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Nebosh Summary IGC2
Nebosh Summary IGC2
*Precautions Precautions for accident on Staircases
Medical pre‐selection Removal of obstructions
Acclimatisation Provision of non‐slip surfaces
Limit time of exposure Reflective edging
Cold drinks Adequate lighting
PPE Effective maintenance
Use of Signs
Work in Cold Environment Width
Provision of handrails
Health effects Dimensions treads and risers
Hypothermia Landings
Loss of concentration Consider disabled persons
Shivering Avoid the need to carry heavy objects up and down
Frost bite
Causes of Accidents on walkways almost the same
Precautions
Medical pre‐selection Accidents on walkways on staircases opposite of above
Acclimatisation
Limit time exposure Health Effects of Poor Lighting
Hot drinks Eye strain
Insulated clothing Headaches
Poor posture
Welfare and Environment issues Tripping over unseen objects
Increased likelihood of human error
*Welfare Increased time to vacate work area
Sufficient toilets
Washing facilities Factors to Consider When Assessing Adequacy of Lighting
Eating and changing facilities The tasks being undertaking
Clothing storage The size and layout of the work area
Seating The equipment used
Rest areas Availability of natural light
Arrangements for non‐smokers Shift times/work patterns
Suitable number of artificial light
*Working Environment Contrast levels
Temperature Glare
Ventilation Areas in shadow
Lighting Need for localized lighting
Room dimensions Maintenance of lighting
Suitable work stations and seating Adequate emergency lighting
Weather protection for outdoor workstations
Ladders
Violence at work
*Hazards in use
Occupations at risk Falling off
Taxi drivers Overreaching
Hospitals Carrying up materials
Schools Unsuitable ladders
Cash transactions Ladder not properly secured
Delivery/ collection of money Incorrect angle
Not reaching above landing place
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NEBOSH International General Certificate IGC 2 Elements 1‐8 Control of Workplace Hazards
Aluminium ladders near electrical lines *Precautions for underground services
Plan job
Mobile Tower Scaffold Locate cables
Avoid cables
*Precautions Safe digging procedures
Erected by competent persons
Pre use inspections *Hazardous of Demolition
Positioned on firm ground Underground and over head services
Correct height to base ratio 3.5 :1 inside, 3:1 outside Falls from height
Use of outriggers to broaden base Fall of materials
Tying in to adjacent structure Premature collapse
People and materials removed before moving Health hazards
Handrails and toe boards Gases and vapours
Suitable work platform Noise
Not overloaded Vibration
Ionising radiations
Hazards opposite of above Biological hazards
Mobile Elevating Work Platforms Precautions opposite of above plus
Exclusion zones
Hazards
Safe method of demolition
People falling or being thrown PPE
Materials falling
Crushing between carrier and a fixed structure
Collapse or overturning of MEWP cause by Element 2: Transport Hazards and Control Measures
Equipment failure
Hazards of Fork Trucks
Unsuitable ground conditions
Defective or unused outriggers Overturning
Overloading of the carrier Overloading
Struck by load Loss of loads
Struck by another vehicle Collisions with other vehicles
Interference with controls Collision with pedestrians
Explosions and fire
Precautions opposite of above
Suspended access cradles and platforms *Why can trucks overturn
Traveling on gradients that are too steep
Precautions Travelling forwards when descending slopes
Pre‐ use inspection Overload or unevenly loaded
Supports to building of adequate strength Travelling over soft or uneven ground
Suitable maintained Travelling over slippery surfaces
Safe access and egress Travelling too fast
Not exceed safe working load Striking kerbs of other edges
Guard rails and toe boards fitted Carrying loads at dangerous heights
Safety harness worn
Limitations on use in strong winds To avoid overturning opposite of above
Excavations *Procedures to follow when parking fork lift trucks
Put gears in neutral position
*Main Hazards Apply the handbrake
Undermining foundations Switch off engine
Collapse Remove key and keep it with the responsible person/place
Underground services Forks to be rested on the floor
Persons falling in Mast slightly forward
Vehicles close to edge Parked in the designated parking area making sure it’s not
Access and egress blocking Walkways or exits.
