foo SG __ ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 1. Ferromagnetic materials. The relative permeabilities of these materials are much greater than unity and are dependent con the field strengths. Examples. Jon, cobaltand nickel. Gadolinivim however also comes under this dassification. These materials have high susceptibility. 2 Paramagnetic materials. These have relative permeability ‘Slightly greater than unity and are magnetized slightly. Examples. Aluminium, platinum and oxygen. 3. Diamagnetic materials. The relative permeability of these materials is slightly less than unity. They repel the lines of force slightly. Examples. Bismuth, silver copper and hydrogen. GS $ YSTEM MKS SYSTEM Force Between Poles i = mn rns m= pole strength in amp-meter distance in em $= distance in meters h = permeability 1 = permeability B= Hoe fig = 4x x 107 Wefampere- relative permeability Magnetic Field Strenath F F HF oersted Zamptumsim 7 ip. | H= ——". amp-tuns/m m= pole strength in up, tana met = force in dynes = force in newtons mat fy s jai S = distance in meters m Sais iy = relative permeability B= 4x 107 MAGNETIC FIELD DUE TO A CURRENT CARRYING CONDUCTOR Right hand rule (or right hand screw rule) ‘The direction of the magnetic field can be found by using right hand ule or the right hand screw rule. The right hand rule states as follows: "Grasp the wire in the right hand, with the thumb pointing in the direction of the current. The fingers wil curl around the wire in the direction of the magnetic field”, FORCE ON A CURRENT-CARRYING CONDUCTOR LYING IN AMAGNETIC FIELD pee es F = BIt sind Newtons B = flux density in gauss B = flux density in webers/m? T= current in a in amperes = length in om meters © angle the conductor ingle the conductor makes. makes the magnetic field | with the magnetic field ‘The direction of this force may be easily found by Fleming's left hand | rule which states as follows: "Hold your left hand with index finger, middle finger and thumb at | ight angles. IF the index finger points in the direction of the flux from north to south and midale finger points in the direction of the imposed voltage and its resulting conventional current flow, then thumb will point in the direction of the force that is developed”. Field strenath atthe center ofthe dicular cal. 2aNT -M t= 22 certed H= Samp tus/m N= no of tums N= no of turns T= current in amperes = current in amperes r= radius of coll in meters © radius of coll in cm 1 H = Samp turns / I= current in amperes | I= current in amperes = distance from the wire | s = distance from the wire inom In meters5S_ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING H = 4nNI oersted H= NI amp tums / m ot t N= no of tums N= no of tums ‘current in amperes ‘current in amperes = axial length of {t= axial length of solenoid solenoid in cm in meter ‘The same equation is used in determining the field intensity within a toroid. Simply replace ¢ by the mean circumference of the toroid. ‘Force between Jona straight conductors ccs Mks Fe2ulglgt dynes Feyollat 100 s 21S, = permeability or F=2x107 Wt s Wq&la_ = currents in} I,and y= current in amperes amperes = distance between | s = distance between ‘conductors in em conductors in meters Magnetic flux density B = yH. gauss in ogs, webers/m?in Mks MAGNETIC CIRCUITS = Magnetomotive force Five Reluc tance mmf +5 45 flux in maxwells 6 = flux in webers mmf = O.4aNI gilberts mmf = NI ampere tums N= no of tums N= no of tums T= current in amperes I= current in amperes = reluctance in giiberts/ | maxwells weber = _L_ gilberts per maxwells uA uctance in amp-turns / C= lenath of the circuit in om rea of cross section in C= lengths of circuit in m A= area of cross section