‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

- ٨٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٪٩٠‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K١٢ 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 
- ٨٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ •
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٨٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Physical Properties of Fluids
 Density:ρ‫א‬L١
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W

‫اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ‬ m kg
ρ= = (3.1)
‫اﻟﺤﺠﻢ‬ V m3
20 C‫א‬‫א‬K1000 kg/m3 4ْ C ‫א‬‫א‬
3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FK1.2 kg/m ‫א‬
EE١ J٣F

 Specific weight γ‫א‬‫א‬L٢

K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W

‫اﻟﻮزن‬ W N
γ = = (3.2)
‫اﻟﺤﺠﻢ‬ V m3
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

mg
γ = ρg = (3.3)
V

Specific volume v :‫א‬‫א‬L٣

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

V 1 m3
v= = ( 3.4 )
m ρ kg

- ٨٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 Specific Gravity SG‫א‬‫א‬L٤

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K(4 C)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

ρf
SG = (3.5)
ρw
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

P ×V = m × R × T ( 3 .6 )

P
ρ= (3.7)
RT

 W
p = N m2 ‫א‬‫א‬
R ( R= 287 J/kg K) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
T (K) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ρ kg/m3 ‫א‬

 WE١ J٣F
‫א‬K3.6 m ‫א‬K4 m‫א‬2 m ‫א‬‫א‬W
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬ 9772 kg ‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ‬ m kg
ρ= =
‫اﻟﺤﺠﻢ‬ V m3

m = 9772 kg

π
V= d2 ×h
4
d= ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٨٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

h = E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

:V ‫ﻧﺤﺴﺐ‬
π
V = × 0.02 2 × 3.6 = 11 ⋅ 31 m 3
4
 W‫א‬‫א‬

m 9772 kg
ρ= = = 864 3
V 11⋅ 31 m
 
 WE٢ J٣F
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬6750 kg ‫א‬1000 kg/m3‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬
 h‫א‬ w ‫א‬L ‫א‬
‫א‬Fw‫א‬ E ‫א‬‫א‬F2w‫א‬ w‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬
 WV‫א‬

V = l × w × h = 2w × w × w = 2w 3

m
ρ =
V

6750
1000 =
2 w3

6750
w3 = = 3.375
2000

w = 3
3.375 = 1.5 m

∴ l = 2 × w = 2 × 1 .5 = 3 .0 m
∴ h = w = 1.5 m

- ٨٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 WE٣٣F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬1.6 k‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(0.001 m3)  1000 cm3 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
m 1.6 kg
ρf = = = 800 3
V 2 × 0.001 m

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ρf 800
SG f = = = 0.8
ρw 1000
 
kg/m3‫א‬  ‫א‬
1000  ‫א‬
70.7  ‫א‬
682  ‫א‬
298  ‫א‬
13560  ‫א‬
809  ‫א‬
2700  ‫א‬
921  ‫א‬
1100  ‫א‬
800  ‫א‬
 8900  ‫א‬
1443 R-134a
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١ J٣F
 
 
 

- ٩٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

Viscosity ‫א‬
‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬K
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KK
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

u=U
F

y
‫ﻣﺎﺋﻊ‬

τ
u=0

 ‫א‬E١٣F

‫א‬ E١٣FF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬A ‫א‬ y ‫א‬‫א‬ U 
 KF 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬shear stress  F ‫א‬
 W‫א‬ τw 

F
τw = (3.8)
A
y ‫א‬‫א‬u ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
du
τw ∝
dy
 W
- ٩١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

du
τw = µ × ( 3 − 9)
dy
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬µ
 W‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

τ
µ = w
( 3 − 10 )
⎛⎜ du ⎞
⎝ dy ⎟⎠

  µ = N ⋅2s = Pa.Sec ?‫א‬?EKKFEKKF‫א‬‫א‬

m
E ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 kinematic Viscosity

µ ⎛ m 2 ⎞
γ = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ( 3 . 11 )
ρ ⎝ sec ⎠
 K m ‫א‬
2

sec
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٩٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬

 ‫א‬
‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٣F

 WE٤٣F
1
‫א‬ dv = 100 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬τ‫א‬
dy sec
 K 10 −3 Pa. sec ‫א‬‫א‬
dv
 τ =µ×
dy
 
∴τ = 10 −3 × 100 = 0.1 Pa

- ٩٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Fluid static's
 W
‫א‬‫א‬KK ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 Pressure ‫א‬
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

F ⎛ N ⎞
P = ⎜ ⎟ ( 3 − 12 )
A ⎝ m 2 ⎠
⎛ N ⎞
⎜ 2 ⎟
= Pascal (Pa )
⎝ m ⎠
 W
P = (Pa)    ‫א‬‫א‬
 F =(N)    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 A= (m2)    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
( m)
1Pa = 1 N 2

1bar = 100000 N ( m ) = 100kPa

2

E٥٣F
‫א‬‫א‬K1kN ‫א‬ 50mm (piston)‫א‬
 KE٣ J٣F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
π
A= d2
4

- ٩٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

F
P=
A

1000
∴P = π
4 × 50 2 × 10 −6

kN
P = 509
m2

  P = 509 kPa = 5.09 bar

 
F

‫اﺳﻄﻮاﻧﺔ‬ 

 

 ٥٣E٣٣F
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
  ‫א‬EFE٤ J٣F‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
(b)‫א‬‫א‬(a)‫א‬‫א‬EFE٤ J٣F‫א‬
 K(d)‫א‬‫א‬(c)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

- ٩٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  


 ‫א‬‫א‬E٤ J٣F
‫א‬EF
Pressure Head
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

(ρ)   h
A

‫ ﺴﻤﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ‬٥-٣ ‫ﺸﻜل‬

(ρ)E٥٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(m)‫א‬(F)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬(P)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(g)‫א‬

P = ρ ×g×h (3 − 13)

⇒ ∆P = ρ × g × (∆h ) (3 − 14)
 Kh‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٩٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 E٦٣FW
‫א‬، ‫ א‬450cm  250cm  300cm ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٦ J٣F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1000kg/m3.

