3. You want to use someone's book. 4, You want to leave your luggage some place 5, You want to go to the library. Yes, you can. Answer another student's question. EXAMPLE: = Student A: Can I borrow your radio tonight? Student B: Of course you can. I'd be happy to lend it to vou. Student A: Thanks. [appreciate it. 1. Student A: Can I use your car? Student B: Student A: Student A: Would it be okay to close the window? Student B: Student A. 3. Student A: Do you mind if I smoke? Student B: Student A: 4, Student A: Could I leave these boxes at the front desk until check-in time? Student B: Student 4 32Tm sorry, but you can’t .... Ask if you can do something. Another student will tell you “Yes... or No...” and also tell you why. Look at the example. EXAMPLE: You want to borrow something. Q: Can [ borrow your dictionary tonight? A: No, you can't. I need to use it for homework tonight. ‘You want to close something, @ A: ‘You need to leave early. @ A ‘You want to go someplace. Q AD ‘You want to take leave. Q: A: ‘You want to turn something off. Q A ‘You're not fond of dogs and want the one in the room put outside. Q: A: 33CAN YOU PLAY SOCCER? LESSON 4 GRAMMAR: REVIEW OF MODALS Your shoes might be under the bed. It could be real gold. Jane may go to college next year. Jimmy ean run ten miles. He isn't able to move that heavy table. Nancy couldn’t read all of that book in one night. NOUN ADJUNCTS a gold watch a coffee cup the car keys VOCABULARY be made up (of) bracelet glass metal rock chain gold necklace rubber copper iron nylon silk man-made cotton jewelry plastic silver natural diamond leather polyester stone earrings material ring woolMATERIAL THINGS ARE MADE OF What is it made of? Repeat the new words. Then ask and answer questions like the example. EXAMPLE: What is his shirt made of? It’s made of cotton. 4, LEATHER-SHOES AND BELT S.RUBBER-SOLES 6. polyester nylon Polyester and nylon are man-made materials The birthday present Repeat the new words; then listen to the story and read it. It’s that time again to buy a present for my friend. What will it be this time? Will it be jewelry? 36Perhaps some earrings made of silver, Acchain or necklace made of gold. 97) Or a bracelet made of copper. A diamond ring is never old, maybe a little expensive I am told. Polyester and nylon may be too cheap, so how about something that comes from sheep? A sweater made of the best English wool, or maybe a blouse made of Chinese silk? A beautiful skirt made of the world’s best cotton, or shoes made of Spanish leather? But with my few dollars all I could buy her were some boots that were made of rubber. a7Materials Repeat the new words; then read the paragraphs. In our world, things are made of many different materials. Two very popular materials are plastic and glass. Both are man-made, and both have many uses. We can use them to make dishes, windows, tables, ete. We use them a lot because they aren't expensive materials. Clothes are made of many different kinds of materials: polyester, nylon, wool, silk, ete. Polyesfer and nylon are man-made materials. Wool, leather, silk, and cotton are natural materials. Clothes made of natural materials are usually more expensive than those made of man-made materials. Jewelry is often made of a variety of metals and beautiful rocks and stones. We also use stones and rocks to build houses, buildings, roads, etc. One of the most expensive metals we use is gold. Silver is also expensive, but it's less expensive than gold. Copper is a soft metal which we use to make some jewelry, but we use it more for electrical wiring. Iron is a hard, strong metal that we use to make cars, buildings, ete. Answer these questions about the reading. 1, What are things in the world made up of? 2. What are two very popular man-made materials? 3. What are some natural materials? 4, What is jewelry made of? 5. What do we build with stones and rocks? 386. Which metal is one of the most expensive? 7. What kind of metal is copper, and what do we use it for? 8. Which metal is very hard and what do we use it for? What doI see? Divide the class into small groups. Let them find something in the classroom and write three sentences: one about its color; another about the material it’s made of, and a third about what we use it for. Then have each group share their sentences with another group and guess what it is. The groups can later report to the class. EXAMPLE: I see something that is made of plastic. It’s brown and white. 1 look at it when I want to know when the break will be. What is it? It’s the clock. Write your sentences here. 39en BC FUGA 1h) Review of Modals ® May, might, and could are used to express possibility. | Where's Joe? | He may be in his office. He might be eating lunch. He could be at home. ® Can and is/am/are able to are used to express ability in the present or future. Could and was/were able to are used for the past She can speak three languages, They are able to speak French and Spanish. I couldn’t swim when I was young. ‘My grandfather was able to speak Russian. ® May, can, and could are used to request permission, May I come in? Can I swim here? Could I use your phone? If you don’t study, you might fail. Complete the sentences. Use may, might, or could to express possibility. EXAMPLE: If you don't study, you might fail the test. 1. Ifyou drive too fast, 2. Ifyou don't exercise, 3. Ifthe weather is nice tomorrow, 4. Ifwe go out tonight, 5. Ifyou don’t drive carefully, 40Where's Fred today? I don’t know. He might be sick. Answer the following questions. Use may or might. EXAMPLE: Where's Fred today? I don’t know. He might be sick. 1. What are you going to do this weekend? T don’t know. 2. Where are you going to eat? We haven't decided yet. 3. What kind of ear are you going to buy? T'm not sure, but 4. When are you leaving for New York? We don't know. 5. What are you going to buy at the department store? We haven't decided yet, but He can run now. Read the paragraph. Then answer the questions. Roger is twenty-eight years old. He's in the United States Air Force. Seven years ago he couldn't run a mile, and he couldn't do pushups. He wasn't able to shoot a gun or use any other weapon. Now he can run three miles a day; he can do shirty to forty pushups a day; he can shoot three different kindsSf guns; and he is able to use almost any weapon. 1. Could Roger run a mile seven years ago? 2 Could Roger do pushups seven years ago? 413. Was he able to shoot a gun seven years ago? 4, Was he able to use any other weapon? 5. Can he run a mile now? 6. How many pushups can he do? 7. Can he shoot yet? 8. Can he use any other weapon yet? I couldn’t speak English when I was a child. at the example. EXAMPLE: drive slowly on the highway ‘You can’t drive slowly on the highway. 1. speak French when you were a child 2. call your mother when the phone doesn't work 3. play tennis 4. run five miles a day 425. drive without a driver's license 6. swim when you were five years old May I...? Read these dialogs about requesting permission. They contain can, could, and may. Susie: Mom, may I go to the mall with Janie this afternoon? Mom: You've been very good this week, so yes, you can go. Bobby: Dad, can I borrow the car next Friday night? Dad: No, you can't. I need it next Friday. Sgt Evans: Sir, could I have leave one day next week? Lt Adams: You can have any day except Monday. Larry: Mr. White, could I call you at home if I have any problems with this lesson? Mr. White: Sure you can, but don't call after 10:00 p.m. No, you can’t. Make questions and answers. Use can, could, and may. EXAMPLE: play outside Daughter: Can I play outside for a little while? Mother: Yes, you can. 1. two days leave Sergeant: Captain:2. use dictionary Oscar: Ms. Rogers 3. ride your bieyele Tony: Tina: 4. eat some candy Mark: Grandfather: leave the table Son: Mother: 4 UPON LUC D Adjectives usually modify or describe nouns. anice day | a cold winter | Nouns can also modify nouns. They are called noun adjuncts. Astore that sells shoes is a shoe store. My uncle likes juice. He drinks apple juice. I'd like to be a football coach. 44Td like to be a Read the following sentences. 1 2. Ipaid my telephone bill. Is this desk lamp broken? football coach. Jim’s older brother is a restaurant owner. Which radio station do you listen to’ Don’t forget to fasten your seat belt. Ralph can’t find his math book. ” Does this vending machine have potato chips? It’s a Grocery Store. Change the following like the example. EXAMPLE: a store that sell groceries 1 - 2s pS 5. 10. a box for candy a garden with flowers in it a machine that makes ice a store that sells jewelry a button on a shirt astore that sells shoes food for a dog acake for a birthday a tank that has gas in it a booklet for a test a grocery store 45Can we go to the jewelry store? Answer the following questions in complete sentences. 1. Have you been to the new jewelry store? (yes, wedding rings) 2. Have you been to that new restaurant yet? (yes, lunch menu) 3. Did you go to the basketball game last weekend? (yes, tennis match) 4, Where were you last night? (night class) 5. Where did you get those tennis shoes? (shoe store) 6. Did you get some soup? —_(yes, soup spon) 7. What do you red¥mmend for a trip to the mountains? (snow tires) 8. What are you going to buy at the grocery store? (potato chips) 46+2BARGAINS AND DISCOUNTS. LESSON 5 w-yg | FUNCTION: ASKING/RESPONDING TO QUESTIONS “a BUYING/SELLING CLOTHES Clerk: May Ihelp you, sir? Customer: Yes, I need some pants, but I don’t know my size. Clerk: Let's take your measurements, ey GRAMMAR: PHRASAL VERBS Jim is going to hang up his clothes. Jim is going to hang his clothes up. Jim is going to hang them up. VOCABULARY = discount irregular bargain inch/inches (in.) (") reduce medium cloth item sew off deal jeans percent discount measurement for sale special fabric sale on sale footifeet (ft.)