in m? [Chapter 3: MAGNETISU, ELECTROMAGNETISM & ELECTROMAGNETIC NDUCTIN 559 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION FARADAY'S LAWS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION "The phenomenon whereby an e.m.f. and hence current is induced in any conductor which is cut across or is cut by a magnetic flux is known as electromagnetic induction”, First Law. It states as follows: "Whenever the magnetic flux linked with a circuit changes, an e.ms. is always induced in it. or "Whenever a conductor cuts magnetic flux, an e.m¥. is induced in ‘that conductor”, z Conductor S + " s oN son s =f o % © (2) Votage ined (2) Voltage induced (e) No votage s scvse me“ senssamre dedi awe mowing commas ‘moving upmard. — mowng paral! the ft. Figure 31. When a conductor is moved across a magnetic field a voltage i induced in the conductor ‘Second Law. It states as follows: “The magnitude of Induced e.m. is equel to the rate of change of fx-tinkages”. Mathematically, © where @ = induced exms, = rate of change of fx 1/= number of tums ofthe coll [Usually, 2 minus sign is given to the right-hand side expression to sanity the fact that the induced e.m4. sets up current in such a direction that magnetic effect produced by it opposes the very cause producing it.}GO __ ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Direction of induced e.m.f. and current “The direction of the induced current may be found easily by applying elther Fleming's Right-hand Rule or Lenz's Law. Fleming's rule is used Where induced emf is due to fiux-cutting (Le. dynamically induced emf.) and Lenz's Law when it is due to change by flaciinkages (i.e, statically induced exm4.). Lenz’s law . The direction of the induced exmf. is determined by Lenz's law, inhich states that the current produced by the induced e.m./ opposes the change in flux. Lenz’s may also be stated as follows: In all cases of electromagnetic induction, an induced vottage will cause a current to flow in a closed circuit in such a direction that the magnetic field which is caused by that current will oppose the change that produced the current’. INDUCED E.M1 Induced e.m4, may be of the following two types: 1. Dynamically induced e.m.. 2. Statically induced e.m.f. 1, Dynamically induced e.m. Refer Figure 3.1. The e.m.f. induced (¢) in the conductor is given by: e= Bty volt where B = flux density of the magnetic field in tesla = length of the conductor in meters and v= velocity of the conductor in m/s. If the conductor moves at an angle 8 with the direction of flux then the induced em. e= Biysino ‘The direction of the induced e.m-f. is given by Flemirig’s Right hand rule. 2. Statically induced e.m-f. The emf, induced by variation of flux is termed as “statically induced e.mn.F.” statically induced ef can be further subdivided as folows: () Selfinduced em. i) Mutually induced e.m.t, (@ Self induced e.m. ‘Seff-induced e.mf. is the e.m.f. induced in a coll due to the change of its own flux linked with it. IF the current through the coil is changed I. Chapter 3: MAGNETISU, ELECTROMAGNET LECTROMAGNETIE NDUCTION _G 2. ithen the fux inked with ts own turns wil also change which will produce In, what its called setinduced exmt e = NSE. The direction ofthis at is given by Lenz’s law (and would be such as to oppose any change which is in fact, the very cause of its production. Self-inductance. The property of the coil due to which it opposes Increase or decrease of current or flux through it, is known as self nce, It is measured in terms of self-induction L (in henry). Self-induction is sometimes analogously called electromagnetic or ical inertia. Coefficient of self-induction () may be found by the following n t= Brey