 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 E٦٣F‫א‬E٦٣F
 F = m×g
  F = (ρ × V ) × g
  F = ρ × (A × h)× g

kg m
F = 1000 3
× 0 . 25 m × 0 . 30 m × 0 . 45 m × 9 . 81 2
m sec

F = 331 N
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
F 331 N
P= = = 4400 2
A 0.30 × 0.25 m

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 P = ρ × g ×h
 
  P = 1000 kg3 9.81 m
× 0.45 m
m sec 2

N kN
P = 4400 2
= 4.40 2 = 4.40 kPa
m m
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٩٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 E٧٣F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 200m  300m B A 
 K1023 kg3 ‫א‬
m
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E3-10F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 A ‫א‬‫א‬

  PA = ρ × g × h A

PA = 1023 × 9.81 × 300

PA = 3.011 × 10 6 Pa
 B‫א‬‫א‬
  PB = ρ × g × h B

  PB = 1023 × 9.81 × 200

PB = 2.007 × 10 6
Pa
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

PA − PB = 3.011 × 10 6 − 2.007 × 10 6 = 1.004 × 10 6 Pa

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
∆P = PA − PB = ρ × g × ∆h
= 1023 × 9.81 × (300 − 200 ) = 1.004 × 10 6 Pa

- ٩٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 E٨٣F
: ‫( ﺇﻟﻰ‬101.325 kN/m2) ‫א‬‫א‬
. 1000 kg/m3  •

. 13.6 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ •

 
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬
،(13.6)‫א‬‫א‬،(1000kg/m3)‫א‬،(101.325kN/m2)‫א‬‫א‬
 K(9.81m/sec2)‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬
  p = ρ ×g ×h
 
101.325 × 1000 N
  hH o =
p
= m2
2
ρ H 2o × g 1000 kg 3 × 9.81 m 2
m sec
 

 
∴ h H 2o = 10.33 m
 
10.33m ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ρ Hg = ρ H 2o × 13.6
 

- ٩٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

ρ Hg = 1000 × 13.6 kg
m3
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
101.325 × 1000 N
  hHg = m2
(13.6 × 1000 kg 3 )(9.81 m 2 )
m sec
 
h Hg = 0.76 m
 10.33m ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  0.76m ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٠٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬E٧ J٣F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 1.013 bar ‫ ﺃﻭ‬101.3 kN/m2 ‫א‬‫א א‬(standard)
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
1 atm ‫א‬‫א‬

EF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬E٧ J٣F
 
 

- ١٠١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 E٩٣F
 ‫א‬‫א‬0.61m3.66m ‫א‬‫א‬
K
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

917kg/m3‫א‬1000kg/m3 ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K101.3 kN/m2‫א‬‫א‬
 
 

po

h2 ‫ﻧﻔﻂ‬

p2

h1 p1 ‫ﻣﺎء‬

 E٨٣F‫א‬E٨٣F
 
 W‫א‬
p1‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬p2‫א‬E٨٣F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬p2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  p2 = p0 + ρ 2 gh2
  p2 = ( 101.3 × 1000 N 2 ) + ( 917 kg 3 ) × ( 9.81 m
m m sec 2
)× ( 3.66 − 0.51 )m

 

 
= 128737 N
m2
 W‫א‬‫א‬ p1 ‫א‬‫א‬
  p1 = p2 + ρ1 gh1
  p1 = 128737 N
m2
+ ( 1000 kg 3 ) ⋅ ( 9.81 m
m sec 2
) ⋅ ( 0.61m )

- ١٠٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

= 134721.1 N
m2
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

p1( guage ) = p1 − p0( atm )

= 134721.1 − 101.3 × 1000

= 33421.1 N
m2
 334 kN/m2‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٠٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

  Pressure Measurement ‫א‬

 The Barometer‫א‬

p p h
p p

‫أ‬-‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫ب‬-‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬
 
 ‫א‬E٩٣F
 

‫א‬E J٩٣F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (p)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 J٣F،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E J٩
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ρ‫א‬‫א‬h‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
  p = ρ×g×h
 K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬g
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1.013 bar ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 1.013 × 100000 = 1000 × 9.81 × h
  h = 1.013 × 100000 = 10.326 m
1000 × 9.81

- ١٠٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬10.326 m‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬13.6‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 1.013 × 100000 = 13600 × 9.81 × h
 
1.013 × 100000
 ∴ h = = 0.76 m = 760 mm
13600 × 9.81
 
 K(760 mm Hg)‫א‬760 mm‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 The ManometersW‫א‬‫א‬
U
 
 ‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬E٩ J٣F‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬KU
 
 KE١٠٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KC‫א‬B‫א‬
 Kh‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬B‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬C‫א‬

- ١٠٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

  pB = pC = p 0 + ρ Hg gh (3 − 15)
 

