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PRINCIPAL PARTS OF A SENTENCE

1. Subject (chủ từ) : is what we speak about in a sentence.

2. Verb (động từ) : talk about actions or states of being.
 Transitive verb (Vt – ngoại động từ ) : always requires Object.
 Intransitive verb (vi – nội động từ) : can make sense without object.
3. Object (tuùc töø, taân ngöõ) : is the receiver of the action.
(answer the question “who” or “what”)
 Indirect object (i.o) tân ngữ gián tiếp
 Direct object (d.o) tân ngữ trực tiếp
4. Complement (bổ ngữ)
 Subject complement (bổ ngữ chủ từ) : is used to describe the subject.
 Object complement (bổ ngữ tân ngữ) : is used to tell more about the Object.
5. Adjunct: (từ bổ nghĩa) : to indicate time, place, frequency,
or manner occurs in a sentence. (adjuncts are usually adv or adverb clause, and
answer the question “when”, “where” or “how”)


NORMAL SENTENCE PATTERNS IN ENGLISH
1. S + Vi
2. S + Vi + S.C
3. S + Vt + O
4. S + Vt + i.O + d.O
S + Vt + i.O + d.O
5. S + Vt + O + O.C
6. S + V + (O) + Adjunct

Pattern I: S + Vi

SUBJECT VERB
Autumn came
Dead leaves fall
The children are sleeping
Flowers die
Times passes

Pattern II: S + Vi + S.C

Subject
SUBJECT VERB
COMPLEMENT

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 Peter is a student. Noun
The car was mine. Pronoun
Jack is ill. Adjective
Seeing is believing. Gerund
My aim is to pass the exams this year. Infinitive
The trouble is that we are short of money. Clause
Mike and I are exactly the same height. Phrase

 Verbs are usually: to be, appear, become, feel, look, mean, seem, smell, sound,
taste.
 Subject COMPLEMENT: noun, pronoun, adjective, gerund, infinitive, phrase,
and clause.

Pattern III: S + Vt + O

SUBJECT VERB OBJECT

Peter collects stamps noun
I saw them Pronoun
He likes swimming Gerund
Lan needs to help Infinitive
Hung learns how to play the guitar phrase
The teacher says that she is stupid clause

 Verbs other than be and linking verbs are frequently followed by an object.
 Object: noun, pronoun, gerund, infinitive, phrase, and clause.

Pattern IV:
a) S + Vt + i.O + d.O

INDIRECT
SUBJECT VERB DIRECT OBJECT
OBJECT
He gave me the book
Jim bought Mary a present

 Certain verbs are frequently followed by two objects: an indirect object and a direct
object
 Verbs: bring, build, buy, cook, do, get, give, hand, leave, offer, pass, send, take, tell,
read, write, teach, buy, sell……
 A direct object is a person or a thing that receives the action of a verb. A direct
object can be a noun or an object pronoun.
 An indirect object is a person who receives the direct object. An indirect object can
be a noun or an object pronoun.

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 Pattern IV:
b) S + Vt + d.O + i.O

 Direct object may precede indirect object which must be preceded by preposition
TO or FOR.

TO + INDIRECT OBJECT FOR + INDIRECT OBJECT

Bring Offer Send Bake Fix

Describe Owe Show Build Get
Explain Repeat Teach Buy Leave
Give Say Tell Cook Make
Mail Sell Write Do Prepare

DIRECT Preposition INDIRECT

SUBJECT VERB
OBJECT (giới từ) OBJECT
He gave the book to me
Jim bought a present for Mary

Pattern V: S + Vt + O + O.C

object
SUBJECT VERB OBJECT
COMPLEMENT
We call them cowards (kẻ hèn nhát) noun
The boy made the teacher angry Adjective
She felt her heart beating
Participle
He wants this work completed
I wish you to stay Infinitive
We had seen towns destroyed by bombing Phrase
He made our company what it is now clause

Pattern IV: S + V + (O) + Adjunct

MANNER > PLACE > TIME

MANNER PLACE TIME
She sang that song nicely here yesterday.
He drove his car rapidly to school this morning.
They will live happily everywhere after war.
They were studying hard in class for hour.
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PLACE > MANNER > (FREQUENCY) > TIME
PLACE MANNER FREQUENCY TIME
He is going to Japan by ship
The postman comes twice a day during Agust
I saw them at the game last Saturday.
John went to the library every night last week.
The President left here secretly on Sunday.