where Tr 2.L= poy AN? henry = length of the magnetic core tate e © induced emf, and pbsg. heney rate of change of curent e ‘= number of turns of the solenoid, area of cross-section, Energy in electromagnetic field The energy in electromagnetic field is given by: W = SL? foules Equation gives an expression for stored energy in the magnetic eld when the current is increased from zero and the same amount-of energy (5 released when the current is reduced to zero. |Gi) Mutually induced e.m ‘Production of e.m.f. in coil B due to change in current A is called |reually nce Mnf Mutual Inductance, It is defined as "The phenomenon by which ane circuit causes an emf. induced in the adjacent circuit by induction then flux produced by itis changed”. |__Co-efficient of mutual Inductonce (M) may be found by the following ieletions: LM eNbdyhenry 2.M= ppb ANN, henry 3. M-=_@ henry oh t a dt| eee eee G2_ ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Co-efficient of coupling (k) {tis defined as the ratio of mutual inductance between the coils am the square raat of product of selFinductance of each col In other words, k= aba INDUCTANCES IN SERIES In general we have, Lely #le+ 2M Lely +l-2M if mmfs. are additive if mamfs. are subtractive INDUCTANCES IN PARALLEL | In general we have, wy t= tite when mutual field assists the separate fields T+ a when two fields oppose each other COMPARISON OF INDUCTANCE AND CAPACITANCE 1, Conducts current (1) 1, Stores charge (Q) | ; 1a, Abeleletletninseres 240442414. in sores welts cas obi L yin parallel 3. C= C+ C2 4G tone in parallel ayaa 4. Requires wire conductor 4, Requires dielectric as insulator Chapter 3: MAGNETISM, ELECTROMAGNETISM & ELECTROMAGNETIC NDUGTION GS 1, Tesla isa unit of a. field strength flux density, ». inductance 7d fx 2. The force between two long parallel conductors is inversely proportional to a. radius of conductors current in one conductor . product of current in two conductors d. distance between the conductors 3. Paramagnetic materials have relative permeability a. slightly less than unity b. equal to unity « slightly more than unity 4. equal to that ferromagnetic materials 4, Degaussing is the process of ‘a removal gases from the materials ’. removing gases from the materials Coy remagnetizing metalic ports d, demagnetizing metallic parts 5. In the left hand rule, forefinger always represents a. voltage . magnetic field b. current d. direction of force on the conductor 6. Reciprocal of permeability Is A. reluctivity . permittivity », susceptibility d. conductance 7. The magnetism left in the iron after exciting field has been removed {is known as a. permeance . susceptance b. residual magnetism d. reluctance 8, Which of the following is not a unit of flux? a. Maxwell c. Weber b. Telsa d. Lines 9, When a magnet is in motion relative to a coil the induced e.m.f. does ‘not depend upon resistance of the coll 'b. motion of the magnet . number of turns of the coil d. pole strength of the magnet ‘Anuswvens 1.9), 2(0), 346), 4.40), 5.0), 6a), 7.10), 80), 9a)G4 _ ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: Test 3 10, Which part of the magnetic path requires largest m. a. Air gap . Inductance b. Coil d. Core 11, The attraction capacity of electromagnet will increase if the a. core length increases . flux density decreases ». core area increases d. flux density increases 112. Which of the following circuit element stores energy in the electromagnetic field? a. Inductance «. Variable resistor . Condenser d. Resistor 13, In an iron cored coll the iron core is removed so that the coll becomes an air cored coil, The inductance of the coil will a. Increase c. remain the same . decrease d. initially increase