Hazardous atmospheres
*Additional hazards of electric fork trucks
Flooding
Contamination Hydrogen gas released during safety charging
Type of soil Electricity problems
Removal of soil Manual handling of liquids
Corrosive acids
Precautions for Above opposite They are quit (People may not hear them coming)
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NEBOSH International General Certificate IGC 2 Elements 1‐8 Control of Workplace Hazards
Driver Selection Fatigue and stress
Suitable age
Medical examination Workstation Requirements
Routine medical checks at regular intervals Adequate lighting
Assessment after prolonged absences Minimum noise
Capable of Training Ample legroom
Refresher Training Suitable screen at eye level
Suitable software
*Safety of pedestrian in vehicle moving areas Keyboard
Segregation Work surface
Suitable parking areas Suitable work chair
Avoid reversing if possible Footrest if necessary
One‐ way systems
Avoid sharp or blind bends Health Effects of Remaining Seated For a Long Time
Sufficiently wide entrances and gateways Vertebral and muscular damage
Vision Aids High blood pressure
Speed limits Circulation problems
Signallers (Banksmen)
Protection from fumes *Suitable Seat for Sedentary Workers
Protection from materials falling off Good lumbar support
High visibility jackets Good width and depth
Ability to adjust seat back and height
Stable base
Element 3: Manual and Mechanical Handling Hazards Ability to swivel
Provision of arm rests
*Ergonomics
*Manual Handling Injuries
The study of the relationship between workers and their
External: Cuts, bruises, contusions, abrasions, crush
environment, work equipment and work task.
injuries (Fractures)
Work related Upper limb Disorders (WRULDs) Internal: Muscle Strains, Tendon Tears, Hernias, slipped
disc (Disc prolapsed)
*Causes If WRULDs
Hierarchy to reduce manual handling injuries
Repetitive finger, hand or arm movements
Avoid manual handling
Twisting movements
Assess
Squeezing
Implement controls
Hammering
Pushing, pulling or reaching movements
*Manual handling Risk Assessment ( LITE)
Symptoms *Load
Weight
Numbness in fingers
Size
Pains in hands or arms
Shape
Restriction of joint movement
Rigidity
Soft tissue swelling
Difficult to grasp
*Factors to Be Considered During Risk Assessment Unstable
Sharp edges
Force exerted
Hot/Cold
Frequency and duration of operation
Repetition of movement without rest or recovery
*Individual
Posture
Sex
Constraints on space
Stature
Environment
Individual capability
Improve Above plus Training
Person’s assessment of won capability
Mechanise task
Use correct tools and equipment
*Task
Holding away from trunk
Display Screen Equipment (DSEs)
Twisting, Stooping
*Health Effects Reaching upwards
Long vertical movement
Upper limb pains and discomfort
Long carrying distances
Eye and eyesight effects
Strenuous pushing or pulling
Epilepsy
Number of boxes needed to be lifted (frequency of lifting)
Radiation effects in pregnant women
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NEBOSH International General Certificate IGC 2 Elements 1‐8 Control of Workplace Hazards
Repetitive handling Good visibility
Insufficient rest or recovery Good communications
Work rate imposed by the process Suitable storage for fuels etc
*Environment Hazards opposite of above plus
Constraints on posture Use of crane in high winds
Poor floors
Variations in levels *Employee Safety during Lifting
Hot/Cold/humid conditions Trained personnel
Poor lighting Properly trained equipment
Equipment has had statutory inspections
Warning of lift taking place
*Correct Manual Handling Technique No employee to walk under load
Assess the load Ensure load is secure
Close to load as possible SWL crane and tackle not exceeded
Secure grip Lifted to correct height
Suitable feet position Moved at appropriate speed
Back Straight Adequate supervision
Bend the knees Lifting Accessories (Tackle)
Load close to the body
Smooth movement Main Hazards
Over loading/ used above safe working load
Incorrect use e.g. too wide an angle with chains
Types of Crane Insecure attachment of load
Mobile Damage to tackle
Tower Incorrect slinging method
Gantry Failure to examine and inspect pre‐use
Overhead Incompetent staff
Cranes may fail because of Precautions opposite of above
Overturning
Overloading *Conveyors
Unsuitable support or inadequate bases for crane Hazards Precautions
Loss of load Trapping in driver Guards, No looses clothing
Failure of load mechanisms
Lack of maintenance Traps, Nips, Drawing in Pop out, rollers, nip guards
Failure of load bearing part Sharp edges Edge protection, eliminate edges
Items jamming conveyor Adequate design
Falling objects Edge guards, barriers
Cranes may Overturn Because of Riding or crossing Bridges, complete enclosure
Poor road surfaces – soft, greasy, uneven surfaces conveyor
Poor environmental factors such as lighting, dust Impact with objects Helmets, Padding
Speeding Noise Hearing protection
