HAPTER Inside 1) Rest and motion + Some basic terms related to motion 2D) Kinematic equations for ‘uniformly accelerated motion 3) Motion under gravity + Equations for motion under gravity 4) Non-uniformly accelerated motion 5) Graphical representation of motion 8) Relative velocity + Different cases of relative velocity + Examples of relative motion Motion in one dimension Motion is defined as the change in position of an object with time. When the object moves along a single axis the motion is known as one dimensional motion and such a motion is along a straight line only, which may be horizontal, vertical or slanted. In this chapter, we will learn about motion using the concepts of velocity and acceleration along with the basic physics of one dimensional motion. Frame of reference A system of coordinate axes which defines the position of a particle or an event in two or three dimensional space is called a frame of reference. The simplest frame of reference is of course the familiar cartesian system of coordinates, in which the position of the particle is specified by its three coordinates x, y and z, y Ply. Fig. 3.1. Frame of reference for position ofa particle P Ina simple word, a frame of reference is the frame in which an observer sits and make observations. Types of frame of reference Frame of references are of two types. (i) Inertial frame of reference A non-accelerating frame of reference is called an inertial frame of reference. A frame of reference which is either at rest or moving with a constant velocity is an inertial frame of reference. (ii) Non-inertial frame of reference An accelerating frame of reference is called a non-inertial frame of reference. If observer is sit in accelerated moving frame, then frame is called a non-inertial frame of reference.. 1) Rest and motion If the position of an object does not change w.r.t its surrounding with the passage of time, itis said to be at rest. ¢.g., Book lying on the table, a person sitting on a chair etc. And if the position of an object is continuously changing w.r.t. its surrounding, then it is said to be in the state of motion. e.g., The walking man, crawling insects, water Flowing down a dam’ etc. Rest and motion are relative terms Rest and motion are always relative but never absolute. It means an object, can be at rest for an observer but the same object can be in motion when observed by other observer. e.g. a person sitting in his house is at rest w.r.. arth but is in motion w.r.t. moon. Classification of motion On the basis of the number of coordinates required to specify of the object, motion of object can be classified as One dimensional motion ‘The motion of an object is considered as one dimensional, if only one coordinate is needed to specify the position of the object. xo Fig. 3.2 One dimensional motion In one dimensional motion, the object moves along a straight line. e.g., A boy running on a straight line, motion of freely falling body etc. Two dimensional motion The motion of an object is considered as two dimensional, if two coordinates are needed to specify the position of the object. y Max») x Fig. 3.3 Two dimensional motion In two dimensional motion, the object moves in a plane. eg., A satellite revolving around the earth, motion of billiard ball, etc. Three dimensional motion The motion of an object is considered as three dimensional if all the three coordinates are needed to specify the position of the object. 44 Three dimensional motion In three dimensional motion, the object moves in a space, e.g., Butterfly flying in garden, the motion of water molecules, etc. Some basic terms related to motion 1. Point object An object is considered as point object if the size of the object is much smaller than the distance, it moves in a reasonable duration of time. e.g., Earth can be considered as a point object during its revolution around sun because it covers the much larger distance than its own size. 2. Distance and displacement Distance The length of the path covered by the object in a given time-interval, is known as its distance. Distance is a scalar quantity. The unit of distance is metre in SI or MKS and centimetre in CGS. Its dimensional formula is [M°LT® ] Example 311 A scooter is moving along a straight line AB covers a distance of 360 m in 24 s and returns back from B to Cand coveres 240 m in 18 s. Find the total distance travelled by the scooter. Sol. From the above question, we draw the following figure. 240m a—t————8 eon Hence, to find out the total path distance, it does not matter what the time taken by a scooter to reach at B and the time taken to return at C. -. Total distance =AB + BC =360+240 =600m Example 3.2 A wheel completes 2000 revolutions to cover the 9.5 km distance. Find the diameter of the wheel. Sol. Given, number of revolutions n = 2000 .5 km = 9.5 x 10° m= 9500m +s Distance covered in n revolutions is equal to the circumference of the wheel. x=n-2nr => x=n-RD (2 Diameter =2% radivs 9500 = 2000 x x= D Distance 9500 > Diameter, D = 2200 _ 2000 3.14Displacement ‘The change in position vector of an object in a particular direction is termed as displacement. In other words, displacement is the shortest distance between the initial and final position of the moving abject. If x; and x2 are the initial and final position vectors of particle respectively. Then, displacement of the particle is given by Ax =x, — x, if x2 > xy, then Ax is positives « ifx, > xp, then Ax is negative; # ifx, =x, then Axis zero. ie, the displacement of an object in motion can be positive, negative or zero while distance can never be negative or zero. Displacement is a vector quantity as it possesses both, the magnitude and direction. The unit of displacement is ‘metre in SI or MKS and centimetre in CGS. Its dimensional formula is{M°LT° ]. To understand distance and displacement clearly, let us consider the following example. ‘Suppose a person (moving body) moves from A to B (4 km) towards East and from B to C (3 km) due North as shown in figure, then the distance travelled by the person is, AB+BC =4km+3km=7km e N a a ee s Fig. 35 But the displacement of the person is AC which can be calculated by Pythagoras’ theorem AC? = AB? + BC? = (4)? +)? =164+9=25 > AC = 5km. Distance vs Displacement 1. The magnitude of displacement may or may not be equal to the distance traversed byandbe 2. The magnitude ofthe displacement for a course of motion may be zero but the Coresprding stance can never be 0 3. aprile moes in a sagt ne witout change in deton the magnitude of dilacerent equal tothe dance aveled otberwise displacement is anos ts than distance. This, [Dsplacement | x=mr (/-Diamerer=~ 90) OBJECTIVE PHYSICS Vol. 1 According to the question, the shortest distance between the final position ¥ and initial position X is XY *. The displacement traversed by the person is 2r. 200-2 = r=100m (00 m in Eq, (i we get %100=3.14%100 > x=314m Putting Distance x Example 3.6 An athlete completes one round of a circular track of diameter 200 m in 40 s. What will be the distance covered and the displacement at the end of 2 min 20 s? Sol, Diameter of circular track, d =200 m Circumference of circular track =2nr= nx (d) ‘Time for completing one round = 40s. Check point 31) 41. Which ofthe following is a one- For each complete round the displacement is 0. For 3 complete rounds, the displacement will be 0. The final displacement will be due to 1/2 round. ‘Thus, his displacement = diameter of circular track =200 m *, Displacement after 2 min 20s =200 m 6. A whee! of racius 1 m rolls forward half a revolution on a horizontal ground. The magnitude of the displacement ofthe point ofthe whee initially in contact with the ground is @2n en @vrea (x 7. The three initial and final position of a man on the X-axis are given as @-8m,7m) (i) @m, 3m) Gi) 7m, 3m) Which pair gives the negative displacement? @0 ©) (i) («i (6) () and i) 8. Apparticle moves along a circular path of radius R. The distance and aisplacement ofa parce after one complete revolution is {@) 0,2ar (o)2n7,0 (0)0. nr (@)xr.0 9. A patticle stars from the origin, goes along X-axis to the point (20 m, 0) and then returns along the same line to the point (-20m, 0) The distance and displacement of the Panicle during the trip are (@)40m,0 (©) 40 m, 20 m (6) 40m,-20m (@) 60m, - 20m 10. The numerical ratio of displacement to the distance covered is always {a) less than one (b) equal to one (6) equal to or less than one _(d) equal 10 or greater than one3. Speed The time rate of distance travelled by an object in any direction is called speed ofthe object, Speed (v) Bourse | Iisa scalar quantity. The unit of speed in SI or MKS system is ms“! and system it cms~', Its dimensional formula is [M°LT™']. For a moving body, speed is always positive and can never be negative or zero. cos ‘Average speed ‘The ratio of the total distance travelled by the object to the total time taken is called average speed of the object. Toral di led, ie, | Average speed Total time taken’ ‘Average speed of particles in different cases Case I. Ifa particle travels distance 5, $3, $3)» ete, with speeds Uj V2) Uys» ete in same direction, then the distance travelled = 5, + 5 + 55 +. 