Assignment # 04

Solar Thermal System

Submitted To

Dr. Muzaffar Ali

Submitted By

Ehtisham Ali 17-ME-26

Muhammad Rehman 17-ME-47

Muzahir Ali 17-ME-56

Shahzaib Gul 17-ME-65

Usama Adeel 17-ME-113

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

FACULTY OF MECHANICAL AND AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

TAXILA

17 Dec 2020
Complex problem:
Calculate required solar Flat-plate or any other type of collector area based
on the solar radiation that you calculated in assignment#2 for a particular city
to achieve 100 C.

Figure 1 Flat plate collector

Specifications of Flat Plate Collector

TP = 110 ˚C = Mean Plate Temperature
Ti = 20 ˚C = Water Inlet Temperature
Ta = 14 ˚C = Ambient Air and Sky Temperature
To = 100 ˚C
Collector tilt angle = β = 33˚
Surface Azimuthal Angle = 0˚
Angle of Incidence = θ s = θ1 = 36.39˚
South Facing  Collector Orientation
Multan (PAKISTAN)  In Northern Hemisphere
Latitude = Φ = 30.1575˚ N
Declination Angle = δ = −¿23.45˚
Hour Angle = ω 1 = −¿15˚ (At 11 AM)

Hour Angle = ω 2 = 0˚ (At 12 PM)

(Single Glass Cover Flat Plate Collector)
Glass Emittance Value = 0.884 = ε c

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 Plate Emittance Value = 0.95 = ε p

Low Iron Glass

Name: REF
Plate  Aluminum Anodized Spacing Between Cover and Absorbing Plate = 25 mm
Wind Heat Transfer Coefficient = 10 W/m 2 ˚C = hw

(We don’t know the area so we just assume the coefficient to be equal to 10 W/m2 ˚C)
Outlet temperature of Fluid = To = 100 ˚C
Relative Index = n1 = 1 (of Air)
Relative Index = n2 = 1.526 (of Glass)
(The values of Relative Index are obtained from Table 5.1.1)

 Bottom Insulation (Fiber Glass) :

Thickness = 55 mm
 Insulation Conductivity = 0.04 W/m2 ˚C
 Edge Insulation :
Thickness = 12.5 mm

1) Calculation of Top Loss Coefficient :

1 1
Ut = ( + ¿−1
hc , p−c +hr , p−c h w + hr , c−a

First, we will calculate radiation coefficient from plate to the cover , hr , p−c .

σ (T 2P +T 2c )(Tp+ Tc)
hr , p−c = 1 1
+ −1
ε p εc

Lets assume that cover temperature is 46 ˚C.

Tc = 46 ˚C
σ = 5.67 x 10−8 W/m 2 K

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 (5.67 x 1 0−8)(3832 +3192 )(383+319)
hr , p−c = 1 1
+ −1
0.95 0.84
hr , p−c = 7.9552 W/m 2 ˚C

 Now we will calculate radiation coefficient from cover to atmosphere.

hr ,c−a= ε c x σ x (T 2c + T 2s )(Tc+Ts)

hr ,c−a= (0.84) (5.67 x 10−8 ) (3192 + 2872 ) ( 319+287 )

hr ,c−a= 5.31446 W/m2 ˚C

 Now we will calculate convection coefficient between plate and cover, h c, p−c .
Mean Temperature between Plate and Cover is :
110+ 46
T= = 78 ˚C = 351 K
2
Air Properties (From Table A9 at 78 ˚C and 1 atm)
For Kinematic Viscosity, υ.
At 70 ˚C, υ = 1.995 x 10−5 m 2 /s

At 80 ˚C, υ = 2.097 x 10−5 m2 /s

78−70
υ = υ (at 70 ˚C) + x (2.097−¿1.995)
80−70
υat (78 ˚C) = 2.0766 x 10−5 m 2 / s
For thermal Conductivity k
W
At 70 ˚C, k = 0.02881 K
m
W
At 80 ˚C, k = 0.02953 K
m
78−70
k = 0.02881 + ¿0.02953−¿0.02881)
80−70
kat (78 ˚C) = 0.029386 W/m K
Now we will calculate Rayleigh’s Number:
3
gβΔT L3 gβΔT L Pr
Ra = =
υ.α V2

