Project 1 : Case Study: Identifying innovative passive design strategies

NANYANG TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

SCHOOL OF ART, DESIGN AND MEDIA
Designed by : CPG Consultants

SINGAPORE
 TITLE PAGE NO.
INTRODUCTION 1-4

NATURAL AND MAN-MADE FACTOR 5 - 10

CLIMATE ANALYSIS 11 - 13

SUN ANALYSIS 14 - 19

WIND ANALYSIS 20 - 22

THERMAL ANALYSIS 23 - 28

CONCEPT ANALYSIS 29 - 32

REFERENCES 33 - 36
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION : The Building
“ we were awe with the design and creation of green roof building”
Project: Case Study: Identifying innovative passive design strategies

Location: Nanyang Technological University, School of Art Media and Design,

Singapore

Architect: Designed by CPG Consultants

“As a group, we constantly push the frontier of

infrastructural and architectural design trends
to meet the needs of modern facilities and
their usage. Thus, one of our most distinctive
design niches is environmentalism. The team is
concerned and mindful of the impact modern
infrastructure can have on the environment and
we are hence, constantly producing solutions
that enable us to co-exist with nature in
harmony.“
CPG Consultants, Green Approach

Introduction surrounded by water, its temperature has

minimal fluctuations, negating the four
Nanyang Technological University is one of
seasons (Bruno, 2011).
the largest public universities in Singapore
which boasts a 200 hectare campus. Each
school has their own building on the Green Certification
campus ground. One of the new building
Nanyang Technological
inside the campus ground was built for
University’s School of Art, Design and
its School of Art, Design and Media. The
Media achieved the Green Mark Platinum
building is a green building designed and
Award (refer to Image 3) from the
built by CPG consultants which caters
Building and Construction Authority for
to the environment by means of passive
adopting best practices in environmental
design relative to the tropical climate and
sustainability (Green Mark).
is recognised by Singapore’s Green Mark
System (Davis, 2012).

Climate

Climatically both Singapore and Malaysia

are a hot and humid country; Singapore, a
city-state, lies 1° north of the equator. This
essentially contributes to it having a tropical
rain forest climate along with its maritime
exposure. Due to the country being

1
Top
Image 1: View of the
building as occupants
walk up the stairs to
the top of the green
roof

Middle
Image 2: View of the
stairs leading up to
the open courtyard.
Entrance to the build-
ing from the courtyard
can be seen.

Bottom
Image 3: Building
and Construction
Authority Green Mark
Logo

2
Top SITE LOCATION
Image 4: Site Plan
of Nanyang This unique building is situated in Singapore, specifically in the 200-hectare Yun-
Technological nan campus, adjacent to the Jurong West district of Singapore. It is situated at
University, School of
Art, Design & Media a crossroad between Nanyang Avenue and Lien Ying Chow Drive and is flanked
by the Simtech Valley Block. The building is used mostly during the day when
the students and staffs occupy it and is left empty during the night. It is spaced
apart from nearby buildings as it houses the School of Art, Design and Media.

3
Plans, Sections ,
drawings

Image 5
Floor plan of Nanyang Technological University School of Art, Design and Media

Image 6
Cross Section of Nanyang Technological University School of Art, Design and Media

4
NATURAL AND MAN MADE FACTORS
“ Components that affecting the comforbality of the building “
Top D e n s e v o y s i a m a t re l l a g r a s s t u r f
Image 7:Photograph
of the dense The grass turf helps to absorb Singapore’s intense sun which
voysiamatrella grass decreases the temperature of the air surrounding the university.
turf
Moreover, thus eco-friendly attribute enhances the outdoor gathering
spaces of the university.

5
Top Exposed Facade
Image 8: Photograph
of the Curtain wall The facade of the building is an expansive curtain wall facades of
facade high-performance, double-glazed glass. It is longitudinally oriented
east-west and more north and south exposures.
The glass curtain walls maximizes interior daylight while minimizing
heat penetration. Double-glazed windows are windows with two
sheets of glass separated by an air tight gap. This creates an insulation
barrier and helps prevent heat loss in winter and heat gain in summer.
The combination of high insulation frame, twin compression seals
and double glazed units gives a level of thermal efficiency that is
unsurpassed. Double glazing is designed to minimize heat transfer.