(") size yard 47HAVE I GOT A DEAL FOR YOU! Repeat the new words; then read the sentences. 1. Twelve inches equals one foot. (12"= 1!) (12in.= 1 ft.) Three feet equals one yard. (3 ft. = 1 yd.) w 3. We have a good deal on these items. 4. There's a thirty percent (30%) discount on these items. 5. We reduced our prices. 6. There are great bargains for those who sew. 7. Slightly’ irregular material is up to seventy-five percent off the regular price. KATE’S DISCOUNT STORE MEMORIAL DAY’ SALE WE'VE GOT A GOOD DEAL ON THESE ITEMS. | regular price | jeans for men in all sizes $16.87 $11.99 jeans for women $19.90 $12.78 shirts in large, medium and small sizes $16.99 $10.99 | 30% DISCOUNT ON THESE ITEMS ladies’ dresses all sizes $25.95, shoes for men and women $82.00 GREAT BARGAINS FOR THOSE WHO SEW - - ey Up to 75% off the regular price on slightly irregular material! All cotton cloth for your summer clothes regularly $7.78 a yd., now $3.11 a yd., discounted a full 60%! Wool fabric. Buy now for the winter and save! Regularly $22.00 a yd., now $5.50 d., discounted a full 75%! “slightly = very little “Memorial Day = a holiday celebrated in May in the U.S. 48Read the ad for Kate’s Discount Store, and then read these statements. Circle T if the statement is true; and circle F if the statement is false. 1. Kate’s Discount Store is having a sale. T F 2. Jeans are for sale at the regular price TF 3. The price of shoes is 30% lower during this sale T F 4. Irregular material might have something wrong with it TF 5. A bargain is something that is more expensive than usual. TF 6. Material, cloth, and fabric are words that have the same meaning. TF 7. Ifthere is a discount, the price is lower. T F 8. A medium size is larger than a large size. T F 9. “Those who sew” are people who make clothes. TF ‘The items on sale are books, pencils, pens, and paper. TF (Zany PHRASAL VERBS D The term phrasal verb refers to a verb and an adverb that are together. This verb and preposition have a special meaning. He put on his hat She wrote down the telephone number. They threw away the old newspapers. 2 Many times a phrasal verb will have an object. There are two possible positions for the object. If the object is a noun, it can come before the adverb or after it. He turned on the radio. He turned the radio on. She'll look up the word in the dictionary. She'll look the word up in the dictionary. D If the object of a phrasal verb is a pronoun (me, you, him, her, etc.), the pronoun must be between the verb and the adverb. I like the hat. Try it on. Til give you the money, but you must pay it back She's sleeping. Don't wake her up.Read the following groups of sentences. They contain phrasal verbs. 1. She went to the office to fill out the form. She went to fill the form out. She went to fill it out. 2. dim’s going to fill up the car with gasoline. Jim's going to fill the car up with gasoline. Jim's going to fill it up. 3, I'm not going to get back my money. T'm not going to get my money back Tm not going to get it back. 4, Fred's going to turn down the job. He's going to turn the job down. He's going to turn it down. 5. Did you look up the words? Did you look the words up? Did you look them up? Hang up your clothes in the closet. Hang them up. Change the sentences like the example. EXAMPLE: Sue hung up her clothes. She hung them up. 1. He filled up the tank. 2. My dad didn’t turn down the job. 3. Did Frank and Patty talk over the problem? 4, Jack already turned off the light. 5. Jeremy wrote down the address. 6. Does Linda always give back expensive gifts?7. 8. Larry didn’t think over his decision. Harvey didn't look up the telephone number. We got it back. Answer the questions like the example. EXAMPLE: When are you going to turn off the light? (in a few minutes) o x I'm going to turn off the light in a few minutes. Tm going to turn it off in a few minutes. When is Jeff going to pick up the laundry? (Thursday) Did Patricia turn down that job? (yes) When are you going to hang up your clothes? (tonight) When did you take out the milk? (five minutes ago) Did Barbara write down Kim’s address? (no, forgot to) Did Roger fill out the form? (yes) When are you going to put on your shoes? (right now) 518. Who turned on the TV? (Mike) Look it up in the dictionary. EXAMPLE: Jim is ready for school. Ted is going to__pick him up at 8:00. (pick up) 1. Peggy doesn’t understand these words. She's going to in the dictionary. (look up) 2. It’s getting coldef- Your jacket is in the closet. (put on) 8. Your clothes are all wet; you're going to get sick. (take off) 4. Dad needs gas in the car. Tim's going to (Gill up) 5. Barbara is happy with her job. The new offer was nice, but she (turn down) 6. Victor told Harry about the problems. They are going to at lunch today. (talk over) 7. There are the directions to the new library. Someone needs to . (write down) 8. Look at my new picture. Can you help me (hang up) 9. Did Mary receive the new forms? Yes, she . (get back) 10. Are you watching TV now? No, Alice (turn off) 11. What should I do with this form. Read it and (ill out) 12. What did Joe do with the seat belt? He (buckle up) 52| INCHES TO FEET Linch (in) = 1/12% of 1 foot 1 foot (ft) 12 inch How can I help you? Listen and repeat these dialogs about buying and selling clothes. Clerk: Customer: Clerk: Customer: Clerk: Clerk: Customer: Clerk: May I help you? Yes, thank you. I'm looking fo Wha size do you need, sir? - I'm not sure, but I think I need a 2’ I'm sorry, sir; we don’t have that size. Would you like to try 28-33? Can I help you, sir? Yes, Td like to buy a long-sleeved cotton shirt. What size do you want?Customer: I need a 15-37! Clerk: Sorry, we only have small, medium, and large. sennsnneenes 3. Customer: Would you help me, please? Clerk: Yes, sir. What can I do for you? Customer: Td like to try this on. Clerk: Ofcourse, sir. There’s a dressing room over there. 4, Customer: Excuse me, how much does this blouse cost? Clerk: It's a great bargain. It’s on sale for $5.00. Customer: Is that with tax? Clerk: No. Tax is extra. wenneneeees I'd like to buy .... Read the sentence in your book; then read it again and change it like the example. Use the words from the lists. EXAMPLE: Excuse me, please. I'd like to buy some jeans. Excuse me, please. Td like to try on some shoes. 1. Id like to Jook at a gilk blouse. polyester’ Sire leather jacket wool dress cotton sweater nylon coat wallet belt 115-37 = The first number is the neck size in inches. The second number is the sleeve length (for men’s shirt sizes), 542. Tm looking for a gold bracelet, diamond ring silver chain This is made of 75% cotton and 25% wool. cotton, silk woo! polyester nylon nylon polyester cotton 4. [like a medi am size. small large 15 4-34 5. Can I try on the next size? ax” “+ smaller larger 6. It'sa good azgain They've lew lowered the ee price reduced deal discounted Sovak What is your size? ‘These charts have useful information for shopping. Look them over. Men’s sizes MEN'S SHOES usa. | 5 | 6] 71] 8] 9 | 10 |. METRIC | 38 | 39 | 41 | 42 | 43 | 44 | 45 U.S.A. MEASUREMENTS FOR MEN'S SUITS, COATS, JACKETS. When your chest is | And your height is_| Your length is_| Ask for 34" to 46" 5'3" to 56 4" (short) chest measurement (34, 34" to 46" 5'7" to 511" (regular) 36, 38, 40, etc.) and 34" to 46" 5'11" to 64" ong) length (short, etc.) 5BMEN'S SUITS, COATS, JACKETS small medium large extra large U.S.A. 34-36 38-40 42-44 46-48, METRIC 44-46 48-50 52-54 56-58 U.S.A. MEASUREMENTS FOR MEN'S SHIRTS When your neck is_| And your sleeve length is_| Ask for Or 14" to 14%" 32%" small neck/sleeve 15" to 15%" [33 4" medium length 16" to 16%" 34%" large _ 17" to17 4" 35-37" extra large MEN'S SHIRTS USA. small medium large extra large METRIC 36:37 38-39 41 42-48 U.S.A. MEASUREMENTS FOR MEN'S PANTS, SLACKS, JEANS When your waist is | And inseam is Ask for Or 28" to 30" 29" to 36" small waist/inseam 32" to 34" 29° to 36" medium measurement 367 to 38° 29" to 86" large 40" to 42" 29" to 36" extra large MEN'S PANTS, SLACKS, JEANS small medium large extra large USA. 28-80 32-84 36-38 40-42 METRIC 38-42 42-44 46-48 50-52 56— Misses sizes MISSES SHOES. usa |6 |7 [8 [9 |10 METRIC [37 [38 |39 |40 [41 FOR MISSES PANTS, JEANS, SHIRTS: ‘When your hips are Ask for Or SS 10 36%" 8 small 37 to 374" 10. small 35" to 39" 12 medium 29 4" to 40%" 14 medium 41" to 42" 16 large 42" to 44" 18, large U.S.A. MEASUREMENTS FOR MISSES BLOUSES, DRESSES, COATS, ETC. When your bust is Ask for size Or to 34" 8 small to 35" 10 small to 36 4" 12 medium 37" to 38" 14 medium 38 ¥4" to 39%" 16 large 40" to 41%" 18 large MISSES DRESSES, COATS, PANTS, ETC. extra | extra small _|small | medium | medium | large |_large | large | large USA. 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 METRIC | 36 | 38 40 42 44 46 48, 50CROSSWORD PUZZLE ACROSS 1. When Teresa goes shopping, she always looks for tosave money. 4. IsDan that he has his key? Ifhe doesn't, he won't be able to get in 5. Windows are made from 7. Tires are made from . 9. isa yellow metal we use to make jewelry. 11. We know about the but we don't know about the future 13. A is'a piece of jewelry we wear on our wrists 15. ‘They the game and we lost it. 16. It's warm in here. Take your coat. 18. Ineed to tie the in my shoes. 