Tribology International 69 (2014) 1–9

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Tribology International
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/triboint

Analysis of couple stress fluid lubricated partially textured slip slider

and journal bearing using narrow groove theory
T.V.V.L.N. Rao n, A.M.A. Rani, T. Nagarajan, F.M. Hashim
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 31750 Tronoh, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia

art ic l e i nf o a b s t r a c t

Article history: A theoretical model of partially textured slip slider and journal bearing lubricated with couple stress
Received 18 March 2013 fluids is developed using narrow groove theory (NGT). The partially textured slip bearing configuration is
Received in revised form analyzed using couple stress effects. The nondimensional pressure and shear stress expressions are
28 July 2013
derived based on one-dimensional analysis using modified Reynolds equation. The partially textured slip
Accepted 12 August 2013
Available online 22 August 2013
parameters used in the analysis are: nondimensional texture length; nondimensional depth of recess;
land with slip to recess region ratio; and nondimensional slip coefficient. Partially textured slip is
Keywords: effective in the case of parallel slider and concentric journal bearing lubricated with couple stress fluids
Partially textured slip to yield an improvement in load capacity and reduction in coefficient of friction.
Couple stress
& 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Load capacity
Coefficient of friction

1. Introduction good approximation to the actual pressure distribution around

There has been widespread interest in surface texturing and
surface slip patterning to improve the performance of hydrody-
namic bearings. The theoretical studies by Tønder [1] were focused
on introducing series of dimples or roughness at the inlet of
sliding surface. The beneficial effects of partial texturing on the
enhancement of load capacity in parallel thrust bearings (Brizmer
et al. [2]) and hydrodynamic journal bearings (Brizmer and Kliger-
man [3]) were examined by numerical studies. Fowell et al. [4,5]
developed analytical and numerical models using comprehensive
parametric studies of textured surfaces in one dimensional hydro-
dynamic bearing. Cupillard et al. [6] investigated the mechanism
of pressure buildup in a textured slider bearing. Pascovici et al.
[7] and Rahmani et al. [8] presented analysis of the textured
slider bearings and derived analytical relations. Tala-Ighil et al. [9]
studied the influence of texture location on the performance
of hydrodynamic journal bearing. Using numerical simulations,
Aurelian et al. [10] presented the comparison of surface texturing
and wall slip conditions in hydrodynamic bearings.
However, investigation of the texture parameters have revealed
that number of cells in the texture region has little impact on the
bearing performance characteristics. Vohr and Chow [11] analyzed
herringbone grooved gas-lubricated journal bearing based on
narrow groove theory (NGT). The overall pressure distribution in
an idealized bearing with an infinite number of grooves provides a
n
Corresponding author. Tel.: þ 605 368 7005; fax: þ 605 365 6461.
E-mail address: tvvlnrao@gmail.com (T.V.V.L.N. Rao).
bearing with a large but finite number of grooves [11].
The partial texturing as well as partial slip pattern on bearing
surfaces at inlet is an effective approach to reduce friction and
increase load support. Experimental studies using smooth surfaces
reported in Refs. [12–14] have revealed the occurrence of slip.
Spikes [15,16] and Wu et al. [17] analyzed the potential application
of slip phenomenon to improve the performance of slider bearing.
The effect of heterogeneous slip/no-slip surface in slider bearings
(Salant and Fortier [18]) and journal bearings (Fortier and Salant
[19]) were examined by numerical studies using modified slip
length model. Wang et al. [20] derived an extended Reynolds
equation based on modified slip length model considering limiting
shear stress for a journal bearing. Huang et al. [21] derived the
lubrication governing equations of the second-order fluid for a
plane inclined slider and journal bearing. Rao et al. [22] analyzed
the improvement in load capacity and reduction in friction
coefficient for partially textured slip slider and journal bearing.
Rao [23] presented stability characteristics of partial slip journal
bearing. Tauviqirrahman et al. [24] explored the possibility of slip
and texture in order to improve the performance characteristics.
Results indicate that the combined texture/slip pattern increase
load capacity and decrease friction.
The couple stress theory of fluids derived by Stokes [25] based
on microcontinuum theory is applied to consider the effect of
additives in lubricants. Stokes couple stress theory has been
widely used to study effect of lubricant additives on the perfor-
mance of journal bearings. Based on couple stress theory of fluids,
Lin [26] investigated the lubrication performance of finite journal
bearing. Lin et al. [27] presented steady-state and dynamic

