SESTIC dr. LADA ENGLISH FOR MECHANICAL ENGINEERING STUDENTS ENGLESKI ZA STUDENTE MASINSTVAERGLISH FOR MECHANICAL ENGINEERING STUDENTS ENGLESKI ZA sTUDENTE MASINS TVA | | | | Prevod strane strudne Literature na nai jezik, iz loginih razloga, ne nofe da ide u korak sa sve bréim razvojon svietske tehnologise, Jer, w periodu dok knJiga dodje u ruke gaveg struéniaka, dok se odabere La Prevod i dok se proved realisuse £ tampa, avietska’tolnolegisa se vee otisle anatno dalle u svom razvosu. stega So od neprociensive koriecl ghaistruénjak “ko3i se, mole direktna siuYiti sexancn, tehniéicon, Literaturom, primjenjusudi” svetska wadghnetn direktno i nados sindusiri3sk03 paket: Imaiudi uw vidu naSu orijentirancst na stranu, uglavngn englesku Eshnidku literaturn, autor bi bio steven ked bi va) vdsben biti niesov skroman doprinos formizansy ovaiwih etrulnaka kod autorAds (E adjective) aa ~ pridjev Pade ~ Beas oe ab (somebody) = neko : ee a Ean Ie oe (eas Ean : ~ BEER axon eam : © Ova} anak ispred fecenice ilk (grape) riseck znaci da je ai Branaticki Prinvatisiv, ali da po vot snacensu Reaagi a2 sevira tahnickor jeztka. uurro1o. STATES OF MATTER, HOKE AND HOTEON prace’ OR PHASES OF MATTER, in ifs fundamental connotations she STATES OF, PHaters to the condition of @ substance; ax its ceaty of Serm BERLE Toten ay ‘be solid, Liquid, or gaseous = comart or aisnersed : jew state of patter in which the substance posnenbes, leiniee shapa, Solids posseus elasticity of Soibes watweas their melscures, which offer the bodys A setid Bath “detinive volume and a Shape due te the binding Bpoesition $e any change in the shane of A 1 4 quid isa state of matter In which the substance Ne Srintte’ Shinn ‘but "takes the shape of the vessel in which 4% oe definite S0Ph ging ferens between nolecules are much Lens then ey banding {erePiquide have no Nardnass er rigidity and are ‘Sy? ewe flow. Thay elec possesa 6 ary te a state of satter! in which the malerutos move freely So Uedtaaua tends, te, expand inderinl tely. of day vessel into nhich it i= placed. vis ques have ms a og ae Sn consequently | the Seeupying the total volume SeeSRY Ne ite adeeinite shane or volume, Unitke Lath cere, te the trict phyeieal sense, work 18 performed only stan 2 home, tn the atric PRYSIER ueha'way that ooth te toch oN force 38 eugrtea on a 2eey a” fe amoung of werk done during @otier Jere eee er oatne pcan be eipresnd by! we {tos 6 os total fore exerted anda is the angle betnes ete Eke pia "Gho-airection of the elemental displacemane di. To Tere ee ciel ayetem, the unit of work is the newtenemeter or ae ee (Rthe cngtiah eyeten, the foot-soundy were, Eig he poTION, Motion \a a. progressive change.of position ef @ bedy: the NOTION. Nose ay may be one of pure trensiatien or pure rotation Noun? ss tbminatization (adjective ~ Haminalisation aeans the formation of a nouns Attar nominal izations NORLEAGRS become noun phrases. (See aino Gaerne & t. how neminatize the following sentences by turning the underlined Naw actives into ‘nouns, doing algo sil ochar nacassary modifications. GRRSELA inet happens fe the wubsect of the former sentence! hoger . Dy geld 18 elastic. vy Peete Seeteity, b) the elasticity ofa slid by Behide ave elastic. => o> PRELERATASeicity, by the eresticity of sol: fo solid is elastic. A substance ie Cagis. iyo a nese substances sre compamh.— comyact Me™ The stone in Bards | badoees Light is disearasd by a prism. The wiactron will be free. The surface 1S angulats EXERCISE 4y Translation translate the Tellewing sentences into English 1b. Proizved #ile 1 nJenog pomieranja nazive so rad A: eee e8da'se sila wora-posjerat) da bi izyrsita mehanicks reds or FIRE Sir Sten neki si od cigala on Se Tec® ponseritTy preina tow 2; Ke8S elie nivabaw mehanieki rad Jer se vase sila ne krece unite ENERGY AND POWER . ENERGY. Although the fundanental-definition of snergy con beuriet, fiev Menargy it the:abilitycor capacity to do work", S¢ immediately Celie for an evplanaeion ef ork, and of power, and therefore must be prolonged. 7 The conctpt of MORK has here the work done has bee n discussed in the previous unity pressed as ue [cov eae POWER ix defined as the rate’ at which work ts performed. The average power acconslished by an agent curing a given perted of tine 1s equal oe tne “torsl work performed by the agent during the period, divides by the length "of the tlee interval, The instantaneous power can be bupressed simply 3 P= awrae In the C05 eyetem, power has the units of eros ner_secongy in the MKS Svstes, units ef isules ger. second (or watig?i and in the English Sveten, units of Toot=pounds_aez_zecond. The units of energy are identical with the units of work, wiven In Energy can exist ins variety of forms (e.get internal enercy, heat snergy, electrical, magnetic, eheaical, ruciear energy, @te.)) some fore” feésonizabie. as being ‘capable ef ‘performing, work’ than others. Foras “in whien the energy 1s not dependent upon mechanical mosien ars Generally “referred ‘0 as forms of agtentigh energy. This is the Shecoy 4 Body possesses” by virtue of tte position. The most conon Shasple “in this’ cavagery is gravitational petential enerey. A body Rear’ the sarth's surface undergoes 4 change in potential enercy when Te ys changed in elevations Sey the gravitational poteneial “energy of a body of mass @ at a height @ above a particular reference paint is Gan, of, if ita weight w im specified, 1ts potential energy ts wh Fotantial energy also may be stored in an elastic bedy, such ano Boring ver “a centainer of compreasad gas. Te may exiut in the form of cheater 'patenitial energy, aa measured by the anount of energy nade Qvatiable ‘when given substances react chemically. Potential energy Jiso exists in the. nuclal of atoms and can be released by certain fuclear rearrangesents. Kinetic enecay 18 the energy associated with mechanical motion of SAERESS--FREE™ "ne energy @ soving body pgrecsues by virtue of ity motion, It ie quantitatively equal Go 1/2 ave, whare q isthe mass of B'beey aeving With volozity ¥. In the case of rotational motion, the Rinatig Gneray “ts nore easily” calculated, using the ‘expression, I/O", snare I is the nomant of inertia of the body about its aisae of rotation and @ ie the angular velocity. Kinetic: energy, tke al forma of energy, ig a scalar quantity (having magnitude Sut to Sireetion. Gepseryatlon.aod-—tronefergation of augray. basic principle thersodynasica” kigwn as the. conwarvarson. of energy Fequiresstha within “any closed system the total energy aust regain constan:. Energ Ean be “changed from one form to another) but the total, so long asf energy te added to or lost. from the systea eust pe constant Application of the second Iam ef thernodynanics leads te th conclusion tha: if any physical aystea is lert to limelf and allows fo" cistripute its energy in ts own way, 1 alnays does so in a manne Such that this quantify, called gnéramy, Aner fine, “the available Tn other wars the. energy “usually” flows froe higher levels ta lower levels — in direction such thet’ the entropy increases. The concept of energy ia central to tharrodynanice, quantitatiy chemistry, and electronagnetisn. (ndepted from Yan. Nestrantts Sehent! Ac Eneveleoedia? CODE conPaARIsoN Find the equivalents in cur. language for the fotloning Englis constructions and note similarities and differences. 2. call fer an explanation 21 the average power accomplished by an agent 3. in a varioty of foras a: Shao Sere tbesgntSebte as AAR N a Baing capable of pertoraing Dipeeessoeis caf beets work than others irate 5. dependent upon’ Ht 1 the energy a body possesses: 2) by virtue of 8! Uncergoas a change in potential anergy 9. when it is changes In Slovation 19. reference paint 1h) a8 measured by the’ anount of anergy made available when +. 12, nuclear Pearrangenants 13! a scalar quanti cy, 181. So long as ne energy La Sddee to or lost free the system 45, itvalways does so 15. the avallabia energy of we system 17. In-otmer words 18) in Sts own way EXERCISE 1+ Miscellaneous 1, hat waninos do the warkers alshGuch and theretare tn. the first gontence of Unit @ signal? Tick the right answer, (Reference GRAMTAR vt ager 7 shal alibouah: ‘tina| scontrast[ | concession] 7] sremat : shecetene: sine seontract| | ,eonewesion| [eresut |] « 2. Euplain the difference between quet be prolonged and nayve Riplonaad. non ie wen bh 3. Read out the fellowing equations (Rafer to... if necessary): See 30 pe re a = mui eng © de 4, How arm these values spoken (For other sathenatical exprensions, Ve em yo rey eh t7e at F. ries down these Greek letters (first in small and then in capital Tetters) and then read then out (For reference see be alpha « "ata plot Betas theta $ Fho ganna lantda 1 Signa & Saiee 9 my beege ot 6. Ts the noun’ pychad in the sidguiar or tn the didral? EXERCISE 21 Written Exarcise - Present Simple Active and Passive The Present Simple, active and espactatly passive, is vary often used Ins technical English (If necessary, turn to” GRAPHAW t for references) + = a) Fill in the blanks with the passive forms of the following Reritences, “Leaving an enpty space beside the two sentences where the Passive transformation 1s not possible: rr Active Sentences Passive Senvences He perforas work. , 2) We exert 2 force oh a body. GP They also have hardness. A Ue rater to these foras 22 forms of potential energy. 5.) The force noves through & distance, © 6. They discuss the-coneept of work in the next chapter.ee b) Now write down the Interrogative forms (yes/no questions) of the Fe tee we Nevive and passive sentences, Comering their Beginoings | nhav'do yeu conclude? Tnterrogatl Revive Sentences peel a 3 ia | Gare ea Sone REE om Sic GA rade Rleonon paces inate fe See emceninag, part parsicipie. forms) oy s0 cee feanls the yect debs” 4. the average power gecosulienea oy an sy AL the total wore aerferaed by en agent Sy the total work givided by the lenght Sr the ancunt of enerey made available SU the cneray associated with Sy SEASIE GEAR e of thormocynamies known = 3. tmis quancity, called entropy cara Se Se etek Thy se Hawg cl Lpyevenciae iy vero rorase Extannion pubureconh clay fone Cameveduct’ tye Medals cay Goulds sutiy sie ihgs represents a singular suoject and 3g @ plurel subject ( onde x/%e whould ‘call Modele 1.x carts ke all a. % te called Xe are called a. tts anguta ke ave angler lal ais ust be cattes (,ococt) X/ke ean be angular free) 2s X $s protenged. mand be _pratengel 2) ke areou u staply by these fermulae, ot te wpadet 5. ¥ is capable of performing works ant ae, 2: f oeaeeee thangesin potanesan energy. shad ular So ke"GEe Ree wependent upon machenical motion, . shui S: eREESHSAS Tere of chanical potential energy. abt cAiet 3. XstEepain constants danlt, semen : O! xpatwayn does 50. ane aes choit Should into the predicates of TEES Sfowing sentences and discuss "the changes in their form and 7 nae EXERCISE $1 Oral’ Practice ~ Description of the clock pendulum action | “pg to ene motion of the-ueisht te ‘the-suindhe, Shevenduiua and Ene goda_ef-shacanehac in Fig. 2-1, you Ean say that lente acta ts the watght actu HOGnWaEds, pouril! | BL this forge is scanani tied td she-sirtusterapce ofthe aaiodie, 3. the spindle Seros_in-a.ciackuls: Sicastien, arakes 4, the pendulua guinae_fromside te - ir TOR ceacribe she action of the Behautum gygnout Leaking. at ane Seve 1tahge tne tent. in Exercises Seiprute fans 7 may alse # exercrse ( Conditional Clauses Expressing the Couse-Erract Reration The cause-effect relation may be expressed by Conditicne? Clauses, | atter “jou nave refreshed "your knewiedge of the first type of | Gangs vionat (GRAMMAR SP fila in the blanks ip the | Fotteuing SHEN the “correct form of the verbs suggested tn } Brackets! acts it Ge tres | at. Tf the weight W (ect) downwards, this force (be transmitted? to the Clrcunterence BF the spindle. jong eee TR aptndie (earn) in'a’clockwise direction, the toothed wheel Sot ura) tq the same directions uy : veg. Tt thgvawinging ‘pendulum (cose? to @ vertical position, one end of tha ancher {be raised) and the toothed wheel (turn). . ae TP the. pendulum (Bb) ab the end of Its awing, she wane end oF the Gnenor (be Lowered) and the weet (not turn). am et ene ‘ EXERCISE 71 Translation Tranglate into Enolish: Lnuter gatog siatena; enargita se moze pretvortti ix secne iorae Gfuge’ ber “Bromiene dkdpne’ “energie "sistene, Jecnostavan arinler de lathe “Ra Sata’ hea “Koleg af snaniende tineticke ehergite poJavi3uie Kat povecanie. potenctiaing “energie i “abratne, "Na kraja, co 6) Sarayhey iatne’ aaustaviti thog. deletva’ eile dranja. A tada co sve Einatieka ‘t""gravitariona. sotone\ Jaina venersita Bibl ssretvorend 5 tepiaea. 