20. Some jackets are made from cloth and some are made from 21. Apenny is made from 23. The distance from here to the gate is 200 25. There are five people on our swimming 27. The ___ I've paid for a dress is $100. Usually it's much less. 28. This is Bates. He makes sure everyone does their PT exercises every day. DOWN 2. What was your on the book quiz? 3. There isa between our team and their team to see which team can finish the fastest. 6. They used to make quarters and dimes from _, but that was a long time ago. 8. The Vikings have the Red Caps twice this year. 10. Tuse this for cleaning my jewelry. 12. Necklaces, bracelets, and rings are all . 14. Keep practicing! You don’t want to the next game to the University Jaguars! 17. Heis five ___ and eleven inches tall. 18. Tllwearmyblue___blouse with my gray wool skirt. 58‘The ball game will be at the __ _ downtown In hot weather it is best to wear a clothes to exer You can buy soda in glass and __ _ bottles. Will your T__ you to leave the base this weekend? Your pants and your shirt go well together. They well.ez4 GRAMMAR: MODALS IN REPORTED SPEECH What did Captain Rogers tell you? He told me that he could see me at 1430, SUFFIX -ER, OR Jack Smith drives a bus. He's a bus driver. co VOCABULARY % amount to free amount percent (%) bargain less dressing room percentage decrease much hip receipt fiv/ivfit sales Iength tax increase pair waist measure er /-or try on 61NO CLASS TODAY. LET’S GO SHOPPING! Read the dialog. John: — How's it going,! Harry? Ar you enjoying your day off? Harry: I certainly am. Did you read about the sale at Kate's? I'm thinking about going. Want to come? Sure. I need to buy a pair of pants and a white shirt. I want to buy some fabric for my mother. Her birthday is coming up?. (picks up the ad and looks at it) Oh, look! They have some jeans on sale. And they reduced the prices on fabric up to seventy-five percent. I hope the fabric is not too irregular. Harry: I've bought their irregular cloth before, and my mother thought it was a good deal for the price. Answer these questions about the dialog. Why aren't Harry and John at school? Whe: are they planning to go? What does John want to buy? What does Harry want to buy? How much lower is the price of the fabric? Why? Did Harry's mother like the cloth that he bought her before? 1 How's it going? = How are you?, Hello., ete, * coming up = coming soon, in a few days 62‘RY ON CLOTHES BEFORE YOU BUY THEM. Shopping with John Repeat the new words; then read the story. John needed some jeans. He wasn't sure about his size. Was it 32-30% or 30-32? Jes clerk said that he'd measure his waist, That measurement was 30" 18). His size was 30-32. ‘The clerk helped John find a pair of jeans. Then John said, “I need a shirt to go with my jeans.” What size?” asked the clerk. “Medium,” John answered. “How's this?” the clerk asked. “If you want to try on the jeans anttshirt, the dressing room is this way.” John tried on the jeans, but they were too tight around the hips. “I won't be able to sit down with these jeans on.” The clerk found a pair in a larger size. They that. They'll be the right length after you wash them a few times.” The shirt fits wuch better except they were a little long. The clerk said, “Don't worry about just fine. We went to the cashier to pay for the items, + 32-80 = The first number is waist size in inches. The second number is length, also in inches. 63“$11.99 for the jeans, plus $10.99 for the shirt amounts to $22.98 plus tax. Your total amount is $24.38,” the cashier told John. “What's the percentage for the sales tax?” he asked. “It's 6%,” the cashier answered, “and here's your receipt. Don't lose it, because you'll need it if you want to exchange anything. After John got his jeans, I bought some wool cloth for my mother. I plan to send. it to her tomorrow-aI'm sure she'll like it. Those were great bargains! Repeat the new words; then read the story. After we got in the car, John said, “I paid less money for this shirt and these pants than I paid for those pants I bought last month. [really got a bargain! But the clerk told me that the sales tax is supposed to increase 1% next month. That'll make things more expensive.” “Yeah,” I said, “One thing that never decreases is taxes. But taxes pay for streets and highways, schools for children, etc. These things are not free, but I guess sales tax is one way to pay for them.” “Maybe someday we could go shopping at the flea market.t They have everything there--clothes, material, toys, furniture, vegetables, ete. Most of the things are not new, but you can bargain with the people and get really good deals.” “Sounds good, let's go next week.” “Okay... Oh, no! A button fell off my shirt,” John said. “ bought another one. I guess we should get home so that I can change shirts.” 'm glad that I just “We'll be at your apartment in ten minutes.” + Flea Market =a place, usually outdoors, where you can buy a variety of things for a good price. 64What’s your size? dressing room medium —_ waist a pair of measurement 30" size Use the words in the boxes to complete the dialogs. Sales clerk: May I help you? John: Yes, I'm looking for blue jeans. T Sales clerk: What's your 2 2 John: I wear 30-32 or 32-30. I’m not sure. Sales clerk: I'll measure your . After we have that 3 , we'll know. John: All right. Sales clerk: Your waist is Size 30-32 should fit. John: Talso need a shirt, wear @ Sales clerk: How about this one? . John: Oh, that’s a nice one. Do youhavea___ where can try these on? , Sales clerk: Right this way, please. Trying on the jeans 1s fit much hips tryon _length John: Oh no! I won't be able to sit with these jeans on. Harry: Yes, they look a little tight around the 1 Sales clerk: this pair. They're bigger; maybe they'll fit better. 2 Harry: How do those fit? John: ‘They feel better, except they're a little long. 3 65Sales clerk: Don't worry about that. They'll be the right ‘ after you wash them a few times. Harry: How does the shirt 2 John: Oh, it’s just fine. Paying the cashier amounts to percentage 6% amount receipt, fabric tax Cashier: $11.99 for the jeans, plus $10.99 for the shirt amounts to $22.98 plus The total is $24.38. 1 2 John: Here. What's the for the sales tax? 3 Cashier: It’s And here's your Don't lose it 4 5 because you'll need it if you want to exchange anything. And for you, sir, six yards of, at $5.50ayard______-$33.00 6 7 plus tax. Your total is $34.98. Harry: Here you are. Cashier: ‘Thank you and come back to see us. Taxes don’t decrease. bargain increase decreases sales taxes free less off John: I paid money for this shirt and these pants than I paid 7 for the pants I bought last month. That was really a 2 But the clerk told me that the tax is supposed to 1% next month. 66Yeah. One thing that never is taxes. But 5 é pay for streets and highways, schools for children, ete. These things are 7 not _ , and I guess the sales tax is one way to pay for them John: Oh, no! A button fell__ my shirt. I'm glad I just bought a @ new one. Let's go home so I can change. Sure thing. MODALS IN REPORTED SPEECH When a modal is used in direet speech, it is frequently changed in reported speech. DIRECT SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH may ——______—_—__—+ might might ———_—_—__—_—_—_——> might can could could could amiis/are able to was/were able to What did she say? She said we might go. Read the dialogs. Notice the change in some modals in reported speech. 1 Sandy: Mom, are we going to Aunt Julie’s house for dinner? Mom: Well, we might. ® (ater that day) Carl: Hey, Sandy, what did Mom say? Sandy: Mom said that we might go to Aunt Julie’s for dinner. eT2. LtAllen: — Sir, are we going to fly today? Capt Smith: It’s cloudy, but we may still fly. ® ater that day) Lt Bass: What did the Captain tell you? Lt Allen: He told me that we might still fly. 3. Louis: May I leave about thirty minutes early today? Ms, Fletcher: No, you can’t leave early. © ater that day) Marvin: What did Ms, Fletcher say? Louis: She said that I couldn't leave early. 4. Jimmy: Grandma, can I have some cookies? Grandma: Ofcourse, you can have some ® (ater that day) Peter: Jimmy, what did Grandma tell you? Jimmy: She told me I could have some cookies. 5. Lt Rogers: Sir, could I speak to you this afternoon? Major Bell: Yes, about 1430 would be good for me. © (ater that day) Lt Wilson: What did the Major tell you? Lt Rogers: He told me that I could speak to him at 1430 today. Are all the men able to swim? Yes, they are able to swim well. © ater that day) Lt Brace: What did Lt Rossi say to you? Lt Ramos: She said that all the men were able to swim well, 6812@ j SUFFIX -ER AND -OR ‘The suffix -er and -or can be added to some verbs to make nouns to express the meaning of “one who” or “that which.” He teaches students to read. He's a teacher. She collects stamps. She's a stamp collector*. *Collector, visitor, educator, and instructor are spelled with -or. Read the sentences. 1. Mr. Steinbeck writes short stories. He's a writer. 2. ‘The people who work for that company build houses, ‘They're builders. 3. Capt Sims instructs pilots at the base. He's an instructor. 4. Ms. Kim works in a factory. She's a factory worker. Fernando plays baseball. He's a baseball player. 6. Mac drives a taxi He's a taxi driver. 7. Al collects coins from different countries. He's a coin collector. 8. Ralph works hard. He's a hard worker. 9, Susan manages the office. She's an office manager. 