Manual handling Mechanical handling
Lack of regular maintenance
Electrical Hazards Suitable equipment
Lack of driver competence
Overloading of vehicles
Vehicles carrying unstable loads Element 4: Work Equipment Hazards and Control
Wind
Unstable ground conditions *Precautions on Maintenance of Work Equipment
Use of permit to work
Isolation/locking off
*Safe Use of Cranes Dissipation of stored energy
Suitable crane Segregation
Suitable crane conditions Safe means of access
Use of outriggers Use of PPE
Avoidance of obstructions Competent personnel
Care near overhead power lines Ensure safe environment (allow to cool)
Designated and protected area
Suitable and tested lifting tackle *Hazards of Maintenance Work Opposite of above plus
Correct slinging technique Chemical
Competent personnel Biological
Load gear ground if travelling Asbestos
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NEBOSH International General Certificate IGC 2 Elements 1‐8 Control of Workplace Hazards
Hot or Cold May not fail to safety
Pressure to complete work
*Mechanical Hazards of Machinery – (ENTICE)
Element 5: Electrical Hazards Controls
Entanglement
Traps (Also referred to as drawing in ‐ shear‐ crush) Main Hazards of Electricity (BSAFE)
Impact Burns
Contact (Also referred to as cutting‐ stabbing‐ Shock
puncture)
Arcing
Ejection
Fire
Explosions
Draw labelled diagrams of each one
Secondary Effects of Electricity
*Non‐ Machinery Hazards of Machinery
Fall from height
Chemical/Biological Hazards
Unintentional movement of machine
Dust and fumes
De‐activation of control measures
Ergonomics
Loss of information
Electricity
Throw off
Fire
Explosion *Health effects of Electricity on the Body
Hazardous substances
Damage to nervous system
Manual Handling
Irregular heartbeat (fibrillation)
Noise
Internal Burns
Radiation
External Burns
Stability of Machine
Muscular contractions
Temperature of extremes
Stopping breathing
Ultra violet light
Stopping of the heart
Vibration
*Factors Influencing Severity of Electrical Shock
Guards ‐ FIAT
Voltage
*Fixed Guards Current
Time
A physical barrier not connected to the machine controls
Conductivity of resistance
which has no moving parts and requires a tool to remove
Path of current through the body
it.
Environmental factors – wet conditions
*Fixed Guards Conductivity of the skin – wet or dry
Advantage Disadvantages
*Action on Finding Someone In Contact With Electricity
Minimal maintenance Not linked to machine controls
Isolate the supply if possible – or remove person from
Only defeated by deliberate No protection when removed
the supply using a non‐conductive instrument
act
Summon help
Only visual inspection Access to dangerous parts when
removed Give first‐ aid if able
May protect against other More difficult to remove not Remain with casualty until emergency services arrive
hazards e.g. noise, dust, practical when frequent access
Causes of Electrical Fire
injection of materials required
Tends to be left unfixed when Inadequate circuits
frequent access required Overload circuits
May hamper visibility Incorrect fuses
Damaged insulation
*Interlocking Guard Loose connections
Linked to the machine controls so that when the machine Flammable materials too close to electrical
is in a dangerous condition the guard cannot be opened or equipment
opening the guard causes the machine to become safe. Over heating of cables
*Interlocking Guard *Safety of Portable Electrical Appliances
Advantage Disadvantages
Allow safe access for feeding Increase the complexity of the *The appliance
materials machine Battery operated
Convenient to use Difficult to test and maintain Checked before use
Less likely to be deliberately May need a brake or time delay Suitable selected equipment
defeated Properly maintained equipment
Speeds up operations Components could fail in service
Regular maintenance required *The Lead
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NEBOSH International General Certificate IGC 2 Elements 1‐8 Control of Workplace Hazards
Ensure not run over by vehicles Element 6: Fire Hazards and Control
Dragged over rough services
Trapped in machinery *Cause of Fire
Exposed to hot surfaces or corrosive chemicals Arson
Continuous flexing Electrical faults
Misuse of electrical equipment
*Joints, Connections and plugs Smoker’s materials
Makeshift temporary connections Oil/gas heating equipment and portable heaters
Leads getting pulled out Unsafe storage of materials
Poor made connections Use of flammable liquids or gases in unsuitable areas
Fuse being replaced Welding/ hot work
Battery operated Mechanical heat (Spark/friction)
*Fuse *The Fire Triangle:‐ Fuel, Source of ignition, Oxygen
A weak link designated to melt, breaking the circuit at
excessive currents Safety Using the Fire Triangle:
Remove Fuel = starve
Circuit Breakers
Remove Heat = cool
Electromagnetic device which perform the same function as fuses Remove Oxygen = smother
i.e. break the circuit at excessive current although slightly faster.