4 "ei {pIBLIOTERA= 10 unite HEAT AND NEAT TRANSFER To ebtain & continuous and reproducible ‘physical scale of temperature, various “typos” of thermomstors have ‘sean devised ot uten Nee gercury-in-glass or celored-alcohel=in-giass are. fantiiar unenplege The two tenperature scales in copnon Use are the Fahrennaie seats sed the Celsius ‘scale, The “first assigns values of 42° and ete" te ine nornal freezing ‘and boiling points ef pure water, respectively, see Givides “thie “Toearvas “inte, io" equal muscinvervais es aegteee? he Celsius, formerly” called the Centigrade sceley susigne she coeecting values Vor of anc 100% to the above Fined pointes the ceandare inrarves 15 then divides inte 109 equal gegrees. There are also sone other devices for measurenent of temperature, such ast gas thernoneter, ‘therswcouple, resistance thermometer ane optieey ayrometer, used at very high temperabin Hest can be transferred by three different eathods: by CONDUCTION, nhere “the heat must diffuse ‘through solid maverlals’ or tneocot Stagnent fluids) “py GONVECTION, where the heat! carries trem coe point te another by actual mivenene of the hol materal cose re Fluide); and by RADIATION, where heat” is" eransrerrad by cence Oe radiant wave eneray. Some of the more common cases of industrial heat transfer ar Lenhttlgtion from ruat beds and luminous gases to absorptive curfaces Sich gu Bedleray cytlnder aitay ates XS: Radiation trom heat generators such aa arying tame; MEi Convection ot'hest out cf consustion’ regionsy a? “eyqyGenvaction of “heat from hot surfaces under either free or forced eSnvection} we ncenduction of hast through the tubes of betlore, heaters, nest fegaGanauction in waits, “eipe covering, and other so-called “hea theulators's sett Gio Fengugtion of heat through the plates of plate-type heat exchangers ha regenerators. (Adapted from van Nestranda’s Scientific Encyclopedia) aie CODE caHPARISON : she equivalents Eonetructiong and note sinilarition and differenc 1. Heat was assuaed to be... 2) a suotie flule Bi ae well ae ite disappearance a tothe overthrew er falorie theory 3. nevertheless: ae 6! 38 though it were a fui iaeeht 3. the upneiders of the calorse © LLIN caved RET view III @. Tosperatura changes are fivdvaetete preduced by « eee S 9. the nora... the more. Pr oeeel 10: familiar examples. mn 11) in" common use 18) The first aenigns values oh 13, formrty 1a! the" taepect ive’ vaiues or ‘ Oe nO Rae comet 15. the absv9 Fives points 18. vagiane wave eneroy Ef. Thai hous gases 1g! arying tame 191 coabuséion regions 20. plate-type nest exchangers Bt: Byneana’ of Lanta peti edn aoeane EXERCISE 1: Miscellaneous 1. Find in the text of Unit 3 the synonyas for the underlined forms: = Heat was to be fluid, errweed + TRIS cesuHEReMS"ER. ‘Svortinon cr the calorie theory. dav’ x40 t hese'are delictooug exonplens | face cian They ate UBUaLLE-UERde ech cece sve ters BG cal seestel, 2. hat are the letters apg cattes? .. S20 i/.. What are the letters abc called? «1 adiedil 2. nat are the ecuivalents of there gre in the Preterite Sieple, the Present Parfect acd the Fusure? Carymie fj sane en j wale ee 4. FALL in the Blanka with the neun forms of the underiined verb: me lc Qld, @ and 8) The result of «+. is called the user the otal. whi Gibsrace a fron bi fhe retulé’of sc. is caliestne causiaees (lala fuLeigiy 8 by St the renult ors: is called’ tne Brogset es (OS biudde A by Brine result of++. ie called the guoeiant: 3. What is the active fora of the following sentancer Various types of tharsoapters have bean devised (by aclentists). in our language for the fellewing English,~te- the ‘following. sentences into the noun phraced by putting the Underlined adjectives in front of the nouns. hiatertata, are golid- “#5 olid eatortate. «++ SG Oi ul woe Hode 1. Fiuide.areseampangy oj. — 2: The sca gtan av becermaa St ne exanpieniatarfaniiace 7 apatlian axcunpln 2) We fyesmeteesis gemigets 7 3! The gaser are juoinous- LP, owrptihe. guunfreen ey &: The Surfaces are abyorative. Toe Pie conned en, 7. Convection ts frea. EXERCISE 9) Noun Phrase Postaodi fication ~ Frey Lee Jt tyr ait; io, foc.Ad {Rime rorlowing phrases as BY uBbeP ina’ the aun heads which are soui tied by a > cin et wr lge~reretie foasuring the auantity “rr heat originally devised insert shcquay 1. thie proguetton {f a, the’ acthede sip the upholders ff the calorie view 3." changes’ produced Py. the addition or ‘subtraction <6 heat IM a eo the seater. OL, tuo temperatures «+. = 51 other deviced/ 224? amssupemant f% temperature &! donduction of haat uyene tubes of boslers ( pxeRCIEE Gr Oral Practice ~ Description Fig. 8-1 represents a thernomater, Using the eras offered in the {tiustration exptains | a)what a:theraonater consists ofp yet) 7M /D) wnat happens to water below; abe and ak~—“"% ¢ toro dagrews Centigrade at abaospheric pressure, open, EXERCISE 51 Vocabulary Practice ~ Pairs ses For gen temperature description in coldan & tind « corrgeronding ‘adjective in column Bs eyrreenione” ‘ 2 1. an uncea#ertablp low te 4 a hoe vt te 4 2: fpleadantiy"hian tonperature 3 3 Soha lke “4 & Bleasantly "log" tenperatur 3 2h ete doce Rt Avincontorfaniy-nigh teaperature “) a} deeh ape ha EXERCISE 61: AdJective Phrases The adjectives: hots scolds. warm and cool belong™to «larga group of adjectives called scale adjectives because their meaning can have many aaa. different degrees of strength. These Yartations “if strength may be expressed @ither by. their comparative and. superlative-torns or by Placing an. adverb expresuing a high, medium or seall degree in tront ef chen (See algo GRAMMAR & 1827 Now looking at Tathospheric tomperaturés) below, write down incredibly, fairly, aulte, ac, Slightly or a__-1A3tle ARF 7EBS rien c88ET enpilior paliine ,onestyine my Speittnby [obeodbec x Adige TIVE PHRASES sore ase ec Sec Pee 1086 = fae, NOTE: In Engiikh jtechnlesl literature, temperature” “ay buproseed in Fahrantielt degrees. —— ="To convert. Fahrenheit temperature into Centigrade subtract 22 and multiply by 5/9 (five ninths). Ghiye convert Centigrade taiperature into Fahrenheit multiply by 9/3 (nine fifths) and ade 32. rpr sae & i |oa 7 uni 4 7 > MECHANICS The acterce of nechanics deala with motion, forces apd the effects of Spon Seales fe rector in aothon. fe fe euatShaty to aukalvase sechanice inte statics snd dyoamica. STATICS deals with Sodiey at Fest, is equilibrium ander thevaetion of forces or of moments, DYNAMICS Goals With the motion of aystens of particles under tha influence of Foretes Drownii "inane Geaiy'nty the cuutee ot sotion, aa epposes 2 KINENATICS, which “deaim with its. geometric. description ives wlth abstract motion.” Kinanaticn "should “be” distinguished from \INETICS hich” treaty of the effects of Torces or of moneits (rorques) upon the motions of material bodies. Fonce: the term appears in three general usns: Towin "statics, “fares de an action the changes the shape of she body thon "which it'acta, 8. In-dyrenien foree ie the physical spene Whicy eases" a. change cf nonentums 3: ia bon Less spectTie senses the term Force may “be ectgiyeg. te sencte 1cosely eny oporating agency, wach as seeccive force, elgciecictive force, mautetonetive ferser eve Force can be exerted only through the! action of erie physics? body upon another, elther in contact or at a distance, Accordingly, force hay, oo, Ftasetfled™ undor eve general heodingar tr euuesciiia or guseied 2 ‘e.g. tha push of Steam” on the pinton of a vstwaa aneinayy oe neiztantasting cr neuzeaulied.ferces (e.g. magneti= force). ® BooY is any object, oF any ‘part of an object, which may be considered separately. when two objects “are in centscey equal are opposite forces are produced at the contacting surtaces: Ynan acted upon vy forces, a body t= necessarily seeewhat deformed. in engineering practice, however, these changes may be no incignificane thas, “fers the puraise of force analysis, such solig becies may os considered. to be Figid and are therefore referred to as rigid sed Au completely described through stasgaene of ite: 1. B. direction, 8. aenad, and 4. point applications Thess itens are'calied the chacacteristicn_ef-the force. cength_of Materials) (eaapted from Jensen, A.1 Statice ang | CODE conPaRtson Find the eguivelents in our’ language fer the following English Gonstructions and note siilarities and differencest 2. in motion 8. It Ts customary te subdivide... 4s X geate with the caucen of notion ©. under the influence of 61 as opposed to 7. X should be distinguished trom 8. x treats of the effects. 3. in Lis less specific senae 10. X way be-estended to denote loosely any operating agency 11, Forse can Ge exerted Agl atther ss. or se 18) In eonsact 16. at a distance 13! accoraingly, 16, Contacting’ surface: 17. Winen acted upon by fore 1a. tn enginooring practice 19. for the pursese of force sratyste! EXERCISE 11 Htecetlandous 1. _Undertine SubJect noun phrases in the following active or passive Lee the arth we Pundergoes & change in potential w"thene Pamge ae instgniticant. = 7 Fhese Enange the puraaee af tne’ anatvese. = IniBTehanges the purpose of she analyeias =a aAcUhat_shanges the shane. of the. body upon which it acts jis referred to as force: 2. What te the difference betweent Xaay_extend and Xmay_be_eutended? cee poritonds fies et path ar 9 Consulting the text, give antonyms te the following worde: = rose ~ partianay = Significant into the following passive yerb phrases, and maka = rare produces K meg be prowlicad 7 TR WM be considered, G) wny Be conan =X Te exerted x omey he cele Rennce FF Indirect Speech - Asking and Answering Guestions in Public Tyrg, the following questions into the Indirect Speech, starting § of tie following waver ee ee16 May 1 ask you. = Cound you expaain 2 foul you aind explaining « T Plas aeaning to ask yous Imagine you are putting the qudetions to an expert after his Lecture, IRIBAREQEY go ehrerat abou the werd order in such questions!) 1. nat dows the sclence of mechanics’ deal witht 2! iow te 1¢ usually subdivides? 5. How de kinemacics and kinetics differ fron each other? Hon ts force defines in terns of station? Now is feree defined in terme of éynanics? 1 ESh forces exist singly? Illustrate ith an example! 