443434, yo va v3 If 5, = 5; = he, the body covers equal distance with different speeds, then Total time taken, ‘Average speed, Uy, Case IE. Ifa particle travels with speeds ¥y V2, Vay --» @tC.y during time intervals tay ty .0» €t€-y then total distance travelled, s= vjf, + Vat +¥3ts +. Total time taken =f, + to +¢3 + wh V2 by Fatt if + Va te FU sty So, average speed, “thie : htt, tty Case ML, If ty = ty =ty =o = fy then we have y+ Upbeat Og) Yyy 9 Sit ean Ot wt e + n Chapter 03 : Motion in one dimension | 91 Instantaneous speed The speed of a particle at any instant of time is known as its instantaneous speed, lim 4° = & aro at” dt | L areal where, s represents distanct | Instantaneous speed = Example 3.7 The distance covered by an object (in metre) is given by — s=8e 77 +50 Find its speed att =2s, Distance Time Sol As speed = ds Speed =< od “ae Speed of object at any instant of time is (24¢? -14¢ + S)ms™ Atta? Speed =24 2)" -140)+5 (60-70 + 51) =240? 14045 Sms" Example 38 Abdul while driving to school, computes the ‘average speed for his trip to be 20 kmh™'. On his return trip ‘along the same route, there isles traffic and the average speed is 40 kmh", What is the average speed for Abdul's trip? Sol, Let, and t, be the time taken by Abdul to go to schoo! ‘and come back from the school respectively. Let s be its distance covered one way, then hand j=Sh 40 20 Example 3.9 A car moves from X toY with a uniform speed v, ‘and returns to¥ with a uniform speed v4. Find average speed for this round trip. Distance travelled Time taken Let 4 and fj be times taken by the car to go from X to Yand then from ¥'to X, respectively. 221 (4) Me Me Total distance travelled = XY + X¥ =2XY ‘Therefore, average speed of the car for this round trip is Sol, We know that, average spec Then, qte= 2xY 2vva Yay =— AY or vy = (te) weve Taha82) OBJECTIVE PHYSICS Vol. 1 ‘e travelled half the distance with a 9 part of the distance was covered with and with speed v for the other half age speed of the particle. + travelled by the particle, then ie Example 3.10 A p. speed vg. The rem speed v, for half the of the time. Find the Sol. If sis the total dis If is the time taken by particle to travel remaining distance s/2then Sadly Mwy augt 5 Boa tg MMe Average speed 20 (4 + ¥2) nee Ruy yeu) +0, +2up Example 3.11 A car covers the first half of the distance between two places at a speed of 40 kmh"! and second half at 60 kmh”! Calculate the average speed of the car. Sol, Given, speed in first half, y= 40 kmh”*, Speed in second half, v = 60 kmh". “: Car covers equal distance with different speeds. - Average speed of car yy = HP wre 2140) (6) inh 40+ 60 4, Velocity The rate of change of position or displacement of an object with time is called the velocity of that object. Displacement Time ie, Velocity Velocity is a vector quantity. The unit of velocity in Sf or ‘MKS system is ms~! and in CGS system it is cms~'. Its dimensional formula is [M°LT~']. The velocity of an object is taken to be positive if the object is moving towards the right of the origin and is taken to be negative if the object is moving towards the left of the origin. Velocity vs Spéed 1 Vel fn ebjetan be changed by changing he objets speed or deco of imation or bath 1. For an object ina time interval (1);| Velocity | < Speed 4a the ragptue of ela ofan objets as equa ior les thon is ped, 3. Habedy's moan asain, ten the magnitude ofits speed an velcty willbe equal 4 erage acy could be tra o postive or negate but average speed is anays sie or a moi bod Average velocity The ratio of the total displacement to the total time taken, is called average velocity. Total displacement (Ax) Total time (At) If velocity of the object changes at a uniform rate, then Initial velocity + Final velocit Average velocity = tial velocity Tvs : ty Average velocity Note Fora given time interval average velocity has single value while average speed can have many values depending on path followed Instantaneous velocity The velocity of a particle at any instant of time is known, as its instantaneous velocity. Ax _ dx | arvo At dt Note the magnitude of average velocity may be ess than or equal to the average speed for a particular motion, Bu the magnitude of instantaneous veloc) is always equal to the instantaneous speed fora particular instant. A Example 3.12 In one second a particle goes from point A to point B moving in a semicircle as shown in figure. Find the magnitude of average velocity. Sol, Given, t=1's and radius R =1.0m. ‘The shortest distance between the final position (8) and initial position A is AB, which is the displacement of the particle. Total displacement (4B)=2R =2x 1.0=2m. c+ Average velocity |», Rattrheerent AB Example 3.13 A farmer has to go 500 m due north, 400 m due east and 200 m due south to reach his field. If he takes 20 min to reach the field, (@) what distance he has to walk to reach the field ? (i) what is the displacement from his house to the field ? (ii) what is the average speed of farmer during the walle ? (Gv) what is the average velocity of farmer during the walk ? Sol (i) Distance = AB + BC + CD = (600 + 400 + 200)=1100m Gi) Displacement = AD = (AB - CD)? + BC? = ¥(600 - 2007 + (400? = 500m,Total time 1100 1100 «55 m/min 20 . ‘AD _ 500 AD 500 95 sn/min (along AD) 20 (i) Average velocity =f Example 3.4 Joseph jogs from one end A to the other end B of a straight 300 m road in 2 min 50 s and then turns around and jogs 100 m back to point C in another 1 min. What are Joseph's ‘average speeds and velocities in jogging (i) from A to Band (id from A to C? Sol, Given, Distance covered =300 m, Time =2min 50s = @x 60)+ 50s=170s 300 m: a Tsom de Distance covered _ 300 _ Time aT Displacement along AB Time 76 ms"! (Average speed = ‘Average velocity = = 302 <1.76 ms" along AB 170 (3) When Joseph turns around from B to Ctowards A. jatance covered _ 400 Average spend Distance covered _ 100 splacement AC _ 200 verge veloty = DUBacemEDt AC . 200 song ac 0.87 ms“! along AC Example 3.15 A car is moving along a straight line, say OP in the given figure. It moves from O to P in 18 s and return from P toQ in 6.0s. What are the average velocity and average speed of the car in going () from O to P and (i) from O to P and back to Q? RooP x -120m 0 240m 360m Total displacement Total rime interval (2360. = 90 ms“ 185 Path length _ 360m Sol () Average velocity = Average speed i Chapter 03 : Motion in one dimension (93 ‘Thus, in this case, the average speed is equal to the magnitude of ‘the average velocity. (i) In this ease, ‘Total displacement __ + 240 m .o.. Totaltime (18+ 6.0)s, =+10 ms"! “Average speed Example 316 The position of an gbect moving along an x-axis is given by x = 3t ~ 4t* + ¢°, where x is in meters and in seconds. Find the position of the object atthe following values of t: (2s, (i) 43; (ii) What isthe objects displacement between t = 0 s and. =4 s?; and (iv) What is its average velocity for the time interval fromt=2 stot = 4 s? Sol, Using x=3¢ — 40? + ¢° with SI units, @ Substituting ¢=2s in Eq. (i), we get 2) =30)- 407 + OP =-2m. ‘Thus, the position of the object at ¢=2s is x=—2m, Substituting ¢= 4 in Eq. (), we get x4 = 314) — (4)? + (4) =12 - 64 + 64 =12 m. Thus, the postion of the abject at ¢ = 4s is x, (Gi) The displacement of the object between t= Os and can be caleulated as follows : ‘The position of the object at ax =12m-Om=12m Hence, the displacement between (iv) The displacement of the object from ¢ 2s tor At=4s—25 =2s. ‘Thé average velocity of the object from t=2stot=45 given is by the relation Ax _14m by = ore Tims" Example 3.17 The velocity of particle moving in the direction of X-axis varies as v = av'x, where a is a positive constant. Assuming that at moment t = 0, the particle was located at the point x = 0. Find (i the time dependence of the velocity of the particle Gi) the mean velocity ofthe particle averaged over the time that the particle takes to cover first s meters of the path. {i Given, the velocity of the particle moving in the e direction of X-axis. veals = Seals Sol,4) OBJECTIVE PHYSICS Vol. 1 By ieping [ Time dependence of the velocity of the particle = 20% 1 ay ena Check point 32) 1. Acar has to cover the distance 60 km. If half ofthe total time it travels with speed 80kmh”" and in rest halftime its speed becomes 40kmh", the average speed of car willbe (@) 60kmhr! () 80kmh" (0) t20 kent" (@) 180kmbr* 2. During the frst 18 min of a 60 min trip, a car has an average speed of 11 ms~!. What should be the average speed for remaining 42 min so that car is having an average speed of 21ms"" for the entre trip? (@) 25.3ms"* (©) 29.2ms"" (9 31ms" (9 358ms* 3. Arman walks on a straight road from his home to a market 2.5 km away with a speed of § kmh’. Finding the market closed, he instantly tums and walks back home with a speed of 7.5 kmh. The average speed of the man over the interval of time 0 to 40 min is equal to (@5kmh 0) 22 mb 0 ht 48 son! (2 ety (6) Zkent 4. Apariicle is constrained to move on a straight line path. It returns to the starting point after 10 s. The total distance Covered by the particle during this time is 30 m. Which of the following statements about the motion of the particle is rue? (@) Displacement ofthe particle is zero (©) Average speed of the particle is 3s“? (©) Dispiacement ofthe particle is 30m {@) Both (a) and (o) ‘A180 mong train is moving with a uniform velocity of 45 kmh". The time taken by the train to cross a bridge of length 850 mis @56s (G85 (80s (ees (i) Distance, x =“; for s distance (i) Dist ! Time taken to cover first s distance, The mean velocity of the particle, avs 2 6. The displacement of a particle starting from rest (at = 0) is given by s = 6{?