Light Sources and Transmitters The basic bloek dingream of a Fibere optic link chomping J Fel figs Basie Pibere Communi eation Tronsmitfers 1 A fibers optic link chads al the point where an electrical signal is Converted inte an optical one. “the device doing thig Conversion is « light Sooneel she inpk for Hos Seortee is, an information Signal. in clectnicsl Brn and the ovlyut signal in opHeal form . There is_nek only optical Sevres bok also modblation and others Supported electronics taken segetherr called transmittert. As optical Sourtee mainly dio Semieonduetort device is used. Q LEDs: Light emitting diodes ome’ used in Aber optic Communications - mosity beeose of there Smaller Size nd Tongere life. Howevert their low infensily, Poort beam revs, low modo lation bandwidth ond incoherent radiation in Compartison +o Lps is a Serious deal secua el limits theirs Uses in short distance and low bandwidth, nelwortk . i :@ Lds: Laser diodes ane used ag optical Sources Fen tong hol Fibers opfie tink, such LD readiation prepeis arte brightness, dinecvitg, nannow Specheal width and Coherrence HH Light Radiation by 4 Semi-Condoctore. ( LEDs) All maleniols @onsists of atoms, which are nvelei Sonreunded by electrons rotating al stationary orcbibs Each orbit Connesponds to a Contain energy valve Semiemdectore ore Solid state mralerials concisting of tightly packed atoms. In Semiconductors we : distinguish 40 energy band ve £ eB (ince energy levels awe cbse +o one another). anes ane Seperated by a energ| GP a. where no energy levels cre = - 7 Tllowed. In others toord clectranc “Gan be either ob vo or at eof ‘bol Gan net be “inbetween ( er vihen the absolute -emperatorre is / sper? Light rradistion > When an excited electron falls Goma eo * Ve iF releases a quontom of energy Called photon shoes enera Ep. “The relation ship is known 2S Er Ep = hP = ho, wherce & is the difference befween tuo energy levels, & che 5 d ene Eq is ev, dim 0m 2 ee Ree ts phe wavelength Sinee Ere ey Cus Wl miercowavelenath radiation | is Wide Specteral toidth “Aa of light emitted by Gemieondvetort . er = Ae al e | 2 fata = 2 ieee 2 he oe ° |ve z ; —— : a ye Rodiction prrocess fy. Speclrel width of Teadiated light . (TB make a Semicandbebrc(teadiabe) iets necessary fo (erie o Signifiean} numbers of elednons at etre TF dine by vesrevent Wf leapt ns eee eeUh LED: Principle of action i sn onelin - pen gunetion pny tg radia ro a6 Fel 9 ee & 2° oro ©® } ' ee oS 2 6 5|° 8 6 oo Ste 9 © 6 de | eP4o 60 028 ©© i type Daftin cat P-type n-kype agrtive 9 ins and “mn SS <= hutes) cha) ty © &® Gy: Lighk teadistion ba LED (p-n qunetion of a Semiconduc: -tr. ©) Pepletion tegion and depletion vellege y, & light tradiation as the nesult of eledron-hele treeeembinations A LED is a Somieonduelre dice made by erection of qunetion of n-type and p-type materials. AL ah ef boondarey af the quaelon elechrons de on ce n cde difvse + the Pp side and treeembines with holes ond at the Same time holes -from the p side difRse to the nside ond trecombine (stisencleclronc Those cul ela eee called depletion Tiegien ts eer Hence thene ane, Po mobile elestions om holes. Sinee the positive tong ot the nside and the negative ions attheal the p side within the deletion “hegion are eee toithook elechions ore holes, these ions erteale, or splennal electric Feld called 4 Corel potential (vo) An elechron—hele qe combination ielewres a quardom of enengy — 4 photon. Gut the depletion vettage Vp prevents eleckwons cmd holes 40 penehtate the depletion region strenePrie an exlennal vollage Called fonwand biashg villege vi ( ¥%Ve) te oveneome hic barmiert “Te achieve portmnent tight readiation the following dynamie precess must oeeurre : Mobile Aes Lom the 0 side abtrcaded bg postlive senminal V, enter +the