Beams, Frames and Torsion Elements

Dr P. Ravinder Reddy
Professor, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering &
Principal
Chaitanya Bharathi Institute of Technology
Hyderabad-75, ravinderreddyp_mech@cbit.ac.in
Beams, Frames and Torsion Elements

Axial Element

Beam element

Torsion Element
Frame Element
Beam Element: 2 noded element with 2dof per node
(1 Translation in Y-direction and 1 Rotation about Z)
 Beam Element
for which the x-y plane is
principal plane of bending.
Indicated in the figure is a
single generic displacement v,
which is translation is in the y-
direction. Thus
The displacement function is given
by
u=v
The corresponding body force by (force for unit
length) acting in the y-direction. Hence
b = by
Corresponding nodal actions at points 1 and 2
The vector nodal displacements becomes are
P = { P1, P2, P3, P4} = {Py1, Mz1, Py2, Mz2}
q = { q1, q2, q3, q4} = {v1, z1, v2, z2}
In which z1 = dv1/dx, z2 = dv2/dx
A complete cubic displacement function  
 g1  1 0 0 0
may be assumed for the flexural element    
 dg1   
v = C1 + C2x + C3 x2 + C4 x3 0 1 0 0
 
The geometric matrix, g = [ 1 x x2 x3 ] dx  
h =   =  
Rotational matrix, g1 =dg/dx = [ 0 1 2x 3x2 ]  
 g2  1 L L2 L3 
   
 dg   
 2 0 1 2 L 3L2 

 dx 
Inversion of h yields :
 L3 0 0 0 
 
 
 0 L3 0 0 
1  
h -1 =  
L3 − 3L − 2L2 2
3L − L
 
 
 2 − 2 L 
 L
f = gh -1 = f 1 f 2 f3 f4  =
1
L3

2 x 3
− 3x 2
L + L3
x 3 L − 2 x 2 L2 + xL3  ⎯→(f )
− 2 x 3 + 3x 2 L x 3 L − x 2 L2 ⎯
 d
Strain –Displacement Relationship u = -y
dx
du d 2 d 2
Flexural Strain, = - y 2 = y ,  ⎯
x = ⎯→ Curvature = 2
dx dx dx
2
d
 d⎯ ⎯→ Linear Differential Operator, d = - y 2
dx
-y

B = df = 3 12x - 6L 6xL - 4L2 - 12x + 6L 6xL - 2L2 − − − − − − − − − −(k )
L

Flexural Stress :  x =  x , E = , EB = B

Element Stiffness Matrix becomes

K =  B EB dV
T

 12x - 6L 
 6xL - 4L2 
12x - 6L 
L
Ey 2  
= 0 A L6 - 12x + 6L
. . . 6xL - 2L2 dA dx
 2 
 6xL - 2L 
  12 6L - 12 6L 
 
 
 6L 4L - 6L 2L 
2 2


EI  
K = 3   Wher e I = y 2
dA
L
- 12 - 6L 12 - 6L A
 
 
 6L 2L2 - 6L 4L2 
 
I = Movement of Inertia of the cross section with respect to neutral axis.
Equivalent nodal loads due to uniformely distributed load b y per unit length, Fig. 2.8
L L


Pb = f T b y dx
0
=

0
f1 f 2 f 3 f 4  b y dx

byL
= 6 L 6 − L
12
Triangular Load is given by
L


bL
dx = 2 9, 2L, 21, − 3L
x
Pb = f T b2
L 60
0
Prob.1:Consider the discontinuously loaded bean shown in Fig. 2.10. The
differential equation is valid with the following discontinuous data
EI = 2  107 0  x  10 M  2
N M
= 107 10  x  28 M 
by = body force per unit length = 2400 N/M
  12 6L − 12 6L 
 
 6 L 4 L2
− 6 L 2 L2

K =
EL
  by =
byL
6 2 6 - 2
L3 − 12 − 6L 12 − 6L 12
 
 6L 2L2 − 6L 4L2 

by = 2400, L = 10 F = b + q 

 12 60 − 12 60   12000   Q1 
     
7  60 −   20000   Q 2 
K ( )  F( ) 
2  10 400 60 200
1
=  , 1
=  + 
10 3 − 12 − 60 12 − 60  12000  Q 3 (1) 
     
 60 200 − 60 400  - 20000 Q 4 (1) 

 12 72 − 12 72  0  Q 3 (1) 
     
7  72 −  0  Q 4 (1) 
K ( )  F( ) 
10 576 72 288
2
=  , 2
=   +  
12 3 − 12 − 72 12 − 72 0  Q 
     5 
 72 288 − 72 572  0 Q 
 6 