7 wanae is a rigid booy? EXERCISE 1 Vocabulary Practice baviti se (2 expressions? ; « ratanse scvneng rat ses an (2 expreentonsy © Sb airtel bm . prourrokovath . azlikovatt se Fadi, uw syrhu EXERCISE Wr Witten Exercise ~ Expressing an Lien of DEFINITION “AENSESITI" type of a definition consists of three parte 4a) the nage of the thing. (4) 3) ihe Rane of the clang to which it belongs (B) Dae ret ymswhich) Av ip different from alt other neabérs of that Elase toe fA and B are usually connected by an appropriate fore of the var BE. fuse Mogs Sthet verbs ney algo Ge oun im amis position, ae seen in Fabre" Solow a aie a = Te jmich vende to 15 derinee a cause : aay‘be'Gerites os | the [etectricsey #0], JEtectronotive force [tafers to Foon [Flee Fram Soe [1 T2'the name appites to pointe, Enotes Brothers ) a) Give the definitions oft mechanics, statics, dynamics, Kingkics and / Hinegatics in one of the above ways. ( 17 poder ib b) Ube tor at that two cafinitions ‘sm the text of WNIT 4 whieh eset rede” tne aave teieagical’ type, trite thes down and enaivee in SAE hay Teay Uirfore sone of shen may not Reve ett the parts states. aaron EXERCISE G1 Word Expansion ~ Profixing pubiesiade si fone words may be expanded by ocefining 1.8, by adding vertous initial ffixes, such ag ifs dis, gory sub, im) recy athus changing their SSENSGS. Naw acd ahvaporenriave prefix’ to she following words ancy by Grangiating inte cur Language, eoserve the effect of such expansion! 5 ork =e owt signiticane = Siucasan “3 anmignirieant = peznacsden e. our e - Lavage os ypthlas oe eiade BSietittene FT edgakt Cee : 3. tauat Tide IS Taveath + Segawa AM So Rees SEL GR SE 6. completely =< t+ " “a - $: Sopite Plies Sapa neat ye EXERCISE 61 Orat Practice - Classitication + Discussion a) Read the first paragraph of the text of UNIT © so yourseiT. man Show how "you, have, “understood tha explanation ‘by drawing & Elaseirication tree with boxes to be filled in with the words staticn, Gyospicay Kinewstics, Kiveticse. After that praduce your own veraion oF {he text, looking omy at the elasaification tren. b). Soap authors subdivide dynamics into kinematics end kingtica: State the ‘pros and cons. of such classification i.e. the arguments for anc aeings, such classification.” Imagine, yeu are’ clacussing the probies itn such an author. Be very polite! on bly wt ee Model: ~ itp net quite ure T agraa with you, concerning... 2 guchvelaseification dogsn't sepa quite right tone «+. = You nay be right ina Way, but perhaps It would be better tone So pee Relat erin EXERCISE 71 Written Practice . Make a 11st GF oiamplesype contacting and nen-contacting 1 = Contacting Forces Won-contacting Forces: She ph op Fite me Hb picdag ah Han igus Uangin Jouckion fount sapling force es ntet fincecal ExERCI wheal ~18- BE Gt Translation dae, chi ot 1, Chime go bavi ctattka? 2: Kaaa nea sila dieluje na tiselo, ona ga atavisa (set) u pokret. 31 Radi" lakse analize, ov beznacainon, iako (although) je ono svakako donekie deform: ‘2 jefornaciju cvretog tijela seatracens 4, Ova sila se moze seatrsti fizickia agenson koji prouzrokuse takve promiune. - EXERC SE 91. Learning by Heart Newton foraulated three laws of motion, known as Newténs_ laws, which veal hearts ove eh with the relationship between rat law states: Force and motion. Learn than by A body “at rast will remain at rest and a body in motion wilt Eontinge “in "notion Gtreusue ACTING perpendicular A. The external forcus whlch ore agsing on a member... : 2, The stressed plane whith liga parallel with’ the direction of. siressars 3. a given force which varlgg with the stiffness ‘of the material... i” 4G! Solide which opgase: elssticity oF shane .~ i Gaemoviog through = distance &) A Body ebich-undecages a chango in potential eneray « 7. Potonbisl enorgy whicheuiake in the miclel of atoms cc. ror = apa ony a come Su ontecan 9 a of he atgwe eaamptent WPenerElee”s, MUN" a Sob oehadar eS _(Giewexoe a yarkers of varsous rasnings Find git. which of the following asanings ere signaled by che worse sy underlined in the sentences below: cemearisen, centrast, soni 4 Sishlactiy, “altacratian, illustration, -tefiectien..af-theccev pactionetuecdce daa. wajuinet * edd 1, bor guadaue, tne swresses in a nant bean actually ate a cembination gf tensile, compressive and shearing stresses. Br otnis motion may so eishar tres er constrained. 2. Tha resulting internal stresses ara Iikpwiga parallel to that axis 4s. Potential “energy alse nay bo stored in an elastic body, gchas a Spring gr a container of compressed gas. Br Mavstthalaan, "he SGiLl speak of the Tow oF news ap_thouat 4¢ wore 4.0 The’ strosed” plans lies parallel with the direction ef Tather..than perpendiculer te at, ag in the” cates of venel consraagive etrecses 7 thas, temper ats gf intanaity er near. Ge Aoaaseneced, koe..mice heat we sd to 9 given body she.aoce sts may be regarded as 2 mesure of the condantration ¢ EXERCISE 61 Oral Practica £6 sagiare a Say what Kied of forces act on these rods amt What kind of stresses thay preduca in enamiEXERCISE 71 Translation Transiate the should trangiate tl 8. zayrazlik “a . see : unrt 6 Totloving text -Into English bedring, in elnd’ ena you e i Yana eather thatthe words Sone, OTHER’ IHeORToNT PROPERTIES OF a STRUCTURAL HATERTAL A. Kolko snacenja se pridaje riject nanen? : Bome “other progertien’ of a. structural material may be .of great te “su napant. Kose, no. moreno nazvati nt zateznim ni’) {aportence for wasigners ef structures and machines. pritishin Jer’ dielulu paralaine ea povralnen pod neponen. ms ‘od. ‘nepona' 2. foviaa’ emo" Fagpravidali UW prethocnoa,, ULTINATE,, STRESS or” STRENGTH. 1x! darinee ae the greeters unit stress 2 Hapont prdstaviJagu kombinact tu zaseenin, pratiwnine = Bateriaiean withstand: withsut, ruptures "In tha practical decian of pogiavi dus ova Snicuein naponia, Teractures and. machines; ws 'oulé not, of course, for obvious reasons OF zafery, attemne to use the: full strength of any naterial. “ aLowhie STRESS is ‘that portion of the uitinate strength which nay Sarai Se “Utee in 'Seuigns,Ablowauie stresses mich ely sefely be used Thistle “aepignes ariyiad oa roles Ganed upon axtenmive. taberatery, ites ator” $07 SUazsoea' the vér{GUt!raaireten of ane meterinis usee and Gpon.a Vey anount of accumilated eiperionce. FACTOR OF ..SAFETK -ieothe ritiv of ultimate stress to allowable stress Sn is ddnoted by the syasol + Machines are usually designed so as to. withbtend all” reasonable wear, and tear. A factor of safety of ©. night.,be sufficient fora temporary structure subjected “unly to steady Toles Cand “endangering neither’ 1ife. nor propertyy while a factor of fafety as high ae 0 migne be raquired {na machine nhten ie subjected qe Maeediceabie chock loads and whose failure, wauld endanger, Life and yeaues lene nt other prosarty,” For steady loads, a factor of safety between and @ 18 commonly used: ELASTIC® LIMITs, Technically speaking, a material is elastic only bf Ae hae the aplisty to returns ite. ee original form after removal,of = forces Within. this. meaning, steal, and glass are “Both [ip order to prénerv she elattic property of a eaterial Having, Lintted physical’ serangthy deornations "and the stresses which. ecconaany the EreStedtione must’ not “cneeed a certain Linit; seiPORr ately raterred fo am cits gigi ligits A medurial stressed beyond its elastic Limit Min return onlyf partially $6" ite original fora upon complete rencval Por ihe deforming] force |The deformation remaining is called garaangnt e 3 } oe . HOOKE'S LA (MODULUS OF ELASTICITY. According to Hooke's Lam, stress Ys proportional to strain within.ehe alastic limit. {the proportionality of | sttdarite strain is expressed as the: ratic of Unit "stress fo. unit gtrainy, or deforaation. Thia stiff but elastic paterial such. se steel, ue find that # given unit stress produces a Felatively small. unit deformation. In a. softer, but still elastic materkal,” such ss bronze, tha deforaation caused by’ tha Sane intensity, oF streis is shout venice ghat of eteal and in brass it ts nore than three tines” that. of Wewely Congequentiy, the ratio of unit stress te Unit, owtraia! Fgiven material; whieh may “bo determined co eupertauntallyschthenyegivesc ura’ measure of “ite stiffness or elasticity which ve call the’ podulus. of. elasticity of the-naterial. wie :: bo Tbe That 1s, unit unit deformation erase . Modulus of elasticity = eed from Jensen, A+ Gtalicaand Strength of vaserialsd CODE, COMPARISON. Find thé equivalents in our Language of the following Eng}ish- constructions and note a! ee 4. the greatest unte str gaterial can withetand 8. Tor obvious reauone of safety 8. as a ruls 40 Based upon extensive laboratory tests 5. the various properties of the material used a vast agount of Sccunulated eyperience fhe ratio of Ato B They. are designed s0 a6. to withstand 30. a tenporary, meractur Itt Nntie’a factor as heh an 10 12. Unpredictable wiock loads 43. technically speaking Ba. aparope 38! Beyona 4 18, upon “compl EHD the deforaing force 47, the deforeation resainirig 48) according to 49, within this ‘meaning 20, Tt In about twice that of steal EL. Consuquentry © 88) that te EXERCISE 1: Miscellaneous T8200 1, linet i Bie divrerindar be twoent . Spasms cand nama ingest 2 beg Wvererrtdiang pts, Uae {hound (1p pronunciationt> jer 2 Bibenstae! gg ard EAR tooun 1p ore mata Giselase sucht and AOGLESE eater fe (abcch), pots Eyre THREE watt ar fase kings of oakley “Shs 2. Find all (the “Baswivagredleaeaa set meee 7 a ~Basalva prea wri Shah paragraph oF tai) and evita thes sae i spoilt of words that’ take the suffix GAand find one for each in the tant of Unit bf aay be uneun or adsihive) S. 0 Find three ara {Yin the texti of Unit bo Nh Si GETS BD A Ao tractigieapoken in English?” (it ‘iecassary,! see Table 6. How are thes yous BI B/e, 178) 2/9, 9/29, 174, O/H, 178, 1785 7 ©ERCASE BD Vocabulary Practice ~ Synonyns Find in the text of Unit 6 the words that mean the sine or similar os / the Tollowing words large in anouné aA tect owned af alton to be seen -dopchh dh Feprouonted 1 Feaist noderste (Adjective) ous 2 Tasethg fer a tong timer for aver ase result ve manger, eae, EXERGISE a: Verb Phrase Dincuss what meanings fanaa shi Ealiasingt > sot 1. X must be added fobry: gla abn Bacto the infinitives » Qagotetn fx a rote 4 Bodaty woe! |B ete theps ceo une thet runt strenght SE uae gb: t SENS Se Stes TEER TL nn Se cits, ae Sg opis: f tbabh Sanger ciived hen SEA e~ SES. i Steernae exceed: (a coréain tins me SF ag Linden SOS TARR Sesh, Gacelatiy U0 Ns ortginat torn) “ae of mul i he ee Hyg Be debtrnshes efoeranencally Moon] ee pesninstn tac Ciesie 41 Use of fhe Markers of Centraal >> ‘Za Facla ely Groowe tno structural materials from Table i and compara thal valuss of 4, their tansile, compressive and shear stresses as woll as thélrcaodul) ( of elasticity. Jf possible, use tha phrases of the: typer ‘The tansion fk ig twice /tbrae_Uieee’ thst of yy use also the following markers of “contrast: “whergsz, unlike, 9b the.sentrary, op: the ether bang, 10 contrast with, buy bewevary eat etc. (Te be sure how theme markera are used in a sentence, sea GRAMMAR| Bess.) Soph okaei Gomebhing, we Wee Hhak of 2 Vanvow! tot janie 1. Gone rverage Properties of Structural Materials rae Proper ses ® cua : Tiionabie Stresses Youur of aa APE hater tal Elasticity : ness Copa Tension | Coapression = pat a pat SAE Steer | 15,000 |" 20,000 9,600,090 Gast tren 3,000°| 12,000 15,000,000 Apuminum Adloyy 16-000 16,000 10,000,000 © bbe tans! cast 4,000 1,000 17,009,000, Bronze 25,000 | 28,000 14,300,000 Fie Te TY a TF Pow Bee IT TBE Won ch ie —exesciee or wereton Practice & Zpbsch frou & alpeort we donja pibuyn » she, anprapriave factor of safety for any given design ESF6ae:JBom>s ay The, 2PPronT Ae etderationt, Suen ast eae ae a Ser aatsrial Ut sun tie Ft eee aereraael ie, meveriieiayy sbepdaces- af satay Te Bs Kavodsey® Gutfeina fakeore segurnestt), Sha-dagrae-ef-geeneay, Ges o¢ cequined fynemienesti), agroapancy...of_—esia SOE ilong C"twrstg. | opvereeeusary “te Sauarial Woira these hints fo remind yous Helier erasanial, Lead oropecties—of tne = po apgaeehtty samy «Ree ei awe oat 2 Be nara ort eerie ST Eitnout warning (upezorente)? 