6
Top A l m o n d S h a p e C o u r t y a rd
Image 9: Photo-
graph of the exterior The courtyard expands access to daylight and cooling effect. It
scenery including the provides natural light into interior spaces as well as in providing cooling
courtyard
properties from the water attributes exuding a serene environment and
emanating a refreshing breeze that cools the courtyard.

7
Top R a w C o n c re t e M a t e r i a l s a n d F i n i s h e s
Image 10: Photo-
graph of the material Concrete is high energy efficient. Its thermal mass or ability helps in
that been used in absorbing and retaining heat which helps in cutting heating and cooling
the building which is
concrete and glass bills. Moreover, concrete’s reflectivity properties minimizes the affects
the produces urban heat island as it absorbs less heat and reflects
more solar radiation.

8
Top C u r v e d G re e n R o o f
Image 11: Photo-
graph of the curved The curved green roof that casts in heavily ribbed, reinforced concrete
green roof in the site which also forms the double curve layout
The green roof reduces solar gain and slows run off during Singapore’s
frequent downpour. The turfs are irrigated using rainwater collected in
the storage tank. Moisture retention materials are installed beneath the
soil helps keep the grass consistently damp that creates a surrounding
temperature that is not too hot. This helps in creating a thermal
environment that is comfortable for the occupants of the university.

9
Pictures Taken of
Site

Image 12
Panoramic View of Nanyang Technological University School of Art, Media and Design

Image 13 Image 14
User and Library Space in User and Space in the Interior Nanyang
Nanyang Technological University School of Art, Technological University School of Art, Design and
Design and Media Media.

Image 15 Image 16
Concrete Material on the wall of Staircase along Green Roof on
Nanyang Technological University School of Art, Nanyang Technological University School of Art,
Design and Media Design and Media

10
 CLIMATE ANALYSIS
“The basic precedent study to analyse is the climate”
Climate Data

HUMIDITY
Climate Location
Singapore

Figure 1
Annual Relative
Humidity for Singa-
pore

TEMPERATURE

Figure 2
Annual Maximum
Temperature for
Singapore

11
Figure 3
Annual Minimum
Temperature of
Singapore

Figure 4
Average
Temperature of
Singapore

12

Humidity
Singapore’s climate is character-
ised by uniform temperature and pres-
sure, high humidity and abundant rainfall
because of its geographical location and
maritime exposure. Relative humidity is
in the range of 70% - 80%.
Buildings constructed in high humidity
locations need to have dehumidification
Image 17
On Site Sketch capability to avoid moisture build up
of Nanyang inside the building, causing discomfort
Technological
Univeristy and moulds.
13
Temperature
Singapore maintains its tem-
perature throughout the year with little
changes between its maximum and
minimum temperature. The average
temperature is between 23 degrees
Celsius and 31 degrees Celsius. April
is the warmest month, January is
coolest month and November is the
wettest month.
In terms of building design,
exposed heavy construction materials
with low heat conductivity materials
is highly favourable such as concrete
which reduces heat gain into the build-
ing and store cooling energy.
 SUN ANALYSIS
“Sources that can’t be avoid as it always shine bright on the day”
Sunpath Case Studies

Image 18
January 8th
11:15 a.m

Image 19
May 4th
11:30 a.m

14
Image 20
September 25th
12:45 p.m

Image 21
November 30th
15:00 p.m

15

Benefits from Site Context
Upon completion of our research,
we have found out that the consultants
took a lot of measures to design this
building in accordance with the natural
sun orientation as their idea were to
build an open space university (2014).
Referring to the site plan, this building is
located in the housing area with a
proper development from the
Singapore’s government. As it is
Image 22
situated far from the main city, there is
Site Plan no natural shading from the surrounding
Red Box : Nanyang
Technological building except for the location natural
Universtiy Campus vegetation. Thus, the consultants built
this building with a proper orientation
Blue Box : House /
Residential Area by placing the facades facing north
and south to minimize solar gain. After
Black Box : Nanyang
Technological achieving the right orientation for build-
University School
of Art, Design and ing, the facade is fixed with glass curtain
Media walls.
16
During our site visit, we felt
really comfortable when we were
inside the building and also in the
courtyard. According to D.K Ching,
taking advantage of the land or
ecology of the building is one way to
enhance green building’s factor. Thus,
the purpose of almond-shaped
courtyard in the middle of the
building is to provide natural lighting
into the interior. Next, the consultant
took advantage of the sun orientation
by designing a green roof. According
to Alwitra GMBH.co, the purpose of
the green roof is to bring out the
aesthetic value of the building from
other conventional multi - storey
buildings, in the campus and in the city
(2013). Moreover, the green roof
functions to cool the building
environment by absorbing Singapore’s
intense sun and slowing runoff during
Singapore’s downpour (2014).