0301-679X/$ - see front matter & 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2013.08.006
2 T.V.V.L.N. Rao et al. / Tribology International 69 (2014) 1–9
Nomenclature
ah slope parameter for slider bearing
A non-dimensional slip coefficient
B width of slider bearing, m
C radial clearance, m
Cf nondimensional friction coefficient; C f ¼ F=W
f friction force, N; F ¼ f h1 =μULB for slider bearing;
F ¼ f C=μURL for journal bearing
h, H film thickness, m; h ¼ h1 ðh1 h2 Þx=L; H ¼ h=h1 for
slider bearing; h ¼ Cð1 þε cos θÞ; H ¼ h=C for journal
bearing
h1 ; h2 ; H 2 inlet and outlet film thickness of slider bearing,
respectively, m; H 2 ¼ h2 =h1
Hpr nondimensional film thickness at recess for parallel
slider bearing and concentric journal bearing
hr ; H r depth of recess, m; H r ¼ hr =h1 for slider bearing;
H r ¼ hr =C for journal bearing
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
l characteristic length of additives; l ¼ η=μ
L length of the slider bearing; length of the journal
bearing, m
n number of cells (lands with slip and recesses with no
slip surface)
p, P
2
pressure distribution, N/m2; P ¼ ph1 =μUL for slider
bearing; P ¼ pC 2 =μUR for journal bearing
pr ; pd pressure distribution over the recess and land regions,
respectively, N/m2
q, Q volume flow rate per unit length along film thickness,
m2/s; Q ¼ q=Uh1 for slider bearing; Q ¼ q=UC for
journal bearing
R journal radius, m
S; Ss Sommerfeld number; S ¼ μUR2 L=πwC 2 ; Ss ¼ μUR2 L=wC 2
for journal bearing
u velocity component along x or θ direction for slider or
journal bearing, respectively, m/s
stiffness and damping characteristics of plane inclined slider
bearing using couple stress fluids. Liao et al. [28] analyzed stability
threshold for long journal bearings lubricated with couple stress
fluids. Mokhiamer et al. [29] presented couple stress fluid lubri-
cated journal bearing performance characteristics considering
elastic deformation of liner. Wang et al. [30] investigated thermal
and cavitation effects on the performance of journal bearing
lubricated with couple stress fluids. Li and Chu [31] developed
thin film lubrication model using couple stress fluid effects.
Elsharkawy [32] investigated the effects of lubricant additives on
the hydrodynamic lubrication of journal bearing using couple
stress fluids.
The boundary slip configuration in journal bearing using couple
stress fluids improves load capacity and reduces coefficient of
friction. In the present work, the nondimensional pressure and
shear stress expressions are derived using NGT. The partially
textured slip configuration is assessed for load generation and
coefficient of friction reduction considering couple stress fluids.
2. Partially textured slip couple stress fluid lubricated slider
bearing analysis using NGT
The schematic of partially textured slip slider bearing is shown
in Fig. 1. The partially textured slip surface (Xt) is composed of a
number of successive regions of land with slip (Xts) and recess
(Xtn), respectively. γ is expressed as the ratio of land with slip to
U slider velocity along x direction; Journal velocity along
θ direction, m/s
2
w, W static load, N; W ¼ wh1 =μUL2 B for slider bearing;
2 2
W ¼ wC =μUR L for journal bearing
Wε; W ϕ nondimensional radial and tangential static load for
journal bearing
x, X coordinate along x direction, m; X ¼ x=L for slider
bearing; θ ¼ x=R for journal bearing
Xt nondimensional texture length for slider bearing
X ts ; X tn nondimensional length of land and recess region for
textured slider bearing
y, Y coordinate along y direction, m; Y ¼ y=h1 for slider
bearing; Y ¼ y=C for journal bearing
α, A slip coefficient; A ¼ αμ=h1 for slider bearing; A ¼ αμ=C
for journal bearing
γ land to recess region ratio; γ ¼ X ts =ðX ts þ X tn Þ for slider
bearing; γ ¼ θts =ðθts þ θtn Þ for journal bearing
ε journal bearing eccentricity ratio
η material constant for couple stress property, kg m/s
λ; l couple stress parameter; λ ¼ l=h1 for slider bearing;
λ ¼ l=C for journal bearing
μ fluid viscosity, Ns/m2
θ angular coordinate measured from the position of
maximum film thickness in journal bearing
θr angular extent of film rupture for journal bearing
θt angular coordinate measured from the position of
maximum film thickness for journal bearing for tex-
tured bearing surface with slip on land region
θtn angular extent of successive regions of recess for
journal bearing
θts angular extent of successive regions of slip on land for
journal bearing
τxy ; Π shear stress component, N/m2; Π ¼ τxy h1 =μU for slider
bearing; Π ¼ τxy C=μU for journal bearing
ω angular velocity of journal bearing, rad/s
recess region. Reynolds boundary conditions are incorporated in
the analysis based on NGT. The derivation of overall pressure
gradient and shear stress for the partially textured slip couple
stress fluid lubricated bearing using NGT are provided in
Appendix.
2.1. Convergent slider bearing
The nondimensional film thickness for plain slider bearing is
expressed in Eq. (1) and the nondimensional film thickness in the
recess region of slider bearing is expressed as H þHr.
H ¼ 1ah X where ah ¼ 1H 2 ð1Þ
Fig. 1. Geometry of partially textured slip slider bearing.
 T.V.V.L.N. Rao et al. / Tribology International 69 (2014) 1–9 3