7 Be NAreSStEEign materials deform, thus giving warning? SERRRREE Leve, tee Me. 7 (eases UB) Noun Phrase sCoFioand Side) Expansion ~ Compourds behave sinilarly under stress?) . CF -teTte coun tho-nord compounds formed by putting NE (tas, she aa ite covtatiea) in front of Ni (hea. the first noun in the series! moun | in teeing ane prepoaition betwaen then. (Boe also GRAMMAR t \ premiera dimenzi ya t ranetate ipo! 1, U! nekolieiny. luce: todos Nt ne ve Mt Eoavoint ptatieka opeer eye ore Mi ayele of forces’ ==> force analysi Ee Ghetle led. Seer geaeigiey Ser ie Se or ES oa é nasinskih“elensnatas: s Se RiSile >: 7 deaign of machines mocking eons t 3, Velicina’: Taka S RSaine bri dation of AehiDE, | ene taboratory —leraig mde 7 Sey cpamnente ed. donk Le Bie basin pregnostayis » cE oiretld OF SIS SAS / ola srasmeetd cae fom f Booker wales ‘Sl thermometer with gas apimabo shoegeg J restit F sae ‘ Zi inberval oF 04 7 emote poeated Se eteytar baat eee ol 2 Sole of cUterence aap, TER 5, Pabline oF cemsussion eer Cea PSteine donerve what prepositions are omitted ené what effects are produced by Eompounding +uit 7 ENGINEERING MATERIALS AND THEIR PROPERTIES Before a material: caf ekfaly’ be used in: tho aking of structural parts St “nemvaras "a nusber oY See prOpertiag mist te tnowns ih sha zane oF aocals' such “as “steal, case tren; bronze, aluminun, and obners wnien ing wioely” ygad as stfuctural menbers and sachine parte, wa must have Fellable. ‘infornation concerning such “properties ag-.strengtne Slasticity, sriffmess, ductility, malleablli ty, coughnann, eter fhe ability, of a. saterial to resist stress without eriaiey such” as seructural steel, rawr Lrony Miminuny “and copper, have afproniaately equel gtranges br. tension and Conpraweiony while their strangen In ghear,se about tuo~stscia oF Shae in tension. The measure of the strength of 6 meterial ts 1s uLTIMATE STRESS, or’ che” greatest Torce par unit area It cun Withee without rupsure, STRENSTH As failure, Several ELQSTIGITY 19 that property of @ amterisl wogeesy & ody, when deforand, automatically recovers tte original eize dna shape aftar Fonoval.'of a deforming forea, This property in laporssne. in all structures wubjected” to varying leads and sa excendingsy important in bregivion tools and pachingw, STIFFNESS te the property by virtue of which a gaterial cai egrereation.” This preperty Ix deairabte in materials Silhihs, “machines, “and machine tole, The wsosure of the stiffness oF @ material ia (ts MODULUS OF ELASTICITY, obvacnac oy divivine. the anit Gas by the unde deformation cause by thee utress, : DUCTILITY. ig a,oauure of the ability of a aetal t9 piexticrity detore uit Veradecengs wT Buclaiity ta foruranty sanldeh ston et const propertiag” "ot "the apliliy' lo "bo TECTat aeantt eat esate een Beeert ts sinus” abd haart. Son "ste “ances hayes ste” Percent _slongetion “and “radsetion of arut inthe termi eest Arete Usual aesaure’ sf auchhiitye BuctiTity istdentrabie tea reste, r'psre which gay be subjected “to . sudden, id, severe loads, since avident icetaive auforadtion weatd ive a narnine Gf Tebendiee" fat DRITTLENESS is the opposite vf duetility. grittle matoriate fait Suddenly without warning when sérenged beyond their strenyin HALLEABILITY “can “be” definedas the samy en ductility, except that it te “applied 80 conpression,-Thus, this property @nablow A material to unserge great change in shape'"witnout rupture under” compressive atrens, as for exanfle, coppery aluminum, or wrought iren aeinge hawnored “into” Various shapes or steal Being rolled into structural shapes or shaste, Heroncte 1s thw ability of a ‘aaterial to renter indestation or forasion, ‘Ts tiaoat comoniy aeasurad’by- ene orinell setts in aniek ty Bardened-steyt ‘bait 10. an in thaneter-19°rarced into a djad, surfoce of siedtag anedinda by a aree! OF "9; tge the ores Evian by eho HARDNESS NUMBER. 7 bl iia indentation is - called “se Bone other properties, ardt RESILIENCE ~ the property which enables 2 material to absorb, without Seing,geccanently leafarandy he qneray -rogised by tne iebact Of ‘suadenty Age load oF "blow: Tals tem |" gusential in sts: Used tor alt pee ef springs, as in autoneriles, watcher, etc’ snare energy gust be absorbed quickly without causing permanent devormation. TousUNESS - tha ability of @ material to abeors anorgy at High struse without fractures usuallysiabaye. the ‘elastic Limit. Being ssove the Glastic.“ limit, theo strasg) Wii cause pebiGhent deformation. Wrought jane inte a iron, for evample, is" tough because Lt can be se any Shang without fractures CREEP = the property which caiises Sone materials under constant stress te defers slowly sul progressively over a parted of timae facHINABILITY “= sho readings with which a material yields xo shaping with cutting cools, (édapted trom Yensen, A. Siatien aud stranash ef nabeclale? cope conpartson Find the equivalents in our Language of the foilowiny Engi ish constructions taken from Unit 7, write then down and compere with the structure doth re Feliable inferaation foncaratng i Ghat atrénayh ia about hein tea feostntras" ar" enge tn anéion hi Patt , the ereatest.roren per unit aree‘ie can qi tneeane a. Xfacovers Wee original aize aea"snape 2. dereraing force 8, Stl strucsures subjected Go Varying teats 3. Chcercingiy laportant 10. tha property by virtua of whieh 11! the measure of the seirnese 2! percent elongation 15! Tmpencing fatlure 1a) terratt suddenly mi shout warate 15. beyond their strength ‘| 7 te. Covunderge great changin shape 17! fought trom Being nenseree inte vartous, shang’ 18. a’hardened=stee! S511 10 an in'aianetar : 19, 04S forced. inte a flab surrace of a tect spaciaan 20. by a farew eF 3,000 ky 21, without being permanently deformed er sts Si pie ue eae aie BeboaR elastic limit, 22, Being above th ‘the etrecs «++ 23. slowly but progressively Ba. the readiness with which a matersal yields to shaping with cutting tools EXERCISE 11 Miscellaneous can the following wentence be fursied into the Passive? hy? = Ye oust have ceallableinforaatien. rt / spleen 2, How are the following “adiectives reedi agacouiodia, operate, uisioater 3. meaning doer’ the. ungertingd,, egngtyctign in the Tordowing Seneenee catineet 7 ines comets et wh foal MOM. pel ce rdlnusts Ragen ded [es ~ $usoa-ahdve. fhe alanis Lists, the stress witt cause permanent 4. Why MUST a hyphen be written tn, the following compounds ~ apargenoassiselvain? ei tdi, boghive = pike S. tat ie the aifterance betweant ie 7 able © enable unaala? s70mben « opgpyuih) 1 Rexgeteber af 4, Does the word “10 in the féllowing two examples sional the sae Siaapes of yordmr Bray conclusions CEE rm ote rediergush jremoduien trafic = Jo be drawn permanently (aubJected) TQ jgudéen: loads, J mai ere (rmsey $e 60 E G8. Bay the following compounds in s more dogeriptive Nay Ze EnpFaEs oor An CofE terete Silda apchne”Sechcaaaftte, “ee froecabica," wee suis ee ben EL Bey TORT IO WI werk EXEREISE @: ritten Exercise ~ AUJective/Participial Phi For’ wach allvarh tn celunn A find a corresponding. adsertive or past participle in, Column and write then donn, thus forming & series of, Bajact ive phr: Pony a [odvers)} or partieipial phrase: : 1. wisely Hieoks a applind — peictiedin | one | Cees) Br Gantleativery timinn: BD deformed Ayemntnn Fem | fF cenad Si dpprocinately”. Wiutiee €) used Wecitiow “J pies fetce, Bea 4) ekceedinaly | neirnjvans ) eaual qos SG 7 Bie . wire drawing me - -38- 5. permanently, dojoo 2 short beet, jg $2 Suddenly °° Nagrender 2 ARBOR GAME sein / od Gi teiativery eeu gy eran Ween ‘Ire Br Compievely tone Bante ate 31 enporiaentatly “prin gealt wae i 3) Seactive oe ; pegetAnl teed de, lee THERCIGE 3) Nominatization = Adsectiva Phrasde —-> Noun Phrases TFansforn the | adyective/participtai phrases for foun’ phrases by turning adverba ino-adjectives (e.g. gereanently ~--> Detgenen!) and’ adjectives or past participles inte noune (e.g. sherk patgeifertnese, defarned —~-> deformation). Observe the results of the Eransforeation! din Exercica B into EXERCISE 41 Ghack Your Knowiedge Le Howe Roduius of Elscticity of a material obtained? 2. hat ie the seanure of the ntrength of @ material? Bi ny ts it important shat a material should give Somending fallure? se Arter reading. the paragraph about Brinell teat ts perrory warning of HARDNESS, describe how the EXERCISE St lirktten Exercine ~ Materia Properties Make five sentenc patterns! of your own from the table balow, following there faiuninium [ie | « [sete [pwtai/enterials faianintua [ve], [notes mereer! Sirnarannrs 1 PAN a ateriaie Property "Gay Al, Fe Girought tron) — ductile: pledigoe, see sitio role” Say Aly Fe [Catenin lores Tuber, Fe” ploy tough ile Hinber, congrate, Poy ani steal Tikely Fo creep | pion prima Tai, Roy wena | Bi fay wood 7H Tieht opie Gay Fe fewer fk, mi i shay a Fe ce mthcn 2 ail 8,9,/0 (Canes = san, ave 18S, BOE OD1Y sa. but -AlSey aase asaand 59 1/908. are clasgified! fetiawing thane sodelst Moder: 4) A single material with two or more propertien: Ar Copper im NOT ONLY ductile GUT ALSO malleable, 2! Copper is ductile and ALSO malleable. ering Wateriate] b) Two or gore materials with the sane property: totale Nowwaetale 1." BOTH copper AND wrought iron are ductile. BL Gopper is ductite AND SO I8"wrought ireny 4 Tare mafale : Daeg “Baenctee 9) vodiricatson ~ tntensifiers i ae Ao aaneae : Ferrers] [Reneturrow | [Farvoos 2 > [RamcFaon “Given Gved in technical English ara cif Satan’) tere-qrpressings + + si Seale tipelctl tem coher tect Chron = exe) brass Goopper = atna):, 0"O a) a high degrees VERY, EXTRENELY, exceepmiaiy, “74-2! nt titi —SA8tlason (ison "70f0) Een eapoer ~ tia = size) 8) S netlunteogrees painty, ener, duitey RATHER, NOT VERY ively alseal solder GtH Teed +896 He) Ln 3 3 Tenit'sagroos, ScteNy, A ‘ aapteniue Fhatr"pirpoge ie te aoutey\Gean Tae ° re Hee Nog aake ptatenants shout Va7iSte eateriais given in tin’ teblw above here: tap Using" an appropriace intensifiers ; é Ob, : Pig tt rogers [Ripper [i= [en [ ExvnEnay [erastie Jeatertal Rubber |ie EXTREMELY [olartic. Da Wot IS Guile So] aL ae ‘ eet EXERCISE(G:)Passive Transformation ~ Preterite Simple Turn the following: aantences into the Preterite Siaple Passive, Om the agent where neceasary! (Ges also GRAMMAR LD. 5 4 Ly Engineprs shes [some other materiale with the pang properties] wie |B We gubdecded [att precigion tools produced, lately |to varying loads. wre 3 “Gur factory rolisd (a large number of as preducta Jinto vere structural shapen or nnante. 