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 1 1
β= = K
T 351
L = Plate to cover spacing = 25 mm
For Pr (Prandtl Number);
At 70 ˚C, Pr = 0.7177
At 80 ˚C, Pr = 0.7154

78−70
At 78 ˚C, Pr = 0.7177 + ¿0.7154−¿0.7177)
80−70
Pr = 0.71586

9.81 x ( 110−46 )( 0.025 )3 ( 0.71586 )

Ra =
(351)(2.0766 x 10−5)2

Ra = 4.64 x 1 04
Now we will calculate the Nusselt Number
−1708 R a .cos β 1 /3
NU = 1 + 1.44 (1−1708 ¿ ¿ ¿) x (1 ) + (( ) −1¿ ¿
R a .cos β 5530

−1708 4.64 x 10 4 .cos 33 1/ 3

NU = 1 + 1.44 (1−1708 ¿ ¿ ¿) x (1 ) + (( ) −1 ¿ ¿
4.64 x 10 4 .cos 33 5530
NU = 1 + 1.44 (0.96547) (0.956) + (0.88284)
NU = 3.212
k
h c, p−c= NU x
L
0.02938
h c, p−c= 3.212 x
0.025
h c, p−c= 3.7747 W/m 2 ˚C

 Now we will calculate the Top Loss Coefficient :

1 1
Ut = ( + ¿−1
hc , p−c +hr , p−c h w + hr , c−a

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 1 1
Ut = ( + ¿−1
3.7747+7.9552 10+5.31446

Ut = 6.6423 W/m 2 ˚C

 Now we will calculate cover temperature :

U t (T P −T a )
TC = TP −¿
hc , p−c +hr , p−c

6.6423(110−14)
TC = 110 −¿
3.7747+7.9552
hrpc hrca T mean Ra Nu hcpc Ut Tc
TC = 55.64 ˚C
7.955 5.314 78 46396 3.212 3.775 6.642 55.64
Now as we can8.267
see that there
5.582is a huge difference
82.82 37530between assume3.636
3.058 value and calculated
6.748 value of
55.58
TC.
Tc( K) Tc© v k pr
So we319
will calculations
46
and also another iteration at
2.0766 0.02938 0.71586
328.64 55.64 2.1263 0.02973 0.71477
Tc = 55.64 ℃

Calculations in excel

After doing all the calculations on excel

The new value of Tc is

Tc = 55.576 ℃

This Tc is almost same as previous one so we will use the value of

Tc = 55.64 ℃

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2) Calculation of backless coefficient

1 k
Ub= =
Ry L

k= insulation thermal conductivity

= 0.04 W/m℃

Insulation thickness =L = 55 ×10-3 m

0.04
Ub=
55× 10−3

U b = 0.7272 W/m℃

3) Calculation of edge loss coefficient

( UA ) edge
U e=
Ac

As we don’t know the area of collector yet. So we will assume that collector has large area so in
this case edge loss will become too small that it can be neglected.

U e = 0 if Ac is large.

4) Calculate overall loss coefficient

UL = Ut + U b + U e

= 6.748 + 0.7272 + 0

= 7.4752 W/m℃

Now we will calculate absorbed solar radiations

1+ cosβ 1−cosβ
S= I b R b ( τa) b + τ d (τd) d ( ) + ρ g (τd) g ( )
2 2

For this we want

Rb

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 Id

Ib

(τa) d

(τd) g

(τd) d

Rb

a
Rb =
b

1
a= (sinδ sin∅ cos β – sin δ cos∅ sin β cosγ ) × (w2-w1) π + (cos δ cos∅ cos β + cos δ sin∅
180
sin β cosγ ) × (sin w2 – sinw1) – (cosδ sin β sinγ ) × (cos w2 – cosw1)