-t°, The time in seconds at which the Particle will attain zero velocity again is (a2 4 oe @s 7. An insect crawls a distance of 4 m along North in 10s and then a distance of 3 m along East in § s. The average velocity of the insect is do coe 4 (@)jems (©) Ems a Sing! pms (gms 8. A point traversed 3/4 th of the circle of radius Ain time. The magnitude of the average velocity of the particle in this ime interval is a an A ty) 3 () i (o) oP A @— t OF 9. Aboyis running over a circular track with unifrom speed of 10ms~'. What is the a average velocity for movement of boy from Ato B (inms“)? @® we (10 (@) None of these a 10. The displacement x of an object is given as a function of time. =2t + 3t°. The instantaneous velocity of the object at ta2sis (@) 16ms"' (©) 10s" (b) 14ms"* (6) 12s5. Acceleration The time rate of change of velocity of a body is called. Ifina given time interval the velocity of a body changes from 1 to v, then acceleration a is expressed as Final velocity — Initial velocity Time interval It isa vector quantity, denoted by a and its SI unit is ms 2 and CGS is ems". Its dimensional formula is (M°LT™?].Its direction is same as that of change in velocity (not of the velocity). There are three possible ways by which change in velocity may occur () When only direction of velocity changes, then acceleration is perpendicular to velocity. e.g., Uniform Grcular motion. (ii) When only magnitude of velocity changes, then acceleration is parallel or anti-parallel to velocity. €.g., Motion under gravity. (ii) When both magnitude and direction of velocity changes, then acceleration has two components one is perpendicular to velocity and another parallel or anti-parallel to velocity. e.g., Projectile motion. Retardation ‘When the velocity of a body increases with time, acceleration is positive and when the velocity of a body decreases with time (ie., u>v), then acceleration becomes negative. Negative acceleration is also called deceleration or retardation. Average acceleration When an object is moving with a variable acceleration, then the average acceleration of the object for the given motion is defined as the ratio of the total change in velocity of the object during motion to the total time taken. _ Total change in velocity ‘Average acceleration = Saas Total time taken Note the average acceleration can be positive or negative depending upon the sign of change of velocity. is zero ifthe change in velocity ofthe object imthe given intel of time i zr ( Chapter 03: Motion in one dimension | 95 Instantaneous acceleration object at a given instant of time or The acceleration of at a given point during the motion, is called its instantaneous acceleration. Key points regarding acceleration motion () A body falling down from a height or a body rolling down on a smooth inclined plane, has uniform acceleration. (i) If car travelling alorig a straight road increases its speed by unequal amounts in equal intervals of time, then the car is said to be moving with non- uniform acceleration. (ili) The acceleration is created by accelerator of the vehicles and the applications of breaks give the ‘uniform deceleration to the vehicles. The acceleration produced in spring-block system is non-uniform acceleration. (iv) Instantaneous acceleration of an object (a) is equal to the first time derivative of velocity at the given instant. (b) is equal to the second time derivative of position of the object at the given instant. (0) Ifa particle is accelerated for time t, with acceleration a, and for time f, with acceleration ap, then average acceleration is, aaith + ate a (vi) Acceleration can also be written as dv a-@ at Example 318 The distance travelled by a body is proportional to the square of time. What type of motion this, body has? Sol, Let xbe the distance travelled in time ¢. Then, xat® (given) x=k? (Here, k= constant of proportionality)96) OBJECTIVE PHYSICS Vol. 1 We know that velocity is given ve “de and acceleration is given by dv a (constant) Thus, the body has uniform accelerated mot Exomple 319. Give examples where (0 the velocity is in opposite direction tothe acceleration, (i) the velocity ofthe partileis zero but its acceleration is not zero, Gi the velocity is penpendicular to the acceleration. Sol. (i) A particle thrown upwards has its velocity in opposite direction to its acceleration (g, downwards) (ii) When the particle is released from rest from a certain height, its velocity is zero, while acceleration is ga downwards. Similarly, at the extreme position of a pendulum velocity is zero, while acceleration is not zero. (ii) In uniform circular motion velocity is perpendicular to its radial or centripetal acceleration. Example 320 The velocity of a particle is given by vv =(2t? ~3¢ + 10)ms"', Find the instantaneous acceleration at =5s. Sol Given, v = (2? ~3¢ +10) ms“! ie (4 -3)ms~ Ga (ae-3) Sy Ay =5x4—3=1T ms Example 3.21 A particle is moving with a velocity of v=@+ 6+ 917) cms"!, Find out (a) the acceleration of the particle att =3 s. (©) the displacement ofthe particle in the intervalt = 5 stot = 85. Sol,{a) Velocity of the moving particle v = (3 + 6t + 917) ® (6 4160)cms* Acceleration of particle, a at (6 +18 x 3) cm/s® = 60 cms" (0) Given, velocity v=@ + 6t + 91°) em/s Atts3s, a ds ae + By integration f! ds= [G+ 6+ 90°) de ‘The displacement of the particle in the interval f= 5 s to t=8s +6497) or ds= G+ 6+ 97) de s
0;a>00rv Oorv > Ora <0. ‘Then particle have speeding down. (W) Ifthe motion of a particle is taking place in a straighy line, there is no need of using vector addition ig equation of motion, We can directly use the equations Just by taking one direction as the positive (and ‘opposite to it as negative) and then substituting u, a etc with sign. : Normally we take vertically upward direction positive land downward negative) and horizontally rightwards positive (or leftwards negative). Sign convention for fa) motion in vertical direction (b) motion in horizontal direction is shown in figure. al, Fig. 3.6 Sign convention for vertical and horizontal direction. Example 3.26 A car was moving at a rate of 18 kmh™!. When the brakes were applied, it comes to rest in a distance of 100 m. Calculate the retardation produced by the brakes. Sol, Given, v=Qu=18kmh™' =Sms”,s=100m Using the equation of motion v? 1? =2as oll ~u=2as v=0) = 2388 212 o.125ms? = a= 21008 ‘So, the retardation produced by the brakes is 0.125 ms”. Example 327 Two cars start off a race with velocities 2 ms! and 4 yrs“ travel in straight line with uniform accelerations 2 ms~" and 1 ms respectively. What is the length of the path if they reach the final point at the same time? ‘Sol. Let both particles reach at same position in same time t then from s=ut +4 at? 2 2 For Ist particle, s= 40)4 20)? = 4e ©, 2 For 2nd particle, s=2(t) + : Ox a2 2 Equating above equations, we get 4t + Substituting value of rin above equations, we get (4)+ 3 V4? =16 + 8=24mExomple 328 A boxly starting from rest has an acceleration of Aims, Calculate distance travelled by it in Sth second. 2 Sol. Given, u=Qa=4ms Distance travelled in 5th second 1 + ban -1 aan) 36 Satem 2 1 1 20+tx4ex5-nalx : S-V=5 x 49) Example 3.29 A train, travelling at 20 kmh” is approaching a platform. A bird is sitting on a pole on the platform. When the train is ata distance of 2 km from pole, brakes are applied which produce a uniform deceteration in it. At that instant the bird flies towards the train at 60 kmh! and after touching the nearest point on the train flies back ro the pole and then flies towards the train and continues repeating iself. Calculate how much distance the bird covers before the train stops? 