123 its Formulae derivatives and Disterentials Sos 32 Ad eaxdx A(SINX) = cosxdx x Ae) =X S5Iny = heey x x sey = et » elementary formulas “tba 6 © Power formula eExponential formula = power fe 2 “C___ diff- of power Ex: : Ee xen - fotearxax « em [aobnexel] (Eade = € Oza sont) : ey * Fraction formula iffrof lower eer [Se =x & pa = Inace) (anna Re jower term * ——_—_; 57 . e Trigonometric formulas foosx-dt= SINK | XBL = -COS* Jsin : o 1 “ET __. ditt: of orgie angle24 EX: x ae [cosa AK = Zin Leen Dag Se @ Tron Kaus nsec] == = {corn = nsing a OAK = Inse rr eAne sia ‘cosecxceh =In(Cosecy.. @H fsecxae In(secKttany) @4f ECx-Cap,) e Special formulas = = -cotx ° @lfeosecx:cotxdX =-corey e Two squares formulas ® @ Typed) Cwithd) @ % ot Sigg = Ona Irsar =n vy <— tb formulo}+ _remaining for ranulas) ® @Type Ur) (without 7) @ : ® “3 |Sie oe) formula)> —— remaining formulas) Ex Jae eh) <—tst- @Type UIT) (with x7) @ ® oe ec 2 ene [tes <4 a-ak cfg al —1st- formulor* remaining formulas) —— lana ee bee oe f aux dt = 4% org +d Siva 4 t © [rane - THe aaa IN (x4 aha ) : = jer = 7t RRat- 70 In (x4 fan) (AX = differential of vorioble base)Giff: ef varionne ns x bare | Be : (4 = Sink Joe. kay fe vorioble base : FROG SHS Sins! ( &y kaa Li qypebe: oes ca, ‘Gorast =coshx] gta on integral gfie ‘Qral, if there is excess constant in the ig. ee or short oF ” the ditt. con be ™, “10 is appticobie, bollanced and the for: varioble. im the Off. then the aif. bollancedt QN_the formula foils Joeayxdx =? * [akaenay] Iocettacke = 4 ((ck1)* axakx 2 pa xt" i ae = "aa aur z ae jas (fraction formule fails) ‘ LUE to EXCESS Of varioble in alifg. (Power formula foils) dlue to short of vorioble in alge. ‘fodytax =? ae =Ingiesy Techniques of Integration Formulas of Methods of | | Substitutions of Integration Integration | integration Use direct ti) Completing (i) Rationalizing emt fpassible "suas method Substitution i It far, ction] tid Trigonometric reir fote |W nent meter Sr | ‘ techniques (Q8n use formula.126 By Formulas of Integration Use of direct formula If we con opply direct formula but a very few step, are obtained then first, We moke standord form of the given integrol eR = a Ex: [@dx-=? [dam=nd) ( fear =? x x —— I 2 fan = $f eradt Let Xe rokin: ! =! = ‘ Frat a dt Stondard amp 2 =\dt tormeto : gene increase using direct formuley’ |» (2% t 1 Steps (Bete Sen Steps {dx = [esate p : = (etat (st-form 5) eres Use of Short Techniques If we connot apply direct formula then we try the use of Shert thot leods us toa formula: of integratior @ Making Some. exbressions in Preduct or quetient of integral @ Making use.of algebraic and trig: formulas @ Seporoting o fraction ®@ Rationalization @ Moking use of arrangements Be [Beate re Augy =f Bay = (RE i: a J poe =f Bae = (ML -Bayae s (rd -( ME = xr lor?)wees “~ : 127 4 (ic 6x4 Ua 3) dic ‘Selt~ pe tebXtUXCI)AX ow (aa! {es X= (sax. Jers fue face! 4 = 5{Xdx- becca ixedis BL xX eG - ae, AS ratte => 3 tHE yaxee Sin stat = Sinu+c S@i- (aise = Sat} -sinvg+c let st-= u - = Sdt= du . {cotx du (ey dt= kd af 4 a »S@l:— (Aisin =cosxcy * fSinstde = {Sinueg du, “cotxalx = ( Cosxex L (8; a SITX ee sf ind Let sinx=u © = 5 (-Cosu) te = Cosxdx= du a Z Cosstec Hence © becomes, as Jootxax = jo u 2 ‘ . 