and then decrease 14. Both the number of turns and the core length of an inductive coil are doubled. Its selfinductance will be a. unaffected halved 'b. doubled 4. quadrupled 15. The magnitude of the induced e.m.f. in a conductor depends on the a. flux density of the magnetic eld b. amount of flux cut c, amount of flux linkages d. rate of change of fluxlinkages 16, The law that the induced e.m-f. and current always oppose the cause producing them is due to 2. Faraday ¢ Netwon bi Lenz . Coulomb 117. Which of the following circuit elements will oppose the change in circuit current? a. Capacitance . Resistance 'b Inductance all of these 18. Permeability in a magnetic circuit corresponds to ..... in an electric rout. a. resistance «conductivity b. resistivity 6. conductance 19, When both the inductance and resistance of a coil are doubled the value of a. time constant remains unchanged b. intial rate of rise of current is doubled Chapter %: MAGNETISM, ELECTROMAGNETISN & ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION GES final steady current is doubled d. time constant is halved 20. Conductance is analogous to ‘a permeance . flux b. reluctance 4. inductance 21. A magnetic pole of strength 50 u.p. exerts a force of 200 dynes upon a second pole placed 5.0 cm in air away from the first pole, What is the strength of the second pole? 2. 50up. c75up. b. 100 up. 4. 125 up. 22. A bar magnet 8.0 om jong has pole strength of 250 u.p. Determine the magnetic field strength at a point which is 5 cm distance from each pole. 2. 12 oersted © 16 oersted 20 oersted 4. Bersted 23. Three points A, B, & C are on straight line. At A there is an isolated S Pole of strength 80 u.p. At B 16 cm from A, there is an isolated N |b pole, also of strength 80 u.p. At C, 4 cm from B and 20 om from A, k there is an Isolated S pole of strength 20 u.p. The force on pole C is 5 equal to 52,96 dynes 120 dynes b, 100 dynes 126 dynes. 24, Two isolated poles of equal strength but unlike sigh 12 om apart, in ir, exert a force of 6.25 dynes on each other. What force is there on an'N pole of strength 10.8 u.p. placed midway between these two poles. a. 10 dynes ©. 18 dynes 4. 22 dynes |b t4dynes 25. A circular coil of 50 tums has a diameter of 30 om. Its magnetic field exerts a force of 1950 dynes on a magnetic pole having a strength 300 u.p. placed at its center. What isthe current in the col? | a3ta c45A b.62A 4.268 26. Two concentric circular loops of wire’ of radii of 9.42 and 6.28 cm, respectively, are connected in series. What field strength is produced at the center of the colls when there is a current of 30 A in the same | direction. | a. 6 oersted ©. 2oersted |b 3 oersted * 4. 5 oersted “Answen:10.(a), 11.(@), 12.(a), 13.(0), 14 (0), 15,(@), 16.0), 17.0), 18.(0) ‘ANSWER: T9.(a), 20:(@), 21.00), 22.(e), 23:a), 24. (0), 25.(a), 26.44)GG_ ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: Test 3 27. A coll of 30 tums and 6 cm radius Is connected ii series with a second col of 25 tums and 15 cm radius. The two coils are concentric but their planes are normal. What is the magnetic field strength at the center when there is a current of 8 A in the coll. 2. 35.5 oersted €. 26.5 oersted b. 16.75 oersted 4, 20.8 oersted 28, Two long straight parallel wires in which there are currents of 2 and 3 amperes, respectively, in the same directions are 10 cm apart. Find the magnitude of the magnetic field strength at a point halfway between them. a. 0.08 oersted 'b. 0.12 oersted 29, What is the force on a magnetic pole of strength 300 u.p. placed at the center of the solenoid when it has a current of 0.50 amp? The length of the solenoid is 100 cm with 600 tums of wire, a. 1131 dynes ¢, 935 dynes . 