7 mu? + 2as Sol. For retardation of train v’ = 0= 20}? + 21a)2) => @ =-100 kmh“? Time required to stop the train tat => 0=20-100 = Distance = sy =px T=60x Time For bird, speed Example 330 A particle starts with an initial velocity and passes successively over the two halves of a given distance with accelerations ay and ay respectively. Show that the final velocity is the same as ifthe whole distance is covered with a uniform acceleration 81 * 22) ‘Sol. In the first case, x 4 a 3 SSrntane ‘Becond case vf au? +25 vi cu? + 2a, ‘Adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we have ew +2(2422)e0 i In the second case view + 225%) From Eqs. (ii) and (iv) we can see that Example 3.31 Ina car race, car A takes a time les than car B atthe finish point and passes the finishing point with speed v more than that ofthe car B. Assuming that both the cars starts from rest and travel with constant acceleration a, and a, respectively. Show that v = faya t Chapter 03 : Motion in one dimension 99 Sol Let A takes 4 second, then according to the given problem I will ake ( +1) seconds. Further, let 4 be the velocity of Bat finishing point, then velocity of A will be (y + vk Writing equations of motion for A and B. yt yaa 7) sagt +0) eli From these two equations, we get v=, -0,)4-ayt ii) Total distance travelled by both the cars is equal day +0? or One tke Substituting this value off, in Eq, (iil, we get the desired result. (Yaa) Example 3.32 A pasticle starts from rest and moves under constant acceleration in a straight line. Find the rato of displacement (i) in successive second and (i) in successive time interval tg. Sol, () Displacement in 1 s or Ist second 1 L ia =ut+tatt=o+ta grutss zat 2 1 1 1 or auttaar-v-04bapxi-n=ta a 2 : ° ie a 2 Displacement in the 2nd second 1 1 3 seus tagr-1-0++anx2-N=Sa eee 2 2 Displacement in the 3rd second s=0+4a0%3-1) 2 Siisy fi) 0 aoe eC & > Ato B: Displacement in the fist second Va? = 5=0++ag= 2 ut Awe f= Ip to =2t0 1 _ 545-04 haley + to} s204 Dally +t Displacement in the next fp second 3 ap sanzad AtoD ff tly +l =3to 1 sy #8) +5204 dally tio + fol = * 2 Displacement in the next fg second 5 aR > giqigetCheck point 3.4) 1. An object is moving with velocity 10 ms~'. A constant force acts for 4 s on the object and gives it a speed of 2 ms in ‘opposite direction. The acceleration produced is (@) 3ms (0) - 3s” (o) 6ms* (@) -6ms* 2. Velocity of a body moving along a straight line with uniform acceleration (a) reduces by 2 of its intial velocity in time The total time of motion of the body tl its velocity becomes zero is 4 3 5 @Fto M5 (9 fo 3. The distance travelled by a particle is proportional to the square of time, then the particle travels with (@) uniform acceleration (D) uniform velocity (©) Both of these (@ speed changes 4. The displacement of a body in 8 starting from rest with an acceleration of 20 cms”? is (@) 64m —(&) 64cm —() 64M 5. Apartcle starts with a velocity of2 ms“ and moves in a straight line with a retardation of 0.1ms~*. The fist time at Which the particle is 18m from the starting point is (@ 10s (20s (©) 30s (a) 408, Apaaicle starts from rest, accelerates at2 ms“? for 10s and then goes for constant speed for 30's and then decelerates ‘at Ams“ tilt stops affer next. What is the distance travelled byit? (@ 750m —(b) 800m ~—(o) 700m _~— (a) 850M 7. The motion of a particle is described by the equation v = at. The distance travelled by the particle inthe fist 4 s is @ 42 () 12a © 6a (0) 82 8. Abody is moving with uniform velocity of 8ms"*. When the body just crossed another body, the second one starts and moves with uniform acceleration of ams~*. The time after which two bodies meet, wil be @2s © 48 (© 6s (@) a064m @ 8s 3) Motion under gravity The objects falling towards the earth under the gravitational force alone, are called freely falling objects and such fall is called free fall. Whenever an object falls towards the earth, an acceleration is involved, this acceleration is due to the earth’s gravitational pull and is called acceleration due to gravity. The value of 9, Two bodies A.and & start from rest from the same point wy uniform acceleration of 2ms~*. It B starts one second later, then the two bodies are separated. al the end of the next second, by @im 2m 10. The displacement of a particle moving in a straight ine is, described by the elation, s = 6+ 12t ~217. Here, sisin metre andt is in second. The distance covered by particle n fist 5 sis (@)20m (0) 92m 11. Atrain accelerating uniformly from rest attains 2 maumum speed of 40 msn 20 s, It travels at this speed for 20 s ang is brought to rest uniform retardation in futher 40 s, What g the average velocity during this periog? (2) 80r3ms"! (o) Ams" (@) 25ms"" 12. Aparticl stats from rest and traverses a distance / with unvfotm acceleration, then moves uniformly over a tuner istance2/ and finaly comes t0 res after moving a further distance 31 under uniform retardation. Assuming entire mation to be rectilinear motion the ratio of average speed over the journey to the maximum speed on its ways is (a) 1/5 (b) 2/5 (©) 3/5 (od) 4/5, 13. Abody traveling with uniform acceleration crosses to pois ‘Aand B with velocities 20 ms™' and 30 ms“" respectively. ‘The speed of the body at mid-point of Aand B is (@) 25ms~* (b) 255ms"" (c) 24ms™* (2) 10V6 ms 14, The velocity of a particle moving in the postive direction of X-axis varies as v = SVx. Assuming that att = 0, particle was at x = 0. What is the acceleration of the particle? (@) 125ms? (o) 75s (9 sms? (@) 25ms? 15. Ita body starts from rest and travels 120 cm in the 6th ‘second, then what is the acceleration? (2) 0.20ms? (©) 0.027 ms-* (©) 0218ms= (@) 0.03 ms* () 3m (am (0) 26m (©) 24m (@ 30ms"" acceleration due to gravity near the earth surface is 98ms™ It is independent of the mass of freely falling objects and is denoted by 9. Though the value of gis independent of freely falling mass.# feather falls much slowly than a coin when released from height. This is due to the resistance offered by air to the falling mass. If both the bodies were released at the sam time in vacuum (no air resistance), they would reach the arth surface within the same duration of time.Equations for motion under gravity When the objects fall under the influence of gravity, its motion is uniformly aceelerated motion, Hence, equations cof motion are applicable in this ease also, ven below, Equation for motion under gravity ar (i) If particle 5 Fig. 3.7 v=u-gt wi) haw = 9@ ti) v? =u? ~2gh aii) Here, fis the vertical height of the par upward direction. In this case, acceleration due to gravity is taken as negative. ‘At maximum height (say #1, v = 0 (at maximum height the particle stops moving upwards that means its velocity becomes zero) c. From the Eq. (i), u = ot is called time of ascent. 9 For motion under gravity, for the same distance the time taken to go up is same as time taken to fall down. Time of ascent = Time of descent Total flight time T = 2x time of ascent or decent o ot “Total flight time (7) = = 9 From the Eqs. : ee a sor and w % (i) If particle is projected ve some velocity from some height. Fig. 28 Chapter 02: Motion In one dimension (101 veutgt Ai) li) In this case, ii) al height of particle in downward + 2gh c, his the vert direction. In this accelerati : due to gravity is taken as i) If a body is dropped from some height In this case initial velocity is taken zero yo (w= 0), $0 equations of motion are (iv) For fast calculation in objective problems, remember the following results (a) Maximum height attained by a particle, thrown, upwards from ground (b) Velocity of particle at the time of striking the ground when released (= 0) from a height Pah Example 3.33 Velocity and acceleration of a particle at time t=Oare u = (Qi + 3}) m/s and a = (Ai + 2j) m/s” respectively. Find the velocity and displacement of particle at ¢ =2s. {i + 29) m/s? is constant. So, we can Sol, Here, acceleration a= apply. seutthar? veutar and 5 Substituting the proper values, we get i +39) + ANAT +29) 01 + 7) m/s ot +9 +5 OF (ak +25) and 25 +10})m_ ‘Therefore, velocity and displacement of particle at ¢=2s are (101 + 7)) m/s and 124 + 10})m respectively. Example 3.34 A ball is thrown upwards from the top of a tower 40 m high with a velocity of 10 m/s. Find the time when it strikes the ground. (Take g =10 nvs?)102) OBJECTIVE PHYSICS Vol. 1 Sol. According to the question, we draw the following figure I> Lae 40m Given, u=+10m /s, a=-10m/s* and s (at the point where stone strikes the ground) Substituting in s=ue+ Zar? we have 0r—5t or St?-10t~-40=0 or #?-2r~8=0 we have r= 4s and 2s. Taking the positive tas toe = 25 tac tep= 15 Example 335 A pebble is thrown vertically upward from a bridge with an initial velocity of 4.9 ms". It srikes the water after 2 s. If acceleration due to gravity is 9.8 ms~ (i) what is the height of the bridge? (i) with what velocity does the pebble strike the water? Sol. Let height of the bridge be h, then he-49x24 20 98x07 = h= 8m | ov testen velocity with which ball will hit the ground veutat => v=-49+98x2=14.7 mst Example 3.36 A rocket is fired vertically up from the ground with a resultant vertical acceleration of 10 ms"*. The fuel is finished in 1 minute and it contives to move up. () What is the maximum height reached? (ii) After finishing fuel, calculate the time for which it continues ‘ts upwards motion. (Take g =10 ms"?) Sol, (i) The distance travelled by the rocket during burning of fuel (1 minute = 60s) in which resultant acceleration ig vertically upwards and is 10 ms”? will be 1h, = 0% 60 + (1/2}x 10x 60? = 18000 m =18 km and velocity acquired by it will be v=0 +10 60 = 600 ms” Now after 1 min the rocket moves vertically up initial velocity of 600 ms" and acceleration due to gravity opposes its motion. So, it will go to a height hy from this point, till its velocity becomes zero such that 0 = (600)? —2gh, or hy =18000 m =18 km (g =10 ms~) So the maximum height reached by the rocket from the 6 km 1g of fuel the initial velocity attained will be 600 ms"! and gravity opposes the motion of rocket, ‘0 from Ist equation of motion time taken by it till it velocity » 600—gt = t=60s Example 337 A Juggler throws balls into air. He throws one ball whenever the previous one is at its highest point. How high does the balls rise if he throws n balls each second? Acceleration due to gravity is g. Sol, Juggler throws n balls in one second so time interval i iste between two consecutive throws is ¢=—s Each ball takes ts to reach maximum height. 