The nondimensional pressure gradient in partially textured slip The nondimensional friction force on the journal surface is
and exit region are expressed as
Z 1
dP G Q G1t Q dP G1r Q
ð0 r X r X t Þ ¼ γ 1d þð1γÞ and ðX t r X r 1Þ ¼ FjY ¼ 0 ¼ ΠjY ¼ 0 dX ð13Þ
dX G2d G2t dX G2r 0
ð2Þ The nondimensional friction coefficient is calculated as
where C f ¼ ðL=h1 Þf =w ¼ F=W.
   
H H þ 2A H 3 H þ4A
G1d ¼ and G2d ¼ 2.2. Parallel slider bearing
2 H þA 12 H þ A
!  
2
λH A H The nondimensional pressure profiles in partially textured slip
λ2 H þ 2λ3  tanh ð3Þ
2ðH þ AÞ 2λ and exit region of parallel slider bearing are
 
γG1cd ð1γÞG1ct γ ð1γÞ
Pð0 rX r X t Þ ¼ þ Q Q X ð14Þ
H þ Hr ðH þ H r Þ3 2 G2cd G2ct G2cd G2ct
G1t ¼ and G2t ¼ λ ðH þ H r Þ
2  12  
H þ Hr G1cr Q
þ 2λ3 tanh ð4Þ PðX t r X r 1Þ ¼ PjX ¼ X t þ ðXX t Þ ð15Þ
2λ G2cr

  where
H H3 H    
G1r ¼ and G2r ¼ λ2 H þ2λ3 tanh ð5Þ 1 1 þ 2A 1 1 þ 4A
2 12 2λ G1cd ¼ and G2cd ¼
2 1þA 12 1 þ A
   
2 3 λA 1
λ þ 2λ  tanh ð16Þ
The boundary conditions in the partially textured slip and exit 2ð1 þAÞ 2λ
region are
 
PjX ¼ 0 ¼ 0; PjX ¼ X t ¼ P X t ; and PjX ¼ 1 ¼ 0 ð6Þ H pr H 3pr 2 H pr
G1ct ¼ ; G2ct ¼ λ H pr þ 2λ3 tanh and H pr ¼ 1 þ H r
2 12 2λ
ð17Þ
Integrating the nondimensional pressure gradients in Eq. (2)
 