D
A h
C B

‫ﻣﺎﺋﻊ‬

‫א‬‫א‬E١٠٣F
 
 Differential Manometer‫א‬‫א‬
 J٣F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K(h)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬E١١
 KC‫א‬D‫א‬
 Kz‫א‬‫א‬h‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬p2‫א‬D‫א‬
 K(h + z)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬p1‫א‬C‫א‬
  p1 + (h + z ) ρ A g = p2 + ρ B gh + ρ A gz
 
p1 − p2 = ρ B hg + ρ A gz − ρ A gz − ρ A gh

- ١٠٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 
‫ﻣﺎﺋﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺋﻊ‬

P P
1 2

z
A‫ﻣﺎﺋﻊ‬
h
C D

‫א‬‫א‬E١١٣F

  p1 − p 2 = ( ρ B − ρ A )gh ( 3 − 16 )
‫א‬A‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W(3-12) ‫א‬KB‫א‬A
  p1 − p 2 = ρB × g × h (3 − 17)
 
 inclined manometerW‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
xx sinθh ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ 
 .‫א‬‫א‬ θ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  p1 − p 2 = ρgx sin θ (3 − 18)
 

P1
P2

‫ﻏﺎز‬ x
h θ ‫ﺧﻂ اﻟﺼﻔﺮ‬

‫ﺳﺎﺋﻞ‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬E١٢٣F
 W‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٠٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Fluids in Motion

  Types of Fluid Flow‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫(א‬particles) 
  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬،E١٣٣F(laminar flow)

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١٣٣F،(turbulent flow) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬E١٣٣F  ‫א‬‫א‬E١٣٣F

‫א‬‫א‬
Fluids in Motion
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
KE١٤٣F‫א‬‫א‬،steady uniform flow‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ (convergent)   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬E١٤٣F‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K(steady non-uniform flow)  ‫א‬

- ١٠٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

A B A B

A B
A B

E١٤٣F  E١٤٣F

 Rate of FlowW‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E١٥ J٣F
⋅
 K Q ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

A
v

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٥٣F
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Q& = A × v ( 3 − 19 )

m3
sec
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

m& ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W،‫א‬
  ρ = ‫اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺠﻢ‬
∴ ‫اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ‬ = ‫اﻟﺤﺠﻢ‬ × ‫اﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ‬
∴m = V × ρ
m& = ρ × Q& ( 3 − 20 )

- ١٠٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 E١١٣F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K0.6 m/sec15mm‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  Q& = A × v
 
  Q&
3
= π4 ( 0.015 ) 2 × 0.6 = 106.02 × 10 −6 m
sec
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  m& = ρ × Q&
  m& = 1000 × ( 106.02 × 10 −6 ) = 0.106 kg
sec
 

- ١١٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 Continuity EquationE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E
 ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
⋅
  m = ρ 1 × A1 × v1 = ρ 2 × A2 × v 2 (3 − 21)
 
continuity equation E ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬E٢١٣F‫א‬
. law of conservation of mass ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬
  ρ1 = ρ 2 = ρ
 W
  A1 × v1 = A2 × v 2 (3 − 22)

 ∴ Q1 = Q2
 WE١٢٣F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬converging pipe 
‫א‬‫א‬، m ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،0.15m ‫א‬0.46m
3
0.3
sec
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
A1

A2

v1 v2

 E١٢٣F‫א‬E١٦٣F
 
 
 
- ١١١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
  Q = A1 × v1
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Q
  v1 =
A1
 WA1‫א‬‫א‬
  A1 = π d12 = π (0.46 2 ) = 166.19 ∗ 10 −3 m 2
4 4
0.3
 ∴ v1 = −3
= 1.8 m
sec
1.66019 ∗ 10
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
0 .3
  v2 = Q
= = 16.98 ≅ 17 m
A2 π
4 (
0.15 2 ) sec

 
 K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  A1 × v1 = A2 × v2
 
∴ v2 = A1 × v1 = × d12 × v1
π
 4

4 × d2
π 2
A2
 

  π
× 0.46 2 × 1.8 m
∴v2 = 4
= 16.93
π
4
× 0.15 2
sec
 
 
 
 
 

- ١١٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 WE١٣٣F
 5cm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬998kg/m3‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬3.75cm،‫א‬7.5cm
 W‫ א‬0.015m3/sec‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬

 E١٣٣F‫א‬E١٧٣F
 
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  m& 1 = ρ × A1 × v1
 
⋅
  m& 1 = ρ × Q1
 
 ∴ m& 1
3
= ( 998 kg 3 )( 0.015 m )
m sec
 

 
= 14.970 kg
sec
 ‫א‬‫א‬
⋅
  m& 1 = 2 × m3
- ١١٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 
 ∴ m& 3 = 1 × m1
⋅

  1 
= × 14.97 = 7.485 kg
2 sec
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 A1‫א‬
  A1 = π4 × d12 = π4 × ( 0.05 )2 = 0.001963 m 2
 
  Q1 = A1 × v1
 
  v1 = Q1
A1

  0.015 m
3

sec
v1 = = 7.6 m
0.001963 m 2 sec

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 A3‫א‬
  A3 = π4 × d 32 = π4 × ( 0.0375 )2 = 0.001104 m 2
 
3
Q3 0.0075 m
  v3 = = sec = 6.76 m
sec
A3 0.001104 m 2
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 Energy Of A Liquid In Motion‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬K? ?
 ‫א‬
."the capacity to do work"‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K??‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬ (١