2 1 lof. So, Igy =X gt? =2x gf b pratabea(t) = haw Example 3.38 From an elevated point A, a stone is projected vertically upwards. When the stone reaches a distance h below A, its velocity is double of what it was at a height h above A Show that the greatest height attained by the stone ws h Sol. Let ube the velocity with which the stone is projected vertically upwards, Given that, v,=2v, or (v4? =4v? w 29 (-h)=4 0? -2 9h) 10gh 3 Now, Maximum height lg =~ = 5 3 2 26Example 339 A lull is thrown vertically upwards with a whit of 20 ms" from the top of a mltistorey building. The height of the poine from where the ball is thrown is 25 mn from the ground. How long will it be before the ball hits the ground (Take, 9 =10ms"7 2? Sol. Let us take the ¥-asis in the verti with zero at the ground, Nowy = +20ms" lly upward direction -9=-10m Ifthe ball rises to height y from the potat of launch, then ‘sing the equation v? = vd + 2a (y— yp) 0=Q0} +2(-10\y - yo) Solving, we get, ~ yo)=20m There are evo ways of solving the problem Method I We split two parts the upward motion (Ato B) and the downward motion (B to C) and calculate the corresponding time taken 4 and f,. We get Since, the velocity at B is zero, we have v=v9 + gt =2s This isthe time in going from A to B. From B or the point of the maximum height, the ball falls Feely under the acceleration due to gravity. The ball is moving in negative J+direction, We use equation pases netar Wehave, yo= 45m, y=0, vp =0,a=-g=—10ms 0-45 42-1006 > 23s ‘Tota time taken by the ball before it hits the ground +g =2s43s=5s Method I The total time taken can also be calculated by noting the coordinates of initial and final positions of the ball ‘with respect to the origin chosen and using equation 1 Ya vot vol + Sat? Now, yp =25m, y= 01, vg =20 ms}, a =—10 ms"? as20r+(S)}-i0%? => 5? -201-25=0 Solving this quadratic equation fort, we get Note The second methad is better since we do not have to wory about the ath ofthe motion as the motion is under constant acceleration Chapter 03: Motion in one dimension [103 Example 3.40 A bull is thrown upwards from dhe ground with an initial speed we The ball is ata height of 80 m at two'times, the tine interval being 6s. Find the wale oft. ind s = 80m L Substituting the values, in s=0 + Lar’, . 2 We have 80 =ur— 51? 80m or 51? -ur+ 80=0 potttyu? 1600 yu yit =1600 “ 10 10 ‘Now, itis given that ut yi? -1600 _u- yu? -1600 10 10 = Ju? -1600 =30 = u? -1600=900 =6> Sr 3 1? =2500 => u=450ms" Ignoring the negative sign, we have u=50mst Example 341 A particle of mass 1 kg has a velocity of 2 mvs. A constant force of 2 N acts on the particle for 1 s in a direction perpendicular to its initial velocity. Find the velocity and displacement of the particle at the end of 1 s. Sol. Force acting on the particle is constant. Hence, acceleration of the particle will also remain constant. es ma Since, acceleration is constant. We can apply te veustat and ssut+ tad : 2 Refer Fig. (a) at=Q)(1)=2 mst veutat datein us2ms @ o Here, u and a t are two mutually perpendicular vectors. So ilu)?’ + (lael? = JQ? + a? =2V2 ms tanta) = 45° wt-2m,104) oBsective PHYSICS Vol. 1 Thus, velocity of the particle at the end of 1s is 2V2 ms at angle of 45° with its initial velocity seus dar 2 ee Here, wr and 5 at? are also two mutually perpendicular =yilud? +5 ar|P = far +0? vam penn 227] fue} Refer Fig. (b) vectors. So, Is and Thus, displacement of the particle at the end of Is is 5m at snangest(!) fom na ey. Example 342 An open elevator is ascending with zero acceleration. The speed v =10 m/s. A ball is thrown vertically up by a boy when he is at a height h = 10 m from the ground. The velocity of projection is v = 30 m/s with respect to elevator. Find (@ the maximum height attained by the ball. (i) the time taken by the ball to meet the elevator again. (ii) time taken by the ball to reach the ground after crossing the elevator. Sol, i) Absolute velocity of ball = 40 m/s (upwards) a ax = Here, hy and hy = further height attained by ball 10+ 80) m: (Gi) The ball will meet the elevator again when displacement of lift = displacement of ball or 10xt=40x¢ (ii) Let fg be the total time taken by the ball to reach the ground. Then, =10=40x tp -1x10% 2 Therefore, time taken by the ball to reach the ground after crossing the elevator = (fp —1)= 2.24 Example 343 A particle is thrown vertically upwards from the surface of the earth, Let Tp be the time taken by the particle to travel from a point P above the earth to its highest point and back to the point P. Similarly, let Ty be the time taken by the particle to travel from another point Q above the earth to its highest point and back to the same point Q. If the distance between the points P and Q is 1H, find the expression for acceleration clue to gravity in terms Of Tp To and H. Sol, Time taken from point P to point P Tp = Tog + Tre Here, Toe = Tep then Top = 2g tion of mot Using second eq) 1 + h=5 Tie => Try 5 f= R Highest point a+) and 17 = Example 3.44 From the top of @ building, 16 m high water drops are falling at equal intervals of time such that when the first drop reaches the ground, the fifth drop just starts. Find the distance between the successive drops at that instant. Sol, Let the interval of time be ty. First drop is released at ¢ =0, second drop at t =, third drop at t =2tq, fourth drop at ¢ =3io, filth drop at ( = fg Therefore, first drop has fallen for time 4, second drop for 3qs third drop for 2to, fourth drop for fo and fifth drop is about to fall. The location of drops are as shown in the figure. For Ist drop, fy =16 = 1. 9(4¢9)? > pada 2 For 2nd drop, hy = 5 00toF =9m For 3rd drop, h For Sth drop, hy =0 ‘Separation between drops Ist and 2nd : hy hy =7m rd and 4th : hy ~h, 4th and Sth : hy —hy =m Note the tt drop is atthe ground and the sth drop is about to fal the time forwhich the fist drop has fallen (5~1)tg= 4ty here tthe resu inter of timeExomple 3.45 2D sanother Isl is thro A ball is dropped from the top of a tower. After nn vertically downwards with a speed of 25am fein oan ofthe te een nn a ih te nd es tie a le ie | First ball Second ball reefs tlh het of rascals = 404-2) ot -2F 0 Eqs. () and (i), we get 1 -2)+ 4 g¢-: 40 -2)+ 59-2) 20 (27 400 -2)==lt® 40(¢-2)=4 x 1021 -2)x2 2 4¢-8=2t-2 => 1235 Distance below the top of tower the balls meet x10x 3 =45 m 4) Non-uniformly accelerated motion When acceleration of particle is not constant, motion is known as non-uniformly accelerated motion. Then basic equations of velocity and acceleration can be written as as de aw (v= orsomerimesy =F (i) a= (ii) ds = v de (io) dv eade For one dimensional motion, above relations can be written 4s under. as dv _ dv Ov-# ah ay ® at eam ie (ii) ds = v de and (iv) dv=adt or =vdv=ads Such problems can be solved either by differentiation or integration (with some boundary conditions). st—vt— at (Differentiation) ata vt st (integration with boundary conditions) ( Chapter 03. Motion in one dimension {105 Note 1 Byboundary conden, we mean that veloaty ot displacement (Gsuallyat¢ = 0 should be knoato us Otherase we cannot find constant of integration 2 fqualion a=v dvids or vav=ads 1s uselul when acceleration displacement equation is known and velocty dsplacement equation 15, reqited ome ume Example 3.46 Velocity-time equation of « particle moving in 4 straight line is, y=d0+2r+30) (S1 Units) Find, @ displacement of particle from the mean position at time. ‘if it is given that displacement is 20 m at timet =0. (i acceleration: time equation Sol.) The given equation canbe writen as, # go+a+3") a or = (10 +2t +30) de or ds=f) 00+ 204 3¢ar or s-20mflor+ P+ ef, or $=20-+12=32m (i) Acceleration-time equation can be obtained by differentiating the given equation w.r.. time. Thus, dv_d 2 246 ad 0042043") or Example 347 Displacement-time equation of a particle moving along X-axis is 22040-1200 (S1Units) () Find, position and velocity of particle at time =0. (i) State whether the motion is uniformly accelerated or not (ii) Find postion of particle when velocity of particle is zero. Sol, (i) Given, displacement x=20+0 121 fi) Att=Qx=20+0-0=20m Velocity of particle at time t can be obtained by differentiating Eq. () wart. time ie. 12 1e equation of a particle P i) -12ms . time f, we get the acceleration, {As acceleration isa function of time, the motion is non-uniformly accelerated. (Gi) Substituting v =0 in Eq, (i), we have 0=3 -12 Positive value of t comes out to be 2 s from this, equation. Substituting t =2's in Eq (i), we have, x=204 2) -12@) or x=4mCheck point 35) 1. Free fall of an object (in vacuum) is a case of motion with (a) uniform velocity (b) uniform acceleration (©) variable acceleration _(q) constant momentum 2. With what speed should a body be thrown upwards so that the distances traversed in Sth second and 6th second are equal? (@) 884ms"! (b) 49ms“—(c) V8B ms“ 3. Ifa balls thrown vertically upwards with speed, the distance covered during the last t second ofits ascent is (@) ut ~ (ot?