1, ACCORDING TO PESSIMISTS VIEW , PIECEMAL APPROACHES TO SOLVING INDIVIDUAL PROBLEM ARE

NOT SUCCESSFUL . WHY ? Piecemeal approaches to solving the individual problems will not be successful
because The removal of one limit
merely causes the system to bump subsequently into another one, usually with more dire consequences.
the depletable resources and pollution problems were somehow, jointly solved, population would grow

2, DEFINE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT ?

Sustainable development has been defined in many ways, but the most frequently . Sustainable
development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of
future generations
3 , ECONOMIC GROWTH DOES NOT CAUSE ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEM ! ARGUE FOR OR AGAINST THE
MOTION .

- for me Economic and environmental performance must go hand in hand. The natural
environment is central to economic activity and growth, providing the resources we need to
produce goods and services, and absorbing and processing unwanted by-products in the form of
pollution and waste. Environmental assets contribute to managing risks to economic and social
activity, helping to regulate flood risks, regulating the local climate (both air quality and
temperature), and maintaining the supply of clean water and other resources. This underpins
economic activity and wellbeing, and so maintaining the condition of natural assets is a key
factor in sustaining growth for the longer term. Correspondingly, economic growth contributes
to the investment and dynamism needed to develop and deploy new technology, which is
fundamental to both productivity growth and managing environmental assets

4, HUMAN POPULATION IS VIRTUALLY AT THE ROOT OF ALL OF OF THE WORLD

ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEM .ARGUE FOR OR AGAINST THE MOTION.

I ARGUE HUMAN POPULATION WILL LAED ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEM, BECAUSE

- In less developed countries, lack of access to birth control, as well as cultural traditions
that encourage women to stay home and have babies, lead to rapid population growth.
The result is ever-increasing numbers of poor people across Africa, the Middle East,
Southeast Asia, and elsewhere who suffer from malnourishment, lack of clean water,
overcrowding, inadequate shelter, and AIDS and other diseases .

And while population numbers in most developed nations are leveling off or diminishing today,
high levels of consumption make for a huge drain on resources.

Industrialized countries also contribute far more to climate change, ozone depletion, and
overfishing than developing countries. And as more and more residents of developing countries
get access to Western media, or immigrate to the United States, they want to emulate
the consumption-heavy lifestyles  they see on their televisions and read about on the Internet.
5, WHY INVIRONMENT VIEWED AS A COMPOSITE ASSET ?
The valuation of environmental assets is a very important aspect because it helps to correct economic
decisions which sometimes treat the natural environment as if it is a free asset
-The environment is viewed as a composite asset, because it provides a variety of resources.
 The environment is a very special asset because it provides the life support system, i.e. sustains
existence of living things.
 Therefore it is very important to prevent unnecessary deterioration of the value of the asset so that it
continues to provide life-sustaining

6, ARE YOU OPTIMIST OR PESSIMIST ABOUT THE FUTURE / BRIEFLY DISCUSS YOUR OPINION .

- I am pessimist because - inevitability of exceeding the carrying capacity of the planet as the
population and level of economic activity grow .
- human activity is on a collision course with nature.
- Resources are held in fixed supply by the model (land depletable resources etc).

7 , DISCUSS VERY BRIEFLY THE MAJOR GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGE AND THREAT ?

- The major environmental problems are pollution, global warming, ozone layer depletion, acid
rain, natural resource depletion, overpopulation, waste disposal, deforestation and loss of
biodiversity Almost all these processes are the result of the use of natural resources in
unsustainable manner. These processes have highly negative impact on our environment. One of
the major impacts is the release of large quantities of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse
gases in atmosphere as the result of burning of fossil fuels by industries and automobile.

