Beam Diagrams and Formulas The following beam diagrams and formulas have been found useful in the design of steel weldments. Proper signs, positive (+) and negative (-). are not necessarily indicated in the formulas, The following are suggested: Mm | FV] Shear diagram above reference line is (+) Shear diagram below reference line is (-) Reaction to left of (+) shear is upward (+) +v rt Reaction to left of (-) shear is downward (-) Ry {re Reaction to right of (+) shear is downward (-) <0 Reaction to right of (-) shear is upward (+) v fe Moment above reference line is (+) Compressive bending stresses on top fibers | 09M 1ge xy1e - = rial “pool av + xyie = TIA =v ag Ia¢e = 19442 = sug «pus 204; aq ‘pus 9045 a ‘ } q@ 1) 9a "v ‘pt sv ‘New } 1 Was W ¥< x UAH . 1 765 : 4d = ‘yoddns 1 eae W “oddns 7y eee gee 1 a=A=¥ ocean x 4 mod &ue ye peot posexqusoue po aaxy 38 paot poqssnusdUe) (casoppuwo) suo pus auo 98 poxy tog, (asap) 6uo pus au0 ye paxy wrH9Kt zatan eum t zat : ee ee i Hote pmo 1 1ag we ABE aay 15% _ ay SBE my ‘pu ooay WW O=A=u ‘ue pops 78 peo} payesnuso109 ‘ua sexo axe papi anq 294] pue pu uo 3v poxy weg (aanopueo) Stuo pus igh ia : +e Ah isa, = uo 9035 9Y vim 8 PR eee ce — a)ox — ent — xen) HE = Ga + 219 0) HES = Ce oe ater aaa a . a : i : pages ‘pus sousay | i my ‘puseasgay ae _, za 8 £ t_ : aAe aga ‘oddns ay Taz 8 1m z “1 fie a = ae (5-1) ee="4 a MaATH M=ATU ze aan oddns 0} puo aauy wigs Suuiostun Sussvasou pooy SULA, pus aay 07 a2oddns woxy fpuoyrun Surseaxout peoy FuiAx0, {aanayij"¥0) Atuo pu ouo We paxy weg © (aaxaqejuvo) Stuo pus au0 7e paxy wieog © z42(oat iss <9 pursosay ae Lia ~ x2)- Dre - ool = 7 axuun AT (a 192 ~ ey EP xuoqy L 2 sof | equa ment “yoddne ay ——y ae=A5u P20) 3 pu sayy 3” painquystp Ajerred pwoy wropuy) (Gaxoqpuea) Atuo pus avo 28 poxy wreag, 1] O10 + xety ~ 2) BZ = y pet ag _— : Blsmy pussoyay | : «(ret 2 f zanw 1 i a= W ‘310d : i Agen cuodénsay Epo i # a foo Ee cee ' 1" weds amu san0 peoy wos (zoaoqpyeo) Squo pao auo ye pory wrwog, a weaem w+q- ay ec xual t ferme 7 Seem TT @-%8-T)S> = ye > x UUM t 1ge_ a aa Po av 1a9 (> Tee =P "Pus 99s ay (Nas W eC KUO ad =" “Hoddns ay d=A=4 {uod Aue ye peo poyssqusou0s, (zexaqpuw) £quo pus auo ye poxy wrveg, 1a9_ @-19) Fe teee- a9 FES ag pun say ov a=W a=W “odes ay anna [pus 9033 38 puoy poyesyUIDU; (anoque>) Azuo pus ouo 78 paxy UreoR,At, ae 1aat (8+) a= =v = ey ‘pus popins 2y- ‘puo popind yw peo poyesyusoue.) ‘uo soy ay 9 papind anq 924s PUB PUD 2u0 28 POXy WUOsT “pus 9045 3 ‘pus 90s a puo aayy ae pondde quowoyy (aaaaqqquwo) Stuo pus auo ye paxy uneag, Igy +e 4 ar =9 psa 909 (x= 199x~ car = x0 EE = oy 1500 eum oy Aaa ‘Puen ay e-E= Ww oe Tee v &_,)\ 1 ., (i-1)site="8 MaA=H uo 201 07 jroddns woxy Stuuopun Suyswaxout poy SuLATEA, (zanayi"9) Aquo puo ouo 6 poxy urvoR, © laa A maa