Chapter 4.Ppt - Google Slides

11/7/2020 Chapter 4.
ppt - Google Slides
● CHAPTER
4
The Research Process
Theoretical framework and
hypothesis development
Chapter Objectives
● The need for theoretical framework
● Components of theoretical framework
● Variables and its types
● Identify and label variables associated with any given situation.
● Defining hypothesis
● Null and alternative hypothesis
● Managerial implications
https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1okZT6ve7E37SYGnx4DNUwK9gmu89_gKesrWLtEtfz94/htmlpresent#:~:text=The theoretical framework… 1/17

11/7/2020 Chapter 4.ppt - Google Slides
The Steps for Research process –Step 4-

5
Theoretical Framework
A theoretical framework represents your
beliefs on how certain phenomena
(or variables or concepts) are related to each other (a model)
and an explanation on why you believe that

these variables are associated to each other (a
theory).

A framework is a model of how one

theorizes or makes logical sense of the
relationships among several factors that
have been identified as important to the
problem. (Sekaran, 2001)
Components of Theoretical Framework
● Identify and label the variables correctly.

● State the relationships among the variables:
known as formulate hypotheses.
● Explain how or why you expect these
relationships.

So, Theoretical Framework is ?

■ A mechanism that helps to clarify a big idea.
■ A means through which you can explore the
multiple dimensions of a big idea.
■ An instrument for judgment.
■ A filter through which you can consider
various ideas in order to further clarify a
position.
So, Theoretical Framework is?

■A guides to your research, determining what
things you will measure, and what statistical
relationships you will look for.
■ A simply the structure of the idea or concept
and how it is put together.

■ An essay that interrelate the theories

involved in the question.
■ So it is the foundation to proceed with the research,
and involve nothing more than identifying the network of
relationship among the variables. So it is vital to
understand, what a variable mean and what are its
different types.
Variables
“Any concept or construct that
varies or changes in value is called variable.”

Cases are objects whose behavior or characteristics we study.

Usually, the cases are persons, but they can also be groups,
departments, organizations, Job satisfaction, etc.
Variables are characteristics of cases. Qualities of the cases

that we measure or record. For example, if the case is a person, the
variables could be sex, age, height, weight, feeling, ability (Physical/
Variables Cases
Types of Variables
1. Dependent variable (DV)

2. Independent variable (IV)

3. Moderating variable
4. Mediating variable (or intervening)
Types of Variables
● 1-Dependent variable (DV) (Criterion Variable)
●DV is a primary interest to the researcher. The goal of the research
project is to understand, predict or explain the variability of this
variable.
● What is been observed.
● What is been measured.
● 2-Independent variable (IV) (Or Predictor)

● Something that is changed by the scientist/researcher is called IV.
● Influences that DV have, either positive/negative way, on a variable is
IV.
● What is tested.
● What is manipulated.
Examples for Dependent Variables

● Example 1:
●An applied researcher wants to increase the performance of organizational
members

● in particular bank.
● Answer:
● The dependent variable is organizational performance because it is the
primary
● variable of interest to the applied researcher. Independent variables could be
Wages,
● bonuses, Organizational culture, etc
● Example 2: A marketing manager wonders why the recent advertisement
strategy does not work. What would be the dependent variable here?
● Answer:
● The dependent variable is advertisement strategy because the marketing
manager is interested in knowing why the recent strategy does not work. And
IV could be advertising channel, distributer, market segment, etc.
● Example 3:
● Research studies indicate that successful new product development has an
influence on the stock market price of the company. That is, the more successful
the new product turns out to be, the higher will be the stock market price of the
firm.
● Answer:
Types of Variables
3-Moderating Variable (Through Example)
It has been found that there is a relationship between the availability of
Reference Manuals that manufacturing employees have access to, and the
Product rejects. That is, when workers follow the procedures laid down
in the manual, they are able to manufacture products that are flawless. So,
Dependent Variable: Number of Rejects/faulty products.
Independent Variable: Availability of Reference Manuals.

● Moderating Variable (Example Continued)

●Although this relationship is true in general for all workers, but it is
not true for workers who are not using the manual every time they
need it.
● Thus, the interest and inclination of the workers is a Moderating
Variable.
● Definition:
● So, moderator is qualitative (e.g., gender, race, class) or quantitative
(e.g.,
● level of reward) variable that affects the direction and/or strength
of
l i b i d d dd d i bl
● Moderating Variable- (Example-2)
● A prevalent theory is that the diversity of the workforce

(according to different ethnic origins, races, and nationalities)
contributes more to organizational effectiveness because
each group brings it own special expertise and skills to the
workplace. This synergy can be exploited, however, only if
managers know how to harness the special talents of the
diverse work group; otherwise, they will remain untapped.