2 xCostax = lInute ‘Sel: [ote « 2xdX) ela sinx+c, NK x { Costin = (Cost 2nd a let X=u J (5+3x2y% > xXdxX = dU Sol + (usssey = sxcby Hence eq-O becomes ae 2 ee {Graeyx dx Wecostax = [cosu-du | G+ 3x2) @) let s+3x'=uU > 6XAX = du > xaxagdu oe ont } G+ ay" | uy? fdu =u du =" We se =f" 3(uye4 ce =4(s432 Sec pba dx He} SOL: (clirt-9) = 2x04) JxPER9 dx = [oe-oyrxdx let x-9=u ® D> wxdx = du > xdX=tdu Hence © becomes, as (xpe9 x= ust tdu na (25 | ase ~ sor- (dl 25H =-sayj “Let 2-5X% = => -sdx = du oie > AX= EAU Hence @ becomes,as -4du -1 -§ Sinutce a =-4 SITG- roa} 6 jp sn) 8) [rane SOL (ci¢10 = 70x) dk i AX Bia \aigt | Tree Let 7x-= = 7dx= du 2» dx = Fdu Hence © becomes, ® yy du dx seis ene =4(78 oe120 =! ‘SIA +e NR ONE Sinxdx= du Hence @ becomes, as Siryxdx _ 7 n2 (I-Cosxe =) UM = at Fe zl =~(1-Cosx) +C : f = —t_ie 1-Cosx 3 frrcosx’dx 0) Bor (t(x) = 304] _ JXcostdx =(Cosx tax =© Put ¢= u 3 3tdx = du 2 tdx =)du aus SxXcostax =fCosu-4du =5{Cosu du = 9 Sinu+e Faas 23 SINX+ C Xx Cosh Sele X'dx Cos} let Sau (acre dx} = [Seck: XdxHence © becomes, a5 a s =e = {secur-du =f Secu du = -In (Ssecu+tanu) sernGec te Heine) pes =-Inu+e S=etnGaey ee Let -teu > -2xdx =du > 2xdx = -du af 2xdx _¢ -du 1x? j u : du es: y | 1 = Indes +e = In¢é “ye)te a Aol (di-#) = -d Let -e= = -dX = dt = dxra-du * {dx = fel ~du Be (Alix nd] 130 dx e-(edu eee ey ton +¢ | | . u =«=-@€ +¢ -A e-@.+¢ ee HA Ni yet | Sele (doe) = 2rd) xdx% -| xx 4yoxt Q)Gey ‘ Q let Xeu : ‘= 2xdx= du =» xdxatdu Hence © a os eer xd ydu Dae “lay y+ =t(_du_- 2) uw -I =5[gteny| +cIAxX (ee In @ a Js Ls ( Cl Aye bd] [EX (lo): ket a x let Inx su _ 1 = > ydkadu Hence © becomes ce (ee at = = {(ujau 2 = tS Saxe at : Ss i Tima Sel:. (Acsidia = rare) (oS SIX Tae |G pers o . Let Sine su > 1 dx = du Lime Hence © becomes, ds | ae dx = feu: du “ fee meas Ww a 2 =4$GiAx)ee ; SO eee dx +z)? aYve7eb gcc SASL tamne+e = =x-fton +e fx 4K se (xfime dx =~ JO [IX ax =~ fC fJRX dx =-4((-9-1) fFK de =-\((-O FF Fae Geo)3 a32"' cert, = ~((¢-x? ~ [RJ dx - eg 3 et (dw =-d4} ' % x =~ {dey A+ (AR AK = (x9) -9% (x45)4, x mh * (ey ‘san + {extend = 2 (x45), (F(xs)-5) y bt e = dro Gxt = 2a (SEI) Me 4 : % f | 2S = ig (M5) (3X10) +¢ = B(I-x) 2 ax) c 7 2c-xy[ £00: kl +e = 20st f 3UN-5 dX _ xo ay 20 Lede are rl : = 2 (xf (-3K-2) 40 “|= pote XOEHAN) gy ae : 7g UY (3X42) $C ~ { 2h “x LOCH -1] dx 20 {XS dx al SOL (F645) = dX} ‘ -|-ae KONA Re ay | X [EFS dx a =| 15-5) MEE AX ={f x~ ={(Q+9)-5] POS axe [xd “| ae 8 ae lati iee ~4{ 2xdx 2) el = (lows) 5 PS) Ax ={ 6 ish ae ri Ml. 2 ~ 5 Ince +e (doden = 2xd%): =f (ers yale 5 45)ye. 3 Sols (agen = ay | a ce = lia (eer . oo oy 2. (Co ' = \ferar Tape | a Be (dt 14x eer: =-( 0%" “7 . j Tex fey dx <1 e-InGexy+ tee +e a = -Ind+xy- max te At 23 Sein ae jax ix 3 . SEH dx =x =( EN ax 1% | WKH AN dk -O¢1) ° = (Dtextit si] dx =f dx-(ndx-fidx-|- Se 3 z Ly Keb - =-=- Sx NON +e peck 24 Le ee. Seli— 1x \ (ee = t et x § It re) = e~ xd lee Vie (Sh, <4 ( Zee Iexe 2 lao =! 1 2 = tanx-$Ind+vye+ee AX peel =e. = -_ syn 7 atone [A (427) sandy PD O-b = (a-bylasb+ab)” 13h Fdx = {x of) jit 22 dH =$)xaxy/i 2 dX n 44 XC142K-1) fie 7?e AX a4) x(qe2xy-1] fie ae de =2{ Ate) rae AX aa X [IFT AK pseoe ena MOREY ea (42 xa =a (lit axeya.undx-+ (ene yi axed Xx (ey a weneyt c Bo BN 1 Zz -gi (42x = 2 (42k)? +c A oj- = Lda yt R uatbee y = bU+20)* (gi2t)-S) +c %, a + 2/3 U+2X0)— y (4 2) (2eee aes) +e W a % : $e (rear) (246) + a 24 2 Soir nd VCI43X) +e - Des ede _ ¢ xodax ir j=(deo = 2xdx) =foef ea (cea Be man =e foe ii faxax 4562)! ax: é 2-1)" “2 LOY? % 2 /. ni- +c : . EO + OIE c = 1) MU Gay 4iee 2 Ot iy? 