y)ly B by Venn diagram. When A cB Show by Venn diagram A (BU ©) Define intersection of two sets. Define a function, Define one-one function, Define an onto function. Define a bijective function. ‘Write De Morgan's laws. Fill in the blanks If ACB, thenAUB= If ANB =6 then and Bare If ACBand BCA then The complement of Vis ‘The complement of gis Ana AVA — The set (xlxe A and x¢ B)= — The point (-5, ~7) lies in quadrant, ‘The point (4, ~6) lies in quadrant. The y co-ordinate of every point is on-a-axis. ‘The x co-ordinate of every point is on-y-anis, The domain of {((a, b), (b, €) (¢, d)) is The range of {(a, a), (b, b), (c, o)} is Venn-diagram was first used by A subset of A x A is called the in, If f: A—> B and range of f= B, then fis an ___ function. The relation {(a, b), (b, ), (a, d)} is a function.