7 4. The material sbsorbed(a certain amount of aneray. woe omonbid by rinleriol exercise @y)irarintasion Translate: Buy Ellavost su neki metalurei definisall kao “sposobnést apsorbovenis Snatne kolicine | energiJe prise oma". bleno je predstavi jena Podrucien “isnod krivalje napon-istezanie, pa prena tome obuhvabe i duktilnost 1 evrstocu.unite IRON AND STEEL step in! the production of steel te to refing the iron ore: cee caingng. many wwanted Ampurities, into! cast or pig tran. The SSiatabne” of tron ore is/usually done in the reducing abnosehere of a pinst furnace. the first one HUSEEED STUY cheber The Ncharge™s consisting. ef alternate Layers 3e TORE, Ate Omeeaee MRE RS TRUE eheotgn” a welimshepd” oponane Tea ttt® ued ath ae aayer of eek” The coke burns “and ‘preducaz anouah heat to nmlt. the icon. The, sucess reece Srom the “Tek unites with the iron and Towers ite ieléing fonecrature: The melee’ iron forms at the bottom of the furnace where Leis arann off “when a sufficient quantity has collected, The Tus Asia” aSg*2eitects the dapuritieg. Te feats on top of the matin iron mente ie Can be dravn off the furnace through am opening higher than The'tone | shrough cabfen, the iron. ie talien cut. The operation of the he right prennrtiona ef ore, Iimestene, and foke are regularly. dumaad in, The tepset the furnaca. Every fom seite “a” patch of blawt furnace ‘iron. (gig. icgn) 1s drawn off from the Botton of the furnace, Yo trap coming aut of fhe blast furnace Is borton oS eontbecaues Lewas, formerly gant into bars called "Piga”. Sat? Eskeaine,sond sihgueltlew anu" relatively large anqunt of Benda, “ints pig irenienonee be used directly Bur requires addi vional seeing and’ fefintdg cnefore lt becoses cast iron, wrought ican er skeel- : : CAST gRON sn \bUaLIY” ade’: by renetting)pig iran and scrap with or oF induction Mithout adel tions 8f” |ailoying elements in | "cupola Yotnece, “mere: theiaisgae Aeyceftned to elininate..coms of the auceae TERRE’ andl othet itapurielariiGast trons ueually contain 2-4% C. They Fall “inte dneee wain'grougerl, gray cast iron, &, salleable tren, and Br nodular cast iron: me WROUGHT IRON contatne’ the Yeast amount! of carbon of any of the ferrous Weeaie| used commercially.; Iti manufactured in a puddling furnace, To Bie” wrought irene. pig iron’ is melted. on the hearth of |the Piverberatory, er puldling-fijenace which Ae lined with iron otide. This process (orings, absug) ithe ginost complete ‘ramval of the carbon; Silicon, © and. mangaheewssiw the “carbon le removed, the fusion Tinoerature’ of thes dronirises) 1¥ becores panty” and cen be rolled Up Ingalls “and raasved fron the furnace, Tt is then squeezed. through wCrie’s to “Tensve agsk pf-the-oicess siag. The wrought iron is rolled Unto. muck Gare cand finally. Ante commercial forms. Wrought iron is sort, “tough and malleable, Tt is ideal for grnanenta) works. a it 1 Font’ rentatingy maailyiehsped, and may be easily welded. care defined as iron combined with dos to 1.7% of carbon. Tt TE brodated "by reducings cast iron and scrap steel in ono of sevaral pes of furnscese, The. furnaces and processes ued to produce steel Red alloy steel.ere discussed in the following untt. STEEL aay be (adapted fron Althouse et alt Naderntielding and Jensen, A.: Bkakice apg_S3repgth_of tetariels) cope COMPARISON Find the equivalents in our’ Language for the following Engl ish cer puctions taken from Unit @ and note aimilarition and differancant 4. unwanted impurities os emdy ene, Rr x cee’ £, Shige" fubetar furnace “yprattate mobote Tela peet 3. alternate layers of coke and ore 7 ee ta veya. Algty i 4alss Fede, L-shaped opening a tven A eho G 5. excess carbon Pe, Fereans B eeTnereTneS waiting temperature, $: Helena ifoptrones fan bottom, U htee ibe eeawe ott 3. Manta Gut fielene quantsty pare eles 10, Rune Beate ant sia se. The tiged propor gae" or" ore Ter EotaatPceuNPGy”duloae® inv ae ane top So PAS Pey a PL, ie deter 18 FREOPESY, anto_ corms, mitn gtoune: 1S, WP achat. Spel cP egtecator By Ue The faeroun aatale v7, Talat pettaat brine abet the Monat" cogetete rihorat oe! tg. thane, carbon te puaovad + es ar Eos cartey fe, temies in oe pa sat, peed 11 Cosprehension Tis EAS. EXERCISE, Answer the fellowing questions! 4. hat dowa the tron ore contain? 2) lnere ig the refinement of iron ore usually, done’ 8) nat te a pedern blast furnace Like? 4) that dows the charge consist of? 3. How 1s the lron-malted? a 3 8. a Whae Is produced in blast furnaces? Now is Gast iron usually made? hare 18 wrought tren manufactured? What is steel? exenetoe 21 niecdhLaneove poe fos pate 104.2) + How dre the following ‘words reads theough,, alter:fn fmt dein eng tm pie age f 2387 ot weed, gobee rapid reed aon lime Bie muclpvaill foteous he echt tobe gectigient, cowbi, Aten, elisinaia, asdleabie, feccous, nearsn, i. moving bodies + aovad podies Hews? yy 2. binding forces : und, forces - 8: Srying iseps i ried Lanpe 2. rite down the noun forms of the Following verbs: Si actamtineses bapertevieetilLestmnananea erborvetee , 5. deforming bodies : deformed bodies ~ etiainate Merwation.... 8) reducing atnosphere i reduced atnoephere = Fomeve senor. 2: matting iron i _holten ston/taoived chocotate 2 rarine Leghinrgeetie 8: Seveloping countes 1 “Savetoped countries = open sopaiag. Sy MM yMMSRt. one, of tus "FEMYVaTRaG>rouns designate ar abstract = Transiate ths above constructions into our Language. Moa, wich one sa Te. Snd Rw Woes AE differ fron ethers? qeming ~ Jer te) ~ Discuss the differences in meaning between then. What do you notice? 4, Write down the Pant Perticiple forme of the following vans «sd SEXERCIE 42 The Odd Ones Out - Gerunds a mmfivine Find “EUs whlch of toe tolunaing thO-foren tra vot"psruntecReranbur a that the gerund can be recognized by its form and its position in the = Gran eT eee ee gentence, It cccupies the sane positions as nouns, (See also GRNMAR linet | is the functional difference between the following under) indd ca forms? Translate them to ses how they ar@ realised in our lsnguagm? e sa, feratenth sera, an encountered in(@p suislion of ahatty te 4 [Me tron eeahny aut of tbe blast furnace... Zhivvel talon’ de vp. shaaring stress, é senna cul-ae Seacbleettacnere, the tren is tangas ee B.'This pig iron requires additsonal erdfassing and cérinipa. Heherbysg thse ongige Seal Hen (Hoa pig ren and scrap. 3: Cast tron is usually ymade, &% What is ‘the synonya for tring abous ins MGeie se by bore 4. The “charge”, consisting’ Pai tents te, stable tn 7 Miu furnace, BRERA een ata CoBbga,Preeewe weanad- EUs Keats Sete at rmovat of “tne Sy, brtera as, aatertat can safely So used in the gation of structure 5 ois, cakes S uHOkape toad ESS ult meal ot Barty a number of ite properties mae be hnont. cane > UNL | fea iPOME So ceeulhis Sr" he” must have. reliable’ inforaation caueecoléa such properties an 7. What meanings can the marker AB in che following sentence paver stvangth"and elautictey. 4 Kober Finis ge oo Exey “Saltiaoata ee Pym ti rsit —7-“claneletty “Ie that property of » material goabifoa 1¢ to return > 5 “the. carton ta removed, ha tadtch on we Vion tts original aise and shape after renoval of 4 euferaing forces rien. (lalue jkeple yt) Palo re Bnet is ane aitraranc’ itheens, “0 ica, EXERCISE St Irregular Comper inon deaymieny's ghey sadly Watering ECE a 7 wae ase ancl aot tepokthd the ance alone Insert an appropriate —casfiPative Tative fore of the > eueuan neat Ye plbkand hot eusuan aveyi fash adjectives in parentheses. (Gee alae RA Ault AB auditionaliy teadabeand of Te raqiiiey cudielong) p00! el tue < Sheed ene causing. aocitne trl, is This material has bean proved the lest to withstand the sudden Terms athe potton 4” ane PTET See a ooetom or nn Sock Caged) aren oF the rurnatee Furnace: yo gorsaty Onova! a.) theep machines are likely to be more appiicabie, at Hatin tho | toed Foe Rorituire ng te forssary Snopae' fediun tara, to domestic heating than to industrial uses’ (litele) aan ay seen lt feet a. with folacaitions oF carbon, the ductility falls otf. (far) ce Wirt teen ExerCise ~ Fremoditication with Ying and Yes Farms §: Consesueneiy, a Bin rapid cooting-rata ts necessary. (iste) | MOLES coum the Yotiowing compoundé with Ying and Yad prencuitiers in @ 1b ais | descriptive foray tthe ehiss 7 a geile portion of the'ingot tx she dil to soitatty. Cate? 2. In general, the diecheat” me add” to’ a giventesty the ePiies Model temperature risoe. (aush) 18 developing G, Tt is customary to subaiviee nechanice into the study of fluids ang ~ & developing area > an area nntch the study [of particles or bodies of solid materialss {ties chet igh: dovotcie Tiele! that the torn mechanics 1s Trequently restricted, tate | > 8 developed area o> anareawnien J tae Sevetoped ERERCIGE 4 Intensitiee Comaarteon Nam been — Make questions: using the suggested elenants give below and anew: thon ‘by “inserting the intansifiers: glishely, muchs a ietsSlog forwe -» abbyne tases © ed for use > prsivne aneseyi 1 cnenore pera 80" of the ER-conparativer or ens sgusigerably, far, infront REGESTIVE comaratives. Medel: E pe foel/so¥t/wood? “==> fife wool BOFTER than wond? Bi Yes; Wo6l ts CONSIDERAELY EOFTER than woods Sipeigiqood NORE PRITTLE than glace? Be joie CONSIDERABLY NORE BRITTLE than 2 Be wood/brittterglas s. sron/shveagpaatu Freeing, Saas 8 7. Conper/goed conductor/i@ad? (Yes, .+.) ~ Les prone . (Crereroe 1 renration 2 b “iwiBlate the fellowing text inte English? zerinto Zllindrteneg eellensg. exotacs odvaga. of okeida u_ visekos packs koje we snagost od eek Ygnulld soiozenog azniitra vatroateinen Spoton "s01 more Gn‘tarsl vise gensereture of sobicajene) Comperature Sn “Gori "1 “proigvods doveline topiote 2a toplieniw zaljera. Sarza se Glactse kroz, svonasti etyor na” vrhu péchs a predgrijani zrak pod whatnin pritievom uduvava’ Sena “dru peck’ krow iz otvore zvanih duyniee Poateriais andro allow escape of gases. Hot on nate unit 9 . STEEL-MAKING PROCESSES abeel ie nade by sont of the follcwing srocensant JHE! DEGSENER PROCESS. In this process, liquid tron is refined in a. bottosrair-blown converter, which" is, actually, a refractory~1ined {ited pear-shaped vessel” open at the top to pichargsog of furnace is pélied “ines the converter while it 1s tipped on ity side, then Lt dz turned upright, air under preasure te forced through hol In the potter of thu converter: ,The crygen of the air, blown into the: oiten iron oxidizes most of tw Silicon, eanganese,’ and carbon. To his. lrified tron arg added carefully propertioned amounts ef caruony anganese, or other elements. The Bessemer process is sore fapid than. thw open-hearth ari the electric furndce procesaas, but this, rapidity maken control of the chemical properties more difficult. Besides, the Beusener procaze has Tittle use in qodern stool waking and is/primartly of interest for Aintorical reasons. " ATHE OPENHEARTH PROGESD, The hearth of the openchearth furnace \-'Verombles 2° large rectanguiar-bagin or dish holding 80 to 175 tone of Gatal,. In“ Bheration, a charge of limestone and crap ie placed in the furnace, "The fuel, ugually not gas and air under pressure, enters at Ohe vend near the top Of the furnage, ignites, and ap cirected downward ana over the metal. Afser the scrap metal ts nearly melted dour, ~ this Usually takes about. two hours — het metal aia ican) trom the binse farnace Is" added, and tha refinasent of the natal continuas. Host of the ellicon. ‘and. the greater pare of the manganese are oxidized and Eonbine with the Limestone and other nonsetailic elegents to form a Slag, which floats on top, thus protecting the metal from the direct Section, ef the flame, The carson is gradually renoved inthe Torn of Gas) wAGh conbines with the air of the furnaces Thit orocaze te queh ‘siower than the Bessaner procass, requiring about 10 pours, foreach charge, but the slowness of the procoss males posulble a high degree af control of the qualisy of the steal. THE ELECTRIC “ARC PROGEEE.: The electric furnace t# a cylindrical Bowt-shaned hearth, usually joulle ke tlt to make loading ‘and unloading” @any. trianglivi) / gle) > eplordiisal) - How would you describe the shapas of the following objects? He carefll sk, Object @ is in the shape of a Object Hien the shape of wnt be Object I tain the hope of a ny PA Eane 7 ‘be 4° the following text and the text of Unit 9 F111 in the ith required information, RYGEN PROCESSES. The high nitrogen content of Bessemer