daa, ‘peo ST a 1309 et +18 98 = . (Th "TS ry v Tie egw coe eT ae 4 =5w L =m £ ai ise Suoddns i T_T TN Hoddns ay Suan j + M=A=U £ ce qa-™ te ‘uoddns © pua aaxj woxy Aquzotun Susvaiou pooj SULA, (aosaqnuvo) Atuo pus 2u0 98 paxy wvog © Z42Tae, (oat + x (oat t+ wat 0 ‘puosoyay 4 aaou ~w Wa -x2)- Dem - oR = 9 7 a wus AEM ras? 1 (ed 129% — 2B GA ET “PER 9045 WY a i i @e-OGEW a xueqy 4 2 >a a eqa=my ‘uoddnery = Fy aoe oe 70013 up 9045 38 poanqura Aerered pooy wzoprup, (ena uve) S[uo pus duo yw paxy Weg (x - 199 nay pce eta ay F< eum = xg — Te) 282 aay > x ua el alt Cer el RN ae “peo 2 mat ‘peOL ay 1a9 : at 18) 9a = ey ‘pua aoay ay @-Ha=W xu ‘spuo ay gsr _ } 72 tan a> eum % , “a9 oe (x-a- pay e>xum * a vd =A= Sy 2-43 a4 we > xu yqg7 Wes 1 1K Ie oe Pe pnd ay ‘Peo 9 x " we- t= wa"® Ww 9 Fm ~ WW ‘Pu popind ay. GET IN= AL GD emg coy SW “Hoddns Fim A “odds ay xm =tQ Te=A=u opine quod Aue 38 peor poyezyueou0g pus yr0q 98 peyioddns ureogy ae eee oe uo zay30 orp 48 papm ang 2a4y pu pus ouO IU poxy LrKoR(a- tan + ee) Ea may Se gees Gi) sa ae MOONE ge WO aon o> xo ‘poy (a= D>x94 ex uM, a=W e>x uum QE a> MUR OW BE a> AMOUNT (a= D> Iq xu! gece | va BCE UOUA wey eg Le a9 (62+ ea =on Seeeny Ff ee eae (Ces) ee ; enone rum | Catz) aq sry oc eux 1 ae (4490) Gq TTA = AT > BMY EY pone ‘weds z0s0 pamnqunyp Sqqes-ed peoy wz0}T/) ‘pu ttoq 4® poqroddne wmog, spuo woxy poowds x HOU, ‘roqu90 1 14% : tl ‘spo ve (xt ane- DEE = y ‘so1us0 ay t ‘xoqu90 WW n beaten 1 pam spu9 yI0q I 245(@ "uoddns appprar a8) wy gai wydogr + = ar wy doze + = Ay wy dogg + =" (¢ “uoddns oqpprut ye yuowour aanpe8ou) wad Lp10" = wer =4 wg =e won 3900] st guouow Buypuog tence feet © (unmet jo 9496 wun ane sonqea 282U4, «) 9 vay Som ag+ 8) ges agar 2 edt a) ER aoe ee 26d + DOW po ] or @ (paropyouco oud jo qapus = ur ‘ed ‘omosaud = 4d) 7 aed uo Se|nus6} 905 OS1y (aeers: = x) UIs 09e (aa + 01-8) Soe oF 1ae. wag" e- we W ENG wad ero = EAS, = mw uy =—2& = fe AS aga aya 10 ‘UgddOH YO NIG “ANVL dO AGIs OL GaVIdav SVINWHOd WYSE 7-46Values of Ky Influence Lines Effect of location of middle support (2) upon reactions (R) and moments (M) oO +05 ’ 7% a +8 +04 Moe left span Tr +03 +6 R +02 +5 M=K,WL +01 aes Maron ° right span +3 =o +2 —02 +1 03 ° ~04 Ma a =.05 Values of K (moment) 40 45 50 55 60 65 7075 Position (o) of middle support Ry Z47sau wauoa , 9 “Teepe = T= mV WI=4= ow ‘aque 1 ‘xoqus0 4 ( JME _ aay wae a1) Ww “Thus > ee e_\tae_ a\ae—a) ow uueds-prox 38 poo] payesquaauog, e spue tog ae paxy uve ‘r9ter xuqm | (toe econ 4 PRT P>xwUM . 