69Tm a fast learner. Answer the questions. EXAMPLE: What do you call a person who teaches? 10. a teacher What do you call a person who educates others? What do you calfa person who manages? What do you call a person who is visiting? What do you call someone who paints? |. What do you call a person who writes? What do you call a person who is shopping? What do you call a person who reports the news? What do you call a person who collects coins? What do you call a person who hunts? What do you call a person who instructs? 70FUNCTION: ASK FOR AND GIVE INFORMATION ABOUT LINEAR MEASUREMENT Ken: What's the deepest ocean in the world? Kate: The Pacific Ocean. Ken: Do you know how deep it is? Kate: The average depth is about 14,050 feet EN GRAMMAR: HOW + ADJECTIVE ...? IN MEASUREMENT, AGE, WEIGHT, AND TEMPERATURE How long is the table? How old is he? How heavy is How cold is it in here? he box? wo VOCABULARY diet age meter (m) gain centimeter (em) mile (mi) measure depth millimeter (mm) weigh diet seale (go) on a diet distance strength foot/feet (ft) weight by height width kilometer (km) yard (yd) 71LET’S MEASURE Ir How big is it? Repeat the new words and sentences. 1. acentimeter (cm) This line measures ten centimeters. 2. a millimeter (mm) There are ten millimeters in a centimeter. 3. ameter (m) One meter equals 39.37 inches. There are one hundred centimeters in one meter. ‘There are one thousand millimeters in one meter. 4, a kilometer (km) One kilometer equals one thousand meters. 5. foot/feet ("*) (ft) Twelve inches equals one foot (12" = 1°) 6. yard (yd) ‘Three feet equals one yard. 7. by @) This page is about 11” long x 8.5" wide. 8. amile (mi) One mile is 5,280 feet (1,760 yards) or 1.6093 kilometers. TABLE OF MEASUREMENTS UNIT ABBREVIATION | yu eNGTH APPRORBIATE US, kilometer Jem 1,000 0.62 mile meter m 1 39.37 inches centimeter _| em 0.01 0.39 inch millimeter | mm _ 0.001 0.039 inch 1 Equal in amount 72Some easy problems Use the table to answer the questions. Look at the example. US MEASUREMENTS UNIT ABBREVIATION LENGTH METRIC EQUIVALENT? mile mi 5,280 ft; 1760 yds 1,609 kilometers yard | yd 3 feet; 36 inches 0.9144 meters foot &) 12 inches; 0.888 yds _| 30.48 centimetors inch in() 0.083 ft; 0.028 yd 2.54 centimeters EXAMPLE: Mr. Big's foot is ten inches long. 10 in = 25.40 cm. Question: How long is Mr. Big’s foot in centimeters? Answer: 's twenty-five point forty centimeters, 1. My aunt bought 10 yards of material to make curtains. Bisoss Q: How long is the material in meters? 10 yd A: * Equal in amount m. 732. His room is small; it’s only 10 feet long x 5 feet wide. 10f=__ How big is his room in meters? ro 3. Each side of the square measures 10 inches. 10in=___em. 10" 10" 10" 10" Q: How long is each side of the square in centimeters? A 4. This leaf is 10 millimeters wide. 10 mm = in, Q: How wide is the leaf in inches? AD 145. The mall is 3 kilometers from our house. 3km= mi. Q: How far in miles is the mall from our house? A 6. The new building is 10 meters high. 10 m= _ (Eaepaca| (Eaepaca| Lulz} Q: How high is the new building in fect? A: 7. The table is 2 meters long. 2 m= inches. mH Q: How long is the table in inches? A:The lake by the mountain Repeat the new words; then read the paragraph. ‘This is Picos Mountain and West Lake. Picos Mountain is the tallest mountain in the area. It’s 1500 ft high. People who like to climb mountains think that it's a good (1) height for climbing. The mountain is only 30 miles from the town which is not a long (2) distance to travel. West Lake, right next to the mountain, is calm and has a (3) depth of only 25 ft. Many people say it's a good place to fish. Last summer, my friend Rudy and I rowed our boat the (4) length of the lake trying to find the best fishing spots. We found a good place in the middle of the lake. The (5) width at this point is about 200 ft. It was fun just to sit there in the middle of the lake and see water all around us. Match the sentences in Column A to the measurements in Column B. Use the information from the reading. Column A Column B 1. This is the height of Picos Mountain. a, 30. mi 2. This is the depth of the lake. b. 1500 ft 3. This is the length of the lake. e. 25 ft 76A. This is the distance from the town d. 200 ft to the mountain. 5. This is the width of the lake across e. not in the reading the middle. HOW + ADJECTIVE © The question word how has many uses. It is often used with adjectives to ask questions. How long asks about length. How high asks about height. How tall’ asks about height. How far asks about distance. How wide asks about width, How deep asks about depth. How old asks about age. How heavy asks about weight. How hot/cold ask about temperature. QA question with what can be used for a question with how. How long is it? What's its length? “tall is used to refer to someone or something from the ground up; high is used when talking about something at a point above the ground. There might be some exceptions. ss How old do you think he is? Use the words in ( ) to answer the questions. EXAMPLE: How high is that mountain? (2,180) It’s 2,180 fect high. 1 How cold is it in here? (62 degrees) 72. How high is that door? (8') 3. How tall is Sgt Allen? (about 6' 3") 4, How hot is this oven? (350 degrees) 5. How heavy is your suitcase? (about 40 pounds) 6. How old do you think Ms. Roberts is? (about 28) 7. How long is that table? (4' 5") 8. How wide is the bedroom window? (3!) 9, How deep is the lake at this point? (about 30") How tired are you? Make questions like the example. Use how + adjective in your questions. EXAMPLE: 16 feet How deep is the water? / How long is the room? 1. 180 pounds 2. 98 degrees 783. 25 degrees 8. 3stories 9. 32" HOW MUCH WEIGHT DID HE GAIN? The doctor said Mr. Dean had to go on atdiet. Repeat the new words; then read the paragraph. Mr. Dean went for his regular checkup last week. He has a checkup every year because he's over 50, and at his age he has to be more careful about his health. Thenurse weighed and measured him. Mr. Dean was surprised—very surprised—when he saw the number on the scale. The doctor wanted to know how he felt. Mr. Dean told the doctor that he wasn't as strong as he was last year. He didn’t have the strength to do some of the things he used to do. The doctor said it was becanse of all the extra weight he had gained. He ordered him to goon a diet and to exercise more, Mr. Dean immediately went on a dict and started an exercise program. He doesn't eat sweets like cake or cookies on his diet. He eats a lot of fruits and vegetables. He exercises one hour every other day. When he doesn't want to exercise or to diet anymore, he remembers that number on the scale, ind that helps him continue to exercise. nase PCS eee et wed BOBO Bot 131g How tall are you? ee Read the dialogs. They are about asking for and giving measurements. 1. Sam: How tall are you? Ali: I'm 6'6" tall. 2. Ray: What's the height of the Sears Tower? Pat: It's 1,454 feet high. Ron: Do you know the height of Mt. Everest? 29,141 feet. 4, Lou: — How far is it to New York City from here? Bob: _ It’s about 1,000 miles or 1,600 km. Pam: Yes, it 805. doe: What's the length of a soccer field? Cal: It’s usually 100 yards long. How deep is the lake? What's the depth of the lake? Read the sentence. It is the answer to a question. Make two questions with how and what. EXAMPLE: The lake is 300 feet deep. ‘How deep is the lake? What's the depth of the lake? 1. The basketball court is 94 feet long. 2. The field is 50 yards wide. 3. The mountain is 3,000 meters high. 4. The river is 10 feet deep. 5. John is five feet six inches tall. 6. The Nile is 4,157 miles long. a Mark's room is 12' wide. 81What's the size of Look at the pictures and the words under them. Use the words on the left to make questions with question-words. The words on the right will help you make answers. SY EXAMPLE: a. size a. _long-wide What's the size of a It’s 120 yards long and about football field? 58 yards wide. 1. a. long a, length b. length b. long ec. wide cc. width d. size (football) a. circumference 82a. length a. length b. high (basketball hoop) b. height ©. size (basketball) ¢. circumference d. size (court) dby 83C... ral wv) a. Tong long b. width width c. size (ball) diameter a. height (net) center - end 84length Jong height high wide wide long longHOW MANY PENCILS Do YOU HAVE? ea GRAMMAR: INDEFINITE PRONOUNS How many pencils do you have? [have a few. IF CLAUSES: CONDITIONAL SENTENCES Tf you put ice in water, it melts, - You gain weight if you eat a lot of candy. co VOCABULARY jump a few many jump a little much alot thick fat thinHOW HIGH DID HE JUMP? time 1,500 Meters Jake, 3:30:54 _| High Jump 5,000 Meters Doug, time 13:05:76 _| Long Jump | 10,000 Meters Bruce, time 28:00:10 _| Triple Ju |20 Km Walk _ Tim, Discus Throw time 1:28:46 Look at the box and write three questions like the example. Another student will answer your questions. EXAMPLE: How high did Brian jump? He jumped seven feet, six ‘Track and field event = sports events whieh include jumping, running 88Thick or Thin? 1. A book with one thousand pages 2. Thick oil pours very slowly, is very thick. 2 ~ \ \. \ 3. This is a thin book; it only has 4. That lady is thin! She's not fat. 50 pages. He didn’t gain much. Repeat the new words; then read the dialog. Sgt Kim: Sgt Ling: Sgt Kim: Sgt Ling: Sgt Kim: Sgt Ling: Sgt Kim: Did you gain a lot of weight when you went to Lackland? No, I really didn’t gain much. Some of the students really gained a lot, They got fat. Did you make many friends? A few. Everybody was very busy studying. Many never left the base. Did you learn a lot of English? Allittle, enough to get by ... but why are you asking me so many questions? Are you going there? ‘Yes, I leave in two weeks. I've just received my orders. 