steal in a Hisadvantaye for’ certain applications and continental works have, Ln cent” years, “developed” modified processes in which onygen repiacss re KOU eRTORSH wreDCes Ong thé newest of industry's developments, the Bessener furnace in appearance, but the method:of n Great deal different. In the basic oxygen process, the eOILLAS refined in a pear-shaped furnace that tilts sidenays for "ging and Bout ing. However, avgeny 97.0% pure. Arter nee’ ig lowered into $¢. The wa Bt si feet above the according to requires Into the furnace carbon. and. other unwanted Leehurning action. which rapidly (Ean converts "it “into steel. | about 50 minutes or less, This process enables the production of high-grade steels at rapid rates," thereby” reducing operating and capital coets as compared With ‘other staeinaking processene 7 be * wey Cpa a. 2 [arnaces Shape | Tilted? | Advantages | Disadvantages Dessoner t “clonal feo repid bad content SpercHosrth cist ar oh pats 8 | nay als prow Ereewrie Aref gout je W. Basie: Onyaen pean yr | ail 2 opod = gee Hisieiee 7 ininitiae (CBiptain why the aindari ed infinitives in the following sentences have [ADVERBIAL or ADJECTIVAL function. Before you start doing this turn te GRAMMAR (te Y tor detailed information on Jods A crucible is usualty used te hold the charge. (adverbial? UBL “They” combine "Kith the linedtone and other nonmetallic elesents > E focp a aiag. “tadverbial) 3.8 second slag is Used ko regove sulphur. (adverbial) i & They tend to-eiretch or elongave it. tnominal) IES. A "nateriai_ is elastic only 47 it 'hae the ability to_ceturn to tbs {otsoinal fora after removal of a deforming force. (adsectival) In order fo-oreuecva tha elastic. proserty of va. material _detornations and” the strauane which accompany the deformations mise not exceed a certain Jinlt, (adverbial) gep Causes sone aterials to me ODE coMPARISON Find te equivalents in our” Language Constructions and note similarities a Ghose constructions must’ be analysed in terms of the context of UNIT iors 1. raising of the temperature of a natertal Electrical generation of heat the material being heated lowed electrical etreult caused by Gn alternating magnetic Tleld Sy both hysteresis ang eady elrrant loss ke they move proportional to the frequency of the sagnetic lets Sagy current losses Fegistance resulting tron small #9 seston Siternatsno. mag 12, These reiatance loses cause haat which is absorbed 18. proportional to the squa) Une alternating frequencyes. |» by’ Swatermcooled copper coll 15. ciitecheats 1 by virtue of ite resistance 16. vsvery little refining 4% boing accomplishes 17, vssthe speed of waiting boing suen that . the alternal rent passing -(¢ ake, AS | eae, | parla 19, by the interaction of the eddy 4 ee fe Gt Rlirrents with the high=frequancy 17a. ¢ .Wagkeyi ep. fiele 20, Since lower frequencies are mopt efricient for stirring ai. Meny sodern furnaces nave. eM frequencies applied to the coll 2 gp. Thevstirring action keeps the — . VAtlien flag on the surface agitated. 22, providing spenings 1n the Slag layer 24, entrapped g EXERCISE 11 Vocabulary Practice ~ Antonyas a, satan? 2aphnus Supply she dppestte ween titi: 1. to heat fe ceek El ae. ae BL conductors Ee catch &) practical apr ak wenatid 0- : £e j oes & dartnobte > oe pxtncise er Nutsarce Pairs ~ Higcelfhibus g g & o weaiar togrtess Sp gear 1. the ntl andah heated ol at Seas race Areyigita Speninad tn the Biagio EN TEE atime cupbia. ATOM pedtiees EF ine compares non Cogs Pel yest Tete (care trek eeranaretee reas iis"coneanee 11 0h Contente-of a furnace ot debe Fin ee EXERCISE 91 Grammatical categories FAL, tn, the atssing forms of nouns, passin. etl ayraplad seorgnnig © Gre ndtdavee bo neatea 7. se ame OF eatte Zocte taayearrante aD Foe’cfiering" action boone, Ws Hae nol effods"ereehaina openings, in the slag tayer ar seetnge*reteed® Foettats fem = Fiahe' at Up teteereturd eeaprentad ince lopeaaicce™ fosietance resultieg in Riterrating coreenpyge te event acite te meawhera hot 9) is"contents tha content’ of an article/ierter deed J mits verbs and adjectives: oun Ver active ate b [oases \ igure Thee fo_bee Test cryin eat Po baat hacked - Corny cause taaaed place place placed pape tHon prepertion peeertanad resistance ethos, rasta movie wa movable - eoabevnakionn combine cena : Sentra devine deaoclol _ sirenath Aiwa oonghod abd wad additionat ‘ Tine valk moked=s0- EXERCISE 41 Graneatical Categories ~ Gerunds Explain why the undgriined forms in the following sentences function as) gerurdy and not participles. Ooserve the form of ene gerund phegses Sra their contayte (Gee alse onan e) 1. The} electric furnace isiisually buitt te t)1t to Wake) 1eading anc ublgadifa eawy. ido Peperivte ‘Loree gh renin 2 The impure slag 1s renoved @% tidgida the furnace. 3. "One of the oldest ezining "ajeel in the crucinte Furnas aiecessing are refining. SUESSt Ton te usueliy oaca G) rengiting ete. iron ane scrap: a. by “"Steurately contre! Tee frequency “it is possible. to Bccuratery control tha temperature, ef the metal being nested. 2. Tk 1s senufectured in @ gudgliniMirnace, (By carefull? 5: "Inauction besting is defined 4s the raiding of the teeperature of a material by means of electrical generation of heat within the astorial and not by any other heating methed: aT: ean ‘uge_ i wala _/PiRCASE Ye Weteten Exercise ~ Pardphrasing ~ me idea of Heason CCeariphrase the following ene foliowing ways? Models 7 ntences expressing the idea of reason in The reason it if ideal for ernanantad Work: f rawieting. ===> tna Ay te post Fesisting, oe SS" EECARGe/siNcE/AS 1% im runt resistingy 1€ in ideal for ornasentalSa works ts The reason this pig iron requires additional ratininig ia) thet tt contains Sone impurities anda relatively Jarge amount of Zarcons a." The. reason” 1 te called "pig iron iar that St was Formeriy case dive pars Called “otae anther ‘tron can be bant into alsost any shape without Sree Rectire Ga tougn. the an ‘sant iron is a vary popular materiel for castings 15, that te is eller to moat shan atwel’ 5, Tthe reason Pilla cupola is considerably asitier than a piast sdviide of, the “sase” outnut is, that 16 1s only cOheaPned with the melsing oF seal ea Tr Gi caayon) She pract gd of cenelting_ptg iron becane ‘ery popular faay nae” EE cues POanS Ghat Gh aulLT SP Bie eee ee tan S eee ay feanelngs “aie es Feel Ea Re Lae ee SL 7s ERED oi tS EXERCISE 61 Function Deseription.and Physical Description 2}. 2) Looking at Fig 10-1 explain how induction furnaces Tunctton> 8) Cooking. at Fig io-2 ‘explains hat parte an” Inouetion furnace consists of. ‘ 7 : e Tbe pdt nts ad, trl ve rues et ree eCEAERETSE 71 Subject! iT ~ Comarehenaion the subsect 17 in the following sentences feplaces a previously Toned noun phrase. and therfore MUST be branelated” of funceie an warsificial” subject (i.e. 2p qugletive subject) and. therefore MUST NOT be translated €o uur language. After Ghats, stata the mechanism pf recoanizing the ona ang the other (yas of TT'and Gransiate the following sentences. (See sino GRAMMAR & ) me 1. RA Pengractared ina pudding furnace. SPOUSES Qocconerer Mets S 5 fined /iFat” Gia” steel in. the stesl-maling furnace sdeainad:arsunte, of carbon and_ther"elassnta.) Soctvatle enthinsag cravaceariatiens? faualiy renoved in the form of gas, Sa eueeadingly difricult (ée free any’ electrons in ..these First find out wnetne ee TO Puerinad an the greatest unit atreas a matertal can withstand “material such as steel, @ Hvatiwetaun proaucos 4 rel atively anali-unsi-tatornatton ¥ fp control orth 10.16 ts Vamtist oF EXERCISE 8: Tranglation Transiate Ante engiisn: 72D, 1. Da 14 je materiJal kos! ae agrivava uktjucen uy zatvorene elektricno kale? 8. Culm toga, male kruzna atruse u materi jalu etyaraiu otpor. +3, Prema: tome, preciznu kontroiu sadrzasa indukclone poci treba vreiti selekciion sirdvina a ing hemi iskia metodana jer su one neprakticne zhog valike brzing tonljenia sar com 4. “Toplota se protzvoa! usetglno! sarzi potocu vrtloznin struja koje ui vistortaioanine polls’ koia sietrube Kalas,“see UNIT ou MANUEACTURING PROCESSES ~ PRIMARY AND SECONDARY Manufacturing processes can be classified into tw general greuos known a8 primary and secondary processes. FREMARY MANUEACTURINS PROCESSES. the primary processus, namely, DRETINS, FORGING, ROLLING, DEEP DRAWING, EXTRUSION, and Bo on, are. Ghent thar convert raw. material into shapes. These’ forming asthods Include both not and cola working. srocesses and, in general, will Stilt “require “further finishing operations in order to ebtaln an end product. CASTING 42 a primary eanufacturing process. jn which! the products, Forecred to as CASTINGS, ara made by pouring molten matal into a nol’ Gr ules Ag. the metal cools, at takes tne shape of the cavity. There Ste “pany canting methods, euch as sand_caseing, dip casting, vermapent Sold_"castiog, “Savastaenk casting, te nentidn only sone Of. he moet proninnt techniques. ; FORGING is 9 production ethos, whersby stael or non-fervous metars are Ghapeu te) a Uesired. tera by Nenmoring or pressing. For the Torser, Steam and aneunatie. hasmers, dean Aumaers and horizontally operating Rachines are Wand. For pressing, hydraulic oressed are Used, an? thane Give a “oaiSéze| te the meval instant of 2 blow, ‘producing a Eonwiderapiy, greater” reduction tn enn stroxe than. is possible in one SEES EP Ys Thence, fisehine Forging; wises mav ce cr varacus shapes And, aises, are Tereed. betwaen diew, ond acing evabiw and the other SMitignerys For relatively ‘simple shapes open dies can be used (Gago Dis.-terslag?; Ihue for nore complex shapes conforming to the contours Bho dinentions, “of the finished product, to or more sets of Giey say he’ veauiveds, and. are. known ag closed dies. (Choged=Dig Forging) ..The process of forging is usually confined to shapes that cannot be produces by rolling. ROLLING 19 the process of plastic working of metal between tno or nore Petating Falla in which, in addition to the asin speration, the grain Sirccture, "the pochanical properties and .ehe surface finish may be Tnproved. Relling can be effected by various methods wnich differ from one anoeher int 2) the direction of rolling (lengthwise, tranevers# and serow Ponting? BP thovacde of rolling mili operation (eentinucus or reversing); ©) the state of the metal thot, warm and cold rolling) S) the hope ef rolled product (sheet, ,solld or heilow sections). Working rolls may be... mth (forsshmat reiting) or grooved (for Sections of various shapes). DEEP DRAWING ia a cold-working process). involving considerable olastic ‘Geformation of metals in which sheet or strip metal is drawn into the Sesired shape by means of cles. EXTRUSION 1s /a fabrication “ process.for producing rods, tubes, and \Werious shapes of Solid and hollow sections from the BiLige or blank so. of solid metal. There are basically three types of @xtruston, known Fespectively as" DIRECT, INVERSE (or INDIRECT) .and IMPACT (or COLD! EXTRUSION. SECONDARY MANUFACTURING PROCESOES are those that bring the part to the dimensions and surface finish specified, Ore may avo include In the Secondary” processes “such operations as heat treating and surface treatments for” Eorrosion resistance, Rarcness, and” sppserance, Secondary processes. ere” PLANING, SHAPING, TURXINO, MILLING) DRILL Ie, BORING, VORENDING, POLISHING, otcs, aa well an special ethods of hetal Fenoval “GucH de” ELECTRODISCHARGE, "MACHINING end ELECTROCHEMICAL PROINING. “Operations. Like SCREW “CUTTING, TAPPING, THREAD THILLING, Seam CUTEING, and "so "fons are” secondary processes, that are merely Siaptations of one of she aforencntioned proce (adapted from: Herriman, A.Des @ Dictionary of Metalluray, Tselikey et als: The. Theory ef tenathuise..feiliod, bedtschnan et al.