K‫א‬ (٢

K‫א‬ (٣

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Potential Energy W‫א‬
،datum linez m ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE١٨ J٣F
⎛ m ⎞
  potential energy = m × g × z ⎜ kg × 2
× m⎟ (3.23)
⎝ sec ⎠
‫א‬،"J"‫א‬‫א‬"Joule"?‫?א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫ ﺧﻂ اﺳﻨﺎد‬datum line
 
 ‫א‬ m‫א‬E١٨٣F
⎛ J ⎞
  potential energy per unit mass = g × z ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ (3.24)
⎝ kg ⎠

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 Pressure Energy E‫א‬F‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬p‫א‬‫א‬A‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬pA‫א‬
 K Q& 
  Q& = A × v
 
&
KE F v = Q A ‫א‬pA‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫(א‬work)‫א‬
  work = force × dis tan ce

  work = p × A × v
&
  work = p × A × Q
A
 
work = p × Q
⋅
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ m ‫א‬‫א‬
  m& = ρ × Q&
 WEF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
p × Q& p ⎛ J ⎞
  work done per unit mass = = ⎜ ⎟
ρ × Q& ρ ⎝ kg ⎠
  J kg ،‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ⎛⎜⎜ p ⎞⎟⎟ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
⎝ρ⎠
p
  pressure energy = (3.25)
ρ

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

  Kinetic EnergyW‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬m‫א‬‫א‬
  (12 × m × v 2 ) E‫א‬F
 W
  kinetic energy = 12 × m × v 2 (3.26)
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
⎛ J ⎞
  kinetic energy per unit mass = 12 × v 2 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ (3.27)
⎝ kg ⎠
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 WK‫א‬
 ‫א‬H‫א‬H‫א‬=‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
p
  total energy per kg = g×z+ + 12 × v 2 (3.28)
ρ
‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W(height or head)‫א‬
(potential head)‫א‬ ƒ
(pressure head)‫א‬ ƒ
(velocity head)‫א‬ ƒ
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WK‫א‬
p v2
  total head per kg = z+ + (3.29)
ρ × g 2g
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
N m 3 sec 2 m 2 sec 2
  total head per kg = m + 2 × × + ×
m kg m sec 2 m
 W
  total head per kg = m + m + m = m

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 Bernoulli Equation
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?W
  ‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬E‫א‬
 W?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

K ‫א‬ + ‫א‬ + ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
p1 v12 p v2
  + gz1 = 2 + 2 + gz 2 (3 − 30)
ρ 2 ρ 2
K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

B C

E١٩٣F

 ‫א‬E١٩ J٣F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
A‫א‬Kh‫א‬‫א‬ v ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬C
 C‫א‬‫א‬=A‫א‬‫א‬
  
v A2 pC vC2
  pA + + gz A = + + gz C ( 3.31 )
ρ 2 ρ 2
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ Ec   ‫א‬FA
 W

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

vC2
  0 + 0 + gz A = 0+ +0
2
‫א‬C‫א‬‫א‬A‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 
vC = 2 × g × z A

= 2× g × h
 
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
pA v 2A pB v B2
  + + gz A = + + gz B + energy loss between A and B (3.32)
ρ 2 ρ 2
 
 WE١٤٣F
1.52m/sec‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K9.14m/sec‫א‬‫א‬
K2.339kPa‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬15.2m‫א‬‫א‬
 K983 kg/m3‫א‬‫א‬ 998 kg/m3‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
v12 v22
  p1 + + gz1 =
p2
+ + gz2
ρ1 2 ρ2 2
p 2 × 1000 9.14 2
  2.339 × 1000 + 1.52
2
+ 9.81 × 15.2 = + + 9.81 × 0
998 2 983 2
p 2 × 1000
2.344 + 1.155 + 149.112 = + 41.77 + 0
983
 
p × 1000 110.84 × 983
152.611 − 41.77 = 2 ⇒ p2 = = 108.955 kPa
983 1000
 
 

- ١١٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ht = h s + h v (3.33)
‫א‬K‫א‬ hv‫א‬‫א‬hs‫א‬‫א‬ht
K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
v2
  hv =
2g

 
v = 2 gh v (3.34)
 W
   (m/sec) ‫א‬ v
 (m)‫א‬  hv  
WE١٥٣F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬21.6m  22m ‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
∴ hv = ht − hs

  hv = 22 − 21.6 = 0.4 m

∴v = 2 ghv = 2 × 9.81 × 0.4 = 2.8 m

sec

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

WE١٦٣F
‫א‬ ‫א‬
13600kg/m3‫א‬1.2kg/m3‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K20mm
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
pv = ρghHg
 
= 13600 × 9.81 × 0.02 = 2668.32 N
m2
 
pv v2
  =
ρ air 2
 
pv
  v2 = 2×
ρ air
 

  2668.32 
v = 2× = 66.7 m
1.2 sec
 
 W‫א‬

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 Pitot TubeW
KE٢٠ J٣F‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬E٢FE١F‫א‬
p1 v12 p2 v 22
  + + gz1 = + + gz 2
ρ 2 ρ 2
‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١F‫א‬‫א‬
 W
p1 p2 v 22
  = +
ρ ρ 2

 v2 = p1 − p 2
2

2 ρ

 v = 2×
( p1 − p 2 )
( 3 . 35 )
2
ρ

 ‫א‬‫א‬ p1 ‫א‬‫א‬ p 2 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔ اﻟﺮآﻮد‬
2

‫اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬ 1
‫اﻻﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴﻜﻲ‬ ‫اﺗﺠﺎﻩ اﻟﺴﺮﻳﺎن‬