and substituting the first boundary condition given in Eq. (6), 1 1 1
yields the nondimensional pressure profile for partial slip and no- G1cr ¼ and G2cr ¼ λ2 þ 2λ3 tanh ð18Þ
2 12 2λ
slip exit region as
Simplifying the nondimensional pressure in Eqs. (14) and (15)
Z X 
γG1d ð1γÞG1t results in Q as
Pð0 r X r X t Þ ¼ þ dX
0 G2d G2t ððγG1cd =G2cd Þ þ ðð1γÞG1ct =G2ct ÞÞX t þ ðG1cr =G2cr Þð1X t Þ
Z X  Q¼ ð19Þ
γ ð1γÞ ððγ=G2cd Þ þðð1γÞ=G2ct ÞÞX t þð1=G2cr Þð1X t Þ
Q þ dX ð7Þ
0 G2d G2t
The nondimensional shear stress in the land with slip and
Z X Z X
recess region are
G1r 1
PðX t rX r 1Þ ¼ PjX ¼ X t þ dXQ dX ð8Þ γ ð1γÞ
Xt G2r Xt G2r ΠjY ¼ 0 ð0 r X r X t Þ ¼ þ
1þA H pr
    
G1cd Q 1 þ 2A 1 1
Rearranging and simplifying the nondimensional pressure in þγ λ tanh
G2cd 1þA 2 2λ
Eqs. (7) and (8) results in Q as    
G1ct Q H pr H pr
R Xt R1 þ ð1γÞ λ tanh ð20Þ
G2ct 2 2λ
0 ððγG1d =G2d Þ þ ðð1γÞG1t =G2t ÞÞdX þ X t ðG1r =G2r ÞdX
Q¼ R Xt R1 ð9Þ
0 ððγ=G2d Þ þðð1γÞ=G2t ÞÞdX þ X t ð1=G2r ÞdX
The nondimensional shear stress for exit region is
   
G1cr Q 1 1
ΠjY ¼ 0 ðX t r X r 1Þ ¼ 1 þ λ tanh ð21Þ
G2cr 2 2λ
The nondimensional load capacity is obtained by integration of
nondimensional pressure
Z 1 The nondimensional load capacity and nondimensional fric-
W¼ PdX ð10Þ tional force are obtained using Eqs. (10) and (13), respectively.
0

The nondimensional shear stress in the land with slip and

recess region are 3. Partially textured slip couple stress fluid lubricated journal
bearing analysis using NGT
γ ð1γÞ
ΠjY ¼ 0 ð0 r X rX t Þ ¼ þ
H þ A H þH r The schematic of partially textured slip journal bearing is
    
G Q H þ 2A H H shown in Fig. 2. The partially textured slip extent is θt and the
þγ 1d λ tanh
G2d H þA 2 2λ angular extent of successive regions of land with slip and recesses
    are θts and θtn, respectively. Reynolds boundary conditions are
G1t Q ðH þ H r Þ H þ Hr
þð1γÞ λ tanh ð11Þ incorporated in the analysis using NGT.
G2t 2 2λ

The nondimensional shear stress for exit region is 3.1. Convergent journal bearing
  
1 G1r Q H H The nondimensional film thickness for the plain journal bear-
ΠjY ¼ 0 ðX t rX r 1Þ ¼ þ λ tanh ð12Þ
H G2r 2 2λ ing is expressed in Eq. (22) and the nondimensional film thickness
4 T.V.V.L.N. Rao et al. / Tribology International 69 (2014) 1–9

in the recess region of journal bearing is expressed as H þHr. perpendicular to line of centers
Z θr Z θr
H ¼ ð1 þ ε cos θÞ ð22Þ
Wε ¼  P cos θ dθ; W ϕ ¼ P sin θ dθ ð29Þ
0 0
The Reynolds boundary conditions for film rupture are
 qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
dP  The nondimensional load capacity is W ¼ W 2ε þ W 2ϕ .
Pjθ ¼ θr ¼ 0 and  ¼0 ð23Þ
dθ θ ¼ θr The nondimensional friction force on the journal surface is
obtained by integrating the shear stress along the journal surface.
The nondimensional pressure profile for partially textured slip
The nondimensional friction coefficient is calculated as
and exit region are
C f ¼ ðR=CÞðf =wÞ ¼ F=W.
Z θ 
γG1d ð1γÞG1t
Pð0 r θ r θt Þ ¼ þ dθ 3.2. Concentric journal bearing
0 G2d G2t
Z θ 
γ ð1γÞ The nondimensional pressure profiles in partially textured slip
Q þ dθ ð24Þ
0 G2d G2t and exit region of concentric journal bearing are
 