Image 23
Sketches of
Nanyang Technolog-
ical
University School of
Art, Design and
Media’s Elevation that
shows the Function
of the building that
coorperate with the
sun analysis
information.
17
Absorb Singapore's
Intense Sun
Beauty to the users
and surrounding
Building Material
which is glass curtain
that allows natural
lighting to enter the
building.
Sun Path Case Studies
The Image 19 until Image 21
is a proof of the sun orientation on
the Nanyang Technological University
School of Art, Design and Media. The
date and time was set through the
analysis of Singapore’s season which
are North-East Monsoon Season,Pre
South-West Monsoon, South-West
Monsoon Season and Pre North-East
Monsoon. The consultant achieved their
intention to make use of the
building orientation, green roof and etc
to overcome the Singapore’s intense
sun. As the curtain glass wall is
orientated to the north and south, there
is no full exposure from the sun as it is
only direct to the courtyard. Next, since
the green roof is on top of the building, it
is fully exposed to every direction of the
sun to oppose the Sun heat.
 Opening of the building facade - The facades of the building are facaing north
from the Glass Wall and south to minimize solar gain

- High Efficiency discharge lights are adopted

throughout the building. (2013)

Top
Image 24
Sketches of floor
plan of the site which
shows the building
orientation.

Bottom
Image 25
Perspective sketch
of site to show the
placement of
courtyard and focus
view on the glass wall

18
Design Profile

Building Profile Building Name Nanyang Technological University School of Art,

Design and Media
Architect Designed by CPG Consultants
Location Singapore
Building Type School / University
Square Foot 215,000 sqft

Solar Design Profile Latitude 1.3

Heating Degree Days mean ambient temperatures of around 26-27°C year around
Cooling Degree Days N/A
Conservation Energy Conservation in East Asia
Strategies
Passive Solar building position, open facade of the building,
Strategies placement couryard with fountain, shading

Active Solar Green Roof System

Strategies

Other renewable None

energy strategies

High Performance High Performance glazing and envelope,

Strategies High Performance elevation, High performance roof

19
WIND ANALYSIS
“The Ventilation”
 Sun Path Case Studies
The sliding doors and opened windows
The northeast monsoon season, from
are also allowed the air ventilation to
December to the beginning of March,
flow throughout the building. Winds
is when north-easterly winds prevail.
are incorporated onto the roof and also
Whereas, the southwest monsoon
the courtyard to allow students to feel
season from June through September,
cooled. Moreover, the presence of wind
is when south-easterly or south-west-
helps to lower down the temperature
erly winds blow. (Figure 5) Due to the
outside while the majority of interiors
2 monsoon seasons and the location of
such as the counter area, halls, classes,
Nanyang Technology University which
studios, admission centre, and so on are
is relatively near to the sea, the amount
ventilated by using air conditioners.
and speed of wind flows are higher and
( Image 29 ). However, the air
faster compared to the other months
Top conditioning are switched off after 11pm
Image 26
and locations.(Image 27) For the
every day. It is to be eco-friendly.For
building itself, the verdant turfed roof
The courtyard of Nanyang Technology University, the
Nanyang
and the courtyard are the two spaces
wind flows helped to improve the
Technological that would be well ventilated.
University thermal comfort.
( Image 29 ).
20
Sunpath Case Studies

Figure 5
The wind diagram shows the wind speed, the wind direction in Singapore

Image 27
The google map picture showing the short distance between the sea and
Nanyang Technological University

21
 Wind Symbol

Image 28
Sketch of wind movement in Nanyang Technological University

Image 29
Ventilation across Nanyang Technological Universtity School of Art, Design and Media
22
THERMAL ANALYSIS
“Comfortability”