 When more than one modifier indicating place, manner, frequency, or time
occurs in a sentence, the regular order after the verb and after the object.

 When there are two or more adverbs of PLACE or of TIME, the smaller
unit generally (not always) precedes the larger ones. However, the smaller
unit can precede the larger unit when it is more important.

Ex: 1) I will meet you at three o’clock tomorrow.

small unit larger unit

2) He lives in a small village in Vinh Long province.

small unit larger unit

 Adverbs of MANNER precede adjectives, participles, or other adverbs.



THE MODIFIER
(Töø boå nghóa)

The main sentence elements are SUBJECT, VERB, OBJECT and COMPLEMENT.
Besides, other words or groups of words called modifiers are used to tell more about the
main elements.
KINDS OF MODIFIERS:
1. Subject modifier

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 2. Verb modifier
3. Object modifier
4. Direct object modifier
5. Indirect object modifier
6. Subject complement modifier
7. Object complement modifier
8. Modifier of another modifier

Note:
 Single-word modifiers of the subject, object, or complement are
ordinarily placed before the word modified.
 Clause or phrase modifiers of the subject, object, or complement are
ordinarily placed after the word modified.

Modifiers SUBJECT Clause Modifiers VERB Modifier COMPLEMENT

(of subject) (of subject) or OBJECT
Richard is very tired
The tall man in brown hat wants that black suitcase
The blue bicycle made in china is very expensive
The old man standing under tree is a good English teacher

 Most modifiers of verbs are regularly placed after the verb and the
complement or object.

COMPLEMENT Modifiers
SUBJECT VERB or OBJECT (of verb)
They went home
He was ill yesterday
Joe saw Bob on Tuesday

FROMS OF THE VERB

1. BARE INFINITIVE (V)
can, may, must, have to, will, shall, would,
1. Sau modal verbs
should, would rather, and had better….
2. Trong caáu truùc caâu
1.Let’s, why don’t we …..
2. Have sb do sth (bảo ai làm việc gì)
Help sb do sth* (giúp ai làm việc gì)
Let sb do sth (để cho ai làm gì)
Make sb do sth (bắt ai làm gì )

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 * Occasionally HELP is followed by the infinitive.
Ex: I help her do the housework.
I help her to do the housework.

 Infinitive without “to” FEEL, HEAR, WATCH, SEE, NOTICE…..

3.
 Verb+ -ing Ex: We saw him walk out of the room.
We saw him walking out of the room.

2. TO INFINITIVE (TO V)

CARE*, DECIDE, DESERVE, ENDEAVOR,

FORGET, HOPE, LEARN, PLAN…

Ex: we hope to see you soon.

I’m learning to drive a car.
1. verb + to infinitive
* Care usually appears in negative statements or in
questions.
Ex: I don’t care to go.
Do you care to dance?

ADVISE, CAUSE, COMMAND, ENCOURAGE,

FREE, FORCE, GET, INSTRUCT, INVITE,
OBLIGE, ORDER, PERSUADE, REMIND, TEACH,
TELL, URGE, WARN*.

2. verb + noun/pronoun + to infinitive Ex: I advise you to see a doctor.

We finally got the manager to accept our
suggestion.

*After WARN, “not” usually precedes the

infinitive.

ASK, BEG, EXPECT, PROMISE, WANT, WISH,

WOULD LIKE
 verb + to infinitive
3. Ex:
 verb + noun/pronoun + to infinitive ASK → She asked to come.
She asked us to come.
WANT → They want to visit you soon.
They want you them soon.
4. It + take + O + (time) + to-inf
5. Saucaùc tính töø Glad, happy, ready, kind….
6.Sau phoù töø Enough, too…
7. Bieåu ñaït muïc ñích In order to / so as to

3. VERB – ING
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1. Sau moät soá ñoäng töø
Allow : cho phép Finish : hoàn thành Resent : oán giận
Admit : thừa nhận Imagine : tưởng tượng Resist : chống cự lại
Appreciate : đánh giá cao Keep : cứ tiếp tục Suggest : đề nghị
Avoid : tránh Miss : trượt, bỏ lỡ Can’t help
Consider : xem xét Mind : phiền long, Go : đi
Deny : phủ nhận, Postpone : hoãn lại Look forward to : trông chờ
Enjoy : thích Practice : thực hành
Escape : trốn thoát Quit : từ bỏ