Z θ Z θ γG1cd ð1γÞG1ct γ ð1γÞ
G1r 1 Pð0 rθ r θt Þ ¼ þ Q Q θ ð30Þ
Pðθt rθ r θr Þ ¼ Pjθ ¼ θt þ dθQ dθ ð25Þ G2cd G2ct G2cd G2ct
θt G2r θt G2r
 
G1cr Q
Using the Reynolds boundary conditions for nondimensional Pðθt r θ r 2πÞ ¼ Pjθ ¼ θt þ ðθθt Þ ð31Þ
G2cr
pressure at film rupture (Eq. (23)) and simplifying Eqs. (24) and
(25) results in Q as
R θt Rθ The boundary conditions for the exit region for a concentric
ððγG1d =G2d Þ þ ðð1γÞG1t =G2t ÞÞdθ þ θtr ðG1r =G2r Þdθ journal bearing are
Q ¼ 0 R θt R θr ð26Þ
0 ððγ=G2d Þ þ ðð1γÞ=G2t ÞÞdθ þ θt ð1=G2r Þdθ Pjθ ¼ 0 ¼ 0 and Pjθ ¼ 2π ¼ 0 ð32Þ
The non-dimensional pressure gradient in exit region is
Simplifying the nondimensional pressure in Eqs. (30) and (31)
dP G1r Q
ðθt r θ r θr Þ ¼ ð27Þ by substituting the boundary conditions in Eq. (32), results in Q as
dθ G2r
ððγG1cd =G2cd Þ þ ðð1γÞG1ct =G2ct ÞÞθt þ ðG1cr =G2cr Þð2πθt Þ
Using the pressure gradient boundary condition (Eq. (23)) in Q¼ ð33Þ
ððγ=G2cd Þ þðð1γÞ=G2ct ÞÞθt þð1=G2cr Þð2πθt Þ
the expression for nondimensional pressure gradient for no slip
conditions (Eq. (27)), results in
The nondimensional load capacity and nondimensional friction
Q jθ ¼ θr ¼ G1r jθ ¼ θr ð28Þ force on the journal surface are obtained by integration of
nondimensional pressure and nondimensional shear stress along
the journal surface, respectively.
The Newton–Raphson iterative procedure is used to solve
simultaneously both θr and Q jθ ¼ θr using Eqs. (26) and (28).
The radial and tangential nondimensional load capacity is 4. Results and discussion
obtained by integration of nondimensional pressure along and
A one dimensional parametric analysis is presented using NGT
for partially textured slip couple stress fluid lubricated slider and
journal bearing. The potential use of partially textured slip bearing
lubricated with couple stress fluids for improving the nondimen-
sional load capacity (W) and reducing the coefficient of friction (Cf)
has been examined for the parameters in Table 1.
Fig. 3a–d show the nondimensional load capacity (W) of
partially textured slip slider bearing. Fig. 3a shows that nondimen-
sional load capacity (W) of partially textured slip slider predicted
using NGT is similar to that obtained using finite number of cells
(n ¼4) in texture region. This is due to the insignificant effect of
Fig. 2. Geometry of partially textured slip journal bearing. finite number of cells (n) in texture region on nondimensional load

Table 1
Partially textured slip couple stress fluid lubricated bearing parameters.