+ aching GODE conPaRIsoN Wekte down the equivalents in our Language for the fellening English Ponetructione and note sisilarities ang differences: 1. forming eathods 21 x will still require further Famiening eperacions. 2g. inorder te obtain an end products: caatines 3. fs the metal coolsy... 61 to mention only sone of the 7 most prominent techniques, tengtas 7, a mathod whereby ste] or sted 5 bad nonferrous setals are shaped leveelieegecderisescers 8. for the former ‘A 3. horizontally operating machines | 10; These give a Squeeze to the metal.. It! invone stroke fesditvasesss 1e,pam@ being sovable and, the EIN ‘other stationary 19. shapes conterming to the Eontours and dimensions of the finiehed product 14, confined to shapes. that cannot be produced by rolling 18. They ditter trom one another in, 47 lengthwise, transverse and sere rolling 48, continuous or reversing Felling #121 operetion 19. sheet, solid or nollow sections 20, basically 1, One may also. include in the Wasp Ba aye? secondary processes such TMGR ST Bie ates elke oe dperatione az ss. thant tadatat this dads fateh smell fe, one of the aforementioned processen s.ivscseecsse :18 ©) orate tod aicterence vetueens ve aap etals abe porodfilatoes f rend Raven Aly ose EXERCISE 15 Mscel taneous 1. Conpare the meanings of tine 7 These forming methods :AETUGe nant healings ible bys = These are forming methods ne tes Jos farmaity mabye tae 1 SE BPS veer Br a aa TR ae, tee 2. Turn. tha following sentence into the Future, the Presant’ Portect hd the Pant Tense: There wake ney sed —aHoke Trere Fs[ sony canting mettoo. | Tt Ge chi a feemne eabing moalaly What will napen if we raplace MANY by ONLY CNEP Trane (ypaby mae cotien walt 3. Shorten the unarlinad part of the following seftence without sharging 10 ange wurea fi nn one adglgne” <" They! will sti1) require further finishing operations ig) fe.chtaip an end procuct, Beene 4. Turn the underlined part of the suntance into, the singular: Thasegiye a squeeze to the metals tha” wees Ss, lane the wndertined phcage ang anaiyse its form and position inthe settee, en guages “4c ey soe ‘hey erowice d"eunffiicaniy.tctble cedtdien in ane aprons. 4b. Identify the most "important yorgs Sag, pramoditigrs and Sopugoditiers sneha” noun encase cepsififeie.ofgzete iagarafoinn te Beas, Pieter oe CASES seh ites eta srtiele? dm el ee ruagaen my? nse met, Pebmningt net mace For the ForagEy" steam and pneunatic hamnera are used. Pur down A or B to show which result you get after performing the @liowing actions: you Fepiacs A with B and gi You subatituge Aor e and = You convert newt’ Kinto B and get 2. ® Uy, > You shape ‘A into: bend get 2 u—. = You ghape A from B and get Sy Eaerret energy, hese slenteity, stiffness, “ductility, malle: EXERCISE ay Fo my rot read all the following sentences _a Ne, under anes a 2 two types ef th and 8. shearing > Tey) eoughnesey Silent Reading ~ Various Functions of the ~ING Nominal nouns a oS 1, cab it “as pant ae tur ing GPde eB oye su obtained in Tks x Ye We ma thi ‘steer wade into caeliteey when t Fer es) 5 then find out wnat the END (See also GRAMIAR we wnich the-Greaucta,) ZinfAA ectetayr tinct mace icy pete he shape of the caettog is conser tteatas) a otee "uarge’ fo be) obtained" Sy" AHOuEar atte The 10 Gaon the translation of the underlined gael as Ts Ms ©, fy or Cond to nhow shat’ they express’ TINE) Sy REGULY 'or’ GONDIT{GN, ‘renpectively oF she’ minture of aso Grammar 2 TAY oot (tebe NER eae. (8 hem possible Sections of heavy fol cba apchanigpl prepertice conterrad en steel vy" ae poner nitorn hacBiliie throughout the taroe DF the new steelworks was delayed Until after the New Ga RCRALEE near the sep atteve ganas to excouns plese ; wee 4 Exthctse ae Fresent Partictele (Ving) “in Various Adverbt al Functions somites fae (Sipia) phrases OnLy Hydraulic prevues give a squeeze to the metal instead of 2 blow, PRoDUCINS action of the flame. a a jeasitie in ong stroke OF a famnars leeds wonetnn sstiter fede besite J. RE wAT LR, pe this) ine CONSIDERABLY GREATER REDUCTION Nin. one ‘Stroke than ie Slag floats on top, THUS PROTECTING THE METAL from the direct proce ABOUT 16 HOURS for each charge see oretebee AVAILABILITY of the tyrnace. 3. LAYER OF COKE: ‘the Scharge’ ESEL. Amerie dy, beet ts . is fed into the furnace at oavlens. oie SPEAKING, a’ Ratarial is WR. 1, As much Slower than the Bessemer process, REQUIRING tibiae hs 8 (a ‘tatvectory 'cSALEGIL Ion’ ta ntgne & TENDING 1 toa, J araunee, elasiic’ oni Eg fev uaa yort TG" ReDuce “THe Gsape¢)lonatonal | ia. TE ae nue he return to [ts original fora after renoval of a deforaing ‘febsoy 7. Glin TESTING “HLD' “STEEL, Lt te’ seon’ th canbe sbsarved. Yebawegts .tbgias blak, ish aareeess MNO ae both! typ. ME. Jae OF behaviourayele o8e . fg. the cold Glaet . t= introduced nto tha bottow’ of the Ehanber,, ene Biouh? absorbs feat fron the bricks. ‘ J star wpebitoll ae L2AWven , 08. TS Hie GRE" 1S 'AakaLie Tron home ts sti11 necessary to Tn SL AaOTRS "ReDi melt the iron. reeset baebiefie dts devanaee glalildan Se the eirsb io” gos" Being VER EMBL OUD] Lorna acon Me leds va kend igi eltnok« LAS LALEW nae’ rain anay BEING BAUTTLE al heverorg”weeiens- Tod apie ths tts + Leseteesties 7 Ste akabe Ne ceeee JBIEDSREEELAL Tonyaer’ “sepna. ough" Silke air) in’ ngny’ ways, BEING ODORLESS, Bio RARELESS 0" Bigg Eo eee Oe. ee ee es nazwa a obsidian (GUE LET Tee ee et aan in’ “Tarnace. “air teaperacyem, ene nater tay [Sartor an, Pat Ace Pua A MoXiFon TERPERATURE OF GAD o6 after 1KO mine deal mets Ah ERS L, REELET LES, ialinan’ PEED sare, epnoutod GRINS EOUATTONS, G8) An 7} aoa eed eeretene iean /Pend, HAMMER. 214 SUS Rebun “nece “can, be Anbroduced to she charge by Phinathon threughathe eructble petits cond wade / WY J = Now compare if the sane INS-phrese types Behave in the sane way when Gransleted ¢9 our language. "Fa siscr. EXERCIGE St Prepositions . 19 the blanks with the fodicwing praposttions: TD, FROM, INy BY, EARL of” ufgh, AISNE ee 1s they ave taped! ts a desired fore 4 manger nag bt She proces of forging is usually (confined PO shepes that cannot be Erosutee by retting: ‘ined Pe sreeaeee eeece et one another a; Cahy" ects tha" Tobe Sisced! ei Biases ceimucion iniildEWay entre fe, an explanation, 26 works Be THe Sor into ee identical. the unten of work, Bh Te Un pe ey nse Gependent YL mechantesl”aoti0n. conform Wk the official safety standards. win, colour but not 7 size. volune Sof any veusel into which they are oneate bly B: These Tormie ae processes ean neili, require, further operations. 34 ame sa Bethe oetal costs. :® ml Wn : SL Tet eaker the snape of the cavity. the dae A Ym fo Lan Niylbetandary""earafectortng eromghies era OR los soja ete re Tybee finish specified. A me the I> baowabt to lhe shiverviar nay a1%0 S ene secSntliPy procesdes on uh Pe Oh ee li oon fai avaladed Marker AG Bgnarting Varo Meentnas pmethor the maker AB in Gre follewing gonterces sigoahs the Fine cus (ioea of tity GAUBE, COMPAR TSO or {LLUSTRATION: AS the mated cool, S% takew the shape uf bhe céwicy. cans “Ska nany cating wether, such 8 send casting, ele c 38 NU, “ons we Tespeceively uy notion may Ue either free er conatrainad, a5 \tiusbrated way ee turning on ies amie, ant ey a flywhest or epag tn renavua, the fhBson temperature of the Leon rises. Per PEASE derTornengnean work 85 48 ta rugs resksting. | tae EL ThMatal! dtteves TAS encounbarnd in the tuisticy ere enett pees ak contain farining sone impurities, this irow requiren adds tibnat Lame EXERCIOE Ne Trenaiation se dobio finalnd roszvad nesphodmi su dal} postws: guivatects in ow Jarghage bustde wath: ene) ent BIE Teague Le Maing the “tase fren "the Ee i Bn pd ey La naail poe povlorege metus fee“COUPLINGS. Two se unit a2 MACHINE HeNBERS chaft is fp rotating member’ used for the pursosa of TE should be distinguished from an AXLE, which is a stationary ‘mesher. used as a support, for rotating elements such as Wheels. “Shafts are used in varioum ways, and,fer various purposes in ail inde ef mechanical equipment. eHArrS. 8 transaitting’ power. to' fluctuating loads. fu a machine element, a sheft, is [subjected produced by. .the followings weight of the shaft and its gears, Sorockets,” rotors, clutches,” or other attached parts, 2. tne centrifuga force’ of | ravolving parts, especially if they are Unbalanced, 9." belt and ‘chain tension,” 4. torque of gears and Sprockets.’ Therefore, “sress concentration, m as nell ae and strength “of e shaft will play'a significant rote in tts designe shafts can be connected by shaft couplings of which there are many “varieties. The angie between twe shafts, transmitted poner, “torsional “and lateral vibrations, shock loade, and so ony are @il parapwtery that gust be considered in selecting a coupling. te Gonnect the shafts. Gouplings used to Join the shatt of anvelectiic Botocy to the line shat? of a machine or a hydraulic turuife to ai) ectric generator are exenples of PERMANENT COUPLINGS, necaure their connections would only be” trokan’ for, repairs and/or senerat haintenance. Permanent couplings are classified inte we groups: 1. rigid couelings and” 8.” fiexikig sauplingg. RIGID COUPLINGS ore used for shaves faving good “collinear alignant and muss be. installed with care and forethought. Connecting misaligned shafts with a rigid counting can, Yag to. bearing” failure, fatigues “shafts,” worn flanges or broken ye bolts, Although ciple indesign, rigid couplings are generally Testricted fo ‘relatively lox sbeed’ applications were good uate Lignenent or shart flewibility can be expected. FLEXIBLE COUPLINGS are used to “connect “shafts subioct to, one or more. kinds oF aisalignnent and to reduce the effact of shack and impact. lade thet Could be transferred between shatte. UNIVERSAL JOINTS. For very large angular or offset misalignsent otaeen tae, anefeey.aioucevas: seins gure be employed: The sitpiene fyne of Univarea] joint conaiets of a yake-Gn ach erate connected a ‘central bar. Almost always universal Joints are used in pairs with. equal angles in “the two Joints. The use of equal angled provides Uniform angutar velscity in the driven shaft. Boi Tatts ania SR ett te The “simplest key shape is the square key. Half she height of the key lige “in the shart and the other half jn the hus. of the asching Blusent. In addition to the square key, the roundehd’ key, the taper key, and the Woodruff ikey of Fig 12-2 are also useds he surface of a shaft INES. jes of keyuays cut into ‘the’ axial “direction Eseries. of the hub "of the mounted part. Splines are Used inateid a1; Kays when a sllaing connection is required ind shen heavy toraue lode, eupetjaily Feversing loads, are present, a" Imsowar takeoffs. {o-ensurey sliding) Under” Toag, cing aerSeeageinst the sides oF ne-anl ines Te urualry Ialeed (EEx00 pat. i 7 (Aeapted tron Deutuchnan et al.: Machine Design) congue ‘CODE COMPARISON Write down the equivalents in our language for the following Engtich constructions and compare thes: rotating menber ; a forthe purpose of ae treneeieting power apagesae a. in'verlous ways and for Lb. AIG 8 es ANG ane penny adizie td va AEE nS various purpe: 4. 3S amachine element 5. fluctuating leads, &) other attached parte Th the cantritugal force of Fevolving parts, i selied 8. Kwill play a significant role in aeP. ae ao % peareergateas ot omen thers a ben io to. frargartead’ power itil soo if: anock' toads li sncvaee. ies 121 F'Sibel be constgered 0 me ee sierepeehge seletlang aceite O0 comect