1 =O) my Tae i =~ ve a an wT G mod Aue ze porddv juamoyy pu auo qe pode yuomoyy ‘spuo ioq 40 porroddns wroog, spa y10q 18 porioddns ureog, 2.48i>e puo ye = 3 2194) se u90 ay e> xu ‘PEOL sorwadd pute q <8 uous) da+Peige_. Atve_, eds v ogeg TV a=W “prot ay meade Fat -xw=9 e>x qeg tua Ww > ewUM we, aaaRG Tay 7 won 14 = wane oy Buoy a: owe Gea actmameen 7s wy Tay uo “Ti = euaye roy = q>eomarey Tt i pos) +—_1_—_—I 4 A= RE qemmmy 1A Ee +} é symjod uw 38 pooy paresu29U09 ‘spua yi0q 9¥ poxy wIwog, pe oxo = “py ‘amxapenuoo jo ru10d 3 ‘uowour Jo uss femoe ‘asm 3snf ‘ploy senustos anoge ay ‘suas aisoddo yo ae ayy pue TW 31 a9 ewe t wt = spw ay 1a9 ent Wo = 8 (N= "W9 (SN + SG) eT (FN — A) ZT — 21 INDE, " . a9 [ota t &-e) WhBES = wt dow = 6 1 Ww a Ayr asa- =a uo qave ye paride syuwopy ‘spue qoq 38 porioddns ureog, 249Values of Ky +15 +210 +.05 1 B =.10 Influence Lines Effect of position of force (F) upon moments Mg, My, Mz and upon A max “Gt —_}>» o 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8&8 9 10 Position (a) of applied force F Z-50 001 002 003 004 005, Valves of Kz (moment)x Jo onyea puy o, We ree e WW) aN ze z, 1s zy 1 WR tomy = x uo wads azmuo sa90 peor wwo;TIN) exvaq snonutveo ¥ Jo worsod yep) spuo tyloq 18 pouresysar Sijenzed pur payioddns wreog uunds aque saa0 peoy wos, ‘spua y30q 48 poxy urea {rotmew-+aar+e—nern}0-n)-caa} WS oy o> uo tow tae) P=4N peony Ty we Dh. i 1 rl ede "A+ CW Wt 4d) y= WE > KUOyM 4 ie i auyod Aue 38 peo] payezussu0g Z51 spuo yiog ye pourwarsou Sqpurjzed pu periods uvogyPoin ae FrwsioT0 ‘Teaer =v uo 17 Honseyep wana ynn8045 eg — 1 158 _ = x ‘s0qua9 (a- 48 ~ =e 099 3 lwe- mat ave) “aqua WW we eeu z > xuoum ee eemesen gers aaa vate ae we-Den* Linoe, Se we-Da 7 wen Y aoa A [r+oe-o9- Se WN “prs yu) v= ay pcx uayM =" p> x uaa, "1 = -pat e— D9 + aR @e-10) ww qutod uv ye poydde quawoyy Spue yr0g 2 paxy weag (q+ 8) > x10q Le UCU, e> x uyM (q+) >x1nq Be URyM, x= BD x URAL 2-62Influence Lines Effect of position of moment (Mo) upon Mz, Mz, M+ and M- [verted +6 +5 +4 +3 +2 Values of K. F moment diagrom L oe . 4 unnaiig senate (senenroansee.# soese 7 oezar6 teeeeSicene| 0 Position {a} of moment M, 2-53"Wy tuawow Jo (0) uoussog ot 6 8 Z ’ s y € z t ° 910- rio z0- ovo 3 1 4140 S0n)0A, 200+ v00"+ 900'+ uoHooped UMUTTCEW Joy oUTT eoUaNYUT ®) 254Tat _ (tet — a8 eT) Ey oxo (exe ~ exe ~ e188) Vo B>xuRUM (+18) =v ‘pool ay Ty xuUN | SN ‘Pue poy ay BES “POOL tod uv ye peo} pores3u20u09 pus soyjo atp ve poxroddns pus pua suo ye paxy ummog (e-Bay et eta Lago. _ : LES = peoq ay ae ‘Tew = EAT= Ay : 4 as ~ Saas wi< swum Sn de ie arp ee wae wen t we, : | ipo { ager Ue) beatae ee a i i qae7 MN Pe pox a cuvds-pius 38 poo] poresquanoc, ‘pus Joyo atp ve payioddns pue pua auo ye poxy weog 255a9 x Le Deutae—pwiel P= 9 oq yy Beaune x) aa — 2) yy] BE = (q+ 8) >xanq (tea) (oett a)eaet Teemu =y GO Ea ave (oer + an (te- a=y e > x wom nam 18= Weary Sram z +0) >x wenn kiage OEDDZm R= Ww E> eu | aman Mm ay (eam aE (e199-P.9+ 09-90) HE =O yy na @e =A =A ae (Bea + oy — e900) T= A= abo he peor > weds zo10 poinqunsip Ajened peo w0ytup, ‘pa