89Complete these sentences. Use the information from the dialog. 1, Sgt Ling didn't gain much 2. Some students gained They got really 3. Sgt Ling made a few , 4, Many never left the base. Sgt Ling learned a little _ EA IF CLAUSES: CONDITIONAL SENTENCES [ | Certain if-conditional sentences express something that is true. The simple present tense can be used in the if-clause and the imperative or present tense in the main clause, IF-CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE (condition) (result) If the TV doesn't work, | push this button. If] get up at 0600, | I get to work on time. If don't eat lunch, | I become hungry by 200 p.m If you make a fire in the fireplace, it gets warmer. 1. Ifyou put ice in water, it melts 2. You gain weight if you eat a lot of candy. 3. Where do you play tennis if it rains? 4. Ifthey don't watch TV, they go to the movies. If drive the children to school, Joan picks them up 6. The children get quiet if they see Mom’s angry. Ifthe temperature drops a lot, it gets cold. 8. What do you do if you get home early? 9. Does it get hot if the windows are closed? 10. Idon't understand the lesson if I don’t study. 90If I get cold, I put on a coat. Make conditional sentences like the example. Use the present tense in both clauses. EXAMPLE: _ take a shower (get clean) Ifyou take a shower, you get clean, You get clean if you take a shower. 1. open the window (get cooler) 2. fall down (get hurt) 3. hold the baby (stop crying) 4, write to you (write to me) 5, Jim smokes (leave) 6. eat a lot of cake and ice cream (gain weight) 7. get hungry (eat) 8. phone rings (Mike answer it) o1If you want to save money, don’t buy expensive things. Read the sentences. 1. Ifyou don’t have a jacket, wear a sweater. 2. Ifyou want to save money, buy cheaper clothes. 8. Ifyou don't like to gain weight, exercise more. 4, Don't got nervous if the General talks to you. Ifyou need to get to work early, leave now. Don't wait if you want a good price on this car. 5 6. 7. Ifyou want a gootscore, study hard. 8. Don't drive fast if you don't want a ticket. 9. Go to see that movie if you have time. If you need gas, go to the gas station. Make conditional sentences like the example. Use the present tense in the if-clause and the imperative in the main clause. EXAMPLE: need a new shirt (go buy one) Ifyou need a new shirt, go buy one. take jacket (cold) ‘Take your jacket if you're cold. 1. you're hot (take off coat) 2. you're sleepy (go to bed) 3, don’t eat candy (don't want to go to the dentist) 4, don't talk to her (you are angry with her) 5. car doesn’t work (call the mechanic) 6. take raincoat (raining) 7. don't eat that (makes you sick) 92LARGE QUANTITIES ‘Many is used to refer to count nouns. Much is used to refer to noncount nouns. It’s usually used in negative sentences. A lot is used to refer to both count and noncount nouns. SMALL QUANTITIES A few is used to refer to count nouns. A little is used to refer to noncount nouns. GENERAL QUANTITIES Some, any and none are used to refer to both count and noncount nouns. Use some in an affirmative statement and question. Use any in a negative statement and a question. Use none in an affirmative statement only. Do you have any money? No, but James has a little. Answer the questions like the example, Use some, any and none in your answers. EXAMPLE: — Mrs. Vernon needs some more pencils. Does Ed have any? ‘Yes, he has some. No, he doesn’t have any. No, he has none. 1. Jim wants to borrow some English books. Does your teacher have any? 2. Idon't have any money. Do you have any? 938. Do you have a lot of homework? 4, Isabel needs some paper. Does Jerry have any? 5. Sara needs to borrow some money. Do they have any? Does he have any change? Answer the questions. Use the words in (). EXAMPLE: _ Does the soup need a little salt? (yes, a little) Yes, it needs a little. How much work do you have? (a lot) Thave a lot today. 1. Do your kids have many pets? (yes, some) 2. Does Jill have any change? (no, any) 3, How many chairs do you need? (a few) 4. Did you gain a lot of weight on vacation? (a little) 5. Do any of them speak English? (yes, some) 6. Does she want any tea? (no, any) 7. Do you take any sugar in your coffee? (yes, a little) 94A lot or a little? Complete the sentences. Use a little, a few, much, many, a lot, some, any, or none. Some sentences will have more than one answer. Mis 10. I forgot my money. Does anyone have Tan borrow? Tasked Jim if he had any extra pencils, but he had Does Kim have a sore throat? She didn't drink milk at lunch. Oranges are on sale today. Can you pick up for me? Look at his tree! It’s full of peaches. Mine has too. My son drinks a lot of milk, but my daughter drinks only Marsha has a lot of shoes, but I don't have Do you want my dessert? I don't eat sugar, so I don’t want Did you see all of your friends from school there? No, I only saw Did you lose any weight on your vacation? No, I didn't loseGRAMMAR: PLURAL COUNT NOUNS (REVIEW) A lot of recruits arrived today. ADVERBS OF TIME (JUST / SOON) ‘The plane just arrived. enlist serve train basic enlisted retired VOCABULARY airman basic airman first class airman armed forces assignment chance corporal E-V/E-6 insignia Jance corporal ‘Marine Corps noncomissioned officer 0-1/0-6 opportunity personnel petty officer private private Tirst class promotion recruit retirement seaman seaman apprentice seaman recruit service staff sergeant technical sergeant trainingENLISTED PERSONNEL AND INSIGNIA ARMY MARINE CORPS NAVY AIR FORCE E-6 Staff Sergeant (S80) E-4 Corporal (CPL) & E-3 Private First Class (PFC) A B-2 Private vy NO INSIGNIA E-1 Private evi Staff Sergeant (Set) Sergeant, Seo) 6 Corporal (cp) 6 Lance Corporal (cpl) AX Private First Class (PFO) NO INSIGNIA Private (Pvt) Petty Officer First Class (PO1) Petty Officer Second Class (P02) Petty Officer Third Class (P03) Seaman 6) ‘Seaman Apprentice A) Seaman Recruit SR) ‘Technical Sergeant (Set) 8 Staff Sergeant (SSet) € Sorgeant/Senior Airman (SetiSrA) € Airman First Class (AIC) < Airman (Amn) NO INSIGNIA Airman Basie (AB)First, look at the underlined words in the chart and repeat the sentences after your instructor. EXAMPLE: An E-4 in the Marine Corps is a corporal. An E-1 in the Army and the Marine Corps is a private. An E-2 in the armed forces is a recruit. An E-3 in the Army is a private first class. An E-4 in the Army and the Marine Corps is a corporal. An E-1 in the Navy is a seaman recruit. An E-2 in the Navy is a seaman apprentice. An E-3 in the Navy is a seaman. An E-6 in the Navy is a petty officer first class An E-1 in the Air Force is an airman basic. An E-2 in the Air Force is an airman. An E-3 in the Air Foreo is an airman first class. An E- in the Air Force is a staff sergeant. An E-6 in the Air Force is a technical sergeant. Next, ask and answer questions like the examples: EXAMPLE: What is an E-6 in the Navy? a petty officer first class What is an E-5 in the Air Force? a staff sergeant JOIN THE MILITA! Repeat the underlined words and read the “ad”. THE MILITARY OFFERS YOU: = 1. The opportunity to serve your country and see the world. With military bases in every state, you will have a variety of assignments. Many opportunities to further your training and education. Promotion opportunities. The military wants you to be all you ean be. APS A medical plan to cover all military personnel and their families. ™ A chance for an early retirement. You may be a person who can enjoy a second career. Calll the armed forces at (555) 0000. 99Circle T if the statement is true. Circle F if the statement is false. The answers should be from the ad. 1. The military offers many opportunities. a nS) When you're in the military, you're serving your country. In the military, people live in one place only. The military also offers to train you. In the military, you will not have a chance to be promoted. The people in the military have a good medical plan. No one in the miljtary has a chance to retire early. B34 3458 Sa He wants to be a marine. Listen to the instructor read the dialog and then read the dialog with another student. Willy: Jimmy: Willy: Jimmy: Willy: Jimmy: Did you read the ad in the paper about the opportunities that the military offers? ‘Yes, and I think I'm really going into the service. Which one? The Marines. My father is a retired noncommissioned officer. He was in the Army for many years. I think Id like to do something else. What's your father doing these days? Since he retired, he travels and goes fishing a lot. Jimmy’s a new recruit!! Listen to the instructor read the dialog and then read the dialog with another student. Jimmy: Willy: Jimmy; Willy: Jimmy. Willy: I've enlisted, Willy! I start basic training in two weeks. That's great! Where will you train? In Parris Island, South Carolina. Where's that? It’s near Savannah, Georgia I'm really happy for you. Let's go to a restaurant and have a nice meal. You're an enlisted man, now. 100i<@ f PLURAL COUNT NOUNS Count nouns are nouns that may be preceded by a or an in the singular. anapple aman abook anorange a fish Count nouns can be made plural. Regular plurals are formed by adding: -08 to words ending |-e8 and changing the | -s to other Irregular plurals in these letters: ch | y to j to words ending | words have different forms £2, & % Se sh, & in a consonant + y boxes families