 12 36 − 12 36  0  Q 5 (1) 
     
7  36 −  0  Q 6 (1) 
K  F 
10 144 36 72
( 3)
=  , ( 3)
=   +  
12 3 − 12 − 36 12 − 36 0  Q 
     7 
 36 72 − 36 144  0 Q 
 8 
  0.024 + 0.12 − 0.024 0.12 0 0 0 0   q1   − 12000   R1 
       
 0.12 0.8 − 0.12 0.4 0 0 0 0  q 2   20000   0 
       
 − 0.024 − 0.12 0.03094 − 0.0783 − 0.00694 0.0417 0 0  q 3   − 12000   0 
       
 0.12 0.4 − 0.0783 1.133 − 0.0417 0.1667 0 0  q 4   − 20000  0 
7       
10   = +
 0 0 − 0.00694 − 0.0417 0.06254 0.125 − 0.0556 0.1667  q 5   0   − 10000
       
 0 0 0.0417 0.1667 0.125 1.0 − 0.1667 0.333  q 6   0   0 
       
  q 7     
 0 0 0 0 − 0.0556 0.1667 0.0556 − 0.1667   0   0 
       
 0 0 0 0 0.1667 0.333 − 0.1667 0.667  
q 8 
  0   0 
Boundary Conditions : q1 = 0, q 7 = 0, q8 = 0
Loading Conditions : Q 5 (2) + Q 5 (3) = - 10,000

 0.8 0.12 0.4 0 0  q 2   20000 

     
 − 0.12 0.03094 − 0.0783 − 0.00694 0.0417  q 3   − 12000 
     
= 10 7  0.4 − 0.0783 1.133 − 0.0417 0.1667  q 4  =  − 20000
     
 0 − 0.00694 − 0.0417 0.06256 0.125  q 5   0 
     
 1.0  q   − 10000 
 0 0.0417 0.1667 0.125   6  

 0.8 − 0.12 0.4 0 0  q 2   20000 

     
 − 0.12 0.01294 − 0.1383 − 0.00694 0.0417  q 3   − 9000 
     
= 10 7  0.4 − 0.0183 0.933 − 0.0417 0.1667  q 4  =  − 30000
     
 0 − 0.00694 − 0.0417 0.06256 0.125  q 5   0 
     
 1.0  q   − 10000 
 0 0.0417 0.1667 0.125   6  

0.8 − 0.12 0.4 0 0  q 2   20000 

     
 0 0.01294 − 0.1383 − 0.00694 0.0417  q 3   − 9000 
     
= 10 7  0 0 0.73741 − 0.05151 0.22567  q 4  =  − 42728 
     
 0 0 − 0.11587 0.05882 0.1473  q 5   − 4826.9 
     
 0 0.8656  q   − 19003.09
 0 0.61238 0.14736   6  

0.8 − 0.12 0.4 0 0  q 2   20000 

     
 0 0.01294 − 0.1383 − 0.00694 0.0417  q 3   − 9000 
     
= 10 7  0 0 0.73741 − 0.05151 0.22567  q 4  =  − 42728 
     
 0 0 0 0.05073 0.18282  q 5   − 11540.8
     
 0 0.6782  q   − 16480.3
 0 0 0.2164   6  
 Frame Element
• Frame element is a 2 noded element with
each node 3dof
• Each node 2 translational dof of 1 translation
in each in x and y direction and 1 rotation
about z-axis
• This is used when there is a transverse and
axial loads in the structurers
• 3dof /node or 6dof/element
Frame Element
Torsion element
Torsional displacement function is given by
u = x

Corresponding to this elastic displacement is a body action: b = Mx

Which is a moment (per unit length) acting in the positive x sense., Nodal displacements
[ see Fig. 2.11] consist of small axial rotations at nodes 1 and 2 Hence,
q = { q1, q2} = { x1, x2 }
Corresponding nodal actions at points 1 and 2 are
P = { P1, P2 } = { Mx1, Mx2 }
Which are moments (or torque’s) acting in the x-direction.

Because there are only two nodal displacements for the torsional element, a
linear displacement function will be assumed. That is
x = c1 + c2x
  x x
f = gh = f1 f 2 
-1
= 1 -  ⎯→(r )
⎯
 L L
 d x
 =r = r ⎯
⎯→(s) where  is the twist, or rate of change of displacement
dx
d x
Thus  = ⎯
⎯→( t )
dx
d
d =⎯
⎯→ (u)r
dx
Hence, the strain - displacement matrix B must be :

 = df =
r
− 1 1
L

Shearing stress , is related to shearing strain  in a torsional element

by  =G
E = G, and EB = GB
Thank you