- The result is the worldwide pollution problem, temperature fluctuation of our planet, ozone hole
and possible change in Earth’s climate. Loss of forests, damage to water bodies (lakes and
ponds) and their ecosystems by acid rain, over-exploitation of natural resources, massive
extinction of species due to habitat destruction and other well-known causes worldwide are
connected with environmental issues globally. The rapidly growing demographic structure and
globalization are leading to a number of environmental issues because of the uncontrolled
urbanization, industrialization, The mediating-factor approach: This is a method which
postulates that not only the magnitude but
also the direction (sign) of the effect of population on the environment is determined by other
factors,
such as poverty, market demands, government policies, and social and cultural factors. These
conditions
and factors determine whether population growth would lead to technological innovation or to
environmental degradation or out-migration.
8, WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE MEDIATING – FACTOR APPROACH AND
DEVELOPMENT DEPENDENCY APPROACH OF ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS ?
A, The mediating-factor approach: This is a method which postulates that not only the
magnitude but
also the direction (sign) of the effect of population on the environment is determined by other
factors,
 such as poverty, market demands, government policies, and social and cultural factors. These
conditions
and factors determine whether population growth would lead to technological innovation or to
environmental degradation or out-migration.
B, The development-dependency approach: This method of analysis advocates that it is the
development process that mediates the population-environment interface. In particular the
dependency of
the South or the North on export markets for natural resources, technology, foreign investment
and a
variety of other international economic and political dependencies shape both the observed
demographic
and environmental outcomes. In this approach, population growth and environmental
degradation are
spuriously (rather than causally) related, both being driven by a third factor, the South-North
development dependency

9, WHAT ARE THE LIMITATION OF THE SYTEM OF NATIONAL ACOUNT (SNA ) REGARDING THE
ENVIRONMENT ?

- For several reasons conventional accounts have been limited, with few exceptions, to include
only market transactions. This limitation is appropriate for certain uses to which the accounts
are put, but not for others. For example, the use of National Income or Gross National Product as
a measure of aggregate wellbeing has frequently been criticized on grounds that they do not
take the distribution of income into account and that some economic activities (e.g. household
production) are excluded. Another example, of greater relevance to this report, is the use of non-
environmental resources, which is for the most part not the outcome of market transactions.

10, EXPLAIN PROPERTY RIGHT PRINCIPLE OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND RESOURCE

MANEGEMENT ?

 According to the property right principle, local communities should have a property right over
flora and fauna with in their border. This property right could entitle the local community to
share in any benefits created by preserving the species. Ensuring that local property rights over
genetic resources are defined and respected would give local communities a much larger stake in
some of the global benefits to be derived from the use of those resources and would enhance the
prospects for effective enforcement.

11, LIST DOWN THE CHARACTERS OF EFFICIENT PROPERTY RIGHT STRUCTURE ?

 flexibility: the extent to which the owner can change the mode or purpose of resource use
without forfeiting the right
 divisibility - the ability to create joint ownership, to divide the asset spatially or by function, to
construct temporal succession of rights
  quality of title - enforceability, certainty, security, ease of establishing ownership. Defines how
secure the property holder can feel that the specified property will continue to be available in the
future
 exclusivity - specificity, excludability, how many other parties to agree with on use
 duration - permanence, length and arrangements for renewal
 transferability - assignability, exchangeability, tradability.

12, EXPLAIN IN DETAIL THE FOLLOWING TERMS OR CONCEPT ( USE GRAPH OR EQUATION)

A, Market failure refers to the inefficient distribution of goods and services in the free market. In a typical
free market, the prices of goods and services are determined by the forces of  supply and demand, and
any change in one of the forces results in a price change and a corresponding change in the other force.
The changes lead to a price equilibrium.

B, Free-Rider Problem; A free rider is someone who derives the value from a commodity without paying
an efficient amount for its supply.

the free-rider problem is a type of market failure that occurs when those who benefit from resources,
public goods, or services of a communal nature do not pay for them or under-pay. Free riders are a
problem because while not paying for the good, they may continue to access or use it.

C) Tragedy of the Commons;

is a classical example to show that when resources are collectively owned with unrestricted access for
every member, ultimately it will end up worsening the lives of all-not only those of the owners but of the
society as a whole due to its impact on the efficient and sustainable use of the resource The problems
created by open-access resources can be illustrated by recalling the fate of the
American bison. Bison are an example of “common-pool” resources Common-pool resources are shared
resources characterized by non exclusivity and divisibility.

D) the Coase theorem describes the economic efficiency of an economic allocation or outcome in the
presence of externalities. The theorem states that if trade in an externality is possible and there are
sufficiently low transaction costs, bargaining will lead to a Pareto efficient outcome regardless of the
initial allocation of property.

E) Hotellings rule defines the net price path as a function of time while maximizing economic rent in the
time of fully extracting a non-renewable natural resource.

F) Hartwick's rule defines the amount of investment in produced capital (buildings, roads, knowledge
stocks, etc.) that is needed to exactly offset declining stocks of non-renewable resources. This investment
is undertaken so that the standard of living does not fall as society moves into the indefinite future.