PRESCRIPTION

PRESCRIPTION
is an order for medication
issued by a prescriber:
• Physician
• Dentist
• Veterinarian
PRESCRIPTION
It designates a specific
medication and dosage to
be prepared by a
pharmacist and
administered to a
particular patient.
1
Those written for a single component or
prefabricated product and not requiring
compounding or admixture by a pharmacist

2 Those written for more than a single

component and requiring compounding
 UST HOSPITAL
Legazpi City, Albay
Name: T. SWIFT Age: 22
ADDRESS: RAWIS, LEG. CITY Date: 7/22/18

Rx Camphor…………………….3.00 g
Calamine powder…… 3.75 g
Starch…………….……………6.25g
Talc……………………………….12.5g

M. ft. Pulv. Mitte 20 g

Sig. Sprinkle between toes AM and PM

J. BIEVER, MD
Lic No. 123456
 EXTEMPORANEOUS COMPOUNDING
• The process by which solutions, suspensions, ointments,
creams, powders, suppositories, and capsules are prepared
exclusively for a specific patient.
• is an activity for which pharmacists are uniquely qualified
by virtue of their education, training, and experience.
• it involves the mixing, assembling, packaging, and labeling
of a medication on receipt of a prescription order for a
specific patient.
REASONS FOR COMPOUNDING
•The Rx calls for a different dose than what is commercially available.
•A solid form might need to be prepared in another dosage form such
as liquid.
•The commercial preparation may have unwanted ingredients-
patient may have allergies.
•Patient may require customization of rate of delivery, rate of onset, or
site of action.
•Product may not be commercially available at all.
EQUIPMENT FOR WEIGHING, MEASURING,
AND COMPOUNDING
• Weighing scales (or weigh scales or scales) are devices
to measure weight.
 EQUIPMENT FOR WEIGHING, MEASURING,
AND COMPOUNDING
• Forceps should be used when picking up
weights so that moisture and oils are not
transferred to the weights.

• Spatulas are used in compounding tasks such

as preparing ointments and creams or
loosening material from the surfaces of a
mortar and pestle.
EQUIPMENT FOR WEIGHING, MEASURING,
AND COMPOUNDING

• Compounding Slab: This is an ideal

surface for mixing compounds
because of its nonabsorbent surface.
• Mortar and Pestle
• Graduates and Pipettes: Graduates
come in two varieties: conical and
cylindrical.
DIGITAL VS. ANALOG DEVICES
Digital device – a device that indicates the measured quantity
directly in numbers. Example: digital balance

A digital device is simply read by recording the indicated digits in its display. The reading on the balance to
the right would be recorded as 0.00 g.
DIGITAL VS. ANALOG DEVICES
Analog device – a device that measures continuous information.
Example: Quadruple beam balances, beakers, grad.cylinders

An analog device is read by estimating the reading to one decimal place BETWEEN the markings on the
device.
TYPES OF GLASSWARES AND ITS USED
• Hold liquid without measurement – the markings on the
sides are only very crude measures
TYPES OF GLASSWARES AND ITS USED
• Hold a fixed volume
TYPES OF GLASSWARES AND ITS USED
• Deliver or measure a range of volumes
 GLASSWARE DESIGNATIONS

• Often glassware will be marked with the

designation of either
 TC (To Contain)
 TD (To Deliver)
• TC (To Contain): Accurate delivery from this sort
of vessel requires draining all of the liquid out of
the vessel. An example is a volumetric flask.
• TD (To Deliver): These vessels are designed so that the calibrated volume is
delivered if no special action is taken to remove remaining liquid.
Examples are burets, volumetric pipets, graduated cylinders
 TECHNIQUE FOR WEIGHING
PHARMACEUTICAL INGREDIENTS
• Weighing of the product is one of the most essential parts of
the compounding process.
• Weighing the exact amount prescribed is essential in
compounds for several reasons: the product cannot be
“checked” for content once mixed, the quantities weighed out
are often very small, and a slight overage could mean a
serious overdose for the patient.
 TECHNIQUE FOR MEASURING
LIQUID VOLUMES

• A general rule of thumb is to always select the device that

will give you the most accurate volume.
• Selecting a container that will be at least half full when
measuring, or using the smallest device that will hold the
required volume, is considered good practice.
Accuracy & Precision

• Accuracy: • Precision:
• How finely tuned your
• How close you are to the actual
measurements are or how close they
value
can be to each other
• Depends on the person
• Depends on the measuring tool
measuring
• Determined by the number of
• Calculated by the formula:
significant digits

% Error = (YV – AV) x 100 ÷ AV

Where: YV is YOUR measured Value & AV is the
Accepted Value
Accuracy & Precision
• Accuracy & Precision may be demonstrated by shooting at a
target.

• Accuracy is represented by hitting the bulls eye (the accepted

value)
• Precision is represented by a tight grouping of shots (they are
finely tuned)
Accuracy & Precision Accuracy without
Precision

Precision without No Precision &

Accuracy No Accuracy
Calculating % Error
• Because measurements in the community pharmacy are never absolutely accurate, it is
important for the pharmacist to recognize the limitations of the instruments used and
the magnitude of the errors that may be incurred. When a pharmacist measures a
volume of liquid or weighs a material, two quantities become important: (1) the apparent
weight or volume measured, and (2) the possible excess or deficiency in the actual
quantity obtained.
• Percentage of error may be defined as the maximum potential error multiplied by 100
and divided by the quantity desired. The calculation may be formulated as follows:

• Percentage error = Error X 100%

Quantity desired
Acceptable error is +/- 5%
Values from –5% up to 5% are acceptable
Values less than –5% or greater than 5% must be remeasured

remeasure -5%
5% remeasure