‫اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻜﻠﻲ‬
 
 ‫א‬E٢٠٣F

- ١٢٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 Venturi-Meter ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬
KE٢١٣F‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢FE١F‫א‬
 

1 2

 
 ‫א‬E٢١٢F
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E٢F‫א‬‫א‬E١F‫א‬
v12 v2
  p1 +
p
+ gz1 = 2 + 2 + gz2
ρ1 2 ρ2 2
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
p1 v12 p2v 22
 ∴ + = + (I )
ρ1 2 ρ2 2
v 22 − v12 p1 − p 2
  =
2 ρ
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
A2
  v1 = × v2
A1
 W‫א‬E٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(I)
 

- ١٢٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

2( p 1 − p 2 )
  v2 = (3.36)
A22
ρ × (1 − )
A12
 K‫א‬‫א‬E٢FE١F‫א‬‫א‬ A2A1
 
WE١٨٣F
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K25 C‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬2.5 cm E٢F‫א‬7.5 cmE١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬42.1 cm
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 E٢F‫א‬‫א‬
2 × ∆p 2 g × ∆h
  v2 = =
A22 A22
ρ (1 − 2 ) (1 − 2 )
A1 A1
 
2 × 9.81 × 0.421
 ∴ v2 = 2
⎛ 0.0252 ⎞
1 − ⎜⎜ ⎟
2 ⎟
⎝ 0.075 ⎠
 
8.08
  v2 = = 8.18 = 2.86 m
sec
0.988
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
3
⋅ 0.0014 m
 Q sec = 1.4 lit
3
= A2 × v2 = 4 × (0.025) × 2.86 = 0.0014 m
π 2
= = 84 lit
sec 3 sec min
0.001 m
lit

- ١٢٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 Orifice MeterW‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬
K ‫א‬KE٢٢ J٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
2( p 1 − p 2 )
  v2 = (3.37)
A22
ρ × (1 − )
A12

1 2

 ‫א‬WE٢٢ J٣F
 
WE١٩٣F
‫א‬‫א‬K0.3 m/secE٢٢ J٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،0.06 m‫א‬0.3 m
 KCv = 0.82 ‫א‬
 W‫א‬
2 × ∆p
  v2 = Cv 2
⎛ A ⎞
ρ × ⎜⎜1 − 2 ⎟⎟
⎝ A1 ⎠
 W‫א‬‫א‬ v 2 ‫א‬
v 1 ⋅ A1
  v2 =
A2

- ١٢٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 
  v 2 = 7.5 m / sec ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
A22
v 22 × ρ × ( 1 − )
A12
  ∆p = = 73048 .9 Pa
2 × C v2
 
 
 
 
 
 

- ١٢٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Fluid Flow in Pipes and Ducts

 W
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE‫א‬–F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬v
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 
  Re = ρ × v × d (3.38)
µ
 ‫א‬ρ
 ‫א‬µ

- ١٢٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
2100  K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬10000  K‫א‬
100002100 K ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE٢٠٣F
 ρ = 1050 kg/m3‫א‬‫א‬5cm‫א‬

.10000  . µ = 995*10-6 Pa.sec 

 W‫א‬
ρ ×v×D
Re = = 10000
µ

µ × 10000 995 × 10 − 6 × 10000

∴v = = = 0 . 1895 m
ρ×D 1050 × 0 . 05 sec

3
Q = A× v = π4 × (0.05) 2 × 0.1895 = 3.72 × 10 −4 m
sec

∴Q = 0.372 lit = 22.3 lit

sec min

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
E ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 Ksurface roughness‫א‬

- ١٢٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬energy head loss‫א‬‫א‬pressure drop‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 Kfriction head loss‫א‬‫א‬
 
1 2

D
‫اﺗﺠﺎﻩ اﻟﺴﺮﻳﺎن‬

  L

 ‫א‬‫א‬E٢٣٣F
 
‫א‬‫א‬E٢٣٣F‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(2) (1)‫א‬
 
l v2
  p1 − p 2 = f × × ×ρ (3 − 39)
D 2
 
 K‫א‬ρ،‫א‬v،‫א‬f
 KN/m2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WH‫א‬‫א‬
 
p1 − p 2 l v2
 Hf = = f× × ( 3 − 16 )
ρ×g D 2g
 Km‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  (Re = ρ × V × D )  •
µ
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ (Relative roughness)‫א‬‫א‬ •
 E‫א‬‫א‬F ∈D
 (f)‫א‬ •
- ١٢٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

∈
 (material)‫א‬
mm
Riveted Steel‫א‬ 0.9-9

Concrete ‫א‬ 0.3-3

 Cost Iron 0.26

Galvanized Iron 0.15

Asphalted Cast Iron 0.12

 Commercial Steel 0.046

Drawn Tubing 0.0015

Glass Smooth

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٣F

 Moody Diagram
‫א‬ (1944)E٢٤ J٣F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬Reynolds Number Friction Factor
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
  Re ≤ 2 × 10 3
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
64
f = (3.41)
Re
0.001 ‫א‬‫א‬ Re ≥ 4 × 10 3 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 W‫א‬‫א‬Smooth Pipe ‫א‬
 
0.316
 f . = (3.42)
Re 0.25
 
- ١٣٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Rough Pipe
 Zone.
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ •
 ‫א‬
 (D‫א‬ (∈) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Transitional Zone‫א‬‫א‬