/2) ) w+ att (ut © ott/2 4. Apetson throws balls into air after every second. The next balls thrown when the velociy ofthe fist ball is zero. How high do the ball rise above his hand? @2m 5m = — | Bm — | 10m ‘5. A body thrown vertically up ftom the ground passes the height of 102m twice in an interval of 10 s. What was its intial velocity? (@) 52ms"' (&) 61ms"* (6) 28ms" 6. Ifa stone is thrown up with a velocity of 98ms~", then how much time wilt take to come back? (@ 1s 2s (©) 3s @) 4s 7. Astone falls freely under gravity. The total distance covered bby it in the last second of its journey equals the distance covered by itn first 3 ¢ of its motion. The time for which the stone is in aris @ 5s (b) 12s (c) 15s () 8s 8. Astone thrown upward with a speed from the top of the tower reaches the ground with a speed 3u. The height of the tower is @ wig bag §— e) Bu/g —(¢) SUM ‘9. A body is thrown vertically upwards from the top A of tower. Itreaches the ground int. If itis thrown vertically ‘downwards from A with the same speed it reaches the {ground int, s.I itis allowed to fall reely from A, then the time it takes to reach the ground is given by (@ 98ms"1 (©) 45ms"* ratte tahoe t= ore fE 10. A body is projected with avelocityu. It passes through a feae, Point above the ground aftert, second, The time. int after which the body passes through the same during the return journey is ae oe we (¢ 4) 3 =) we) fel) ds, releases a packs, 11. Ahelicopter, moving vertically upwar ‘when its ata certain height above the ground. The packey initially moves upwards for a time, and then falls downwards for atime untiitreaches the ground, Then @ ty dvsadt > [Pav = [Pade v2. - 4 = [Pade Change in velocity = Area of the a-t graph ‘Area = Change in velocity v2 = vi 4 Fig. 3.11 Acceleration-time graph Main Features of Graph Example 3.48 With the help of the given velocity-time graph, find the {i displacement in frst three seconds and {ii) acceleration for the graph. Sol. (i) Displacement in fist three seconds = Area of triangle Oag =} (0B)x (0A) 2 =1.6)x G0)=+ 45m 2 (i) Acceleration =Slope of v-t graph AAs, vet graph is a straight line. So, consider the slope of line AB. _ Slope of line AB =22—21 = 9—30 a eas So, the acceleration is negative. Example 3.49 Acceleration-time graph of a particle moving in a straight line is shown in figure. Velocity of particle at time t=Ois2 ms”, Find velocity at the end of fourth second. Sol, According to acceleration time-graph, dv =a de ‘or change in velocity = area under a-t graph Hence, vy = =2.4) (4)=8 ms n 10 ms“ », =v, +8=@+ 8)ms Example 3.50 Displacement-time graph of a particle moving in a straight line is as shown in figure. State whether the mation is accelerated or not. Describe the motion in detail. Given, 59 =20 mand ty = 4s,Sol Slope of craraph is constant. Hence, velocity of particle is constant, Further at time =O, displacement of the particle from the mean position is ~sjor ~20 m. Velocity of particle, v=slope a 4 Motion ofthe particle is as shown in figure. At = particle isat ~20.m and has a constant velocity of Sms". Att particle will pass through its mean position. Example 351 A particle is moving along the X-axis and its position-time graph is shown. Determine the sign of ‘acceleration. £ ca Sol, By observing the s¢ graph, we can determine the sign of ‘acceleration. Recall if the graph is concave upwards the slope is increasings if itis concave downward, the slope is decreasing; and if the graph is straight line, the slope is ‘OA: Slope is increasing, vis increasing and a is postive. ‘AB: Slope is constant, vis constant and a =0. BC:: Slope is decreasing, v is decreasing and a is negative. CD: Slope is increasing,» is increasing and ais positive. DE: Slope is constant, v is constant and a = 0. Example 3.52 A car accelerates from rest at a constant rate o for some time, after which it decelerates at a constant rate B to come to rest. If the total time elapsed ist second evaluate () the ‘maximum velocity reached and (i) the total distance travelled. Sol. (i) Let the car accelerates for time t, and decelerates for time ty. Then, ‘ taqte Chapter 03; Motion in one dimension (109 and corresponding velocity-time graph will be as shown in figure. From the graph, a =slope of line OA and B=—slope of line AB From Eqs. (i), (i) and (ii), we get Poa 4 Yas a B oo oe 1 oF ue = (i) Total distance = displacement = area under vt graph XOX ae abt Peers or Distance =}( 28 ala+B Example 3.53 The acceleration versus time graph of a particle ‘moving along a straight line is shown in the figure. Draw the respective velocity-time graph. ==.) Assuming at Sol. From or w+ graph i a straight ine passing through origin with slope 2 m/s At the end of 2 5, Otor=2s,a=+2m/s? => v=ar=2 va2x2=4m/s Fromt=2to4s,a Hence, v= 4 m/s will remain constant. From =4 to 6 s,a=—4m/s*. Hence, veu-ar=4—4¢ v=Oate=Isorat 5 s from origin (with ¢=Oat 43)~ MNO) oBsective PHysics Vol. 1 At the end of 6 s (or ¢=2s) v graph is as shown below 4 m/s. Corresponding vt vl) 9) Example 3.54 Velocity-time graph of a particle moving in a straight line is shown in figure. Plot the corresponding displacement-time graph of the particle if at time t = 0, displacement s = Sol, Displacement = Area under velocity-time graph Hence, Son=4x2%10=10m io oe . Sea sno=2x2n0+ 20-30 : ee = so=}x2x20=20m . ow =60+20=80m sie) t(s) € 24 6 8 Between 0 to 2s and 4 to 6 s motion is accelerated, hence displacement-time graph is a parabola. Between 2 to 4s ‘motion is uniform, so displacement-time graph will be a straight line, Between 6 to 8 s motion is decelerated hence displacement-time graph is again a parabola but inverted in shape. Ac the end of 8 s velocity is zer0, therefore, slope of displacement: time graph should be ze70. The corresponding graph is shown in figure. Example 3.55 A rocket is fired vertically upwards with a ny acceleration of 4 ms"? and initial velocity zero. After 8s its [uel is finished and it decelerates with g. At the highest poy its velocity becomes zero. Then, it accelerates downwards wit, acceleration g and return back to ground. Plot velocity-time ang, displacement-time graphs for the complete journey, (Take 9 =10 ms") Sol, In the graphs, U4 = Alon = (4) (5)=20 ms"! ton =(5+2)8 275 Now, soup = area under -t graph between 0 to 7s + (20)=70m Isoael=Is5cl=5 9¢8e 2 70 =1 00) 3. 2 toc = Vid =3.75 2 tonne = 7+3.7.=10:78 Also So, = area under v-t graph between OA -16) (20)= 50 mCheck point 3.6 ) 4. Which of the following graph represents the uniform motion? t OH (d) None of these 2, From the displacement-ime graph find out the velocity of a moving body. Tine) ie 0 Displacement fl 1 me!) Smo"! me (@ Ams @ Jems" @) 3 (©) 3 5 3. The distance-time graph of particle at timet makes angle 45? withthe time exis. After one second, it makes angle 60° with the time axis, What isthe average acceleration of the particle? (@ 3-1 (o) VO+1 ava 1 4. The graph between displacement and time for a particle ‘moving with uniform acceleration is @ {@) straight line with a postive slope (0) parabola (6) elipse {6) straight line paralel to time axis: 5. The v-t graph of a moving object is shown in the figure, The maximum acceleration is of so} 20} Velocity (ems) 10 20 30 40 0 60 70 6 Time 6) (@ tems? @) Zems* (6) 3ems'?_(¢) Gems? 6. The variation of velocity of a particle with time moving along a straight line is ilystrated in the adjoining figure, The distance travellod by the particle in 4 sis (60m —(b) 5m (©) 25m (@) 30m 7. Aliftis going up. The variation in the speed of the lft is as given in the ‘graph, What is the height to which the lif takes the passengers? (@) 36m (b) 28am, (©) 960m (6) Cannot be calculated from the abave graph 8. The velocity-ime graph of a body moving in a straight line is shown in the figure, The displacement and distance travelled by the body in 6 s are respectively lens) I as 2 Timea 10H Velocity (ns 2 3 (@) 8m,16m (©) 16m, 32m (©) 16m, 16m (@) am,18m 19. The x-t equation is given as x = 2! + 1 The corresponding vet graph is {) a straight line passing through origin (0) a straight ine not passing through erigin (6) @parabola {@) None of the above 10. Wich of the following graphs correctly represents ‘velocity-ime relationship for a patticle released from rest to fall rely under gravity? (a) (b) © d)12) OBJECTIVE PHYSICS Vol. 1 11, Apartcle projected vertically upwards returns to the ground in time T Which graph represents the correct variation of velocity (v) aganst time (? (a) (b) (d) Te 7 om > 12. The velocity-time graph of a body is shown in the figure. It implies that at point B | (2) the is zer0 (©) there is @ force towards motion (6) there is a force which opposes motion (@) there is only gravitational force 13. The velocity-time graph is shown in the figure, for a particle, The acceleration of particle is ms? 15, 10. 