Parameter

Slope parameter (ah) 0.0–0.5

Nondimensional texture length (Xt) 0.2–0.5
Journal eccentricity ratio (ε) 0.0–0.5
Extent of texture region (with slip on land) measured from the position of maximum film thickness (θt) 401–1601
Nondimensional depth of recess (Hr) 0.0, 0.6, 1.0
Land with slip to recess region ratio (γ) 0.2–0.8
Nondimensional slip coefficient (A) 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10
Couple stress parameter (λ) 0.0, 0.05, 0.1
 T.V.V.L.N. Rao et al. / Tribology International 69 (2014) 1–9
W
Xt
W
ah
Fig. 3. Nondimensional load capacity of partially textured slip slider bearing. (a) A=1, γ=0.5, Hr=1, λ=0, (b) A=1, γ=0.5, Hr=1, (c) Xt=120°, γ=0.5, Hr=1 and (d) Xt=120°, γ=0.5,
λ=0.1.
capacity (W). Fig. 3a–b show that the nondimensional load
capacity (W) in the case of partially textured slip slider (ah ¼0.1
and 0.3) increases (i) with increase in nondimensional texture
length (Xt ¼0.2–0.5), and (ii) with increase in couple stress para-
meter (λ ¼0.0–0.1). Fig. 3c–d show that the nondimensional load
capacity (W) in the case of partially textured slip slider increases
(i) with increase in slope parameter (ah ¼ 0.0–0.5), and (ii) with
increase in nondimensional slip coefficient (A ¼0.1, 1, 10). Fig. 3c
shows that the non-dimensional load capacity (W) increases with
increase in couple stress parameter (λ ¼0.0–0.1) while Fig. 3d
shows the nondimensional load capacity (W) increases with
presence of recess (Hr ¼1) in texture region. As shown in Fig. 3d,
the difference in nondimensional load capacity (W) for recess
(Hr ¼ 1) in texture region compared to without recess (Hr ¼0) is
higher for partially textured slip parallel slider bearing (ah ¼0.0,
λ ¼0.1). The difference in nondimensional load capacity (W) for
recess (Hr ¼1) in texture region compared to without recess
(Hr ¼ 0) decreases with increase in slope parameter (ah) from
0.0 to 0.3. The result in Fig. 3d shows the superiority of slip with
recess (A¼0.1–10, Hr ¼1) compared to slip (A ¼0.1–10, Hr ¼ 0) for
slope parameter (ah) from 0.0 to 0.3.
Fig. 4a–d show the coefficient of friction (Cf) of partially textured
slip slider bearing. Fig. 4a shows that coefficient of friction (Cf) of
partially textured slip slider predicted using NGT. The finite number
of cells (n) in texture region has an insignificant effect of on
coefficient of friction. Fig. 4a–d show that the coefficient of friction
(Cf) in the case of partially textured slip slider decreases (i) with
increase in nondimensional texture length (Xt ¼0.2–0.5) for ah ¼0.1
and 0.3, (ii) with increase in couple stress parameter (λ¼0.0–0.1),
(iii) with increase in slope parameter (ah ¼ 0.0–0.5), and (iv) with
5
Xt
ah
increase in nondimensional slip coefficient (A¼0.1, 1, 10). As shown
in Fig. 4d, the difference in coefficient of friction (Cf) for recess
(Hr ¼1) in texture region compared to without recess (Hr ¼ 0) is
higher for partially textured slip parallel slider bearing (ah ¼0.0,
λ¼0.1). The result in Fig. 4d shows the superiority of higher slip
with recess (A¼10, Hr ¼1) for larger reduction in coefficient of
friction (Cf) of partially textured slip parallel slider bearing.
Fig. 5a–d show the non-dimensional load capacity (W) of partially
textured slip journal bearing. The concurrence in the results of non-
dimensional load capacity (W) for partially textured slip journal
predicted using NGT and using finite number of cells (n¼4) in
texture region are similar to those of partially textured slip slider
bearing. Fig. 5b shows that the nondimensional load capacity (W)
in the case of partially textured slip journal (ε¼0.1 and 0.3) inc-
reases (i) with increase in extent of texture region (θt ¼401–1601),
and (ii) with increase in couple stress parameter (λ¼0.0–0.1). Fig. 5c
shows higher increase in nondimensional load capacity (W) with
increase in couple stress parameter (λ¼0.0–0.1) at higher eccentricity
ratios. Fig. 5c also shows higher increase in nondimensional load
capacity (W) for partially textured slip region (Hr ¼1, A¼10, λ¼1) of
concentric journal bearing. Fig. 5d shows that partially textured slip
region would not yield an increase in nondimensional load capacity
(W) at ε¼0.3, even though there is an increase in both nondimen-
sional slip coefficient (A) on land from 0.1 to 10, and nondimensional
depth of recess (Hr) from 0 to 1. Fig. 5d shows superior influence of
partially textured slip on increase in the nondimensional load
capacity (W) for concentric journal bearing (ε¼ 0.0) compared to
convergent journal bearing (ε¼ 0.0–0.3).
Fig. 6a–b show the Sommerfeld number (S, Ss) of partially
textured slip journal bearing. Brizmer and Kligerman [3] analyzed
6 T.V.V.L.N. Rao et al. / Tribology International 69 (2014) 1–9

Cf

Cf
Xt Xt
Cf

Cf

ah ah
Fig. 4. Coefficient of friction of partially textured slip slider bearing. (a) A=1, γ=0.5, Hr=1, λ=0, (b) A=1, γ=0.5, Hr=1, (c) Xt=120°, γ=0.5, Hr=1 and (d) Xt=120°, γ=0.5, λ=0.1.

