Tasks:

1) Wernicke's area, Carl Wernicke came up with this term from his research
regarding speech and how corresponds to brain damage. He has "reported
that damage to this part of the brain was found among patients who had
speech comprehension difficulties." (p159)
2) this speech twists up is called malapropism, defined as "a speech error in
which one word is used instead of another with a similar beginning, end and
number of syllables." (p290) The word was derived from "Mrs. Malaprop (in
a play by Sheridan) who consistently produced "near-misses" for words,
with great comic effect." (190)
3) Aphasia is defined as an impairment of language function due to localized
brain damage that leads to difficulty in understanding and/or producing
linguistic forms. This cause when a person has moderate to major brain
damage due to a stroke.
4) The type of aphasia that is characterized by speech is Broca's aphasia.
Broca's aphasia "(also called "motor aphasia") is characterized by a
substantially reduced amount of speech, distorted articulation and slow,
often effortful speech."
5) In a dichotic listening test "the generally established fact that anything
experienced on the right-hand side of the body is processed in the left
hemisphere, and anything on the left side is processed in the right
hemisphere." (P.164)
6) The critical period is when the human brain is most ready to receive input
and learn a particular language. It is generally believed to last through
childhood until puberty.
Tasks
A. The main source of this difference between the physiology of the 2
hemispheres is an enlargement in left hemisphere due to the language areas.
This difference could be treated as support for the ‘phrenology’ model of
human brain organization with maps of human brains to locate specific
functions in the brain.
B. The 'bathtub effect' is perhaps the most commonly reported finding in the
literature on memory for words. People remember the beginnings and ends of
words better than the middles as if the word were a person lying in a bathtub,
with their head out of the water at one end and their feet out at the other.The
examples of speech errors in this chapter that illustrate this effect are: secant,
sextet, sexton, fire distinguisher, medication, & monogamy. malapropisms
C. After damage in the right hemisphere, an individual’s language affects the
conversation that may result in inappropriate contributions being made to an
interaction. Damage to this hemisphere also interferes with intonation, stress,
and prosody of speech (intonation, tone, stress, and rhythm.).
D. Paragrammatism is the confused or incomplete use of grammatical
structures, found in certain forms of speech disturbance. Paragrammatism is the
inability to form grammatically correct sentences. It is characteristic of fluent
aphasia, most commonly receptive aphasia.
Agrammatism is a characteristic of non-fluent aphasia. Individuals with
agrammatism present with speech that is characterized by containing mainly
content words, with a lack of function words. For example, when asked to
describe a picture of children playing in the park, the affected individual
responds with, "trees..children..run."People with agrammatism may have
telegraphic speech, a unique speech pattern with simplified formation of
sentences (in which many or all function words are omitted), akin to that found
in telegraph messages
I would go about analyzing the follow extract as more likely to be indicative
of agrammatism because of the disrupted speech pattern.
E. The characteristics of this condition that show up in the language used by
this speaker is a large number of undecipherable forms of words produced
fluently without realization of what it actually sounds like to the listener. The
syntax is not badly impaired. Morphological features are also unimpaired. The
speaker does have word-finding difficulty as a result of failed attempt to
articulate specific target words that aren’t rejected as inappropriate by speaker’s
self-monitoring ability. This aphasia is more likely to be associated with
Wernicke’s area.
F. PET (positron emission topography) scans require the injection of a non-
toxic radioactive substance that emits gamma rays which are picked up by the
scanner. This is to measure important functions happening within the brain,
such as glucose metabolism and blood flow. The scans that are produced are
“colour maps” of brain activity. PET scans are used to diagnose abnormalities
such as tumours and Alzheimer’s, and are also used to compare the differences
in the brains of “normal” people and those with psychological disorders.

G.
a. 2

b. 3

c. 4
d. 1