Thermal Comfort Analysis
When people are displeased with
their thermal environment, not only is it
a potential health hazard, it also impacts
on their ability to function effectively,
their happiness/satisfaction at work, the
likelihood they will remain a customer
and so on.
BS EN ISO 7730 defines thermal
comfort as ‘…that condition of mind
which expresses satisfaction with the
thermal environment. ie the condition
when someone is not feeling either too
hot or too cold.
The human thermal environment
is not straight forward and cannot be
stated in degrees. Nor can it be
reasonably be defined by adequate
temperature ranges. It is a personal
experience dependent on a countless
number of criteria and can be different
from one person to another within the
same space.
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For example, a person walking up stairs
in a cold environment whilst wearing a
coat might feel too hot, whilst someone
sat still in a shirt in the same environ-
ment might feel too cold.
The Health and Safety Executive
propose that an environment can be
said to attain ‘reasonable comfort’ when
at least 80% of its dwellers are thermally
at ease. This means that thermal
comfort can be assessed simply by
surveying inhabitants to find out whether
they are unhappy with their thermal
environment.
At one degree above the equator,
the climate in Singapore is typically
tropical; hot and humid throughout the
year. The temperature usually lingers
around 30 degrees Celsius (86 degrees
Fahrenheit) with 75 per cent humidity.
Rainfall is slightly higher during the
winter with a monthly average of 260
millimeters (10 inches) and summer
months averaging 170 millimeters (six
and a half inches).
Climate proportion to
Thermal Analysis

Figure 6
Singapore Climate Graph

Figure 7
Singapore Climate table
24
 Enlivened by fountains, cascad- re-oxygenating the air and removing
ing water and a “floating” performance airborne toxins, recycling nutrients, and
platform, the reflecting pond of the providing habitat for living organisms, all
building’s interior courtyard both creates of this while creating peaceful
ambience and cools a pleasant commu- environments. Therefore, green roofs do
nal area in the center. have an immediate effect on the thermal
comfort of a building.
The main green feature of
the building still remains the iconic
curved green roof. Indoor temperature reduces in
the buildings having green roofs with the
A living or green roof is a roof that increasing of the soil thickness.( Image
is substantially covered with vegetation. 31 ) There is a significant influence of
These have positive effects on buildings soil thicknesses in green roof for
by reducing the stress on the roof sur- improving the indoor temperatures in the
Top face and increasing their life, improving upper floors of buildings. However, soil
Image 30 thermal comfort and reducing noise thickness does not effect on the indoor
Zone Floor Plan of transmission inside the building, temperature in the ground floor. The
Nanyang reducing the urban heat island effect, latter is affected by the curvilinear plan
Technological
University reducing storm water runoff, form of the building,creating an

25

opening in the center which hosts a
cooling courtyard. The green roof is
applied here on NTU, which has upper
floors, exposed to the direct sun light
throughout the day time as a passive
element. Studies and experiments car-
ried out by professionals have shown
that the indoor thermal performance of
a green roof is better than the traditional
roofs. As a reason of aging of buildings,
the absorptivity of traditional roof mate-
rials increase. However, in a well main-
tained green roof, this remains same as
newly constructed green roof.
Top
Image 31
The glass curtain wall is an-
sections showing air other feature which adds on to the
flow, red is warm,
blue is cool thermal comfort of NTU.
26
Windows are complex and fas-
cinating elements in the material of
a building. They allow light and fresh
air and provide views that link interior
spaces with the outdoors. Unfortunately,
windows can be a maincause of un-
desirable heat gain in hot weather and
significant heat loss in cold weather.
Windows can have a severe
impact on the heating and cooling loads
of a building. Up to 40% of a building’s
heating energy can be lost and up to
87% of its heat gained through win-
dows. (http://www.yourhome.gov.au/
passive-design/glazing)
Improving windows’ thermal per-
formance reduces energy costs, green-
house gas emissions and improves
 Room/Area Temperature Recorded/ ˚C