 W
µ=0.014   6mm15m‫א‬‫א‬
 K848 kg/m32 m/sec‫א‬Pa.sec
 W‫א‬
 
ρ ×v×D 848 × 2 × 0.006
  Re = = = 727
µ 0.014
 K2100
 W‫א‬‫א‬
64
f =
  Re
64
f = = 0.088
727
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
l v2
p1 − p 2 = f × × ×ρ
  d 2
15 22
p 1 − p 2 = ∆p = 0.088 × × × 848 = 373.12 kpa
0.006 2

1 2

6 mm
‫اﺗﺠﺎﻩ اﻟﺴﺮﻳﺎن‬

15 m

 

- ١٣١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎك‬

‫رﻗﺎﺋﻘﻲ‬
‫ﺳﺮﻳﺎن‬
‫اﻧﺘﻘﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫ﺳﺮﻳﺎن‬
‫ﻣﻮاﺳﻴﺮ ﻣﻠﺴﺎء‬
‫رﻗﻢ رﻳﻨﻮﻟﺪز‬

‫ ﻣﻮاﺳﻴﺮ ﺧﺸﻨﺔ‬- ‫اﺿﻄﺮاﺑﻲ‬

‫اﻟﺨﺸﻮﻧﺔ اﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ‬

Moody DiagramE٢٤ J٣F

- ١٣٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 WE٢F
 Q = 20 l
min
‫א‬‫א‬10m  (∆P) ‫א‬‫א‬
. µ = 50 ×10−3 Pa sec1030kg/m3‫א‬3.81cm
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬
m3 0.02 m 3 3
Q = 20 l = 0.02 = = 3.333 × 10 −4 m
min min 60 sec sec

 W

Q = A× v

Q 3.333 × 10 −4
∴v = = = 0.292 m
A π4 × ( 0.0381 )2 sec

m
  = 0.292
sec
 ‫א‬
 
ρ ×v× D 1030× 0.292× 0.0381
Re = = = 229.2
µ 50 ×10−3

Q Re ≤ 2100
 Laminar Flow ‫א‬
l V2
∆p = f ρ
D 2
f =
64
Re
‫א‬‫א‬
64
f = = 0.279
229.2
 ‫א‬‫א‬
10 ( 0 .292 ) 2
∆p = 0 .279 × × × 1030 = 3215 .5 Pa
0 .0381 2

- ١٣٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 WE٣F
 80°C ‫א‬‫א‬3 L/sec‫א‬‫א‬
 40m 52.5mm
3
971.64 kg/m 80 C‫א‬
0.358*10-3 Pa.sec  80 C ‫א‬

 ‫א‬
3
Q=3L = 0.003 m
sec sec
 ‫א‬
Q 0.003
V= = = 1.386 m
A π 2
sec
(0.0525)
4

 
ρ × v × D 971.64 × 1.386 × 0.0525
Re = = = 197500 ≈ 200000
µ 0.358 × 10 − 3
.‫א‬‫א‬40000
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ε = 0.000046 m ‫א‬‫א‬
.‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

ε 0.000046
= = 0.000876
D 0.0525

0.000876 ‫א‬‫א‬ Re = 197500 ‫א‬

f = 0.0208
 ‫א‬‫א‬
L V2
∴ ∆p = f × × ρ
D 2

40 (1.386) 2
= 0.0208 × × 971.64 = 14.8 kPa
0.0525 2

- ١٣٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬Correction Factor‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 KE٢٦ J٣FE٢٥ J٣F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

425pa/m‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬50mm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K0.881.386m/sec80 CE٢٤ J٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ∴ ∆p = 425 × 0.88 = 374 Pa / m
m
40 m‫א‬‫א‬
∴ ∆P for 40m = 374 × 40 = 15 kPa

- ١٣٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

Pressure drop, pa / m

1000

1500

2000

3000
100

150
200

300
400
500

800
30
40
50

80
0.03
0.06 0.1

15
mm
0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

20
mm
25
mm
0.5
m

35
mm
/s
1

40
mm
50
Water flow rate,

mm
1m

60
2

mm
/s
3 4 5

75
mm
10
0 mm
L/s
8 10

12
5 mm
15
0
1.5

mm
20

20
2m

Ve
/s

0 mm
30 40 50

l
3m

o
/s

cit

25
y
/s

0 mm
4m
80 100

30
0 mm
/s
200 300

 20°C ‫א‬‫א‬E٢٥ J٣F

- ١٣٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٦ J٣F
  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Pressure Drop in Fittings
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٣٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

EKKKK،T،F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬FK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

‫א‬ ‫א‬   T 
 ‫א‬
(mm) (mm) EF
    90° 45°  
15 15.80 0.6 0.4 0.9 0.2 5 0.2
20 20.93 0.8 0.5 1.2 0.2 6 0.25
2.5 26.46 0.9 0.6 1.5 0.3 8 0.28
35 34.04 1.2 0.7 1.8 0.4 11 0.42
40 40.90 1.5 0.9 2.1 0.5 14 0.51
50 52.51 2.1 1.2 3.0 0.6 17 0.65
60 62.65 2.4 1.5 3.7 0.8 20 0.79
75 77.92 3.0 1.8 4.6 0.9 24 0.90
100 102.3 4.3 2.4 6.4 1.2 38 1.27
125 128.2 5.2 3.0 7.6 1.5 43 1.70
150 154.1 6.1 3.7 9.1 1.8 50 2.00
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣٣F