2. Trong caáu truùc caâu: How about / what about,

3. Sau giới từ: with, without, in, on, of……

VERB + INFINITIVE / GERUND

The verbs listed below may be followed by either an infinitive or a gerund
with little or no change in meaning:
Begin (bắt đầu) Like (thích)
Continue (tiếp tục) Love (ưa thích)
Can’t bear (không thể chịu được) Prefer (thích hơn)
Hate (ghét) Start (bắt đầu, khởi sự)

Ex:
LIKE I like swimming in the sea. PREFER She prefers working at night.
I like to swim in the sea. She prefers to work at night.
Note:
_ Người Anh sử dụng like + to infinitive để diễn tả thích một việc gì vì thấy việc đó là đúng
hoặc có lợi.

Ex: I like to go to the dentist’s for a check-up every six months.

_ Họ sử dụng like + gerund để nói thích một việc gì không cần phải có lý do là việc đó có tốt
hay không.

Ex: He likes gambling.

VERB + INFINITIVE / GERUND

The verbs below may be followed by either an infinitive or a gerund, but it
changes the meaning:

1. “Remember, forget, regret ” khi đi với infinitive hoặc gerund theo sau đều được , nhưng
tùy theo nghĩa của nó trong câu :
 “Remember, forget, reget” _ infinitive  Chỉ hành động ở tương lai.
 “Remember, forget, reget” _ Gerund  Chỉ hành động đã qua.

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Ex: Please remember to return the book tomorrow.
I remember putting my hat somewhere in this room.
I’m afraid he will forget to write to me.
I’m never forget seeing him the first time.

2. “stop” _ infinitive  Ngừng để làm việc khác.

“stop” _ gerund  Đang làm việc gì đó thì ngừng lại không làm nữa.
Ex: He stopped to eat. He listened to music.
I’m too tired. I stop working for a moment.

3. “try” _ infinitive  Ngụ ý “cố gắng”

“try”_ gerund  ngụ ý “ thử xem” hay “ thí nghiệm”
Ex: I will try to help you.
He tried gardening, keeping pigs but didn’t succeed in any of them.

4. Các động từ chỉ giác quan: “hear, see, feel, notice, watch,….”

 Khi đi với infinitive là chú ý sự hoàn tất của hành động.

 Khi đi với gerund thì chú ý sự tiếp diễn của hành động .
Ex : I hear him come in.
I see the dog running across the street.

6. Có một số động từ khi được theo sau bởi đại từ thì dùng infinitive còn khi
không có đại từ theo sau sẽ dùng gerund như : “allow, permit, recommend,
advise…..”
Ex : The teacher permitted them to turn the assignments in late.
The teacher permitted going out.

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 I. ENOUGH :
Cuøng chuû ngöõ:

Subject + verb + adj/adv + ENOUGH + to-infinitive

Subject + verb + ENOUGH + noun + to-infinitive

Khaùc chuû ngöõ

Subject + verb + adj/adv + ENOUGH FOR (pro)noun + to-infinitive

Subject + verb + ENOUGH + noun + FOR (pro)noun + to-infinitive

IV. SIMPLE PAST  PRESENT PERFECT

1.

 S + started + to V1 ………… in time

Began Ving time ago

S + have/ has + V3/ ed ………….. since +

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for
2.
 S + last + V 2 /ed ………… time

S + have/ has not + V3/ ed ………….since + time

For

3.

 The last time S + V 2/ed ………… was time

 S + have/ has not + V3/ ed ………since + time

For

4.

 It’s + time since S + V 2/ed ………… was time

 S + have/ has not + V3/ ed ………since + time

For

PASSIVE VOICE

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 Active : Subject + Verb + Direct object
Passive : Subject + Be + Past participle + by + object

Active ( chuû ñoäng ) S V O

The thief stole The car

Passive (bò ñoäng) The car was stolen by the thief

 Note:
 Caâu chuû ñoäng ôû thì naøo thì ñoäng töø “BE” trong caâu bò ñoäng ôû thì aáy.
 Khi ñoåi sang caâu bò ñoäng neân boû “ by me, by him, by her, ……., by someone, by
people” neáu khoâng muoán neâu roõ taùc nhaân.
 Caùc traïng töø chæ nôi choán ñöôïc ñaët tröôùc “by”
 Caùc traïng töø chæ thôøi gian ñöôïc ñaët sau “by”