Outside Main Entrance 33

Inside Main Entrance 31

Inside corridor to library 29.8

Inside middle of library 25.6

Library-window side facing courtyard 30.9

Corridors on Floor below roof Avg. 31.2

On top of grass roof Avg. 32.3

The goal should be to attain an inside

glass surface temperature as close as
possible to the preferred room air tem-
perature. This means glass that is nei-
ther cold in winter nor hot in summer.
thermal comfort within.
Although we lacked the time to
Careful selection of window glaz- do an in depth mathematical thermal
ing greatly increases thermal comfort for behavior room-by-room analysis/mea-
people near to windows, especially large surement of the entire building, we did
Top
windows. The sense of comfort is not get to measure the dry bulb temperature
Figure 8
just determined by air temperature: the from certain areas of the building, out-
Table of on site tem-
temperature of surrounding surfaces has side to inside the double glazed glassed
perature recordings
of some spaces a great impact. walls.
27
 Some key features playing a role in the efficient thermal comfort
of the building

• The building is oriented with its facades facing north and south to
minimize solar gain. During the day, the sun shines mostly on the green roof
from east to west.

• High efficiency discharge lights are adopted throughout the building,

more light less heat gain.

• High performance double glazed glass wall in place

• The rain water collection system is fitted on the green roof for
irrigation, this further keeps the coolness of the roof/inner roof area

• The rain sensors are installed on the green roof to automate the
irrigation process whereby irrigation is ceased when it rains.

• The curved building is embracing a courtyard with water features and

plants. The reflection of the trees and nature can been seen on the all-glass
Top exterior.
Image 32

‘’heat map’’ of the

NTU in section –
darkest red is hottest
darkest blue is
coldest

28
CONCEPT ANALYSIS
“The Conclusion of Our Analysis”
Passive Solar Design
One of the main features of Nanyang Technological University that can be noticed is the exterior
glass curtain walling. It is utilizing passive solar design to help maximize natural lighting by using proper
orientation of the building and providing appropriate shading to reduce overheating.

The building is specifically orientated facing the north and south ( Picture 1 ). This is to minimize
the solar gain and heat load in the morning. The glass exterior facade allows natural views and sunlight
into the building, allowing visual exchange between indoor and outdoor spaces. This give an amazing
experience while being in the building and enjoying the surrounding at the same time.

The glasses are double-glazed to reduce heat penetration into the building, while allowing
maximum interior daylight to pass through ( Picture 2 ). It helps to reduce the temperature transfer
between exterior and interior spaces. Glass openings are also placed throughout the interior walls to
provide natural sunlight diffusing through each space. This allows continuity of lighting throughout the
building ( Picture 3 ).

Strategic window placements for rooms and toilets that are placed underground enhancenatural
lighting into the building. This allows sunlight to illuminate the spaces inside ( Picture 4 ). By adopting
this, usage of electricity is reduced to minimal. The window openings also provide natural views in be-
tween spaces ( Picture 5 ).

GREEN ROOFING SYSTEM

Another passive design feature that is adopted by the building is the green roofing system
( Picture 6 ). This feature helps to moderate the temperature of a building by reducing solar gain, and
generally improving air quality of the surrounding.

Nanyang Technological University uses the extensive green roofing system due to the depth of
growing medium used, which is up to six inches or less ( Picture 7 ). Other characteristics that define
this green roof are its lower plant diversity and plant weight. By using the extensive green roof,
maintenance and cost of the building is reduced.

Green roofmainly helps in reducing the urban heat island effect, especially during the daytime. It
insulates the building by having moisture retention materials installed beneath the soil. The thickness of
soil used directly affects the indoor temperature of the building, as increase in soil thickness helps
reduce the temperature within the building. This is effective and can clearly be seen on the upper floors
of the building ( Picture 8 ). The roof provides savings benefit on heating and cooling systems.

Besides that the grass used on the roofs collects rainwater during heavy downpour for
landscaping irrigation ( Picture 9 ). This feature also contributes in the coolness of the roof area, as it
allows the grass to be consistently damp and gives off a cooling effect. A green roof not only provides a
beautiful landscape but it also enhances air quality by trapping air pollutants and re-oxygenating the air.

29
Top
Image 33

Sketch of building
orientation.

Middle
Image 34

Sketch of
double-glazed glass.

Bottom
Image 35

Sketch of glass
openings in interior
spaces.

30
Top
Image 36

Sketch of window
placement for under-
ground lighting.