 W
‫א‬75mm  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬
E
 ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،30m‫א‬‫א‬ 90 o
‫א‬ 998.21 mg
kg
‫א‬. 6 L/secW  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬K 1.008 ×10 −3 Pa / sec
 W‫א‬
  = 3.0 m  (90°) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  = 9×3 = 27 m‫א‬
  = 0.90 m ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  2.7 m‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٣٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

  30 m ‫א‬‫א‬ 
  L = 30 + 27 + 2.7 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬∴ 
  = 59.7 m 
 
0.006
 V =
Q
= ‫א‬ 
A π
(0.07792) 2
4
  = 1.258 m / sec 
 W 
p×v×D 998.21 × 1.258 × 0.07792
  Re = = 
µ 1.008 × 10 −3

   = 97071 

 K‫א‬‫א‬ 

  ∈ = 0.00046 = 0.0006 ‫א‬‫א‬ 

D 0.07792
 
 f = 0.0208 E‫א‬F‫א‬

 
L V2
  ∆p = f × ρ ‫א‬
D 2
 
( 1.258 ) 2
  = 0.0208 × 59.7
× × 998.21 
0.07792 2
  = 12587 Pa = 12.587 kPa 

- ١٣٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

Pumps And Pumping Requirements :‫א‬‫א‬


 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬(pressure head)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K(efficiency) ‫א‬‫(א‬power)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(flow rate)
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 

 
 ‫א‬E٢٧٣F‫א‬
 
 WE٢٧F‫א‬‫א‬E٢F‫א‬E١F‫א‬
p1 v12 p 2 v 22 ∆p frict
  + + z1 g + w = + + z2 g + ( 3.43 )
ρ 2 ρ g ρ
 
 
 

- ١٤٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،2.1×10-4 Pa sec1100 kg/m3 
‫א‬‫א‬K(w)‫א‬‫א‬50 kg/min52.51mm

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬T‫א‬90°‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٢٨ J٣FK30 kPa‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬E٢٨F
 
v12 v2 ∆p frict
  p1 +
p
+ z1 g + w = 2 + 2 + z 2 g +
ρ 2 ρ g ρ
K‫א‬‫א‬E٢FE١F‫א‬،‫א‬E١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
v 22 ∆p frict
 w = + z 2 g − z1 g +
2 ρ
‫א‬H‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬H‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
  Re = ρ × v × D = 1100 × v × 0−.0508
µ 2.1 × 10
4

 W‫א‬
- ١٤١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

50
 v =
Q
= = 0.35 m
A 1100 × 60 × ( π4 ( 0.05251 ) 2 ) sec

 
  Re = ρ × v × D = 1100 × 0.35 × 0−4.05251 = 96268 〉 2100
µ 2.1 × 10
 K‫א‬
 EE٧ J٣F‫א‬F‫א‬f‫א‬
 
∈ 0.15
= = 0.00286
D 52.51
‫א‬‫א‬E٢٣ J٣F
 ‫א‬‫א‬
f= 0.027
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
L V2
  ∆p = f ×ρ
D 2
L = 1 + 1 + 3 + 2 + 15 + 3 + 1 + 3 + 6 × 2.1 + 1 × 0.6 + 2 × 0.65
 
L = 29 + 12.6 + 0.6 + 1.3 = 43.5 m

  ∆p = 0.027 ×
43.5
×
(0.35) × 1100 = 1507 Pa
2

0.05251 2
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ∆ptot = 1507 + 30000 = 31507 Pa
 W‫א‬EF
∆ptot 31507 N
  = m2 = 28.64 J
ρ 1100 kg
kg
m3
 ‫א‬‫א‬
v 22 ∆p frict
 w = + z 2 g − z1 g +
2 ρ
0.35 2
 w = + 9 * 9.81 − 3 * 9.81 + 28.64
2
 w = 87.5 J / kg

 
 
- ١٤٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

Pressure Drop In Air Duct Flow‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W 
L ρv 2
∆p = f ×
D 2
1
∆p = k ( ρv 2 ) 
2
L
k =(f × ) (3.44) 
D
  Resistance Coeff. or Press. Loss Coefficient ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬(Dampers)‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬
Le
K= f
D
KD
∴ Le =
f
Le = Equivalent Length(m)‫א‬‫א‬

 K =‫א‬‫א‬
 f =‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬D =(m)‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
  D = 4× A
P
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬P‫א‬A
- ١٤٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻭﺤﺔ‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  P = ∆p × Q
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Friction Loss ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
L v2
∆p = f × × ×ρ
D 2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

Dynamic Press. Losses ‫א‬

ρ v2
∆p = K
2
 W‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
 ‫ א‬K١
 EF‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
 KKKK‫ א‬K٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Diagrams)
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K

- ١٤٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
0.2m3‫א‬015m3‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬012m3‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K1.15 kg/m3‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
997 15002750 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FK‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
100 1/sec‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF
K0.001 Pa.sec‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬0.85‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E
F
2.87 × 10 −3 N sec/ m 2

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ EF
 6000N ‫א‬‫א‬K7.5 cm‫א‬
 EF
K‫א‬‫א‬
(R-134a)7.5 m‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF
K1 MPa‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1206 kg/m3
 ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬150 kPa ‫א‬
 .95 kPaE EF
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 .999kg/m3‫א‬K101.325 kPa‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 750 kg/m3
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬2m‫א‬ 3m‫א‬‫א‬K103kg/m3
K1 bar‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

2m ‫ﻧﻔﻂ‬

3m
‫ﻣﺎء‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬30 C‫א‬1.5 bar‫א‬‫א‬ EF
‫א‬‫א‬،250 mmB‫א‬،400mm*300mmA