Sommerfeld number (S) variation with dimple density using
optimal parameters of partial laser texturing for maximizing the
load capacity of infinitely long journal bearing at low eccentricity
ratios. As the dimple area density increases, the bearing surface is
closer to the case of stepped journal bearing. Brizmer and Kliger-
man [3] showed that load capacity of infinitely long journal
bearing can be improved by partial laser texturing at low eccen-
tricity ratios (ε o0.3). Fig. 6a also shows that in the case of partially
textured slip journal bearing (ε ¼ 0.1, Hr ¼1, θt ¼ 1401 and ε ¼ 0.2,
Hr ¼0.6, θt ¼ 1401), the Sommerfeld number (S) increases with
increasing land to recess region ratio (γ), (i.e., load capacity
improves with increasing recess to land region ratio (1  γ) which
is consistent with Brizmer and Kligerman [3]). As shown in Fig. 6a,
the Sommerfeld number (S) decreases (i) with slip on land region
(A ¼0.01), and (ii) with couple stress parameter (λ ¼0.05). Fig. 6b
shows variation of Sommerfeld number (Ss) for partially textured
slip journal bearing. Liao et al. [28] presented a comparison of
Sommerfeld number (Ss) as a function of eccentricity ratio for
different couple stress parameters and showed that the effects of
couple stresses signify decrease in eccentricity ratio for a given
Sommerfeld number (Ss). Fig. 6b also shows that eccentricity ratio
decreases for a given Sommerfeld number (Ss) for partially
textured slip journal bearing which is in agreement with Liao
et al. [28]. For a partially textured slip region (A ¼1, Hr ¼1, θt ¼1201,
γ¼ 0.5), Sommerfeld number (Ss) decreases with increase in couple
stress parameter (λ¼ 0.0–0.1) at lower eccentricity ratios (ε ¼0.1–
0.2). As shown in Fig. 6b, partially textured slip region (θt ¼1201,
γ¼ 0.5) would not yield decrease in Sommerfeld number (Ss) for
ε ¼0.3–0.4, even with increase in non-dimensional slip coefficient
(A) on land from 0 to 1, and nondimensional depth of recess (Hr)
from 0 to 1.
Fig. 7a–d show the coefficient of friction (Cf) of partially
textured slip journal bearing. Fig. 7a shows that coefficient of
friction (Cf) of partially textured slip journal predicted using NGT.
Fig. 7a–d show that the coefficient of friction (Cf) in the case of
partially textured slip journal decreases (i) with increase in extent
of texture region (θt ¼401–1601) for ε ¼0.1 and 0.3, (ii) with
increase in couple stress parameter (λ ¼0.0–0.1), (iii) with increase
in eccentricity ratio (ε ¼ 0.0–0.5), and (iv) with increase in non-
dimensional slip coefficient (A¼ 0.1, 1, 10). Fig. 7d shows superior
influence of partially textured slip on decrease in coefficient of
friction (Cf) for concentric journal bearing (ε ¼0.0) compared to
convergent journal bearing (ε ¼0.0–0.3). Fig. 7d shows the higher
influence of slip with recess (A¼10, Hr ¼ 1) for reduction in
coefficient of friction (Cf) of partially textured slip concentric
journal bearing.
The results show that surface texturing with higher slip
coefficient and couple stress parameter are influential in improv-
ing performance characteristics for parallel slider and concentric
journal bearing lubricated with couple stress fluids.
5. Conclusion
An analytical model based on narrow groove theory (NGT) is
used to investigate the one-dimensional analysis of partially
 T.V.V.L.N. Rao et al. / Tribology International 69 (2014) 1–9 7

W
t t
W

Fig. 5. Nondimensional load capacity of partially textured slip journal bearing. (a) A=1, γ=0.5, Hr=1, λ=0, (b) A=1, γ=0.5, Hr=1, (c) θt=120°, γ=0.5, Hr=1 and (d) θt=120°, γ=0.5,
λ=0.1.
S