Types of Variables
● 4-Intervening Variable
Is one that surfaces between the time the

●
independent variables start operating to influence

the dependent variable and the time their impact is
felt on it.
●Follow the Last Example:

● A prevalent theory is that the diversity of the workforce (according
to different ethnic origins, races, and nationalities) contributes more

to organizational effectiveness because each group brings it own
special expertise and skills to the workplace. This synergy can be
exploited, however, only if managers know how to harness the special
talents of the diverse work group; otherwise, they will remain
untapped.
● The dependent variable: The organizational

effectiveness.
The Intervening Variable
● This creative synergy results from the "diverse" workforce interacting

and bringing together their expertise in problem solving.
● Note that creative synergy, the intervening variable, surfaces at time
t2, as a function of workforce diversity, which was in place at time t1, to

bring about organizational effectiveness in time t3. The dynamics of these
relationships are illustrated in Figures 6 and 7.
https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1okZT6ve7E37SYGnx4DNUwK9gmu89_gKesrWLtEtfz94/htmlpresent#:~:text=The theoretical framewo… 10/17

Types of Variables
● Assignment: (Hand written/Due in next class)
● Try to explain the following examples
● Suppose a patient is feeling some normal headache.

She/he is looking to get rid off it. Explain DV, IVs first.
● Suppose a patient is feeling some serious problem in

stomach. She/he is looking to get rid off it. Explain DV,
IVs first. Then Moderating and intervening variable with
your own explanation.
The Relationship Between the

Literature Survey and the Theoretical Framework
■ The literature survey provides a solid foundation for

developing the theoretical framework.
■ The literature survey identifies the variables that might be
important, as determined by previous research findings.
■ The theoretical framework elaborates the relationships
among the variables, explains the theory underlying these
relations, and describes the nature and direction of the
relationships.
■ The theoretical framework provides the logical base for
developing testable hypotheses.
https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1okZT6ve7E37SYGnx4DNUwK9gmu89_gKesrWLtEtfz94/htmlpresent#:~:text=The theoretical framewor… 11/17

Example:
DEFINE THE PROBLEM AND DEVELOP THE THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK.
The probability of cancer victims successfully

recovering under treatment was studied by a
medical researcher in a hospital. She found three
variables to be important for recovery:
1. Early and correct diagnosis by the doctor.

2. The nurse’s careful follow-up of the doctor’s instructions.
3. Peace and quit in the vicinity.
Example (Cont…)
In a quiet atmosphere, the patient rested well and recovered sooner.
Patients who were admitted in advanced stages of cancer did not
respond to treatment even though the doctor’s diagnosis was
performed immediately on arrival, the nurses did their best, and there
was plenty of peace and quit in the area.
● Thus, Stage of cancer is a moderating variable.

● Also, we could use the patient rest as an intervening
variable.

Hypothesis
Definition of Hypotheses:
A logical relationship between two or more variables

(DV & IV)
expressed in the form of a testable statement.
(e.g.) Women are more motivated than men.
Good hypothesis:
● Must be adequate (sufficient/satisfactory) for its purpose
● Must be testable
● Must be better than its rivals
Can be:
● Directional
● Non-directional
Directional and No-directional Hypotheses
DIRECTIONAL HYPOTHESES:
The direction of the relationship between the

variables (positive/negative) is indicated.
Example:

● The greater the stress experienced in the job, the

lower the job satisfaction of employees.
● Women are more motivated than men.
Directional and Nondirectional

Hypotheses
NONDIRECTIONAL HYPOTHESES:
…are those which shows no indication of the

direction of the relationships between variables.
Example:
There is a relationship between age and Job
●
satisfaction.
● There is a differences between the work ethic values
of American and Arabian employees.
Null and Alternate Hypotheses
Null Hypotheses:
…is a proposition that states a definitive, exact relationship between
two variables.
● In general, the null statement is expressed as no (significant)

difference between two groups.
H0: µM = µw
● It can also be stated as the population correlation between two
variables is equal to zero (or some definite number).
H0: µM - µw = 0
Where H0 represents the null hypotheses,

µM is the mean motivational level of the men,
µw is the mean motivational level of women.
Null and Alternate Hypotheses
● Alternate Hypotheses
● …is a statement expressing a relationship between two variables or indicating
differences between groups.
● (e.g.) Women are more motivated than men.
● The alternate hypotheses for the above example is
● HA : µM < µw
● If we reverse the above statement like
● Men are more motivated than women.
● HA : µM > µw
● Where HA represents the alternate hypotheses.
Examples for the Non directional relationship
● There is a difference between the work ethic of American and Arabian

employees.