δ = -23.45 o

∅ = 30.1575 o

β = 33o

γ =0o

w1 (at 11) = 180׿) = -150o

Calculate the value of a

1
a= (-0.1676678+ 0.18740) × (10) – (-15) × π + (0.66526 + 0.2510165) × (sin10o) +
180
0.25882)

=0

a= 5.16587788 × 10-3 + 0.237150683

a= 0.242315

Calculate the value of b

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 1
b= (cos∅ cosδ ) × (cos w2 –cosw1) + (sin∅ sinδ) × (w –w ) π
180 2 1

b= 0.79323 × (0.034074173) + (-0.052339)

b= -0.025310343

a 0. 42315
Rb= =
b −0.025310343

Rb= -9.57378

Now we will verify Rb from

cos ( ∅−β ) cosδcosω+sin ( φ−β ) sinδ

Rb=
cos ∅ cosδ cosω + sinδ sinδ

cos ( 30.1575−33 ) cos ⁡(−23.45)cos ⁡( −7.5)+ sin ( 30.1575−33 ) sin(−7.5)

Rb=
cos ( 30.1575 ) cos(−23.45)cos ⁡(−7.5)+sin(−23.45) sin ( 30.1575 )

0.90844+ 0.019734525
Rb=
0.786448+(−0.199921)

Rb= 1.5825

 Extraterritorial radiation an hourly beam for an hour period

12× 3600 360 x π (w 2−w 1)

Io = Gsc (1+ 0.033 cos ) × (cos∅ cosδ (sin w2 – sinw1) + sin ∅ sinδ)
π 365 180

Winter solstice n=355

12× 3600 360(355)

Io = × 1367 (1+ 0.033 cos ) × (cos(3.01575) cos(−23.45) (sin (0) – sin (-
π 365

π (0−(−15))
15)) + sin (3.01575) sin(−23.45))
180

12× 3600
Io = × 1367 (1.032512264) × (0.205304181) +(−0.052339)
π

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 Io =2968863.252

Io =2968863.252 MJ/m2 = 0.82468 KWh/m2

 Estimation of hourly radiation from daily date

I real radiation
rt = =
H daily radiations

cosw−cos ws
π
rt = πws
24 sinws− cosws
180

a= 0.409 + 0.5016 sin (ωs- 60)

ωs = sunset hour angle = 75o

a= 0.409 + 0.5016 sin (75- 60)

a= 0.5388

b= 0.6609 – 0.4767 sin(ω s -60)

b= 0.6609 – 0.4767 sin (75 -60)

b= 0.5375

cosw−cos ws
π
rt = (a+b cos sinws− πws cosws
ω ¿
24
180

cos ⁡(−7.5)−cos (75)

π
rt = (0.5388+ 0.5375 cos(−7.5)¿ sin ⁡(75)− π (75) cos ⁡(75)
24
180

(0.732625816)
rt = (1.071701613 ¿
(0.627132488)

rt = 0.16388

Calculation of H
Let’s assume that we have very sunny day so monthly average clearance index at that day is

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 KT=0.80
H͞
=0.80
H͞o
H͞=0.80×H͞o
H͞o from assignment 2
H͞o =5.431354Kwh/m2/day
So,
H͞=0.80×5.4315354
H͞=4.34508Kwh/m2/day
So we will take H=H͞
rt=0.16388
rt=I/H
I=H××rt
H=4.34508Kwh/m2/day
I=0.16388×4.34508
I=0.712072Kwh/m2/hr.

Calculate the value of Kt

Kt=I/Io
Kt=0.712072/0.82468
Kt=0.8634525

Calculate the value of diffuse radiations:

From formula 2.10.1
Id
=0.165 for KT>0.8
I
Id=I×0.165
Id=0.712072
Id=0.1175 Kwh/m2/hr..