Flash Point: ‐ The temperature at which a vapor given off by
Earthing
substance will ignite when brought to a source of ignition.
Electricity will always try reach earth and earthing means providing
a path to earth lower than the human body. *Classes of Fire:
A‐ Combustible Solid (Wood, Paper Etc)
Isolation
B‐ Flammable Liquids (Alcohol, Petrol)
The disconnection and separation of the electrical equipment from C‐ Flammable Gases (Butane, Hydrogen, Propane)
every source of electrical equipment in such a way that the D‐ Metals (Magnesium)
disconnection and separation is secure. F‐ Cooking Media (Vegetable Oil or Animal Fats)
Reduced Voltage Systems Method of Heat Transfer
By reducing the voltage present system the consequences of
electrical shock can be greatly reduced. *Direct Contact
The flame and a combustible fuel are in direct contact and the fuel
Residual Current Devices (RCD)
heats up and eventually ignites.
It compares the current flowing into the system with the current
flowing out. When the level differs by a present value the RCD will *Conduction
open rapidly and interrupt the supply. Heat travels within a solid material (such as metal) from hotter to
cooler parts
User Checks
Equipment is of an approved standard
Wiring and casing are free from damage *Radiation
Cables are correctly routed Heat waves (infrared) is radiated through the air causing heating of
Systems not overloaded a material at a distance from the fire.
Correct fuses
Plug properly wired and gripped *Convection
Competent users Hot air rises in currents causing the build up of hot and unburnt
Using reduced voltage in wet conditions gases ceilings etc, and allows fire to spread from one room to
Using RCDS’s another.
Office Environments *Fire precautions to minimize the risk to people in the event of fire
Suitable equipment manufactured to appropriate Suitable Fire/ smoke detection
standards
Avoid the use of trailing cables *Fire Alarms
Avoid multi‐ socket extensions Suitable
Control private electrical equipment brought from Regular testing
home Contact with emergency services
Report defective and damaged equipment
Ensure effective heating *Means of Escape
Switch off overnight Travel distances
Test appliances at regular intervals Stairways
Fire doors
Signage
Emergency lighting
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NEBOSH International General Certificate IGC 2 Elements 1‐8 Control of Workplace Hazards
Assembly point Irritant
Non‐ corrosive substances which through immediate, prolonged or
*Means of Lighting the Fire repeated contact with skin or mucous membrane may cause
Suitable extinguishers inflammation e.g Petrol
Properly sited extinguishers
Training in use of extinguishers Corrosive
Extinguishers properly maintained Substance which on a contact with living tissue may destroy it by
burning e.g. acids
*Emergency Evacuation Procedures
Fire marshals Harmful
Fore notices Substances which if swallowed, inhaled or penetrate the skin may
Fire drills cause damage to health.
Roll calls
Provision for disables Toxic
A poisonous substance which in low quantities may cause death,
acute or chronic damage to health.
Element 7: Chemical and Biological Health hazards and controls Carcinogenic
Substance which causes disorders to dell growth that may lead to
Target Organs
cancer.
A part of the body which sustains an adverse effect when it is
exposed to or by contaminated by a particular harmful agent. *Information on Manufactures Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)
Identification of the substance
Examples: Mercury, lead the brain, asbestos, ammonia the lungs
Manufactures information
Composition of the ingredients
*Body Defenses against Dust
First‐aid precautions
The hair and wetness of the nose
Fire‐fighting measures
The change of direction of the larynx
Handling and storage
Sneezing and coughing
PPE
The hair cells in the respiratory tract
Disposal considerations
Tears and blinking of the eyes
Transport information
Dermatitis Regulatory information
Symptoms: Blisters, Inflammation, Dryness, Reddening, Cracking
*Grab Sample (Chemical Stain Detector Tube)
of skin
Advantages Disadvantages
*Protective measure against Dermatitis Low cost Inaccurate
Takes little time Positioning of tube
Eliminate the substance
Immediate result Only a snap shot
Substitution of the substance
Little training Inefficient
Barrier creams,
Information during spillage Chemical use only
Good hygiene practices
Good for coarse indication Substance specific
PPE
*Routes of Entry in the Body
Hazardous substance risk assessment 5 steps as normal Control of
Inhalation
health hazards Eliminate or Reduce by substitution
Ingestion
Absorption
Isolate
Direct entry
Total enclosure
Injection
Segregate the people
*Acute Effects Control
Adverse health effects resulting from single or short term exposure Engineering Control (LEV)
to large quantity of the harmful substance, it is usually reversible e.g Maintenance of controls
splashing acid onto the skin will give an immediate reaction. Change the work pattern or method
Hygiene and housekeeping
*Chronic
Adverse health effects resulting from prolonged or repeated PPE
exposure to small quantities of the harmful substance leading to a
gradual often irreversible effects e.g exposure to asbestos duct over Discipline
many years will lead to asbestosis and cancer of the lungs‐
mesothelioma. Emergency controls for spillage, air pollution etc.