1832 dynes 4, 565 dynes, 30. What force would act on a pole of strength 60 u.p. placed inside an alr-core toroid of 30 cm average radius, having 1000 turns and in which there is a current of 0.25 A? a. 200 dynes 1.75 dynes b. 100 dynes 4. 150 dynes 31, A conductor 80 cm long carrying current of 20 A is perpendicular to @ ‘uniform magnetic field of 5.0 oersted. What is the magnitude of the €. 0.04 oersted 4.0.20 oersted force on the conductor? a. 800 dynes . 400 dynes 1600 dynes . 8000 dynes 32. A magnetomotive force is supplied by @ current of 1.0 A through 1000 turns. The magnetic circuit consist of a steel core of 1000 permeability 10 cm long and 4 sq. cm in area and an air gap 1.0 cm Jong. What is the intensity inthe air gap? a. 12.25 cersted ¢, 100.53 oersted b. 496.66 oersted d. 1244 oersted 33. A magnetic coll produces 100000 maxwells with 2000 tums and with ‘a current of 2 A. The current is cutoff and the flux collapses in 0.01 ‘sec, What is the average voltage that will appear across the coi? a. 20 ©. 200 b. 2000 4.2 ‘ANSWER: 27.(0), 28.(0), 29a), 30.0), 31.(a), 32), 33.(6) (Chapir 3: MAGNETISM, ELECTROMAGNETISM & ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION _ G7” 34, The flux density emanating from a pole of a generator is 20000 «gauss. A conductor one meter long cuts the flux at an angle of 60° at a velocity of 40 m per sec. What is the voltage developed? a. 230 c80V b.0.69V 4.69 35. A drcular coll of wire of 3000 turns and diameter 6.0 cm is situated in a magnetic field so that the major plane of the coll is normal to the field. If the flux density in the coll changes uniformly from 5000 to 117000 gausses in 3.14 minutes, what emf is induced in the coll? 2. 36 mV ‘60 mV b.54 mv 6.24 mv 36. What is the self inductance of a circuit in which there is an induced ‘emf of 100 volts when the current in the circuit changes uniformly from 1.0 to 5.0 A in 0.30 sec? a75H DASH CoH d.55H 37. A wire 150 cm long is perpendicular to a magnetic field of intensity 50 gausses. It moves in a field at a velocity of 100 cm/sec, in 2 direction 36.87° with the fleld. How many abvolts are Induced in it? a4s ©. 45x 107 B45 x 105 4.450 38. A coll has an inductance of 20 mH and carries a current of 1.2 A. How much energy is stored in the coil? a. 0.0144) . 0.0162 9 . 0.0288 4. 0.03363 . 39. A wire, 3 m long makes an angle of 53.13 in a magnetic field of 0.02 Wh/m?, If the wire is moved at the rate of 12 msec in a direction perpendicular to the field, what is the induced emf? 2.0.720 c0576V b.0.432V d.0.60V 40. A solenoid with an air as core of lengtl’'20 cm aid cross sectional ‘area 4 cm? contains 200 turns. It carries'a current of 0.50 A. What is ‘the magnetic induction at the center? 2. 6.28 x 10°T ©. 6.28T b.6.28x 104T d. 6.28 x 10°T 41. An inductive coll has a resistance of 9.5 ohms. A battery of 115 volts is suddenly connected to the coll, After the current has risen to 10 A, itis changing at the rate of 160 A/sec. What is the self inductance of the coil in mH? 200 695 b. 250 6.125 "ANSWER: 34.(B), 35.10), 36 (0, 37 (0).38.(a), 3.09), 40.0), 41.10)GB _ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: Test 3 42. A circular ring has a mean diameter of 20 cm and a cross sectional area of 30 cm. It is wound width a coll of 1200 turns. The ring contains an air gap 1.0 mm long. Ifthe iron has @ permeability of 200, what current should be in the col to produce a flux 1.5 x 10° ‘maxwells? a. 137A ©. 142A b.LIZA G151A 43. An iron ring has a mean circumference of 1.0 meter and cross sectional area of 8.0 cmt. It is wound with 600 turns of coll carrying a current of 2.0 A. If the ux produced is 1.5 mWb, the relative permeability of iron is nearest to a, 1300 ©. 