books fish sandwiches duties chairs deer dresses cities tables children | inches libraries words feet | pages boys teeth | wishes men | women | ie knives | ‘The -es or -s that is added to count nouns to form the plural has three different pronunciations | Nz} Isl lal | boxes books - tables | dresses suits sons sandwiches cooks words dishes cups windows pages boots boys quizzes crops duties horses recruits jobs chances ranks times classes basics coves services esas 101A lot of .... The adjective a lot of can be used with plural count nouns. Complete the following sentences. Use a lot of and the plural of the noun(s) in parentheses. EXAMPLE: Jim has a lot of pens and pencils, (pen and pencil) A lot of children __ were at the party. (child) 1. We saw on the highway. (cident) 2 arrived today. (recruit) 3. His father always reads to him. (story) 4. They caught on their trip. (fish) 5. Herode_ when he was on vacation. (horse) 6. It was hot, and we had to open (window) 7. Mrs, Jackson sharpened yesterday. (knife) 8. are becoming doctors. (woman) 9. We were able to visit during our trip. ity) 10. Susan bought: this weekend. (dress) 102There are two clocks on the wall. Use the words in parentheses to answer the questions. Use the plural form of the underlined noun in your answer. EXAMPLE: Is there a clock in here? (yes/two on the wall) Yes, There are tw: on the wall. 1. Would you like to open an account with our bank? (yes/two) 2. Did you hurt your foot? (yes/both of) 3. Dida policeman arrive at the accident? (yes/three) 4. Did Sam break a dish? (yes/a few) 5. Does this base have a library? (yes/two) @ fj ADVERBS OF TIME (JUST / SOON) Just / Soon = lust and soon are adverbs of time. Just is used to indicate recent completion in the past. ‘Soon is used to indicate expected completion in the near future, Examples: John just arrived from New York. His brother will arrive from Los Angeles soon. 103Tom just finished his homework. Bob will be finished soon. Read these dialogs. They contain the adverbs just and soon. 1. Fred: Mike: 2. Tony: Jane: Tony: 3. Ed: Al Ed: 4. Ted: Mom: Mike, I just finished my homework. Do you want to go to the gym? Tm not finished yet, but I will be soon. I'll meet you there. Hello, Jane. I'm still at the airport. The plane just arrived. When will you be home? Tl be home soon. ‘The mail just came, and I got a letter from my brother. What does he say in the letter? He says he'll be finished with his training soon, ‘Mom, did the phone just ring? Yes, it was Uncle Roger. He'll be here soon. No, but he’ll be here soon. Use the words in parentheses to answer the questions. 1. Has the train arrived from Boston yet? (no, not yet/but soon) 2. Has the Colonel come in yet? (ves/just) 8. Did you see Arnold's car pass by? (ves/just left) 4. Is Mike finished with his homework? (no/but soon) Do you want to go to lunch with me? (no thanks/just ate) 104BILL IS AS OLD AS BOB. LESSON 10 @ | FUNCTION: INQUIRE ABOUT AND REPORT THE IDENTIFICATION OF PEOPLE Could I have your name and rank, pleas 8 | CRAMMAR: COMPARISONS WITH AS... AS A cat isn't as big as a dog. FUTURE PROGRESSIVE We'll be leaving at noon on Friday co VOCABULARY assign / be assigned 0-1/0-6 grade be up for bar lieutenant promote / be promoted captain lieutenant commander station / be stationed commander lieutenant junior grade advanced duty station follow-on ensign 105GRADES AND INSIGNIA FOR OFFICERS MARINE CORPS NAVY AIR FORCE 0-5 Lieutenant Colonel Lieutenant Colonel aro) .tCol) 0-4 Major Major Mas) (Maj) 0-3 Captain Captain pny (Capt) 2 First Lieutenant aun | 0-1 Second Lieutenant | Second Lieutenant @Ln @ndLt) First Lieutenant (stLt) Captain (CAPT) Oty ‘Commander (CDR) Lieutenant Commander cpr) ate Lieutenant an aw Lieutenant Junior Grade (LTIG) at Ensign (ENS) 106 ae Colonel (Cob) % Lieutenant Colonel (LtCol) % Major (Maj) UH Captain (Capt) ll First Lieutenant (iste | Second Lieutenant (2dLt)Navy Officers First, look at the chart and repeat the sentences after your instructor. Then ask yes/no questions and answer them like the example. EXAMPLE: A captain in the Navy is an 0-6. Is a captain in the Navy an 0-3 or an 0-6? He's an 0-6. A commander in the Navy is an 0-5. A lieutenant commander in the Navy is an 0-4. A lieutenant in the Navy is an 0-3 A lieutenant junior grade in the Navy is an 0-2. An ensign in the Navy is an 0-1. HE WILL GET HIS CAPTAIN BARS SOON. Right now, Lt Rios is assigned to DLI. He has to learn English, so he can go to his follow-on training in Chicago. He will take an advanced course in electronics. Before he left his country, he was stationed in the north. His duty station was at the military academy. One of his duties was teaching electronics. Lt Rios was up for promotion just before he came to the U.S. Yesterday, he received a letter that said he would get his captain bars next month. He was so excited he kept on saying, “I'm a captain. They promoted me to captain! I’m a captain! Answer these questions about the paragraph. 1. Where's Lt Rios assigned? 2. Why does he need to learn English? 1073. What is he going to study in Chicago? 4. Where was he stationed before he left his country? 5. Where was his duty station? 6. What was one of his duties? What was Lt Rios up for before he came to the United States? 8. When will he get his captain bars? . What did he keep on saying? Listen to and repeat these sentences. 1. This is Private David Johnson at Family Services, 2, Tm Airman Basic Garcia from Lackland Air Fore Base. 3, My name is Ed Tower. I'm a chief master sergeant. 4, That was Staff Sergeant Miller who called 5. I'm assigned to Fort Sam Houston. 6. I'm stationed at Kelly Air Foree Base, 7. Ym Ensign Park from San Diego Naval Base. 1088. My rank is lieutenant commander. 9. Could I have your name, please? 10. I need your name and rank, sir. 11. May I ask who's calling? Corporal Smith speaking Read the dialogs below. In the conversations, people are identifying other people by name and their military rank. 6 Corporal Smith: ‘This is Corporal Smith 4s speaking. May I help you? Private First Class Johnson: Yes, this is Private First Class Johnson. May | speak to Staff Sergeant Stone, please? Could I have your name and rank, please? Yes, I'm Colonel King from Lackland Air Force Base. Dolan speaking. © Seaman Apprentice Dolan: Eee Personnel. Seaman Apprentice Lieutenant Junior Grade Keel: _‘Id like to talk to Ensign Hall, please. Seaman Apprentice Dolan: May I ask who's calling? Lieutenant Junior Grade Keel This is Lieutenant Junior Grade Keel. 109Seaman Recruit Little: Kim Lance Corporal Boyle: Seaman Recruit Little: Seaman Brown: Ea Commander Wood: I nced to speak to Commander Steele, please. Who's speaking? ‘This is Lance Corporal Boyle calling from Camp Pendleton. Commander Steele is ina ing. Tll tell him you called. Who was that on the phone? ‘That was Petty Officer Frost calling, sir. Oh, yes. He served with me at Norfolk. He's a great NCO. He enlisted when he was nineteen years old. My name is .... Introduce yourself to the class. Give this information: name rank country branch of service ee ee last duty station present duty station (now) ae next duty station EXAMPLE: My name is Ed Norton. I'm a commander in the U.S. Navy. My last duty station was Annapolis. My present duty station is Corpus Christi Naval Air Station. My next assignmont will be at San Diego Naval Base. 110COMPARISONS WITH AS...AS We use an as ... as construction with adjectives and adverbs to make comparisons. Look at the examples. 1, | Jack is twenty years old. Bill is twenty years old. Jack is as old as Bill. (They are the same age.) Fred is rich. He is richer than his brother John. John isn't as rich as his brother Fred. (Fred is richer.) 3. | Linda finished her work in two hours. | | Betty finished in the same time. Betty worked as fast as Linda worked. (They worked at the same speed.) |4. | Bob studies hard every night. Mary sometimes studies. ‘Mary doesn't study as hard as Bob does. (Bob studies harder than Mary.) Complete the following sentences by using as ... as and the adjective or adverb in parentheses, EXAMPLE: Mary is _astallas her mother. (tall) 1. My ring isn't yours. (expensive) 2. John van his younger brother. (fast) 3. Sam doesn't speak English Ido. (well) 4. Complete the work you can. (quickly) 5. Acatien't adog. (big) 6. My brother is your cousin. (old) au7. Mr. James doesn't work: Mr. Smith does. (hard) 8. The weather isn't it was yesterday. (cold) AS + ADJECTIVE + AS Change the sentences. Use as ... as with the adjective in parentheses. EXAMPLE: Bill is younger than Bob. (old) Bill isn't as old as Bol 1. Mary is shorter than her sister Sue. (tall) 2. Linda has a lot of money, and Betty has a lot of money, too. (rich) 3. Mathematics is more difficult than English. (easy) 4, Box A is much lighter than Box B. (heavy) 5. You and your friend are both the same age. (old) 6. The salad is more expensive than the hamburger. (cheap) AS + ADVERB + AS Complete the sentences. First, make an -er comparison with than. Then make a comparison with as... as. Use the adverb in parentheses. EXAMPLE: Bob swam a mile Ray swam two miles. (far) Ray __swam farther than Bob. Bob __ didn’t swim as far as Rav. 12Bill walked to class in five minutes. Betty walked to class in fifteen minutes. (fast) . Jack stayed in New York for three days. His brother John stayed there for ten days. (long) . Train 21 and Train 42 left at the same time. Train 21 arrived at 0200. Train 42 arrived at 0214. (soon) Joe jumped five feet. James jumped six feet. (high) . Frank arrived at his office at 0800. Jim arrived at 0600. (early) Barbara drove 60 miles yesterday. - Gloria drove 75 miles yesterday. (far) . Private Ray arrived in Dallas at1500. Commander Torres arrived in Dallas at 0700. (late) 1132g | FUTURE PROGRESSIVE ‘The future progressive is formed with will + be + Verb-ing It is used to express an action that will be in progress at or up to a particular time in the future We'll be leaving at noon on Friday. Tom won't be leaving until midnight tonight. Read the dialogs. They use the future progressive. 