‫א‬B‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،BA0.2 bar‫א‬‫א‬

 K18 m/secA‫א‬‫א‬R = 287J/kg K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
1

4m

d = 100 mm
2

‫א‬‫א‬
 
- ١٤٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF
 80 C ‫א‬6 L/sec‫א‬‫א‬ EF
801 kg/m3 80 C ‫א‬‫א‬K40m52.5 mm
 K4.46*10-3 Pa.sec80 C‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K60mm
  ‫א‬‫א‬42 m‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬K‫א‬ 45˚‫א‬  90˚

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،480 L/min‫א‬‫א‬0.02‫א‬

 KE1000kg/m3‫א‬FK‫א‬
 
 

- ١٤٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬K‫א‬
 ρ = m = 1
V v
 W‫א‬‫א‬
1
 v = V =
m ρ
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 m = ρ ×V
 W‫א‬‫א‬
  mg = 2750 × 0.12 = 330 kg
 W‫א‬
  ms = 1500 × 0.15 = 225 kg
 W‫א‬
  mw = 997 × 0.2 = 199.4 kg
 W‫א‬‫א‬
  ma = 1.15 × 0.53 = 0.61 kg
 Wmt‫א‬‫א‬
  mt = 755 kg
 W‫א‬‫א‬
mt 755
  ρt = = = 755 kg 3
Vt 1 m

- ١٤٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Vt 1
  vt
3
= = = 0.001325 m
mt 755 kg

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
du
 τ =µ×
dy
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ du ‫א‬µ‫א‬τ
dy
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 τ = 0.001 × 100 = 0.1 Pa

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 EF
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
 K‫א‬‫א‬H‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ƒ א‬
 E
F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
F
 p =
A
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 A = π × r 2 = π4 × D 2 = π4 × (0.075) 2 = 0.004418 m 2

 ∴ p = 6000 = 1358080 Pa ≈ 1358 kPa

0.004418
EF

7.5 m
R-134a

EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٤٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 p = ptop + p134 a = ptop + ( ρ × g × h)134 a

 p = 1000000 + (1206 × 9.81× 7.5) = 1088704 Pa = 1088.7 kPa

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬p
 
EF
 ‫א‬‫א‬H‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  p abs = p g + p atm = 150 + 95 = 245 kPa
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 p = ρ ×g ×h

  101.325 = 999 × 9.81 × h

 ∴ h = 101.325 ∗ 10
3
= 10.34 m
999 × 9.81
 E13600 kg/m3‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 p = ρ ×g ×h

  101.325 × 10 3 = 13600 × 9.81 × h

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ρ 1 × A1 × v1 = ρ 2 × A2 × v 2
 W‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬ •
A1 × v1 = A2 × v 2

- ١٥٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

A B

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EBF‫א‬EAF‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE١F‫א‬A‫א‬
p1
  ρ1 =
RT1
1.5 × 10 5
  ρ1 = = 1.725 kg
m3
287 × (30 + 273)
 E٢F‫א‬B‫א‬
p2 (1.5 − 0.2) × 10 5
  ρ2 = = = 1.495 kg
m3
RT2 287 × (30 = 273)
 E٢F( B)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ρ 1 × A1 × v1 = ρ 2 × A2 × v 2
‫א‬‫א‬،v2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
ρ 1 × A1 × v1 1.725 × (0.4 × 0.3) × 18
  v2 = = = 39.87 m
sec
ρ 2 × A2 1.495 × (0.25) 2
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
p1 v12 p2 v 22
  + + z1 g = + + z2 g
ρ 2 ρ 2
E١F‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٢FE١F‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢F‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
v 22
  = z1 g − z 2 g = g ( z1 − z 2 )
2
 W‫א‬‫א‬،4m ( z1 − z2 ) 
v 2 = (2 g × ( z1 − z 2 ))
 
v2 = 2 × 9.81 × 4 = 8.86 m
sec
 WQ‫א‬‫א‬
⋅
  Q = A 2 ×v 2
⋅
  Q = π4 (d 22 ) × v 2
3
= π4 (0.1) 2 × 8.86 = 0.0695 m
sec
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
W‫א‬E‫א‬
L v2
  ∆p = f × × ×ρ
D 2

 EF
⋅
Q 10 × 0.001
 v = = π = 4.62 m
sec
A 4 × (0.0525) 2
 W
ρ ×v× D 801 × 4.62 × 0.0525
  Re = = = 43561 〉 40000
µ 4.46 × 10− 3

- ١٥٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 K‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬F0.046 mm‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
ε 0.000046
= = 0.000876
D 0.0525
 f‫א‬‫א‬
f = 0.025
W‫א‬‫א‬
L v2
∆p = f × × ×ρ
D 2
40 (4.62) 2
  ∆p = 0.025 × × × 801 = 162827.3 Pa = 162.8 kPa
0.0525 2
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 L = 42 + 8 × 2.4 + 4 × 1.5 + 6 × 0.79 = 71.94 m
E0.001m3‫א‬FW‫א‬‫א‬
⋅
Q = A× v
Q 480 × 0.001
v = = = 2.6 m
A 60 × ( π4 × (0.06265) 2 ) sec

 ‫א‬‫א‬
L v2
  ∆p = f× × ×ρ
D 2

71.94 2.62
  ∆p = 0.02 × × × 1000 = 77333 Pa = 77.333 kPa
0.06265 2

- ١٥٣ -