Overview of the lecture 1

In the last lecture we studied

 Information technology and define the computer on the basis of the application that are using
or their carrier
 For example Graphic designer who make a different design and use software like coral draw
Photoshop, etc. to make a flexes, logo etc.
 Radiologist use machine like MRI and other scan, RI and CT scan is also a computing device
which calculate dimension of the human body.
 Artist uses computer as music device for controlling the beats, frequency etc.

Now comes to definition of the computer

The computer can be define according to the carrier of the computer engineer. According to him
“computer is the set of hardware and software that are using for processing.”

Now let comes in the detail that what actually hardware and software is

Hardware is the tangible part of the computer also in other meaning hardware is the physical
components of the computer system. Now look to the computer what is the physical part of the
computer.

Defiantly: Monitor, CPU, Printer, Key board, Mouse

For organization of the system the these hardware’s are categorized into

1. Input device: through which computer accept data

2. Processing : Make computation on the accepted data according to instruction:
3. Output: display the result of the processed data
4. Storage: store the processed data.

This is about the hardware components and now comes to the software portion of the definition:

Set of instruction or program is to that direct the hardware to perform a task on data.

So according to the above categorization computer is beastly define as

Computer is an electronic device that accept data from the user through input device, process
that data through processing device and display the result using the output device and store the
information in the computer.

Instruction is basically a commands that the computer processer can understand

For example when a new machine is going to be made for example washing machine, now the
switch button direct the machine to start. Actually these commands are embedded in the ROM
and register of the machine to perform the function by applying such an action.

Theses instruction are varies form company to company and depends upon the architecture and
standards of the company.
For example windows /office is the Microsoft product and they have a different commands
while the Linux have a completely different commands.
Types of instruction:
1. Data movement. For example print the doc we click the Print +P command, this instruction
direct the printer to print the documents. So the data move or control transfer to the
output device. Same like in the case of getting input from the device .so data movement is
one type of instruction. And the part that control this Control unit of the processor.
2. Arithmetic or logic operation: it means the operation like addition, subtraction or
multiplication etc.

Now comes to CPU

What is CPU: CPU is abbreviated as Central processing unit
CPU handles all the instruction receive from the software or hardware:
CPU place on the top of the Motherboard (is the main circuit of the computer system which
allocate power and allow communication between CPU and RAM and other peripheral
device)
What does the CPU?
CPU take input from the input device or instruction and interpret what it need.
Interpretation is the process of converting data to machine code like 0 and 1

Components of the CPU:

ALU: perform mathematical (addition subtraction, etc) logical (greater than or less than)
Control Unit: Direct all the processor operation. Perform the function of the supervision.

CPU working / Machine cycle

 Processor Architecture:
1. 32 bit and 64 bit architecture

Before going to explain the 32 bit or 64 bit architecture there is needed to explain what
is clock speed/clock speed /Cycle: determine the speed of the processor and which is
the amount of time between two pulses of oscillator (which create clock signal to
control the speed of the processor)

Now 32 bit architecture means the processor that capable of the transferring 32 bit data
per clock cycle and same like 64 bit

And if we explore the properties of the system we find that the operating system is 32 bit or
64 bit. So it is clear that for 32 bit architecture 32 bit OS is required and for 64 bit
architecture 64bit OS is required.
Same concept is used for application software also.

How CPU represent data: Or data representation of the data

As we discussed in the earlier sessions that computer processor only understand the machine languages
also called binary languages which is in 0 or 1 form each called bit.

Now here is the question that English Urdu or number is the type of languages that only understand the
human being. Then how the human under stable language convert to machine language??

In computer world three types or two types of languages that are commonly used

1. High level languages: that is understand by human but not by the machine
2. Low level language: understand by assembler or machine but not by human being.
Now how to possible the communication between Human and machine.

There may be multiple option

1. Remember the machine code which is difficult

2. Convert in to machine language by using an assembler ,

From high level to low and then from low to machine code

But there is another question that we convert the number to binary how the word / letters
should be converted to decimal??