2 BY ee afer “A (842) + C = O42) EH 4c 27 J ton (ine) a tot *S@t:- Tees AIn% — Ye at ay tanh cieve) = we ar a PE at (Cutty uP oret f xe dn down by x tanh (nx) du | 35 an ¢ _(teick at = fidx-2) Sh, (a4 =f xl : = H2torhLVESo Practices” tay fn fare Om ga2x* (2) \r Tas = (3) s SS dX J a ¢ &) Senet 136 ANS EB (G i a +5) (3X-~10) z ans. xJabx? +208 Sisk ANS- 72 (o-x} (20-1 ans) = $x Jim TX? + SSC! 7Si4 Xte ANS AIM OH Xt CcFrere are three methods of integration 4). Completing squore method 2D Partial fractions method 5): By parts method. f COMPLETING SQUARE | METHOD Shape dt! dX f agepmedt avepnre ” Jfarebere Pa es @xpréssions containing x, % , Method 1) frrange the expression Power of X fa Taking out the con effi 1 Completing square mee (4) Use correponding two squores § for integration: en s oe “\oerny-) Tarts bx CIN descending cient of Ye cornmon. @ Ty ge138 let x+% =u dx f Wecras ~» dt «du ITU GX? aan IT Hence @ becomes, a, re a: = ata dt 2 ( a duct x A) \arree e w=, 5 Jats +d “aln(e eae % i me %) ' : =a 2 = : uty (x 7 +4 ets (es =f | 2 Oo ey+ : In (2448 soln (Se y te (or) sax] cles Sec Let X-Kisu S dx=du- \ f Hence @ becomes, as C+ OX413 f dx 4 (du : ae I-4xr ue = 4 | Weep { He (__o__ ' 244x413 CU Y- 443 ey 4) = alt tan ={ ox ig (62) = 7 tan(S4) iw =a a 4 x peal 2 Kel ls =¢torn (et mn) (x42) fe ns Put x+2 = a 456 > dxs du ae ag Hence-@ becomes, m ax a 45X46 Seay ge jane =| W43 = Store ne At %) wy) eet ‘ : € Od) (4% % =4tar (pyre[axa dx A) 5 ® [FORE ox #{ PEIoK dx “J FOR Zax) dx + fod roxwrct a} dx J Fear ay ax. [EZ GF at (A060) =x} let x-a =u ® => dxidu Hence © becomes, as § Ra bx = (TE aw =SUfGRG tld SiH 4c oro) [d-ceoratd SiMGeQ) Shape J Method O04 bLHC In (i) use the fermula fox ey ’ af 139 6) J o : (443) Sols. f dx _ (_dx % O43) > J K+ 3% dx | aowy * Serge (ny (Ath =d¥ a let x4+% =u QVdke= oO Herce © becomes, as, Jason “|r u+? 5 uy 3 =th Se (x+ 32) - Y2 “$15 (FE 2xX+ 6 “SIN 8) +c bx+q Ot BX+C (fractional formula) In (it) first, we write f(coe+bxrc}*cpat gy) Aw and then use the formula §Pdx"(power formula)2X4 93 Legure. Sel (Ux+ BOK 2 45K 46 Ea-3 (e452) =dx} " 1ho (dextesn+6) = G45) dc} 4 5X4 6 | 2) 5046 a ( Qxrg-5+ Fae 2 HSH | 2 04 5K46 a f (2x45) ax (428 = esr este C45K46 1 (ee By AX 4 5X46 vit 2 a In OG 5x46) ~ 3 aE tee “2 +6 21 Lin olesn+6)~ aE za In ae tee In (Cr 5x46) + 2 In@aas cc 21 : 2 In (C546) 4 32 In Gacy TG 7) 1ae AX wut < ‘a Server Sr (413 0X “ft 2 ae {pena = JG2+2%42) Or DAK Loanen y= terranes 1 0 ta (ee tet Kt aet > dkedt and looc-¥ _ ld are e Toe oa on ext) ftoc-# at fuac-8 . pxtq P in raq-pb ox 2axeb oF Ostet: dxke oa In(axebxtc)+ Fa lea tor! a 209-PD bars ( (20438) efyac-b Thoo-8 + = Peln(ox+bxte) +. 70na oe PARTIAL FRACTIONS METHOD , see} set of NON- Negatiy, {04,2,3 } f Tteges Polynomial . n m An expression, 4,%+ 4X 4 .+- + a+ ae is called a polynomal INL of degree 12 if An#o Provided the powers of %, are non-negative integers and &,a,,----aqER Thus the expression whose each term contains "with non-negative integra] powers , is called a polynomial in xX. eg 3xt+2, “2x=x “ore polynomials im x : of degree 4,2 resp. Rational fraction The quotient of t-wo polynomials, is cailed a rational function . ay z © 2073 is a rational frachon x43 2 is a rational fraction " TE X= is not a rational fraction, tue i :les of pa a se P “rtial fractions Noy Dixy Sa rat fofrcI We resolve it ; EINtO portia Suppose ae Nev | fractions = DO