Ventilation systems alarmed
Classification of Hazardous Substances PPE
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NEBOSH International General Certificate IGC 2 Elements 1‐8 Control of Workplace Hazards
Emergency showers, eye wash facilities Dusts
Booms, sawdust, spillage procedures Nuisance dust can cause asthma, bronchitis, emphysema, and
Evacuation procedures conditions such as asbestos, silicosis.
Isolation of the area
Evacuation of the employee at risk *Dust Identification
PPE for staff involved in clear up Visual signs of dust
Dust lamps
Local Exhaust Ventilation (LEV) Static or personal sampling
Main parts: Hood, Ducting, Filter, Fan Health surveillance
Draw sketch as provided. *Control Measures for Dust
Elimination
Substitution e.g. pellets instead of powers
*LEV becomes inefficient because of; Enclosure of the process
Blocked filters Local exhaust ventilation
Lack of maintenance Vacuuming instead of sweeping
Position of hood Damping down
Unauthorized alterations Limiting time of exposure
Broken ducting Limiting numbers exposed
Wear of fan blades Respiratory protective equipment
Incorrect settings
Increased contaminant level Lead
Inadequate design A heavy, soft and easily worked metal. Can enter body by eating
Failure of operators to use it contaminated food but usually by breathing fumes or dust.
Check opposite of above Acute lead poisoning can result in nausea, headaches, effects on the
nervous system sometimes death in serve cases.
Specific Agents
*Organic solvents
*Ammonia These dissolve other substances and are also used as cleaning and
Is a colourless gas with a pungent odour. It is a corrosive and can degreasing agents. They are volatile and evaporate quickly at room
cause irritation to the eyes upper respiratory tract in small temperature so their vapours can be drawn into the lungs.
concentrations. Large concentrations can cause blindness and fluid Acute effects are irritation of the eyes, skin, throat and lungs. Effects
in the lungs. Eye protection and respiratory essential. may be headaches, nausea, dizziness and loss of consciousness and
in extreme cases in death.
*Asbestos
Main types: ‐ Blue, Brown and White Isocyanates
Diseases: Asbestos, Lung Cancer, Mesothelioma Organic compounds widely used in industry for products such as
spray painting of vehicles and production of polyurethane rubbers
Uses and foams.
Pipe lagging
Wall and roof panels Inflammation of the nasal passages and throat can lead to asthma.
Ceiling tiles
Textured coatings Silica
Insulation materials Found in sand, granite etc. and the health hazard comes from
Gaskets breathing it in which can lead to the lung disease silicosis.
Brake linings
Biological Agents
Carbon Dioxide
Colourless and odourless gas that is heavier than air. Low levels Leptospirosis or Weils disease
increases the rate of respiration and high depress the rate of Bacteria found in the urine of female rats and the most common
respiration leading to unconsciousness and even death. Produced in source is in river water, sewers etc. Enters the body through
fermentation process e.g breweries. puncture of the skin or ingestion. Attacks the kidneys and liver
causing high temperatures and may be fatal.
Carbon Monoxide
Colourless and odourless and tasteless gas. Found where incomplete Legionella
combustion occurs e.g boilers, vehicle exhausts. An airbone bacterium found in water sources such as cooling
towers, stagnant water etc. It is caused by inhalation of airbone
Inhalation of the gas results in headache, drowsiness, flushed “pink’ droplets of water containing the legionalla bactieria leading to a
appearance and ultimately asphyxiation. form of pneumonia e.i. breathing difficulties, high temperature and
possible death. Those at greatest risk are middle aged smokers or
Chlorine elderly people with chest problems. Control measures involve
A greenish toxic gas with a pungent smell which is highly irritant to temperature control and monitoring, avoiding “dead legs” legs in
the respiratory system.