soyo aup 3v poxzoddns pu pua auo ye paxy ureog, lar fe jaaom = = ‘pew porns Teta 9 op wi ea iay a: a OD ya aT Tos eee TEM omy gy =2ay qa (e-10= W west = Ww w= OW Te y= ry =1 we ASE ua afqrxay ous 28 pode quoenoy, ‘uo soyyo aug 38 payioddns puw puo ovo ye pary wreoR 1asr_ 1 (actrte- crater = sat 08 = 209 z rg -5w set ‘18 ——="W ‘18/8 = *4V 6 See tay va ras aes ea Fag TATE ea meee reds amua sono peoy mosUG, ‘uo saqyo ox 7 powuoddns puw pu au0 38 pox UHR 2-56rag (tx txeg +702) Te = oy Gumysono 2o, (ox—oreg +102) Fay = OV ny19A0 10g a1a9_ ‘syoddns (eg 7 = uaomIeR (ot pH = eg v ed oie iaghe wed ‘gA/7 = x78 syoddns wsomeg, (x= ma = ew Bueyes0 203 | =w aw puto 1230 4 peoy papz4a9U0) Sueysono YUM “urwoq porsoddns Ayduns “eds aqsuIg T1a9 e+D “suoqrono 104 (e-t-¥1) x uoUM ‘peo ay ace rae uays (zreyee a(azteqeg @ Suwyran0 ym ‘urPaq payioddns <|duis ‘weds aang 257Oley yt as see: = #30 van, enon x 200" = W HA (eve — eT rare Ww ‘zaque0 Ty vo ‘spue av g ‘ (ey- DE=W 93090 9 (r= x D-E= w'suoddnsusomeg =" Suoddns ay MR “Buryzor0 10g mm sty W @item=nta=u Poy ‘ureaq amue s940 peot uOytf) spua yr0q 38 SugluTyrono ‘uveq weds aug, £1 6LS80" = 8 = "WT PIP = 8 HOU, lave (er-raevt oy = 9 ‘pur souray av (ext atceg— 199 tT — 109) EE = gy tueysono og 11a ve (87+ Teo T+ ALTE yy = "V “SHoddns usomeg forme Been fomgoso.0g AW Suoddne wsemqag = AW 1 e+ pean waa et eantasar etm ‘urwoq aurus 200 poy wALOsTE| Suwyzon0 wut ‘arvoq porioddne Aydums ‘weds afdtng @ 2-58fumysano sog oon eat "LA (x eym = HQ ‘Bueysoso 10g em ata ee ac yeas ATH Aueyiono yy ‘urwaq payoddns Ayduns ‘weds aysuIg =w \ ummm -t i ‘a PB) + Ee te: Buvqsaa0 wo poo] w0;u) rave ttt (ctor DS = 9 oy = Layee _ vT"s = tueds aixjua 1910 peo} 259 sumaono guy ‘anog pode aceon ues ogg >© rusony ov munwe womesrs Consider the following continuous beam: P | uniform toed w | concentioted load fesisssibsdiigy gidsadidy bs ua ‘Moment diagram ‘The above moment diagram may be considered as made up of two parts: the positive moment due to the applied loads, and the negative moment due to the restraining end moments over the supports. aa | et i ren a Mila, Me 6E * 3E Ava, Aza Ell * hts where: Mi, Mz, and Ms are the end moments at the Ist, 2nd, and 3rd supports. Li and Leare the lengths of the Ist and 2nd span. 1: and Ieare the moments of inertia of the 1st and 2nd span. ‘Av and Azare the areas under the positive moment diagrams of the Ist ‘and 2nd span. a: and azare the distance of the controids of the areas of the positive moment diagrams to the Ist and 3rd outer supports. By writing this equation for each successive pair of spans, all of the moments ‘may be found. 