Gay (Hb) GEG (un-repeated jaear factors =u Oe AG G0) beby * jmo alt, NO DO” ego)? (repeated linear factors) Seclilae i a. i conse (x+a) (%+ayt (wea)s eeey NO Noy * (tit) es “N-rePeated quadratic Do (4a) Ody) (tte) factors AxtB, ~ fv Ark+ Ba Asxi+Bs tea wtb we | iy NCO NO) . Tepeated quadratic DM @2+0)3 factors = A+B 4 AB ‘ AaX+Ba Gera) Gaye Gay? Conditions WE find ft dX by Portioi Fraction ations If the following three conditions are satisfied ) f(xy = ed is a‘rational fraction” 2 Degree of Dix) > Degree of NOX (otherwise Ni) is divided by Doo] De can be decompsed into limear or Wa.drotic factors G09 (~a) is written os Oca) |146 Method_ NO fey b Suppose se [SE s satisfies the 7% Ren we integrate this 95) a) Resolve NO into partial fractions NQ) o NGO 4, Na 4 MON DO” Do +300 D3 lX) @) Integrate the above €4: ove. three condi, te Nebo NCO NiO), NO get f ax: f Demo = Saar D0) Ni dee | TOS 9,0 SOL estes SLA DEHSEEG = NOR) FS U2) = (x42) (x43) 3 f Ce au » ) yt Sx46 j x42) 03) A let “a 3 : Bae eee a ® - AGE) + BLE) © l Put x42 20. Ka-2 CVO Asal Put W443 =0 = %=73 e¢.® > B=-l. Hence O > \ 1 H aD) WA HB : + (dow =d) 4 AX dh aX dk (dt (HL ae Seat {Fa 3 (Foca = 04] bed jae = InGG2)=INOE 3) 5X46 i: . 42 (de ea) te - Tae . SOL; ~(_9% : : bi Ce J I-X}U4X) Let \ ae : Ta © 0 GH are 14%> ! =A Pot 6 oy SUMMA B Cy —~@ Ss mk Meso ay "10 > Bay eq.@ S Assy Hence e€q.9 = | ache ay i (QR 20%)" By ao | ax dx (Xd S205 hey Fee ATA +X (8. C499 = dx} aya 2 Inciny +3 3 Intex) “EMG ~ 4 in Gan = (Ince) 'nten)) , 7 rin) 3) fey Sele Here qx = COE HY =X 062)(x42) Au < AK 4X X62) C42) Le po eae +e X 2) 042) ne X2 U2 1s AGEN GHD + Bx cH) + L0E2) Put x=0 ega@ => A=-% Pub e220 = X=? e¢®@ > Bx% Rt waso = x2-2 q@ = cay - 1 1 \ 4 nence © = Ceca ae * auen* BGan Stoel as, 8?) 8(Xt2) lax rs Seo “4( AX ® lennon (6-2) (42) %2 8B) xD g Inder) +g Ina) +e * liao nf q “ain148 Q) (ket AJ a0 (urs) 005) t s@lr ot 2 A we Se ag ae 3 AF bet Gancances) wp WEDS = AMADOU) + Bl xt 2) (X45) + C (642) (43) ~ Put w2r"20 eer? eq.0 > A=% -3 eg@ 4 B= 77 Put w3=0 9 4 Por ws20 Bxe-8 98 aon. pine ot bs 20 (a2) (443) (45) Baer) 3 3005) (teers) L | 10% { 1d { 20d Que | Vt Nt) fen aa ous) J 3002) x43) othe) dX ox_,w(_ 9X 1 Peer =a 2 x wo 3) as = Einaey-1 Incuad?d In ties) i BBL gy C+ 5tr6e A Sele pere esteoe= (FS 46) 2K (LATTE) a felee2) + 3G) = HOH) (x3) 1 314 BID é. - \ mt E gus (3828422 gy Cab + OL (442) (443) att 8e-2 A kee eee CaS SG —_—_——eF - LODO) x weL a3 BEEK. = ACYTOYT) + BALL) + XE) ——? Tut ~=0 4.0 > Abe Up:ftc) ‘ Put Uy120 4 L2-2 eg® Se oe Pul 320 = X5-3.8@ B Ca-3 volr ox Bx- ' 2 see 4 yer? X002)043) “T+ Ss te. Ga GE Bn)dx 0 ay XOG2)083) wef Bra (oe (2 : “42, 143 : "Af yo (atom, s( ous | HA? 443, = a2 BIN (X42 3h c (4x89) oe 31 (+3) + 6 crt) (C4) 9 Ay Bute a (ocr) C44) Xt a KTH 2 4X49 = AUCH) + (Bxtc) CH): ® fut Xt =O = Xe-1 eq @ Az writing the eq-@ as, ' ane9 = Axt+ HAt BC+ CK + BL4C = (A+B) x04 (B+C)x + (4A+C) Equating the co-efficients of equal powers of x AtB = 0 ——% Bec = 4 ——ll) YA+C =9 ——l) Fromti) {+B = 0 er B=-l From) -4c = 4 er CaS 4x+9 ! ee Hence =: + O > “Genatea) “ted (4x49) OX AX 7 Ext5) AX oe eH Qa) (rH) See ot = Ino “Vee ee) ot [doen ox) = Ince) - ie 24 at ety ody) = 2KAX 45 (ede) = 2x09 eed fF ae = Mou-4 Indra) + Stor % 2 Inver) -4 |iste de oie 7 ye axe ax ut? : 2 ; we ghee HWHD 20S sotistieg Xo) Ser. Since €9 : a ghatp ae dxt? % (rrngen 2) eH! "2 os = (x21) 2) SERS) = a (ste dr