You might also like

• It Ends with Us: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  It Ends with Us: A Novel

  Colleen Hoover

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (5839)
• The Subtle Art of Not Giving a F*ck: A Counterintuitive Approach to Living a Good Life

  

  From Everand

  The Subtle Art of Not Giving a F*ck: A Counterintuitive Approach to Living a Good Life

  Mark Manson

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (5814)
• The Perfect Marriage: A Completely Gripping Psychological Suspense

  

  From Everand

  The Perfect Marriage: A Completely Gripping Psychological Suspense

  Jeneva Rose

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (1135)
• • Magazines
  • Podcasts
  • Sheet music
• The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People

  

  From Everand

  The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People

  Stephen R Covey

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (353)
• The Art of War: A New Translation

  

  From Everand

  The Art of War: A New Translation

  Sun Tzu

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (3045)
• The Subtle Art of Not Giving a F*ck: A Counterintuitive Approach to Living a Good Life

  

  From Everand

  The Subtle Art of Not Giving a F*ck: A Counterintuitive Approach to Living a Good Life

  Mark Manson

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (20101)
• The Handmaid's Tale

  

  From Everand

  The Handmaid's Tale

  Margaret Atwood

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (13228)
• Pride and Prejudice: Bestsellers and famous Books

  

  From Everand

  Pride and Prejudice: Bestsellers and famous Books

  Jane Austen

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (20479)
• Good Omens: A Full Cast Production

  

  From Everand

  Good Omens: A Full Cast Production

  Neil Gaiman

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (10971)
• Remarkably Bright Creatures: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  Remarkably Bright Creatures: A Novel

  Shelby Van Pelt

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (5770)
• Never Split the Difference: Negotiating As If Your Life Depended On It

  

  From Everand

  Never Split the Difference: Negotiating As If Your Life Depended On It

  Chris Voss

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (3312)
• And Then There Were None

  

  From Everand

  And Then There Were None

  Agatha Christie

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (9005)
• The Hobbit

  

  From Everand

  The Hobbit

  J.R.R. Tolkien

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (25200)
• Art of War: The Definitive Interpretation of Sun Tzu's Classic Book of Strategy

  

  From Everand

  Art of War: The Definitive Interpretation of Sun Tzu's Classic Book of Strategy

  Stephen F. Kaufman

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (3321)
• The Hobbit

  

  From Everand

  The Hobbit

  J.R.R. Tolkien

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (24588)
• Freakonomics Rev Ed

  

  From Everand

  Freakonomics Rev Ed

  Steven D. Levitt

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (7879)
• American Gods: The Tenth Anniversary Edition

  

  From Everand

  American Gods: The Tenth Anniversary Edition

  Neil Gaiman

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (12956)
• The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People: The Infographics Edition

  

  From Everand

  The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People: The Infographics Edition

  Stephen R Covey

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (2487)
• Habit 1 Be Proactive: The Habit of Choice

  

  From Everand

  Habit 1 Be Proactive: The Habit of Choice

  Stephen R Covey

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (2559)
• American Gods [TV Tie-In]: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  American Gods [TV Tie-In]: A Novel

  Neil Gaiman

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (12556)
• Habit 3 Put First Things First: The Habit of Integrity and Execution

  

  From Everand

  Habit 3 Put First Things First: The Habit of Integrity and Execution

  Stephen R Covey

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (2507)
• The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People

  

  From Everand

  The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People

  Stephen R Covey

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (2571)
• Habit 6 Synergize: The Habit of Creative Cooperation

  

  From Everand

  Habit 6 Synergize: The Habit of Creative Cooperation

  Stephen R Covey

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (2499)
• How To Win Friends And Influence People

  

  From Everand

  How To Win Friends And Influence People

  Dale Carnegie

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (6698)
• Good Omens

  

  From Everand

  Good Omens

  Neil Gaiman

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (12072)
• Wuthering Heights (Seasons Edition -- Winter)

  

  From Everand

  Wuthering Heights (Seasons Edition -- Winter)

  Emily Brontë

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (9975)
• The Iliad: A New Translation by Caroline Alexander

  

  From Everand

  The Iliad: A New Translation by Caroline Alexander

  Homer

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (5734)