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 Id=0.1175×3.6=0.423 MJ/m2/hr.

Calculate the value of beam radiations

I=Ib+Id
Ib=I-Id
Ib=0.712072-0.1175
Ib=0.594572 Kwh/m2/hr..
I=0.712072 Kwh/m2/hr.
I=0.712072×3.6=0.423 MJ/m2/hr.
Ib = 0.594572×3.6=2.1404 MJ/m2/hr.

Calculate (τd ) for beam radiations

Let assume
Ground reflectance=0.6
Glass we are using has
KL=0.0370 (per sheet)
Abθ Sorptance of plate at normal incidence=0.93
First calculate θ for beam radiations
cosθ=cosθzcosβ +sinθzsinβ
cos ⁡( γs−γ )
From assignment #02
θz=53.6 °
β=33 °
γ =0°
γs=0.61448 °
cosθ=cos 53.61 zcos33+ sin 3.6 sin33
cos (0.61¿448−0)¿
cosθ=0.497565+ 0.4384077
cosθ=0.935973 °
θ=20.614 °

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At θ=20.614 °from figur4.11.1
d
=0.995
dn
d=0.995∗dn
d=0.995∗0.93
d=0.92535
From the figure 5.3.1
τ =0.575 For cover 1
( τa ) b=1.01∗τ∗d
¿ 1.01∗0.875∗0.92535
( τa ) b=0.817778

For isotropic diffuse radiation ( τa ) d

For 330 ° slope the effective angle of incidence of diffuse radiation from (figure 5.4.1)
θ=57 °
From the figure 4.11.1 at θ=57 °
d
=0.94
dn
d=0.94∗dn
d=0.94∗0.93
d=0.8742
From the figure 5.3.1 at θ=57 °
τ =0.83
( τa ) d=1.01∗τ∗d
¿ 1.01∗0.83∗0.8742
( τa ) b=0.73

For ground reflected radiations

For 33 ° slope the effective angle of incidence of ground reflected from (figure 5.4.1)

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θ=74 °
From the figure 4.11.1 at θ=74 °
d
=0.81
dn
From figure 5.3.1 τ =0.39
( τa ) g=1.01∗τ∗d
¿ 1.01∗0.39∗0.81∗0.93
( τa ) b=0.29672487

Calculate absorbed radiations for unit area of collector

( 1+cosβ
S=IbRb ( τa ) b + Id ( τd ) d
2 ) + ρgI ( τd ) g (
1−cosβ
2 )
1+cos 33 1+ cos 33
S=2.14046¿ ( 1.5825 ) ( 0.817778 ) +(0.423∗0.73) ( )+(0.6∗2.56346∗0.29672487) ( )
2 2
S=3.0907 MJ /m 2

For Qu (useful energy gain of collector)

Qu=mCp ( ¿−Ti )
m=mass flow rate=0.03Kg/s
Cp=specific heat capacity of water=4200J/Kg℃
To=100℃
Ti=20 ℃
Qu=1.5∗4200 ( 100−20 )
J
Qu=10,080
s
Qu=10,080 W
Qu=10,080∗3600
Qu=36.288 MJ

For collector area

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Qu= Ac [ S−UL ( Tm−Ta ) ]
Qu
Ac=
S−UL(Tm−Ta)

UL ( Tm−Ta )=7.4752 ( 110−14 )

¿ 717.62W /m2

For one hour

717.62 ×1 ×3600
UL ( Tm−Ta )=
106
2.583432 MJ
=
m2

Qu
Ac=
S−UL(Tm−Ta)

36.288
Ac=
3.0907−2.583432

Ac=71.536 m2

Number of collectors in an array:

Mostly collector panels consist of an area of 1×2=2m2

A c ' =2
Total area of array/Area of all collectors=71.536m2
Ac
So No of collectors=
Ac '
¿ 71.536/2
36 collectors
So we have to use 36 collectors to give an output of 100℃

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