f (6x41) AX | (ey Ie : \eacen (x-t® +2) oa (xo)? O82) =) A (eet) (G42) +B (R42) 4 (Cx4D) Oey} Tare seq@ = B=2 2 5xt Rt 0) <0 & weal @ Writing @ o5 C42) 42 (C42) +(CX4D) Gey, Be site] = AED =A erent2) Reed (eee D(C = 2x) eACt 2AX-AX-2A 42044 +e cx-20k+ Dx+D-01 a Arc) e+ (- mARACEDAL) Ct (2A C-2D)X+ (-2At 4 19) Equating the co-eff of equal powers of x AtC = o—W -A-2e4+D+2 = 5 i) 2a¢D+4 = 1 — © (i) 2A+C-2D = 9 Fromiiiit) AtAtc)-2D =o = A-2D=0 —W) 2m)+(v) 3 -3D+4u1) => Del ( Atess) Fromm w) As 2 From) C= -2 2 “0 eel 2, =H Ge OAR) OT bee (5x. [Ree 2 JSe de (2x41) dx n° Gea) x1) Get 42ged 2x0) aeaal ot L546 OL palies of 6x46 F Pegree of £42043 “WE divide eaxr+3 by Lr5x4+6 Cx og 2 po VESL46 C4 5X46 wae YrIK5 x meade Jrott- fsdaa Aursdee Seer Cente 15x46 cae BILS2SX-30 se PEGI Py 5X 4 21 X33) —o 2 a f ent 6 ire eee ee (ark 33) ax Xe TR+6 PEE SG ED TRAG | L OL42) $3 O42) = K4Z)KE) xu X33 dy eo ( 210433 ay Caste eon4152 Let 2X433_ A. 4, —— ® > paces = Ge 3) + BLU) Fut x#3 = 0 => xXa°3 O 7 Bee Pul x42 0 DD KEMP eg @ @ ARP Hetce © > ates as =. Geary ogs) 2 (21X33) % af ok, +20 dx Gea) O43) X42 U3 —— 9 (21K433) dX 2 9 | 0642) + 301M O63): ine We sne8 i dx = yX—5t- 9h cz) +301 (x49) +6 Ce 5x46 : Case of even powers If the numerator amd denominator of a fraction ‘contain'x’ in even powers only» The proc of partial fractions can be simplified for» on Substituting 'y” for x" and then integrate: after replacing ‘y’ by “x?” 1D Sexties, Sel 2 Put ts 4 ..we hove —*—— » 4 Tae Gn) (axe (Y+ ye!) : : y We will resolve Boe into portial fractions tet Ys AC 8 (Yi) (2g40) SH Wa og y AQY+1) + Bl ys!) Ytlso = y a aw Put —@ SV@ =m ant153, AO I-A eqo B=- v ence O => ePiL, H CE Ter ey rere 2 apices r . = \ dx fas (2 OCH eA Sea ae : AK, ot BAA < aos. - es lear ay -+ (de ee (ane = tonx- Btom Wan +eye Theorem of 2nd) ya asta integra! of orencanan i (oneal of and) Aigferential of asy "4 i arts” This is called Rule of integration by P Proof Since. o-(uy) = udv+vau = satu) =fudy +fvau > wv. zjudvefvdu ajudv = uv -Sv du o let u = Ut-funct and dv = 2nd. funct s du = differential + fdv-= imtegral of and. of 1st- furnct: = v sintegral of and Hence eq@ becomes, as Sst. punct) (and) = (st. (integral of 2nd.) ~J(integral of and) alifferential of Conditions , Rule of integration by parts, is opplied, if the following conditions ore satisfied. (1) TRere is a Product of two variables [2 Integration of 2nd. sumct: should be possible J: The f4UNcts. at Ist. Ro. and 2nd No: are arranged |155 ac i Kerdirg to the following table JO SiINKnaXx —s nx SX eid . > fx? inxdten § xD sidxdx—,. fet sinxax — J sinx fax — J SiMe Sinnde Note Sink Some time integration by ports is also applied when there is only one function such as, IN%, Six , [FE » Costing In such COSEs, Ind. function is taken ost” S22 sinx de Sels J=[xssinx de T= St siqndx = %-Cosx)-[(-Cosx) ak = 2-Cosx)-J-Cosx).2xdx, 2 -L.Cost + § Cosn de eR COSL42 § x: Cosxax = XK Cosrt SINLAK $C 3 KCOSK2[X (Sine)-J SIX ax) = at COSATZXSINX+2 COSK+C I% Cos (axtn de Sele (aan 2d) Bf x Cosaumdx ' a4) % Cos@ur 20K frdax Sel ' J =Jds dan = LE-faxde156 = ELESINaxH)=f Sii2x4t) AX) = EXSIN Ox4)-£f Sin (244 AL = EXSIN- xl) F [Si (2H: 2AK = ZXUSIN (EG Cos (2x41) + JS xsintax ‘S@h- J =f5idid xe nxt a5 Pee £ SIAVE=f (HT AL ay z | =tx Esichee fey cured ee eh 1 Gewey”? ZUSING + 4 Va + = sesicxt +hfine +c Sh fé “SINGLAX ) ~Seir T= J Sina. Fax 5x #3) Sinux- sax = 3[Sinw es f XaCosux ax} : se = Sinaé- 3 Cows: dae zé “sinux-# f Cosux: €¥ 5d = XE-2f San’ = tea {x ete ay] aXe -21%Ke NU ax a VE-2KE + 2 4C 5 Inx-xdx Seli— T= Jinx. xde 2 2 slinyX-{ Xd Ine =f Ek dx edt €lnx-f fran 2 2 atxXCInx-4-% = £xXIne pee " bx (Inx-) + $é (SB ceoneds ~ JES ucsinan dx } “¢ é *sinwan Cosux.e% 6 2s o fe" Sirmayx dx157 SX <0 . 