1. A: Will you be working late this evening? B: No, I won't be. I'll be leaving early. A: Will you be going to the gym at noon today? B: No, I'll be working out at 4:00 this afternoon, A: Where will you be going this summer? B: I'll be going to Europe. 4. A: What will you be doing this time tomorrow? B: [ll be driving to Houston to visit my grandfather. Will Brian be going to school in September? B: No, he won't. He'll be going next fall 6. A: What will Jane be doing doing next month? B: She'll be traveling to Europe. 114A letter from Ted Complete the following letter. Use the future progressive of the words in the box. Teave stay drive play Dear Jim, I to Florida next Thursday, because I 1 in a soccer game Friday night. I would like to see you sometime during my stay. I at the Vacation Inn from Thursday until Sunday. I 7 at noon Sunday. I won't be able to visit you on Thursday or Friday, but I will have all day Saturday and Sunday morning to visit. Hope to see you soon, Ted Now answer these questions about the letter. Use the future progressive in your answer. 1. What will Ted be doing next Thursday? 2. What will Ted be doing next Friday night? 3. Where will he stay? 4. When will he leave? 115CROSSWORD PUZZLE ACROSS 2. When I want to buy something for less money, I wait for one of the many stores have. 7. While serving in the military, many people have a to go abroad. 8. My father from his job when he was 65 years old. 9. Ifyou are gaining weight, you should eat and exercise more. 16. Ijust bought a_~ of white socks to go with my new tennis shoes. 17. Serving in the military gives you the to visit many countries and meet new people. 18. During basic training you have to work , but it also teaches you many new things. 19. When you buy something, the sales is added to the price of an item. 22. How can you__________ what a student has learned? You test him. 23. The dog was so , we could see every one of his bones. 24. The insignia of a first lieutenant is a silver on his uniform. 25. The walls of this old building are very They don’t make buildings like this anymore. DOWN 1. Most children start school at the of six. 3. Only start when they are older. 4, At my grocery store they have a to weigh fruit at every register. 5. The girl has a very small and can use a short belt. 6. Rona is on a 1500 calorie because she’s trying to lose weight. 8. Ifyou want to return or exchange something you bought at this store, you need a 2 10. An E-4 in the Army can be a or a Specialist 4. 11. Aperson who has just enlisted in the military is a x 11612, What is the least of water you should drink a day? You should drink at least eight glasses of water every day. How students are in your new class? ‘The captain should get his to major next month. What is the of Mount Everest? Would you like some sugar in your tea? Yes, but just Frank got promoted from first class to staff sergeant. training was the hardest time of my service’ How time did you spend in the Navy? 117RANCHES AND FARMS JEN GRAMMAR: ADVERBS OF DEGREE Paul Bunyan was an extremely strong man Ms. Franks is a rather good teacher IF-CONDITIONAL SENTENCES IfSara has heard from Tom, she will let us know. Ifyou haven't decided on a vacation yet, go to Florida. Sammy can go to the movie if he’s finished his homework, VOCABULARY be born around (a) barn ~ forest destroy extremely bridge horse graze much (a) bull location light/litfit probably calffcalves pienic locate rather cattle plant make/made/made — thick cow ranch plant destruction rancher raise dirt sheep/sheep reflect farm silo farmer 119Pw 2S Cee wy oe aN Ce IY Repeat the underlined words. Then read the sentences. 1. around Turn around and you'll see the mountains behind you. The children sat around the table and waited for their food. 2. dirt The children were playing outside in the dirt Wash the dirt off your hands before you eat lunch. ‘There's a dirt road behind the house. 3. make That long trip made him very tired. That color makes you look younger. 4. picnic Let's have a picnic this weekend. We'll bring some food and eat it outside. 5. probably They said they were going to be home at 5:00. It’s 6:00 now; they're probably home. 6. farm, farmer, plant Mr. Hill is a farmer. He lives with his family on a farm where potatoes, tomatoes and other plants grow. 7. raise, sheep Mr. Hill grows many kinds of vegetables and raises sheep for wool and meat. 8. ranch, rancher Mr. Evans owns a ranch, He is a rancher who raises sheep and other animals for meat, but he doesn't grow vegetables. 120A picnic at the Jones ranch Repeat the underlined words. Then read about the Jones ranch and answer the questions. We're having a picnic today. I'm going to visit my Grandpa and Grandma Jones at their ranch. It’s near San Antonio. I like going there very much. Look at the map below and locate the numbers and the places on the map as I “take” you on a tour of the ranch. ‘THE JONES RANCH 1. The Joneses raise cattle. We can see the cattle from the road. They are grazing in the field. They eat all day long. The bull is on the left side, and the cows and calves are on the right side of the road. Look, there's a baby calf with its mother. It was probably born last night. 2. We're almost to the bridge. Last year, extremely heavy rains destroyed it. The river rose and also caused a lot of destruction to the fields around it. They had to plant the grass and build the bridge again. 1213. While we are continuing our drive, you can see a barn on the right side. Next to the barn, there's a silo. This is where they keep feed! for the animals. Now look across the road from the barn, and you'll see some horses. They ride the horses in the fields. 4, There is a dirt road behind the place for the horses. It goes to a special part of the ranch where there is a forest. There are many, many trees there. In fact, it's thick with trees. 5, Next to the forest, there's a lake. I'm glad we have a beautiful blue sky today. ‘The lake reflects the sky. Yes, you can clearly see the blue sky in the lake. ‘This makes the lake look blue. This is the location of our picnic. It’s a very nice place. Grandpa is already there. He's got some matches, and he's ready to light the fire for cooking the meat. Now, answer these questions. Answers will vary. 1. Why is the writer visiting the ranch? 2. Where's the ranch? 3. What do the Joneses raise? 4, What do the cows and calves do all day? a Are all the animals in the same place? 6. What happened to the bridge last year? 7. What happened after the destruction? 8. When was the calf born? 12210. lL. 12, 13. 14, What's in the silo? What kind of road takes you to the forest? Are there many trees or a few trees in the forest? ‘What's going to take place near the lake? Why is the writer glad the sky is blue? What's Grandpa Jones going to do? A tour through the ranch Your instructor will assign you a partner and a paragraph number from the story. With your partner, make a few notes about the information in that paragraph and add some things of your own. You and your partner will be “tour guides” to the ranch. Both of you will tell us a few things about the place assigned to you. Write your notes here. 123Bo PE eco We can use certain adverbs before adjectives and other adverbs to make the meaning stronger. These adverbs have the general meaning of very. For example: extremely cheap (adverb + adjective) really interesting (adverb + adjective) rather good (adverb + adjective) terribly nois; | (adverb + adjective) quite fast ~ [eaverb + adverb) so well (adverb + adverb) very quickly (adverb + adverb) The test was really difficult. Read these sentences with adverbs of degree. 1. Mark was terribly upset after the accident. 2. Mr. Shark writes extremely well 3. Linda’s daughter is quite beautiful 4. Isaw the movie, and it was rather good. 5. Sgt Andrew was so excited about his award from the General. 6. Uncle Arnold is very strong. 7. Capt Lane had to work late last night, so he’s really tired. 8. That man was quite rude to my friend. 9. I'm very sorry! Ill be more careful. 10. She's studied for eight hours. She’s extremely tired. 124I was really tired. Complete the sentences with extremely, quite, rather, really, so, terribly, or very. More than one answer is possible. 1. Mark felt. tired after the race. 2. It wasn'ta difficult test. 8. Charlie was upset after the accident. 4, Ms. Franks is a good teacher. 5. Paul Bunyan was a strong man. 6. That new movie is good. 7. Sammy Einstein is a sharp child. 