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NEBOSH International General Certificate IGC 2 Elements 1‐8 Control of Workplace Hazards
pipework, biocide treatment and effective cleaning and Enclosure
maintenance. Absorption
Silencer
Hepatitis
A disease of the liver and can cause high temperatures, nausea and The Person
jaundice. It is caused by hazardous substances or a virus. Health Distance
workers and those handling bodily fluids are most at risk. The Time exposed
control measures involve inoculation and good hygiene practices. Information and training
*Control Measures for Biological Hazards Limitation on Personal Hearing Protection
Cleaning and disinfection Not worn correctly
Water treatment Not lifted correctly
Vermin control Not properly maintained
Containment of the biological agent Uncomfortable or inconvenient to wear
Avoidance of sharp implements Needs constant management commitment
Proper disposal of contaminated waste May introduce secondary risks
Immunization
Personal Hygiene *Factors affecting the choice of Personal Hearing Protection
PPE Ease of monitoring
Compatibility with other PPE
*Waste of Storage
Hygiene
Sufficient storage area Cost
Clearly the label the storage area Quality and performance
Ensure storage area secure Comfort
Protect storage area with bunds etc. Ease of use
Store different types of waste separately Training required
Never store incompatible waste together Disposable or reusable
Select appropriate containers
Keep quantities of waste to a minimum *Advantages and Disadvantages of Personal Hearing Protection
Protect waste from the elements Ear plugs Ear Muffs
Advantage Advantage
Cheap Comfort
Element 8: Physical and Psychological Hazards Disposable – hygienic Easy to monitor usage
Noise No Interference other PPE Reusable
Disadvantage Disadvantage
Noise Terminology Uncomfortable Expensive
Frequency: The number of wave fronts assign a point Difficult to monitor usage Hygiene Issues
in one second measured in Hertz Training required Interferes with other PPE
Intensity: the loudness of the noise
Decibel: The sound pressure level Hand Arm Vibration
“A” Weighting: A filter in the noise meter that *Health Effects
equates the noise to how the human ear perceives Tingling in the hands extremities
the noise. Numbness and blanching of the fingers
Swollen painful joints
Hearing Damage Reduction in manual dexterity
Reduction in the sensation of touch
Acute Chronic
Stress Noise induced hearing loss *Control Measures
Temporary threshold shift Permanent threshold shift
Temporary tinnitus Permanent tinnitus *Elimination
Blast deafness Prebyacusis
*Reduce the Degree of Vibration
Noise Control Select low vibration equipment
Select ergonomically designed equipment
Source Maintenance of equipment
Design Reduce grip and push force with work equipment
Damping Reduce the time workers exposed
Isolate Introduce health surveillance
Maintenance Glove and heated pads
Information and training on the nature of risks
Path
Screens and barriers *Radiation
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NEBOSH International General Certificate IGC 2 Elements 1‐8 Control of Workplace Hazards
*Non‐ lonising Environment
Type Use in Industry
Infrared Heating and brazing Control Measure for Stress
Lasers Cutting, bar code readers Selecting suitable employees
Microwaves Food preparation, signal transmission Training
Ultra‐ violet Welding Clearly defined roles
Clearly work objectives
*Health Effects Comfortable working environment
Burns Good line of communication
Reddening of the skin Realistic work schedules
Cataracts Employee involvement
Arc Eye Grievance procedure
Temporary sterility Impartial investigation of stress
Management support
*Ionizing radiation
Type Use in industry
Alpha Smoke detectors
Beta Thickness testing
Gamma Non‐ destructive testing
X‐ray Medical
Neutron By product nuclear fission
Acute effects from high dose Chronic effects
Reddening of the skin Cancers
Radiation sickness, nausea, Sterility
vomiting, diarrhea
Hair loss Hereditary defects
Death Effects on unborn children
Death
*Control measures
Time
Distance
Shielding
*Others
PPE
Environment and personal monitoring
Correct disposal of radiation materials
God hygiene practices
Training and supervision
Stress
Physical Effects Psychological effects
Headaches Increase anxiety
Aching neck and shoulders Irritability
Skin rashes Sudden mood changes
Prone to infections Inability to cope
Panic attacks Reduces work output
Panic attacks Reduced work output
Raised heart rate Increased use of alcohol ,etc
Increased blood pressure Poor sleep patterns
Heart disease
Stomach ulcers
*Cause of stress
Culture
Demands
Control
Relationships
Change
Role
Individual
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