5. “) Taa4 (b) Sms (@ -3ms? 14, The v-t plot of a moving object is shown in the figure. The average velocity of the object during the first 10s is, Velocity (ms) (a) zero (©) Sms" 15. Which of the following graphs cannot possibly represent gn, dimensional motion of a particle a 8 38 3 # Time Time i a Veit Speed Tire ma lA Time v a (@) land (band i (Nandy (Al four 416. ithe velocity vot apartcle moving 29 along a straight line decreases = linearly with its displacement strom 2 20ms"'toa value approaching zero. S at s = 30m, then acceleration of the pale atv = 10mis . -2 2 (jms?) - Fs? (o) Sm 17. v? versus s-graph of a particle moving in a straight line is ‘shown in the figure. From the graph some conclusions are drawn. State which statement is wrong? (@) The given graph shows a uniformly accelerated motion (©) Initial velocity of particle is zero (©) Corresponding s-t raph will be a parabola (2) None of the above 18. A graph between the square of the velocity of a particle and the distance s moved by the particle is shown in the figure. The acceleration of the particle is Fens?) (a) —ams* (©) -16ms"49, The area under acceleration time graph gives (a) dstance travelled (b) change in acceleration {@) force acting (6) change in velocity 120. Aparicle starts from rest att = 0 and undergoes an ‘acceleration a in ms” with time tin seconds which is as shown, i ° | ‘Which one of the following plot represents velocity vinms~ versus time in seconds 6) Relative velocity ‘The term relative is frequently used for comparison of displacement, velocity and acceleration of the two objects. ‘The time rate of change of relative position of one object with respect to another is called relative velocity. Let two objects A and Bare moving along the + ve direction on X-axis. At time ¢, their displacement from the origin be x, and xp. 7 wu 4p 7 a -_—_»———_4 Fig. 3.12 ap ay —4 and vy, de oe dt ©. Their velocities are v4 ‘The displacement of B relative to.A. xe =%B-XA Rate of change of relative displacement of w.rt. time is does) 4 x) a ae > deny _ en _ Ha dt dt dt . [rasve—%] Similarly, relative acceleration of A with respect to B is is a one dimensional motion we can treat the vectors as scalars just by assigning the positive sign to one direction and negative to the other. So, incase of a one dimensional motion the above equations can be written as Chapter 03 : Motion in one dimension (19 19 ‘4 \" @ 2 o 2 re yet I v4 © TPS “4 - van =¥4-YB and Aap = 24-43 Further, we can see that Yap =~Yoa or apn =—8A8 Different cases of relative velocity Case I When the two objects move with equal velocities, ve. v4 =Ug OF Uy —Vq =O. It means, the two objects stay at constant distance apart during the whole joumey. In this case, the position-time graph of two objects are parallel straight lines. y & _ Ea = 7 Fig 313 Case IK If both objects A and B move along parallel straight lines in the opposite direction, then relative velocity of Bw.rst, Ais given as Von =Va-CVA)= Vat VA and the relative velocity of A wart. Bis given by van =¥a—C¥p)=¥a + YB Case LIE vy vp, ¥4 —vp is positive, Then, x= x9 > 0 Le., (x xp) is positive, It means the separation between the two objects will go on increasing with time i.e., the separation (x x9) between them will increase by an amount (04 ~vg)after each unit of time. Therefore, their position-time graphs will open out gradually as shown betow. X,(0) xn) Xpi0) #9) — Fig, 3.15 Example 3.56 Seeta is moving due east with a velocity of Ams“! and Geeta is moving due west with a velocity of 2 ms. What is the velocity of Seeta with respect to Geeta? ‘Sol. It is a one dimensional motion. So, let us choose the east direction as positive and the west as negative. Now given that Us =velocity of Seeta=1 ms“ and Ye =velocity of Geeta =-2 ms“! ‘Thus, Yso = velocity of Seeta with respect to Geeta =Vs Ug =1~(-2)=3 ms Hence, velocity of Seeta with respect to Geeta is 3 m/s due east, Example 3.57 Two parallel rail tracks run North-South. Train Amoves North with a speed of 54 kml"! and train B moves South with a speed of 90 kmh”, Find the relative velocity of B w.r.t. A Sol, Let positive direction of motion be from South to North, +54 kmh“! =15 ms", Given, v4 vp =—90kmh* =-25 ms The relative velocity of B wer.t. A 40.mst Vaa=Ya-Va i.e, the train B appears to A to move with a speed of 40 ms“! from North to South, Example 358 A man A moves due to East with velocity 6 ms”! and another man B moves in N-30°E with 6 ms~!, Find the velocity of B w.r.t. A Sol. Given, v= 6h Yq =U c08 60°E + vp sin 60°] =o(5}t-o(S}- 1433} To find the velocity, ven=V9-Va=G14+3y3))—61 Ivagl= V3? + V3 = 9427 =V36 =6ms7 Here, {is ve and J is +ve, So, second quadrant is possible. Direction, 31+3V3] = ceelficient off _ 3v3 coefficient off —3 tan 4B = a=60° Example 3.59 Buses A and B are moving in the same direction with speed 20 ms“ and 15 ms" respectively. Find the relative velocity of A w.r.t, B and relative velocity of Bw.r.t. A. Sol. Let their direction of motion of bus A is i, then @0ms")i and v,=05 ms (i) Relative velocity of A wit.t, B Yap =¥a~Vg = (actual velocity of A) - (velocity of B) 20ms"")i—15ms) i =(Sms")i (Gi) Relative velocity of Bw.r.t. A Yaa =¥3~¥4=(Actual velocity of B) =(15ms")i - 20ms" Example 3.60 Car A has an acceleration of 2 m/s? due east and car B, 4 m/s* due north. What is the acceleration of car B with respect to car A?Sol Itis a two dimensional motion, Therefore, fay =acceletation of car B with respect to ear A ae cre 2 ‘ ne ay ste? w E cag = 2s? s Here, ay = acceleration of car, B= 4 m/s? (due north) and ay acceleration of car A= 2 m/s? (ue east) lagal = VU)? + (2? = 2N5 mys? and a=tart(4)=tan' 9) 2 ‘Thus, ag, is 2V5 m/s? at an angle of o = tan“ (2) from west towards north, Example 3.61 A police van moving on a highway with a speed (0 30 kmh" fires a bullet at a thief car which és speeding away in the same direction with a speed of 190 kmh". If the muzzle speed of the bullet is 150 ms”, find speed of the bullet with respect to the thief car. Sol, Let, vp is velocity of bullet vp is velocity of police van and 1, is velocity of thief’ car. ‘Then, speed of the bullet with respect to the thief's car Vip = U5 —Up Meaty op =180% 2h + abknk = 0a! 380 kab? Ue = Example 3.62 Delhi is at a distance of 200 km from Ambala. Car A set out from Ambala at a speed of 30 kmh" and car B Set out at the same time from Delhi at a speed of 20 kmh”. When they will meet each other? What is the distance of that meeting point from Ambala? Sol Relative velocity, =», = 570 kmh"! ~190 kmh v4 Vg =30~(-20)= 50 kmh" 30 kmh fats They will meet after time ¢ pe ee 50 Distance from Ambala where they will meet x=30x 4=120km : Chapter 03: Motion in one dimension | 115 Example 3.63 Two car travelling towards each other on a straight road at velocity 10 ms“'and 12 ms~' respectively. When they are 150 m apart, both the drivers apply their brakes and each car decelerates at 2 ms~* until it stops. How far apart will they be when both of them come to a halt? Sol, Let x; and x, be the distance travelled by the car before they stop under deceleration. From Illrd equation of motion vt au? +2a5 > 0210? 2x25 => 4 =25m and 16 m 2)? -2x 2x => x ‘Total distance covered by the two cars =x +x; =25+96=61m Distance between the two cars when they stop =150-61=89 m Examples of relative motion 1, Relative velocity of rain Consider a man walking East with velocity v,, represented by OA. Let the rain be falling vertically downwards with velocity v,, represented by OB. To find the relative ‘velocity of rain w.r.t. man (e., Vj, ) being the man at rest by imposing a velocity -v,, on man and apply this velocity on rain also. Now the relative velocity of rain w.r.t. man will be the resultant velocity of v, (= OB) and —v,, (= OA), which will be represented by diagonal OC of rectangle OACB Vin = Vv? + v2 + 2v,V—_ cos 90° =yoreu? AB Fig. 3.16 Relative velocity of rain If is the angle which v,,, makes with the vertical direction, then tan6 = BC = Ym oe Q = tan“ Ym OB, v Here, angle 0 is from vertical towards West and is written as 0, West of vertical. Note in te above problem if the man wants to protect himself from the rain, he should hod his umbrella inthe direction of relative veloc of rain irk man ie, the umbrella shouldbe held making an angle @ trom West orvertca.16) OBJECTIVE PHYSICS Vol. 1 Example 3.64 To a man walking at the rate of 3 km/h the rain appears to fall vertically. When he increases his speed to 6 kmh it appears to meet him at an angle of 45° with vertical. Find the speed of rain. Sol, Let { and j be the unit vectors in horizontal and vertical directions respectively. Vertical (3) Horizontal 7) Let velocity of rain v, =ai + Bj nll) ‘Then speed of rain will be Iv,l= ya? +0? Inthe first case v,, = velocity of man =34 Vin SV, -V = (03) + Ik seems to be in vertical direction. Hence, a-3=0 o a=: Vg = 64 (a6 + bj =-3i+ bj This seems to be at 45° with vertical. Hence, |b|=3 Therefore, from Eq, (i) speed of rain is Iv,|= VO? + 6? =3v2 km/h 2. Crossing the river To cross the river over shortest distance, i.e., to cross the river straight, the man should swim upstream making an angle @ with OB such that, OB gives the direction of resultant velocity (ve) of velocity of swimmer and velocity of river water as shown in figure. Let us consider In the second case 7 ¥, Ave B lta ° o Filg, 3.17 Crossing the river rz (velocity