8. Captain Kim speaks English well. They were terribly late. Answer the questions like the example. Use the words in the parentheses with the underlined adjective or adverb. EXAMPLE: Does Lt Marconi speak Italian well? (yes / quite) ‘Yes, Lt Marconi speaks Italian quite well. 1. Is Sara angry with Fred? (yes / extremely) 2. Are you late? (yes / terribly) 3. Is Larry sick? (yes / really) 4. Are you hungry this morning? (yes / so) 5. Was Fred nervous before the test? (no / not very) 1256. Was that new book good? (yes / rather) 7. Is Nick excited about his new job? (no / very) 8. Did John run fast in the race? (yes / very) Certain if-conditional sentences express something that is true. The present progressive or the present perfect can be used in the if-clause, and the future, a modal, or the imperative can be used in the main clause. IF - CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE (Condition) (Result) Present Progressive Future / Modal / Imperative Ifyou're looking for Bill, you'll find him in the library. ou can find him in the library. go to the library. Present Perfect Future / Modal / Imperative If you haven't been to the park, we're going to go this Sunday. you_should go this Sunday. go this Sunday 126If yow’re going to the library, please return this book. Read the sentences. The conditional clause contains the present progressive, and the main clause contains the future, a modal, or the imperative. 1. Ifyou're meeting Sylvia at 0900, you'll need to leave now. 2. Maggie can stay with me if she's staying in town for the weekend. 8, IfJohn's plane is arriving at 1300, we shouldn't go to the airport now. It’s too early. 4. If Bobby is looking for his keys, he'll find them on the dining room table. a Please exchange this shirt if you're going to the mall. 6. Ifyou're writing a letter to Pete, tell him I said “Hi.” 7. Ifyou're thinking about your future, you should think about going to college. 8. Don't earry a lot of money if you're going downtown, If you’re driving..., Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verb. EXAMPLE: If you __are driving to St. Louis, you'll need a good car. (drive) 1. Ifyou the test tomorrow, you should study. (take) - 2. Ifthe plane at 7:00, you should pack now. eave) 3. Ifyou Harvey, you won't find him at home. (call) 4, Ifthey____for Lt Jacobs, they won't find him in Major Wilson's office. (look) 5. Ifyou with me, be ready at 4:30. (ide) 1276. Ifyou your laundry, get mine, too. (pick up) 7. Ifwe to Los Angeles, we can stay with my brother. (go) 8. Ifyou for exercise, Pll run with you (run) 9. Tl go with you if you at the mess hall (eat) 10. She will stay with us if we at a hotel (stay) If Joan has already left work, Ill call her tomorrow. Read the sentences. The conditional clause contains the present perfect, and the result clause contains the future, a modal, or the imperative. 1. Sammy can go to the movie if he’s finished his homework. If you haven’t decided on a vacation yet, go to Florida. The kids ean wateh TV if they have finished dinner. If Sara has heard from Tom, she'll let us know. ‘Tell Ms. Smith that she can leave early if she’s finished all her work. a ) If Fred hasn’t forgotten, he'll be here at 7:00. 7. IfTerry hasn't called by 8:00, we're going to leave without her. 8. Ifyou haven't seen that new movie, go this weekend. It’s great! 9. Weill go to a restaurant if you haven’t eaten 10. Study tonight if you haven't found your book before supper.. 11. Ifyour brother hasn’t picked up a gift, get one at the BX later. 12. She'll be in trouble if she hasn’t given her assignment to the teacher. 128If you have seen the movie once, don’t see it again. Complete sentences with the correct form of the verb. EXAMPLE: If you have ridden _ with Ray once, you'll never ride with him again. (ide) 1. Ifthe students they'll make good scores. (study) 2. IfMarsha her work, she can go to the party. (finish) 3. Can you got my laundry if Ed 2 (not pick up) 4. IfDad the package, you should mail it. (aot mail) 5. Ifyou the movie, we won't go to it. (see) 6. Ifwe all our money, let’s buy a new sofia. (not spend) 7. Ifyou your pen, you can use mine. (forget) 8. You can go with me if the bus (leave) 9. Can he check my homework if Mary ~ it? (not borrow) 10. Tell me ifyou___ to take a trip to Washington. (decide) 129TELL ME ABOUT YOUR FARM. LESSON 12 FUNCTION: ASK FOR / GIVE DESCRIPTIONS OF PLACES What was it like at the farm last weekend? The field was like a forest because the corn was so tall. TE" GRAMMAR: ADJECTIVE CLAUSES WITH WHERE /WHEN This is the place where the sun shines all year. Can you tell me the time when the movie ends? VOCABULARY ~ bloom a little (a) blossom reflection blossom alot (of) cabin valley harvest because of crop wheat, take/took/taken care of when (a) harvest where (a) raspberry a green thumb in (full) bloom 131_L]) EEG mer Repeat the underlined words. Then read the dialog. George: Grandpa Jones: George: Grandpa Jones: George: Grandpa Jones: George: Hi, Grandpa! I hope I'm not too early. No. We're a little late starting. I just lit the fire now. The wood is burning nicely. Don't worry. I'm not in a hurry. I drove down to the valley to get a few raspberry plants. I'll plant them near the fence by the cabin. The ground there is nice and soft. What a good idea! They'll look pretty next to the fence, and Grandma can use the raspberries when she makes ice cream. I didn’t want to go to the valley because of the pienic, but I re have to plant these raspberries soon, before it gets hotter. It’s already rather hot. They'll do just fine, Grandpa, just like everything you plant. You've got a green thumb, 132The white blossoms make the trees look beautiful! Repeat the underlined words. Then read the dialog. George: Grandma Jones: George: Grandma Jones: George: Grandma Jones: George: ‘That was a great meal, Grandma! Glad you liked it. Our neighbors, the Mirandas, just harvested some vegetables and gave us some. Did they have a good harvest this year? They had plenty of vegetables. Soon they'll have plenty of apples and pears. < Yes, I can remember that early in the spring all the fruit trees blossomed. The white blossoms made the trees look like they had snow on them. I know. I took some pictures of the blossoms. The trees were in full bloom. All the blossoms were open, and the trees looked beautiful. In one of the pictures, I got the reflection of the trees on the lake. ‘That sounds like a great picture. You'll have to show it to me. 133to The rains also destroyed the crops. Repeat the underlined words. Then read the dialog. George: Grandpa Jones: George: Grandpa Jones: George: Grandpa Jones: George: Grandpa Jones: George: Grandpa Jones: ‘The coffee smells great. Thanks, Grandma, Did I tell you that the Mirandas want to sell their farm? I thought Mr. Miranda was going to take care of the farm. Yes, he wanted to make it a nice place, but the heavy rains destroyed their wheat crop last year. They've now decided to sell it. Well, can understand that. They've worked a Jot to make it a good farm. Now, they're going to sell it. ‘They probably won't get a good price right now. You're right. I guess you don't think much about low prices until you want to sell something. Has he sold the sheep yet? Yes, all of them. He had more than five hundred. Tm sorry to hear that about your neighbors. I have to be going now, Grandpa. Thanks for a great picnic! Any time, George. You know you're always welcome in our house. 134George and his grandparents Select the correct word and write it in the blank. George and his grandparents had a . When George (party, picnic) arrived, Grandpa Jones was the fire. Grandpa was (ighting, putting out) late starting because he drove down to the (very, a little) (city, valley) Grandpa Jones went there to get a few raspberry (plants, farms) He wants to plant them by the He wants to do ence, patio) it right away because it’s already hot. (rather, not) After their meal, George had a nice conversation with his grandparents. They talked about their neighbors’ harvest. The Mirandas had a good vegetable . They were probably going a lot of fruit (cattle, harvest) (to harvest, to plant) also. The trees were covered with in the early spring. (now, blossoms) Grandma liked the trees that were very much, s0 she took (blooming, crops) pictures of them. She told George about a picture she took near the lake. It showed the of the trees on the lake. (reflection, location) After the picnic, the three of them went to the house for soffe coffee and more conversation. George found out more about the Mirandas. They want to sell their because heavy rains destroyed their wheat (farm, ranch) (plant, crop) John Miranda didn't want to of the farm after that. George (take care, light) wanted to know if they had sold the ___. George said he was (cattle, sheep) sorry about this, He thanked his grandparents for a good picnic and then left. 135EN PUN eae ge ROR Ot Where is used in an adjective clause to modify a place. =It comes right after the place. * We found a restaurant. The food was good (at the restaurant). Example: | «We found a restaurant where the food was good. (where refers to restaurant, a place) When is used in an adjective clause to modify a noun of time. =It comes right after the noun. +The summer was hot. We went to San Francisco (during the Example: | S™mer). “The summer when we went to San Francisco was hot. (when refers to summer, a noun of time) This is the restaurant where John got such good service. Read the sentences about Jim and Rita while they were on vacation. 1. They visited the house where George Washington lived. 2. They saw the place where the Liberty Bellis. 3. They visited the room where Alexander Bell made the first phone call. 4, They stayed at the hotel where ten presidents have stayed. Read the sentences about what happened to Jack. 5. He's told us about the day when he broke his arm during a basketball game. 6. He's talked about the time when he was a pilot in the Air Force 7. He told us about the night when he met his wife in Germany. 136