Our group has discussed St. Augustine, Immanuel Kant, and Rene Descartes.

Amongst them, St. Augustine’s theory settles on the notion of the City of God, and

that of Two Cities and their existence: The City of Man and the City of God. The

former presents itself as a flawed system, of imperfection and society, where

currency and money. On the other hand, the City of God is deemed perfect. It is the

ideal future, wherein everything is good. With this notion, it may be concluded that

Utopias cannot exist, and if one were to come into existence, then it would be a

flawed system, for the perfect society, or the perfect City rather, is God’s and God’s

alone.

Much like how St. Augustine has a philosophy on what is just and good, Immanuel

Kant has a theory of his own called the Categorical Imperative, wherein he tackles

two matters: moral good and the ends of a person we meet. The former tackles

maxims, or reasons rather, for us humans to act on decisions and reasons. An act

would therefore be morally good if it is something everyone is willing to do. In other

certain events, if everyone does a certain action, then the purpose at its core would

defeat itself. An example would be exams. If everyone cheated on exams, then the

purpose of education would collapse due to everyone cheating whenever exams are

around. Kant’s Categorical Imperative has a Second Version, wherein it tackles

people as an “ends” or as a “means”. When we treat people as ends, it is the

capacity to let them freely decide whatever paths they take. Means, on the other

hand, tackle the manipulation of a human being at its core.

Finally, Rene Descartes proposes that doubt was a principal tool of disciplined

inquiry. He may be remarked for the quote: “I think, therefore, I am”. This resonates
with that everything may be questioned. In doubting one’s existence, one may find

that this proves one’s capability to think for oneself, which implies ones existence

after all.