of river water) OA =v,, (velocity of man in still river water) OB = Ving (relative velocity of man wr.t, river) In AOAB, where,® is the angle made by man with shortest distance op tang =Y# = —_YR__ Yon v2 = ve (a) Time taken to cross the river If d be the width of the river, then time taken cross to the river given by (0) To cross the river in possible shortest time The man should go along OA. Now the swimmer will be going along OB, which is the direction of resultant velocity of v,, and vp AM 8 dn) Heme | ° downstream vpstream 0 Fig, 3.18 Cross the river in possible shortest time In AOAB tone = 2 Y2 and pq = v2, +¥4 y, ‘Time of crossing the river, d OB ro Ym Ym yx? +a? ‘The boat will be reading the point B instead of point A. If AB= +2 x , then tan@ = 2-25 x= va 4 me In this case, the man will reach the opposite bank a distance AB downstream. Drift It is defined as the displacement of man in the direction of tiver flow as shown Fig. 3.19 Itis simply the displacement along x-axis. During the period the man crosses the river. (Vyqe cos + vg) is the compone™ of velocity of man in the direction of river flow and this component of velocity is responsible for drift along the rive flow. If drift is x then : X= Wag 6080 + vp) x —4— Vy sin®Note vs >¥ee then iis not possi to have zero dit In this case, the minimum dit corresponding to shortest posibie path s non-zero and ‘the condition fo minimum dit can be proved tobe cost)= — "Sof sing = “For minimum but nonzero di Example 3.65 A man crosses a river in a boat. If he cross the river in minimum time he takes 10 min with a drift 120 m. If he crosses the river taking shortest path, he takes 12.5 min, find (a) width of the river (0) velocity of the boat with respect to water. (0) speed of the current. Sol, Let v, = velocity of river vy, = velocity of river in still water and w= width of river Given, tig =10min or Ye Drift in this case will be, x=uft 120=10, 4 Shortest path is taken when v, For minimum time is along AB. In this case, Now, Solving these three equations, we get Vp =20 m/min, v, = 12 m/min and w= 200 m. Example 266 A man wants to reach point B on the opposite bank of a river flowing at a speed as shown in figure, What minimum speed relative to water should the man have so that he can reach point B? In which direction should he swim ? Sol, (a) Given, that vj, = 4 km/h and v, Tea ii) Chapter 03 : Motion in one dimension | I17 Resultant of v and should be along AB. Components of v4, (absolute velocity of boatman) along xand y directions are, v,=u-vsinO and v, =v.os Further, tan 45° oe vy c05 0 u-vsind sin0+ cos V2 sin (0+ 45%) vis minimum at, 04 45°=90° or @=45° 2 Example 3.67 A man can row a boat with 4 km/h in still water. If he is crossing a river where the current is 2 km/h. (a) In what direction will his boat be headed if he wants to reach 4 point on the other bank, directly opposite to starting point? () If width of the river is 4 km, how long will the man take t0 cross the river, with the condition in part (a)? (©) In what direction should he head the boat if he wants to cross the river in shortest time and what is this minimum time? (@) How long will i take him to row 2 km up the stream and then back to his starting point? n/a (= @-G- Hence, to reach the point directly opposite to stating point he should head the boat at an angle of 30° with AB or 90° + 30° =120° with the river flow. (8) Time taken by the boatman to cross the river w=width of river= 4 km = sin Uy, =4 km/h and 0° fn ' =on e030" V5 (6) For shortest time 0 = 0° and tain Vy, cos OF Hence, he should head his boat perpendicular to the river current for erossing the river in shortest time and this shortest time is 1h. (@) ft + toeMWB) OBJECTIVE PHYSICS Vol. 1 Example 3.68 A boat moves relative to water with a velocity v isn times less than the river flow w At what angle to the stream direction must the boat move to minimize drifting? Sol. In this problem, one thing should be carefully noted that the ‘velocity of bost is less than the river flow velocity. Hence boat cannot reach the point directly opposite to its. starting point ic.,drift ean never be zero. ‘Suppose boat starts at an angle 0 from the normal direction up stream as shown, B Drift=x _¢ ‘Component of velocity of boat along the river, v, =u-vsind and velocity perpendicular to the river, uy, =ve0s0, time taken (o cross the river is Drift x =(v,)¢=(u-vsin®) veos 8 aif sec dtan® a& The drift xis minimum, when = 3 drift xis mini ns or (2 )eecoan6-dsecto=0 “sing=1 = sind=* So, for minimum drift, the boat must move at an angle v 1 O=sint = from normal direction. 3. Minimum distance between two bodies in motion ‘When two bodies are in motion, the questions like, the minimum distance between them or the time when one body overtakes the other can be solved easily by the principle of relative motion. In these type of problems one body is assumed to be at rest and the relative motion of the other body is considered. By assuming so two body problem is converted into one body problem and the solution becomes easy. Following example will illustrate the statement. Example 3.69 Car A and car B start moving simultaneously in Fre rone direction along the ling joining them, Car A witha constant acceleration a = 4 ms-*, while car B moves with constant velocity v= 1 ms~'. Attime ¢ = 0, car Ais 10 m behind car B. Find the time when car A overtakes carB, Sol. Given, uy =0,u%y =1ms"'a,=4 ims“ and ay = 0. ‘Assuming car B to be at rest, we have 1 tag =a ~My =O yp =4, Ap =4-0=4ms~ Now, the problem can be assumed in simplified form as follows asd? Substituting the proper values in equation 2 vem! 1 seutt Sat’ 2 10= wwe get, eo (4)02) of 22 —2-10=0 tage- Tims! ays 4 ms? or Ssand-2s Ignoring the negative value, the desired time is 2.5 s. Note. The above problem can also be solved without using the concept of felative mation as under. Athe time when A overtakes B, sy =5_ + 10 1 Deus = tet + 2 5 0 or 2° -9=0 Which on solving gives t= 25's and -2, the same as we found above. ‘As per my opinion, this approach (by taking absolute values) is more suitable incase of two body problem in one dimensional motion. Lets see one more example in suppor of it. Example 3.70 An open lift is moving upwards with velocity 10ms" It has an upward acceleration of 2 ms~. A ball is projected upwards with velocity 20 ms” relative to ground. Find @ time when ball again meets the lift. Gd displacement of lift and ball at that instant. (i distance travelled by the ball upto that instant. (Take, 9 =10 ms) Sol, (i) At the time when ball again meets the lift, 4, =%8 tor+txaxe=200-Lx 108 2 2Solving this equation, we get 2a? 10m! 1 20s —— | 10m? Lyi Bball '=0 and 3 <. Ball will again meet the lift after 2 oof sy {i At this instant 5, = 5 =10% 2422/2 eet eG 3 aaisam i) For the ball wT La, Therefore we will first find fg, the time when its velocity becomes zero. 0 = ees 10 aai(=2s) 0=:~ 120 OBJECTIVE PHYSICS Vol. 1 The pilot should head the plane at angle sin {Se ast of line OA Gi) Along line OA Time taken by the plane to move from Oto A d t ie aeeeeeeee B+ vcos0 Example 3.73_An aircraft flies at 400 km/h in still air. A wind of 200V2 km/h is blowing from the south. The pilot wishes to travel from A to a point B north east of A. Find the direction he must steer and time of his journey if AB =1000 kr. Sol, Given that vy, =200 V2 krn/b. gu. = 400 kin/h and, should be along AB or in north-east direction, Thus, the direction of vy should be such as the resultant of v4 and Vy is along AB or in north-east direction. N Fig, 3.18 Check point 37) 1. A train is moving towards East and a car is along North, both with same speed. The observed direction of car to the passenger in the train is (2) East-Nosh direction _—_(b) West North direction (c) South-East direction _—_(@) None of these 2. A100 m long train crosses a man travelling at kmh", in ‘opposite direction , in 7.2 s then the velocity of train is (@) 4oms" (p) 25s" (6) 20s" (d) 45 ms™* 3, Two bodies are held separated by 98m vertically one above the other. They are released simultaneously to fal freely under gravity. After 2 s the relative distance between them is (2) 49In—() 196m —() BBm_— (a) 392M Let Vgy makes an angle a with AB as shown in Fig. 3.32 Applying sine law in triangle ABC, we get AC _ BC a=30" “Therefore, the pilot should steer in a direction at an ange of (45° + a) or 75° from north towards east. val sin 080° — 45°-30°) 400 Hin 45° sin}05° sin 45° (2) oo mm sin 45° Further, x (400) km /h (3 2652 400 wh =546.47 km/h .. The time of journey from A to Bis ‘AB _ 1000 “Tvl 546.47 t= 1.83h 4. A particle (A) moves due North at $kmh and another particle (B) moves due West at 4kmh™". The relative velociy of Awith respect to B is (tan 37° = 31 4) (a) Skriv", 37° North of East (b) Skmh, 97" East of North (0) 5v2 kmh", 63° East of North (d) Sv kmh", 53° North of East ‘5. Aman standing on a road has to hold his umbrella at 30° with the vertical to keep the rain away. He throws the umbrella and starts running at 10 kmh”. He finds that raindrops are hiting his head vertically What is the speed of rain with respect to ground? (a) 10/3 kmh (b) 20kmh* (©) seni! ( Skenir B we