● The null hypotheses would be:

● Ho: µAM = µAR
Or
●
● Ho: µAM - µAR = 0
● Where,
● µAM is the mean work ethic value of Americans
● µAR is the mean work ethic value of Arabs.
●The alternate hypotheses for the above example would statistically
be set as:
● HA: µAM ≠ µAR
● HA represents the alternate hypotheses.
Managerial Implications
At this junction, we have understood the
1. Broad problem area
2. Preliminary data gathering
3. Theoretical framework based on literature review
4. Hypotheses formulation for testing on the bases of experience and intuition.
Also understanding of variables and its types help the mangers/researcher to

associate the
link of problem and there reasons (Why & How).
When an external researcher submitted a report to particular manager for decision

and manager has a knowledge of issues as mentioned in above 4 points, manager
have
better understating of how that researcher reached to particular conclusion. Also
manager
can check the validity by interpreting how this research reached to given decision.


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11/7/2020 Chapter 4.

ppt - Google Slides

https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1okZT6ve7E37SYGnx4DNUwK9gmu89_gKesrWLtEtfz94/htmlpresent#:~:text=The theoretical framework… 1/17

The Steps for Research process –Step 4-

and an explanation on why you believe that

https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1okZT6ve7E37SYGnx4DNUwK9gmu89_gKesrWLtEtfz94/htmlpresent#:~:text=The theoretical framework… 2/17

A framework is a model of how one

Components of Theoretical Framework

● Identify and label the variables correctly.

https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1okZT6ve7E37SYGnx4DNUwK9gmu89_gKesrWLtEtfz94/htmlpresent#:~:text=The theoretical framework… 3/17

So, Theoretical Framework is ?

So, Theoretical Framework is?

https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1okZT6ve7E37SYGnx4DNUwK9gmu89_gKesrWLtEtfz94/htmlpresent#:~:text=The theoretical framework… 4/17

■ An essay that interrelate the theories

https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1okZT6ve7E37SYGnx4DNUwK9gmu89_gKesrWLtEtfz94/htmlpresent#:~:text=The theoretical framework… 5/17

Cases are objects whose behavior or characteristics we study.

departments, organizations, Job satisfaction, etc.

Variables are characteristics of cases. Qualities of the cases

variables could be sex, age, height, weight, feeling, ability (Physical/

1. Dependent variable (DV)

2. Independent variable (IV)

● 2-Independent variable (IV) (Or Predictor)

Examples for Dependent Variables

https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1okZT6ve7E37SYGnx4DNUwK9gmu89_gKesrWLtEtfz94/htmlpresent#:~:text=The theoretical framework… 7/17

● Example 2: A marketing manager wonders why the recent advertisement

https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1okZT6ve7E37SYGnx4DNUwK9gmu89_gKesrWLtEtfz94/htmlpresent#:~:text=The theoretical framework… 8/17

● Moderating Variable (Example Continued)

● Moderating Variable- (Example-2)

● A prevalent theory is that the diversity of the workforce

https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1okZT6ve7E37SYGnx4DNUwK9gmu89_gKesrWLtEtfz94/htmlpresent#:~:text=The theoretical framework… 9/17

Is one that surfaces between the time the

independent variables start operating to influence

●Follow the Last Example:

to different ethnic origins, races, and nationalities) contributes more

● The dependent variable: The organizational

● This creative synergy results from the "diverse" workforce interacting

t2, as a function of workforce diversity, which was in place at time t1, to

https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1okZT6ve7E37SYGnx4DNUwK9gmu89_gKesrWLtEtfz94/htmlpresent#:~:text=The theoretical framewo… 10/17

● Try to explain the following examples

● Suppose a patient is feeling some normal headache.

● Suppose a patient is feeling some serious problem in

The Relationship Between the

■ The literature survey provides a solid foundation for

https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1okZT6ve7E37SYGnx4DNUwK9gmu89_gKesrWLtEtfz94/htmlpresent#:~:text=The theoretical framewor… 11/17

The probability of cancer victims successfully

1. Early and correct diagnosis by the doctor.

● Thus, Stage of cancer is a moderating variable.

https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1okZT6ve7E37SYGnx4DNUwK9gmu89_gKesrWLtEtfz94/htmlpresent#:~:text=The theoretical framewo… 12/17

A logical relationship between two or more variables

expressed in the form of a testable statement.

(e.g.) Women are more motivated than men.

Directional and No-directional Hypotheses

The direction of the relationship between the

https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1okZT6ve7E37SYGnx4DNUwK9gmu89_gKesrWLtEtfz94/htmlpresent#:~:text=The theoretical framewo… 13/17

● The greater the stress experienced in the job, the

Directional and Nondirectional

…are those which shows no indication of the

of American and Arabian employees.

Null and Alternate Hypotheses

● In general, the null statement is expressed as no (significant)

Where H0 represents the null hypotheses,

Null and Alternate Hypotheses

Examples for the Non directional relationship

● There is a difference between the work ethic of American and Arabian