2-60‘The moment diagram for a simply supported, uniformly loaded beam is a parabola; and a concentrated load produces a triangular moment diagram. ‘The following shows the area and distance to the centroid of these areas. : concentrated load Tt i — eeaanE Li} (ati. | w uniform lood Ly Are Area A=2/3ML ‘A=1/2ML Distance to centroid Distance to centroid Li aomth 3Gz woTpUGD pEO|-UNFEG 4OJ 6 pue @ saBed OO or 8-1 aN “> x uouan aye, - wrt aw AW ay (w+ae- a ee = ow “pooy ay 4 er (w+ ma- ei EA e+ pithan=n weep ayaasa (e ete an (etmaterl Gy = tA +A = aE Wee, le+pe-ewl Gy ata 8 ‘tuo weds uo ‘Aquo weds auo z290 peoy wz0ytup) ‘urweq snonuyyuoo “reds om, 430 2ujod Aue ye pooy porez|UsDHOD rv smony}u09 “ods Oo, be ‘tuo weds ouo Jo z9yU29 48 PEO] PayeNUIDUOD ‘urwoq snonunuos ‘weds Om,Torsional Members op) —— At support, r T TTT Tl ll MTT + valorn toe Bebe © AER R RRA se aopuy Tee ———— oh a r LU © CH Section a Cssrarsnra anna eateries Section b: nate 14 comm -t. F inn: =" When hn Te y TL ob oh ve— Tha ener Section b; Te = T= Tis 7, Tia+Te(a+b) Section c: 1, @4ERRECERACERY fi : T swppoet TT T = 2-63CIRCULAR FLAT PLATES The following table of formulas is for stress and deflection of circular flat steel plates. (Poisson's ratio = . 3) o: = tensile stress in radial direction (psi) o: = tensile stress in tangential direction (psi) t = thickness of plate (inches) ius of plate (inches) inner radius of plate (inches) modulus of elasticity (for steel = 30,000, 000 psi) W = total load on plate (pounds) p = uniform load on plate (psi) M = couple or moment applied to central portion (inch-Ibs) log to the base (e) (Natural or Naperian logarithms): log: x = 2.8026 logio x A positive sign for the stress indicates tension on the top surface and compression on the lower surface. Adapted from Roark "Formulas for Stress and Strain", and Timoshenko "Theory of Plates and Shells".‘oapeay ‘saqus9 “aoqus9 ay ‘perioddns o8pe 9119 “€agge" > U4 uaym xeus) saqua> 1 mk more, sm ann pen Sempra Blige nee my mo Laer | , on um payioddns put poxy ope sng, 265Poza aaa saaquoo mez ad 1408 =o 8 me pea | _{|2422.0 a me (2 1e <1 way xem) afpo ay [-[ej tage ---» 4 teor aso —— 1 srupes jo Buu renaut> a1zju20W09 Uo peo] UO}, pauioddns pue poxy afipe 13109 (t= a) a208 _ [estan ak 98po souuy punore pyoy wo; eqioddns apo 1019 = omy, ‘ape souut wy 2940009 _ ‘MELE 3408 mE po 1 suupes Jo Su seynom9 supuesH0d uo peo| MORIA euoddne a8pe sain pcan ~ (04 — ws] aerate see -=0=0my ‘u>ay 2408 ME oan] St onsyor (3.GL9" ~ 23 ‘snupes aarqooye at 40 11 194319 04 jen Luoma ur Suymorqoy at Tutsn sys_HIns yrwoR] “wsaNIs Jog = Eames +0] =o = oRW UMM agsor = “aaj Tare 7? 