Middle
Image 37

Sketch of natural
views for under-
ground spaces.

Bottom
Image 38

Sketch of green
roofing system found
on the building.

31
Top
Image 39

Sketch of extensive
green roofing
components.

Middle
Image 40

Sketch of indoor
temperature of upper
floors.

Bottom
Image 41

Sketch of rainwater
collection through
green roofing system.

32
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IMAGE REFERENCE
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show/12573075510024/1/school_of_art_design_and_media_nanyang_technological_university_ntu/

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Image 4 : retrieved by Google Map

Image 5 : retrieved by http://www.bodew.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/

Site-plan-Nanyang-Technological-University-in-Singapore-design.jpg

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q100/4ad7d444171d8ad49ab9ee9010a579331bc5574a.jpg

Image 7 : Photograph taken by Adila ZAAS

Image 8 : Photograph taken by Adila ZAAS

Image 9 :Photograph taken by Adila ZAAS

Image 10 : Photograph taken by Adila ZAAS

Image 11 : Retrieved by http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-KiAVogA6ERk/TlfAiTkrNmI/AAAAAAAAA1U/

ioWdX1nzBok/s1600/IMG_3542.JPG

Image 12 : Photograph taken by Adila ZAAS

Image 13 : Photograph taken by Adila ZAAS

Image 14 : Photograph taken by Adila ZAAS

Image 15 : Photograph taken by Adila ZAAS

Image 16 : Photograph taken by Adila ZAAS

Image 17 : Sketched by Zhafri Azman

Image 18 : Ecotech Analysis by Adila ZAAS

Image 19 : Ecotech Analysis by Adila ZAAS

Image 20 : Ecotech Analysis by Adila ZAAS

Image 21 : Ecotech Analysis by Adila ZAAS

Image 22 : Retrieved by Google Map

Image 23 : Sketched by Adila ZAAS

Image 24 : Sketched by Adila ZAAS

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Image 25 : Sketched by Adila ZAAS

Image 26 : Photograph taken by Kee Ting Ting

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Image 28 : Sketch by Kee Ting Ting

Image 29 : Edited by Kee Ting Ting

Image 30 : Retrieved by http://www.free-d.nl:8080/uploads/default/scale_1024x768_q100/032269

1596b2655523756a460cd564b33f152355.jpg

Image 31 : Edited and sketch by Trevor Nico

Image 32 : Edited and sketch by Trevor Nico

Image 33 : drawn and sketch by Sharifah Diyana

Image 34 : drawn and sketch by Sharifah Diyana

Image 35 : drawn and sketch by Sharifah Diyana

Image 36 : drawn and sketch by Sharifah Diyana

Image 37 : drawn and sketch by Sharifah Diyana

Image 38 : drawn and sketch by Sharifah Diyana

Image 39 : drawn and sketch by Sharifah Diyana

Image 40 : drawn and sketch by Sharifah Diyana

Image 41 : drawn and sketch by Sharifah Diyana

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FIGURE REFERENCE
Figure 1 : Ecotech graph by Zhafri Azman

Figure 2 : Ecotech graph by Zhafri Azman

Figure 3 : Ecotech graph by Zhafri Azman

Figure 4 : Ecotech graph by Zhafri Azman

Figure 5 : Retrieved by http://www.windfinder.com/tide/singapore_changi

Figure 6 : Retrieved by http://travelixe.com/info/singapore/singapore-weather

Figure 7 : Retrieved by http://images.climate-data.org/location/4766/climate-table.png

Figure 8 : Created by Trevor Nico

COVER PAGE REFERENCE

Cover page 1 : Photograph taken by Adila ZAAS

Cover page 2 : Introduction : The Building Photograph taken by Adila ZAAS

Cover page 3 : Natural and Man Made Factor Photograph taken by Adila ZAAS

Cover page 4 : Climate Analysis Retrieved by http://www.marketresearchsingapore.com/images/singapore-map.jpg

Cover page 5 : Sun Analysis Retrieved by http://www.solaripedia.com/images/large/3419.jpg

Cover page 6 : Wind Analysis Photograph taken by Kee Ting Ting

Cover page 7 : Thermal Analysis Photograph taken by Trevor Nico

Cover page 8 : Concept Analysis Photograph taken by Nur Adila ZAAS

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