5K = FE Sinuy- 2 & Cosux ~ ky as ete ie ca Tota Sim ux~ 4. € Cosun BU Tne a a5 — 3g e (5 Sinux~4Cosun) a sx a J yi e (5 Sin ux~ 4 Cosux) —o Let Sercose — «1, ti i 2p af Yersing — ui) ti are 92 i i) a > b=ton% Orjy= Lit we (7 Cos0 Sinan Sims Cosyx} x : BEF SIN (4X0) sx oe HEF SiN (ux tory) 1 5X + * Tai & Sin (4x- tar ¥s) + 8 __ {Sinhe since. sein Jef Mhx Sinzde = Sinhx (Cosx)- f ©Cosx) Coshx dx =~ COSKSIMNK+ J Coshte-Cosxdx. = ~COSX SIN x +Coshy SINK § SINK SID AX = ~CO8x Simhat + Coshx SINK = J = IJ+S. = - Cosx sinh + Sin Cosht Slr dx S(inuyax Ser T= flnnide ws ee + ( Sim Cosh ~ Coss sinh) 9 Se . T= Sllnx)s1dx = Ine e- (x FIX J lla (inx) IN) AX i ex (ee 2Ul x) A = Alnxe~ f dh LINK= HFC = U(IND=2f Inthe158 “1 1 Ssiax & Set: J = fsidix1ox = SIAR KA [K* FE OK = ah XSIAK~ [RYE XX 5, pecan | Sy, USiAK4e [UHR YF eayadt | Ya. oat (=x2) = XSITK+ a +e “SIAK aint +c Jcoscinxids «7 Se@h- J = {coscinx) 19% = COs(INx):-X-[X" HSINUINKY SAK = xcosting+{ SiN(iNx) AX = KCOSLINK) + SIN MINX) -% | . -fx-Cosinx) LAX = KCOSCINK) +4 SIM UK) ~ feos (inxydX = ¥(CosUINK) +3IN (INK) -T J = xCoslInx) +sin din») eo Jom F% (COS (INK) +3IN IN x) sy 2 xin Binet tag ay tC ve): = 2LINK + Bde a (nny = —2HINKA + HH Q S fare dx Selim To| ere PE AX er. 10K ate x-[u- £ (4h) and = favd-x-f fare} ride =tygee - Spero 44 het ee z ae afar AGS - Fz) axfund - J Freonnp ss, mnt - T+ 4 In (xJare) = xCOS(INE) + [ HAUNMIAK TET ee + GIA (+R) : T= ¥ fees 2in (x laer)ic159 {SIN Rdx afin k= J SINy- 2ydy = 2) gsin yay ®2(Y- Ccosyy. Ic cosyayy = -2Y4cosy a Cosyay * 24 COSY + 2siny = 2K cosR #2sing pets ax 4+CO3K Sel RESINK dy = [Attsinacosn x 1+ COSK 4 + (200%, -1) XR +2SIN%BCOS% dx | 208 Hy ZSIN% Cos %% ee AX + [eer dx ~ J 2003 % 2cos % J x sed%y-bdX + f tamy,ax " eee 4 x = x tan%e ~§ tote dX +fton dF = xtan% +c~—* Substitutions of Integration 4) ae rationalizing substitubhon 2) | Second rationalizing substitution 3). Trigonometric substitution 4) Magic substitution 5) Miscellaneous substitutions | FIRST RATIONALIZING SUBSTITUTION ‘Shape ing tan oy =upe if (ax+b) de where mneg Method ond Ste z Put ax+d = yf 1) [rrr Ax (2) Je pee —_——_—_, Jerry ax : eer Je (xe Nak (|i jemede at (4) [x fe de as 4s f Clery de ‘ “h JX Cersytde ——= fd oeitoe\ pemark 161 mol Zz It €Z then the given Integral will be olka by Teduc tory formula” given in Chopter no.(4) Oe Oink re ne dx afar tgy, : Sate 0 HE og a sag Sh 2 Let 1t2X= 93 UxdX = rYdy [eee mes o Axdkesydy bet 1 y's aedx =2yd4 vence® becomes ee becormes 3 2 ae De a (xc KX < fxm fee Ue2d) sx |= Tex =fxi GE) xd% 24399-9499 = f( fet) u: ydy = 4 [yay =f winds % Lfgesyag = {yale +fidy an) +e = E{fdes-dos) an a eek be 3 = 5( ge 3y) +e = Blaytey) ad XA (mer + Bd te Gk) = $0042) PR +6 = bueaty? (3+ 2x2- — IXPr ae os a Sou = fatieak y "(oxen +e [xfer dx = Gees)" ae 2H 2 ae NY +c | Bo +24) GX n+ Let x45 ¢ y' =) dx = 2ydy Seca’, y= Cerny 2 Bee Oe162 (A) [22 ax ‘Sel. [BRE deaf gtoca"a—o Let ox4i = yt = 18xdx =24d9 adk= 4a Hence © becomes, Lox 1 ydy [EE ian= [gy 3 =24{ vdy Ree a tf ydy 1 CR ic f yrdy 2 get (HL g. ‘ J gts 4 2 L(fsen4 . i yet See ) 38 ) =fli-qayay | 2 _( 33 f = {idy -{ Sia biased ex tory =. xt to fei a © [Fired =f xt ewe xd hr] J03*5)-y-2y4y 2 2 = f2cg-5) Fay *2iyLedyay 22{{¥dy-fsdoy) 5 3 =2f ¥,7-5 x) 5 -7 (34-258 ae GS) 22 2% by 2sy3) 32 = By (39-25) +¢ iS J xiers dx = WW rpc OMFS) (3045) - 25] n 2 x45 3BX-10) +c y= (X48), “YP = Ces) Sel:- 6 sxe t+ 2x? dX Me [FFT 8K = (90 (142x2) de —oO 2 Bian ‘ et taxtag® YXAX = 2Ydy > et XAX Syd Hence eq-@ becomes, = {thnk + sydy a ol ol- 5 Ef(hiy vids (gtei-2gy gag figrasisdy dyy tay @ IFAS" 25 F894) vay) ” yy ys . lt hr h%lre * = EVLA We ays) se 4 2 3 (py! -42 gy? (22 ayes) ae 10s i 3 ct = By 5 = Bron 2 CMY Shay s3s)+e \ x, Saree FI? [15 Canty ya tas) +35] +e yy 4 = "exes CARY" (60x24 8) +E y; yim Ua2l? 2 ys tieaty® 0 bas164 TIONALIZING see Re UBSTITUTION , ns the terms Shape Tre integro! contai SS of the form ya 3% (where Pq > "A en) Method If the integral contains one term ld then put x=9" # If the nies contains two terms a x then put x= gt (where t=Lb-C-M oF (4,9) ("Ax rtd Jit file hk xox ede =r J 1- x2 ot a J He xe JX ta ricer DA eon (1 (az KE Set:- Set:- f x ee fsx = xa o 24+ 24x? IK = Let x=y* = du = 2ydy Let x=y? + dx = 24d4 Hemce © becomes ; Herce © becomes,2 [2s Atty faa 3s Gas) “fai ew you (oy. arty : = Y-UIm(r4y) ” Wx-bln epee dX F : f Kg x” S@r:- Let x=y' = dx= eddy gk 65 dy KB 4x gay? =¢( sy =6f ger 3 : =: yrint sf ga 9 ag (Coat ea ste 7 aA hi 2 . vefuAtacw - i is (a “gH 26{Yytytndy- of 8 Tt 26(Ydd=[yoy +fidy)- -oInty+) 5 6(% = ay + y) -bIn(ge)) point ey ~39'4 637 2-3 4 6x2 Seinen 165 2 1-9 =2{dy ry s-a( Mert og, fag 4 Bf (Sat ar s ~a wedtten aioe agar) 83 dy -2 He a { =-2( Wey tn dy =2Inty-0 5 -2[ fy'dy +fydysfidy}-aine-) B72 y+ Hy F4)-2IN Ne FRY y* zy -2imty-N +c S22 -tIN(R-4C ( JX. Xs S@:- 2 tet x= y" = ax suydy f OX Ly _uy®ay xian j gy =4 (909 {ger aan tatty 2. “f(s = 4 (oad ay ae 4 (faas *fras) +4locs-) y y+ aye yIncty-) 2am rat + BIN Lokal? Yat 3 aa) a " 1Shape § x ae de Where mneZ ique to try ,ore A good techn! ons ore given by the Method the trigonometric substitu table js : ites ) Va My a — 4 (a cat} dx — fxZeoer bei frre ox @ 5 Se Je (ree) dx > —- {x (abeyrax aot () | ee 4) on j I= (2-54) du ‘$} j I= 492 6) { ae 1 To fétearrf amd fx [i- a-sep) “dix one ft (Int } At, [ae Stee +x (Loe ey aK ® (fare deo sxc % U(Zext) oe| fas Yat Sol:~ dk =f XK jh Tikes —o vet = 2tang 2 dL = 2Séce de or = XOX= Sete de AXAK_(_Setsag 40° Sieg fee. af; Seco do 4(l+ tae) = hf Sdepan Séct de 4) Seco Secé i = afae gab = 40 ='ttan® q aNnst+c 8) igs S@l= Let xs Asie = dxsacoséde aCosedé Ire~fr lca aCoshdé J = ata'siné a] [-Sirhd Coss dé Cosé | Let x= 3tang dx = 3Sec8d8 Eq.o becomes, { ot f 35¢e0 da Ine 3+ 9tane { 35ec8 dB 9 (1+ torhe) “4 Secods Sy seco = af de> = 48 = $tongec dt 4) ieee S@l Let 2-sx= sine -5d% =cosede dx = = c03sbde Ys Cos8d8 t= sik > Cosede Cosd = -ts = ~Y%5 {28J de Ore 1 SIZ +c dX (eRe Salt dt dk j T= al hat Let 1% = Siné s1dx= Cos9d6 - 4SiAotC _—_ By pythagorion theorem Gy? qx? = ayer? 1+? sr? 168 -+0 a -£ sid (2-8) 46 (SL Sel- Also see ot poge (36) [ee dus [oe dx —o Let 3x = Secé 2 gdu= Secd taned6 or dt= Yy (Seco tare) dé wsecd — : ={ tans-tansde 9A axe{ x ={tarede 2{(Sece-i) ae (: seee = \¢tont) 2 | secé do - fide = tane-8 +e —® We elirminate’é’ from €9:@ % cE From. triangles tone = [9x1 Hence €9-@ becomes» Now Seco= 3% Be we gxt-t fax" r fF Es dew [RE _ seccsx)t© edvy | Aig + str Let xy. atomn¢ Ax Ot = asdcodé {Fae = [roessees : + dtand = \ apes ~ {selsat [secede oYistona Seco = |N(Secostanay+¢ ——— We , now eliminates” from eq.O Since tang = X = Perk _ dete a bose : A from triangle, secg = ere A Yar Xe B07. [amt in In (= at S)re Same dx, f Sen [re ai ={ (re dx ——— Let x= 2tame + dx = 2Sdc008 O > \fare du =f [us 4tane +2 Seco de =f oh+ tond -23ec8de =4f Secade = 45 Where J = {seeds ® =f Seco. 3€c0 a8 = Sec8:tans—{ tom Secé tand db170 = Sec taro ~ § torresece dé = Sece tané = § (seco-") seco do = Sec@ tans - (seco dé +f secede = Secetane-J + In (secd-+ tan8) J+J = Sece tans + In (Secb+ton8) = FT = 4 [seco tand +In(secd+ ® = fe dx = 4 [se 2[Secé toné +In(Ssece+tans))—¢ tane)) co tanb+ In ‘(sect tans)] We, now eliminate "a" from eq: Since tane = %= Pee . ford a x ive 7 from triangle sec@ = —y— 2 EO => j foe ann2[ SE £ ain (Se at +4)] 22[ SE +n (G24) at clare +2 (In (Geee)- In2} = tad + 2In( y+) - 22+ ~ FURST + In (Free) +e . Where -2IN2+¢,=¢THE MAGIC _ SUBSTITUTION Trigonometrical rational funct. Te quotient of two Polynomials in t-wo variables sine ANd COS is called trigonometricat rationat function " J 2- .: 2+5inx ? 2 es are trigonometrical sae Trest rational furncts. Conditions Tf the integrand. isa trigonometrical rational function then the integral crn be evaluated by Magic Substitutions given below If z = ton 2 2 I-z cael 2 -|= -(= -|= [Cosx} 2,.Cds%, -1 = She, inghyg | eS et : 2 25i0% Cost _ [Sin}=25in% Cost, = coat on LON gear 2Z 1 22Z-— ye BZ Ista,” T+22 [tare|e Sinn _ 22 a2 22% ie = 1=z> Cosx t4Z2 0 1-2 aed 2dz Zatony, * L= 2tanz ~7|dX= T+z2[ars 2+ SINK SO@h--we kmow thot 1 If 2= tone 2) 2tan% +1 2 ton (A2TB*h) dx Vee Sel we know that, J 22 then sinx = 22 If Z=tan% dx, 232 Lez? then Sinks a : 2dz | a (a8 tonn= 22, 2+ Sinx as at at ne i+ 2dz : ao (ez cis ae (+z?) +427 Sata Sirvivtore : | er ae fae “eg di: rere “aeztyaaz a = \220-Z)422 0025 22 (I=Z4)422 (1421) tas Jz Geztezy Z+zel = (202, t-zt a qt) = alia oF dz ‘ z : era | ae es (2+4)+(Sy he ie a Do wa gga ay a" (lIAz = fe ton (4B) : [Intang-Stoh%] 2ter | 2 = ton Gat. &) ol faze) = frtors (224)m3 {> 22 CosK yy 4) 5 2+ Cosx Sealy 72 ot ake = “eer Eee osx +24 Cosuen, * £q.9 o> (z 2-Cose. s (6. Taste) de -fi Oe + yf coe Cosx+2 ” ” “Ural Ox 2zCose We, Mow evaluat = & (Sa by Mogie Sub. We know that § z=tank in-z? then Cosx re So 1+Z’ 2dz {ze - we 2+Cosx 2 2 lez 2dz - aE DART IZ (+z? dz 25 Cosyay <= dt 2+Cosr = 14S tack (fF tan%, ) (aoe InSing Tesinn + Sane ABinx ay. _[Sinx-t gy 14 SIX Sint = (Sie ) Sinxey Se san) ay =~ Ax Sian af dx = 2% +2 (9% [+ Si We now evaluate ax : Tsing OY Magic sub. we know that If Zs tant, i 22 then Sins at dx = 202 I+ 2?cD, | 176 Before the chapter Zia (ezo,t2, 7} set of at integers R ={x] x? 5, 0} eq. be nfs 535 Be 2e3aer tnterval, A Set satisfying two conditions |S calleg an interval interval is always INFinice) {XER] ex [1,5] 3 equal f0) = 1 yalues of #” F209) = £29) a2 fa) 24 Ore only £03) =(3] 23 £0) 24 decreasing fia =(30) 53 3 7 : FA) = § £(3-9) = [3-9] =3t 177 gow to Check. f jg ni io an interval, “reasing and Decreasin g Ge eet eee Let £(x) = 2x C55 two gene foke g ral elements of fy a let 2,5 €(1,5) : Now 24 cs > (Fay < §G) then ¢ is strictly Same sign_| iNcreasing function S72 = fis) y (2) L— some sign vet FM SL fy 5y let 2,5-€ (1,59 Now 22S = FO) > £65), then Fis strictly decreasing function: Opposite sign 572 = £5) <§.2) Lope site sign—!