Tense Active Passive

Present simple V1 / Vs-es am, is, are + V3/ed
Present progressive Am, is, are + V-ing am, is, are + being + V3/ed
Past simple V2/ed was, were + V3/ed
Past progressive was, were + V-ing was, were + being + V3/ed
Present perfect Have/Has + V3/ed Have/has + been + V3/ed
Past perfect Had + V3/ed Had + been + V3/ed
Future Will + V Will + be + V3/ed
Conditional Would + V Would + be + V3/ed
Perfect conditional Would + have + V3/ed Would + have + been+ V3/ed
Infinitive To + V Tobe + V3/ed
Gerund V-ing Being + V3/ed

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 REPORTED SPEECH
CAÙCH ÑOÅI MOÄT CAÂU TRÖÏC TIEÁP RA CAÂU GIAÙN TIEÁP
Muoán ñoåi moät caâu tröïc tieáp ra caâu giaùn tieáp, ta phaûi boû daáu ngoaëc keùp “
”, thay theá daáu hai chaám ( : ) baèng töø “ that ” , vaø thay ñoåi ba yeáu toá veà :
1. Ngoâi
2. Thì cuûa ñoäng töø
3. Traïng töø chæ thôøi gian, vaø nôi choán

 Ngoâi
- Ngoâi thöù nhaát “ I / WE / MY / OUR / ME / US ” ñoåi thaønh Subject ( ngöôøi
noùi ) cuûa meänh ñeà chính ( thöôøng laø ngoâi thöù ba phuø hôïp vôùi chuû töø
trong meänh ñeà chính )

1st persons 3rd persons

I He, she
Me Him,her
My His, her
Mine His,her
Myself Himself, herself
We They
Us Them
Our Their

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 Ours Theirs
Ourselves themselves

- Ngoâi thöù hai “you / your” ñoåi thaønh Object ( ngöôøi nghe) cuûa meänh ñeà chính
(moät ngoâi naøo ñoù cuøng vôùi tuùc töø trong meänh ñeà chính)

- Ngoâi thöù ba hoaëc teân ngöôøi thì ñeå nguyeân khoâng ñoåi.

 Thì cuûa ñoäng töø, traïng töø chæ thôøi gian vaø nôi choán :
DIRECTED SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH
Present simple Past simple
Present progressive Past progressive
Present perfect Past perfect
Present perfect progressive Past perfect progressive
Past simple Past perfect
Past progressive Past perfect progressive
TENSES Past perfect progressive Past perfect progressive
Simple future Would + verb (infinitive)
Must Had to
Have to Had to
Should Should
Ought to Ought to
Can Could
May Might
Yesterday The day before / the previous day
Ago Before
TIME Last week The week before / the previous week
Now Then
Today That day
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 Tonight That night
Tomorrow The day after; the next / following day
Next week The week after / the following week
Here There
PLACE
There There

DEMONSTRATIVE This That

HEADS These those

 STATEMENT (Caâu phaùt bieåu)

 Trong moät soá tröôøng hôïp, ñoäng töø trong lôøi noùi giaùn tieáp khoâng thay
ñoåi :
 Ñoäng töø cuûa meänh ñeà chính laø thì hieän taïi ñôn, hieän taïi tieáp dieãn,
hieän taïi hoaøn thaønh hoaëc töông lai ñôn.
Ex: The farmer is saying, “ I hope it will rain tomorrow”
 The famer is saying that he hopes it will rain tomorrow.
 Lôøi noùi tröïc tieáp dieån taû moät söï thaät hieån nhieân, moät chaân lyù hay
moät thoùi quen ôû hieän taïi.
Ex: The teacher said, “ The moon moves around the earth.”
 The teacher said that the moon moves around the earth.
 Lôøi noùi tröïc tieáp coù caùc ñoäng töø hình thaùi could. Would, should, might,
ought to, used to, had better.
Ex: Tom said, “ you had better not contact her “
 Tom said that I had better not contact her.
 Lôøi noùi tröïc tieáp laø caâu ñieàu khieän ôû daïng giaû ñònh hoaëc caâu coù thì
quaù khöù giaû ñònh ñi sau wish, would rather, would sooner, it’s time….
Ex: He said, “ If I were you I wouldn’t wait.”
 He said that if he were me he wouldn’t wait.
 Thì quaù khöù ñôn hoaëc thì quaù khöù tieáp dieãn coù thôøi gian xaùc ñònh hoaëc
thuoäc meänh ñeà chæ thôøi gian.
Ex : She said, “ Ann arrived on Monday.”
 She said that Ann arrived on Monday.
 Trong moät soá tröôøng hôïp, traïng töø chæ thôøi gian hoaëc ñòa ñieåm trong
lôøi noùi giaùn tieáp khoâng thay ñoåi :
 Thôøi ñieåm ñöôïc ñeà caäp trong lôøi noùi tröïc tieáp vaãn chöa ñeán.