1409 b. 1243 1127 44. A coll of 1200 tums links a magnetic circuit, and when the current is 4A, the flux is 5 x 10° Wb, Determine the inductance a.2H cisSH b6H d.3.0H ‘Two parallel conductors carying same current are placed 1m apart in alr. Ifthe force between the conductors is 2 x 107 Nim per m length, then the current in each conductor is 2.0508 c20A DISA 4.1.08 45. 46. A conductor of 1.5 m length, moves at an angle of 30° to a uniform magnetic field of strength 0.80 weber per square meter with a velocity of 30 meters per sec. What is the induced emf? ai5V <.20V b.18V .24V 47. A coil of resistance 100 ohms fs placed in a magnetic field of 1.0, mW. The coil has 100 turns and a galvanometer of 400 ohms resistance is connected in series with it. Find the current if the coil is. ‘moved in 0.10 sec from the given field to one of strength 0.20 mWb, a.2.0 mA © 16mA b.1.8mA 4.2.2 mA 48. A circuit in which there is a current of 5 A is opened so that the current falls to zero in 0.10 sec. If an average emf of 200 volts is induced, the self inductance of the circut is a4H 6H b.2H d.gH . A col of $00 turns Is uniform wound on an iron ring having @ mean circumference of 0.80 m. A flux density of 1.1 Wb/m! is developed in the iron when a current of 1 amp is passed through the coil. The relative permeability of iron under these conditions is nearest to a. 1200 1300 b. 900 4. 1400 0. An iron ring has a mean circumference of 1.0 m and a cross-sectional area of 8.0 cm, It is wound with 500 tums of coil carrying a current of 1.8 amperes, If the flux produced is 1.2 mWb, the relative permeability is nearest to a. 1326 1155 (©) 16 oersted He Me 2 sip oersied us? 487 |'23. (2) 96 dynes | 80420) = | Fre = 20) ea yres j ae = O20 i up [er ggertindme Liege hee lOO | Fes Foo Fie= 100-496 dynos, ‘ANSWER: 42,(0), 43,0), 44.(0), 45.(d), 46.00), 47.(0), 48.(a) ‘Aswan: 49,(d), 50.)ZO ___ ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: SOLUTIONS to TEST 3 24, (c) 18 dynes + aM 108 up, Me bas ) —f& EC ne = 828(09 L6n—x—en] m=30up, Force on the third pole 7 7{ 99] - nop 25. (a) 3.10 1 = 10988 344 2n(60) H=2+32 Soersted 27, (€) 26.5 oersted Hive SAGO 513 Hy = 2888. ga77 148) 10(15) [25.137 +8377 = 265 oersted 28. (c) 0.04 oersted 20) Has Fy 7 02oonted for same direction, H=0.12-0.08 = 0.04 oersted 1) 1131 dynes. Heda toe pee (Chaptr 3: MAGNETISM, ELECTROMAGNETISI ELECTROMAGNETIC DUCTION 72 ‘4n{6001050 ye +9780 oud F = mH = 300(3.7699) = 1134 dynes: 30. (b) 100 dynes ‘moan ercumferonca = 2x(30) = 60x = Anal 41000025) “oe ~~ 1060) F = mH =60(.667)= 10 dynes 867 oersted 31. (a) 800 dynes ' age | 02 Hest, =, Ben 200 = 400 des 32. (d) 1244 oersted - sae S400)» 75.74 mente a0) 4) 2. SBR. =e a3 442g, He 8 = AE = tzu oorted 33. (c) 200 34, (4) 69V 1 = Bly sind = 20000(100)40 x 100) sin 60° x 10 +6028 35. (b) 54 mv oan te at 3p = (17000 ~ 800)n) 9)? = 1200018} . se, = RUNIQOIRR ios ogg y atsouata) 2 e+ SEE TEE tot = 54x t0°Vov » wore ae (poe oe Shon 002 = @ ‘sovo=w'vs=W Hoe) “39 whe! | xgps 8. | colxebs a <1 wou peop | | 008 = 00+ 004 = * ‘AL = (008 WsHOENS Hog0 = OusAyG = & wor=7 goed Ast (a) “91 ‘01 < ezelonel = —eahggg— = bs Ay ovesze) My Ob<0) OF oF “ oF - % ever ( (oe , (oelooz SRAELOO= Lg * cree wo oyo= 47 Wo eL29 = 010-02 = 010- p= 7 26+ 6 = 6 weet (©) tb =m HserO* aay 27 SLL = (oV)s6+ (oon ee Ps ps ee Hw szt (P) ‘Te ArOh*82°9 = 0051-01 * #9) = HA = @ abe 7, v8 sake * 4.01 x82'9 (4) “oP wersis0=opozHNe200 = oueare = © A9LS'0 (0) ‘6E Fe Ob vb = Ae Heb 02) 5 = a1 = AOU OR SHOAGE OE x SY = 28'9¢ uistoos Nosbos = @ursarg = © sot Sy (9) “Ze os St Teor Poe: 2 Bost! E18 HSc (2) 9f =z TWOULOTNT OU NOVINOUIOSTS @ RISNOYWOULOSTS WOLLINOWA © ET ISHL OF SNOLINIOS DNIVIINIONS Woruisaa cL