Ss

Fig. 6. Sommerfeld number of partially textured slip journal bearing. (a) θt=140°.

textured slip slider and journal bearing lubricated with couple
stress fluids. The conclusions based on the present analysis are:
1. The nondimensional load capacity (W) and friction coefficient
(Cf) obtained for partially textured slip slider and journal
bearing based on NGT are similar to those obtained using finite
number of cells (n ¼4) in texture region.
2. The improvement in nondimensional load capacity (W) and
reduction in friction coefficient (Cf) are obtained for parallel
slider and concentric journal bearing using couple stress fluids
under influence of land with slip (A) and recess (Hr) in the
texture region. The benefits of slip with recess (A ¼0.1–10,
Hr ¼1) are superior compared to slip without recess (A ¼0.1–10,
Hr ¼0) for parallel slider and concentric journal bearing.
3. The potential benefits of partial texturing as well as partial slip
pattern on bearing surfaces to improve load or reduce coeffi-
cient of friction reduces with increase in slope parameter (ah)
from 0.0 to 0.3 or eccentricity ratio (ε) from 0.0 to 0.3.
The partially textured slip parallel slider or concentric journal
bearing lubricated with couple stress fluids leads to a substantial
improvement in the performance characteristics in comparison
with identical non-textured/no-slip bearing.
8 T.V.V.L.N. Rao et al. / Tribology International 69 (2014) 1–9

Cf

Cf
t t
Cf

Cf

Fig. 7. Coefficient of friction of partially textured slip journal bearing. (a) A=1, γ=0.5, Hr=1, λ=0, (b) A=1, γ=0.5, Hr=1, (c) θt=120°, γ=0.5, Hr=1 and (d) θt=120°, γ=0.5, λ=0.1.

Acknowledgement land of partially textured slip bearing surface, (ii) no-slip condi-
tions are imposed on the recess, untextured portion of bearing
This research work is funded by Fundamental Research Grant surface, and on the runner surface, (ii) couple stresses vanish at
Scheme of Ministry of Higher Education (FRGS-MOHE) Malaysia the runner and partially textured slip bearing surface.
under grant 0153AB-107. The authors would like to thank the 2 2
d u du d u
Editor and Reviewers for their suggestions. The authors greatly at y ¼ 0; u ¼ U; ¼ 0 and at y ¼ h; u ¼ αμ ; 2 ¼ 0 ðA2Þ
appreciate the support provided by Universiti Teknologi PETRO- dy2 dy dy
NAS for this research.
Integrating Eq. (A1) using the boundary conditions (Eq. (A2)),
yields the velocity component along x direction as
Appendix
2  y   y 
l dp h
u¼ sinh tanh  cosh þ1
A one-dimensional analysis of partially textured slip slider and μ dx l 2l l
journal bearing lubricated with couple stress fluids is presented.     
1 dp 2 yhðh þ2αμÞ 2lαμy h y
The analysis includes derivation of overall pressure gradient and þ y  þ tan h þ 1 U
2μ dx ðh þ αμÞ ðh þ αμÞ 2l h þαμ
shear stress based on narrow groove theory [11]. The pressure in
ðA3Þ
the slider bearing (Fig. 1) is considered as a function of sliding
direction (x). The fluid flow in the film region is governed by
Stokes’ couple stress model [25]. Under the usual assumptions of Using the local pressure gradients on land and in recess, the
thin film lubrication with negligible inertia, absence of body forces flow through land with slip and recess in partially textured slip
and body couples, the equation of motion for incompressible region are obtained by integrating the equation of continuity
Rh
Stokes’ couple stress fluid reduce to ðqx ¼ 0 udyÞ as
2 4 "  
d u d u dp 3
Uh ðh þ 2αμÞ 1 h h þ 4αμ
μ 2 η 4 ¼ ðA1Þ qx ¼ 
2
l h
dy dy dx 2 ðh þ αμÞ μ 12 h þ αμ
!  #
2
3 lh αμ h dpd
The boundary conditions of the fluid film (Eq. (A2)) are as þ 2l  tanh ðA4Þ
2ðh þ αμÞ 2l dx
follows: (i) Navier slip boundary conditions are imposed on the
 T.V.V.L.N. Rao et al. / Tribology International 69 (2014) 1–9 9

"  #
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