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 Ex : Jane said, “ I ‘ll go to Bali by the end of This month.”
 Jane said she will go to Bali by the end of this month.
( Caâu noùi cuûa Jane ñöôïc thuaät laïi tröôùc cuoái thaùng ñoù )
 Ñòa ñieåm ñöôïc ñeà caäp trong lôøi noùi tröïc tieáp cuøng ñòa ñieåm vôùi ngöôøi
töôøng thuaät
Ex : The old man said, “ I’ve lived in this village for over 80 years. ”
 The old man said he had lived in this village for over 80 years.
( ngöôøi töôøng thuaät ñang ôû trong ngoâi laøng ñoù )

 Questions :
Muoán ñoåi moät caâu hoûi tröïc tieáp ra caâu hoûi giaùn tieáp, ta cuõng thay ñoåi ba
yeáu toá veà :

1. Ngoâi
2. Thì cuûa ñoäng töø
3. Traïng töø chæ thôøi gian, vaø nôi choán.
Ngoaøi ra ta coøn phaûi aùp duïng coâng thöùc sau ñaây.

Yes/No Questions :

He asked
She In quired if,
They + wanted to know + object + + Subject + verb
whether
A noun wondered


Khi ñoåi caâu hoûi Yes/No Question töø tröïc tieáp sang giaùn tieáp ta boû daáu hai
chaám vaø ngoaëc keùp vaø thay theá baèng “ if ” hay “ whether ”, vaø theo coâng thöùc
ôû treân ta seõ thaáy theo sau “ if ” hay “ whether ” laø subject roài verb.
Caâu hoûi Yes/No Question laø caâu hoûi baét ñaàu baèng moät trong hai thöùc ñoäng
töø sau ñaây :
 Do, does, did. ( khi ñoåi sang caâu giaùn tieáp caùc ñoäng töø naøy bieán maát )
 Ñoäng töø ñaëc bieät : To be, have, will, shall, can, may, must, ought to ( khi ñoåi
sang caâu giaùn tieáp caùc ñoäng töø ñaët bieät naøy seõ ñaûo ngöôïc veà phía sau
Subject )
Ex : She asked me : “ Do you like him ? “
 She asked me if I liked him.
( ôû ñaây chöõ if khoâng coù nghóa laø “ neáu “ maø coù nghóa laø “ coù . . . .
hay khoâng “ )
wh - Questions :

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 _ wh – Question laø caâu hoûi baét ñaàu baèng töø coù wh – ( nhö where, when, why,
what, who, whom, how ……..)
_ Muoán ñoåi moät caâu hoûi wh – question tröïc tieáp sang giaùn tieáp ta aùp duïng
coâng thöùc sau ñaây.

He asked
She In quired
They + wanted to know + object + Wh - word + Subject + verb
A noun wondered
Ex : She asked me : “ Where are you going ? “
 She asked me where I was going.

_ Khi ñoåi moät caâu hoûi wh – question tröïc tieáp ta boû daáu hai chaám, daáu
ngoaëc keùp, vaø daáu chaám hoûi.
_ Töø hoûi “wh – question” ñeå nguyeân vò trí, keá tieáp laø subject roài tôùi verb.
 Imperrative : ( caâu sai khieán )
command : (caâu meänh leänh)

 S + said to + O “ V1… ”

 S + told + O to V1
asked

 S + said to + O “ Don’t V1… ”

 S + told + O not to V1
asked

Request : (Caâu ñeà nghò)

 S + said to + O “ Can / could + V1… ”

Will / would
 S + told + O to V1
asked

Advice : (lời khuyên)

 S + said + “ S + should + V1…

”

 S + said that S 16+ should + V1

 S + said to + O “ S + should +
V1… ”

 S + told + O (that) S + should + V1

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