3p WV 14 smaped jo ware svjnass ouueoU09 Z9K0 poo] wHOHUN) ‘patioddne apa 1219 766— = yam ‘alps sou ay =0 ‘28pe sino ay = oxo ‘08po xem ay Th Het ea ape zouur punore peoy wi0ytuy, pony apo san spoon pu poxy po 01m 2+ aor 852007 yy mee ON 14108 ~ el4 19% ~ ML — ee ‘spe sou ay ‘ofipa sou ay a = ‘po souut pumore peo wou, oxy 08po souuy ‘poqioddns ope 91) “wOTY < 14 uaxn xewt aBpo s2yn0 ay pk Veo Peat po sony punose poy sH0385 Ponodidns puv poxy oBpo 32109 Z67nner edge supported Uniform load over area Hay Inner edge fixed and supported Uniform load over area i 4 Outer edge supported Uniform load over area P Pl, Outer edge supported; inner edge fixed Uniform load over area P Outer edge fixed and supported Uniform load over area Outer edge fixed; inner edge fixed and supported Uniform load over area ° (cr * 2 wa ‘ype | Type | t=20 = 40 of | oof | n a EEE disc Toad Ke Kr Ki Ka Ki Kr Ke Ki Kr 3 [_w] 199 [136 wss7 | 308 | es] 497 480 [1.16 | 501 7 w [v.10 [347 148 | 672 | 1.88 | 734 724 [2.94 | .704 Tw 94 f caso] 520] 0262 | .a5e | BT] ara | .172 “27 1.305 | 28 Fw [27 | 00510] 428] «0267 | 753 | 0877 | 1.205 | 209 TBE | TAS | 350 Wo w | .115| 00129] .220| .0064 | .405 | .0237] .703 | 062 092 [1.13 ws Te | ceo] .202 | 1.19 | aot | 2.04 | 902 | 3.04 | 1.22 1.0 [5.10 | 1.30 12 | | «135 | 00207] 410] .o183 | 1.04 | 0708] 298 448 | 3.07 | 58 13 |» | -592|.164 | .976| .a14 | 1.44 | 664 824 | 1890 [2.19 | 813 v4 |e | 122] 00343] 336] .0313 | 740] 1250) Ea) 417 [1,59 | 492 15, p | .105|.00199| .259| 0139 | .480/ .0575| wi30f.7i0[ 162] .730 | 175 ve] » | _.0v0f 00077) 77a] 0062 [710] 09 “rio 2.23 [179 [2.80 | 238 2-68 See related graphs on following pagesValues of Ky FIGURE 1 - Ky CURVES FOR VARIOUS PLATE-LOAD CONDITIONS 50 T T Bosed upon volves from Timoshenko, “Theory of Plates ond Shell 3.0 1s 20 25 30 35 40 45 Ratior/r, Z69 5.0FIGURE 2 - Ky CURVES FOR VARIOUS PLATE-LOAD CONDITIONS 13 Kz prt = KW? au a = SBE | men = AEE \ | \ |_ posed upon values from Timoshenko, “Theory of Plates ond Shells 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 Ratior/ry 270‘Outer edge supported ‘Outer edge fixed and supported Couple applied at hub Couple applied at hub io Vek} a Qed 69M 3M Athub (1), Maxor log Athub (m1), Max or = 141,38 loy zi mnt ir aE a | 49 where k = 7 where k =P Gren (aren TABLE 2 - VALUES FOR a AND f FOR SIMPLIFIED STRESS AND ROTATION FORMULAS, Maxo, = 2M, Max Guha) (athaby SUPPORTED EDGE (@) FIXED EDGE @ 2 n a e aise |serf 8 « 7 7 Roark | Timoshenko [Timoshenko | Roark | Reiser | Reiner 18: 505 |__| 140 7} 9. | 67 “5 [3.70 | 6.2 | 1.06 3.00 | 6.09 | 819 5.00 “0 | 275 | 42 *|~—O 26 [4A 557 7.00 BR] dea 2.20 | 3.7 | a8 a [| 2.00 [2s | 80 1.35 | 2.66 [am 7.88 2 2.50 | 391 213 | 28 2,50 0 2.06 | 201 173 | 167 7.22 Eg 175 | 228 Ta] 8 7,00 5 1] Te 114 [ 081 1.82 5 Tar | a ce a7 6 107 | 04a | a5 1.54 os | 86 | 6 1a 770 a | 056 a7 | 0785 1.38 ca ed 36 | 0067 1.25 20 as | 0701 26] 00 ‘Table from Roark "Formulas for Stress and Strain" Reprinted by permission of Macmillan Publishing Compary from “Design of Machine Elements" by Virgil M. Faires. Copyright 1965 by Virgil M. Faires zt