depletion region Siu tlanovsly mobile holes from the p side, attracted y the negalive denminal of v, erterc the Same depletion tregion eee anele freeambmnations within the deletion - > eqion produce light. & d palit on eal a 5 ate Es eS © Elecleenie Circevit with LED Firwoand uenent (ma) © Input—ovtpel eharacensties cunve.oy? Difference between an LED and a teeguler Diode In rregolere diode these trecombination s rreleace energy in the thermal — tether: than visible — porrlion of the Spectrom. (thet why they heak up dering opercation) “That Hey this treeambinaHon is called nonread mtives Th LED these treeombination result in the trelease of teadiation in the visible ort light pant of the Spectrum , Galled radiative treeombination> both -hpe of greembinahion 0 ecure in a diode af rreeombination s are jradiedive, en \n reality when onagercily have LEDTH Loser Diodes (LDs) The aetonin laser means |ghk amplification bg the Skimulaled emission of ttodiation, Infercestingly the lasere is nok a bight amplifiere as the tenm Suggests bob trathen a light generston. she [acere is a device that ampliftes (generates) lighk bg teens of the Skimulated emission of tradiation . LD’s Gan be eharaslent zed as follows (Alverdage). © Monochromatic @ Wwel-dinected ® High intensil and powert effeient. © Coherent Coll oscillation arve inphase) Tey Spontaneous and stimleted tradiation, —> Sporlaneovg means thal tradiction oeeurres withoo} edlenrel Causes (im LED). Exeited dectnons from the CB fall without aR external indveement +e gtoai VQ which tresulls in Sportanesus radiation, * Fropercties of Spon faneous rediatten fri > Wide Spectral width : The transition) of dldoang sm many energy leels of eg, © Vr Contributes to the tradition produced, thos makingthe Speelnal width of Such Sooriee very wide => Low power efficiency 1 Since the photons arre tradialed’) in satan direction) treduees the ovhol powerr of an LED “(at the desired dinectiss) “this means thal onment te Nght eonveresion oeeores with low officience| > Poort Dirrectivenes: Those photons prepegstes within a Wide Cones fielding, wide spread traded ght, nok Strictly | in one ditzection > Inecherent : ‘these photon tradiation eceurres at ong sie, in othen words photons ane aay independent] of one anotherc . Henee no 258) Correlation belween them differen! phelor oie and the Bite light fea adrenal ealled inecherren} In Shmlaled radiation an external ae (rye an Peeled electron, Heire infercation ( {inebedes) an Ben ace met Rect BA. is “Sr: e eB} The ae emission is rae ee ae Slilaled by exkrnal phin.| “| | eaecaaouers|* Properties of skinvloted teadiation —> Nenrow Speclual width : An extetinal pholon Lreees a photon with Sinilare enertqy (Ep) te be emitted ie the extermal pholon stimulates teadiation voith the Same Frequency (wovelength) . this preeperr ensutre that the Spectral width of the light readialed will be nannow =< High Intensity + Since all pholans propogate in the Same dineetion, all of them Contributes +o ovlpok light. “thes eunnent +e light Conversion oceuns with high ated and a laser diode has high outpot powerr > Highly dineclve : the shmuleted photon prropegales in the Same dinection as the photorr thet climulated ik hence the shimolaled light will be well dinected paeCrhetence: A ste phelon ic teadiated only Dohen an external photos triggeres his action, beth phetens ane Said to be Syrehnonized tha hak Is Hine aligned6 Gh Loser “Diede * Preinciple of action e cB : E 2 Ep \ P 5 ~~! i a 1‘ ww ole ve Fig ©: Stimolled emission TP on extennal phe don hit an excited electron shown in fyo. Their interaction ineludes an elechzon teansition ond ae of a new photon this is Called chimolabed emission, which is the main Phenomena in LASER @ e eee e H ' ~_ ~ 1 ' “ ~ 1 i t ao is went z 1 as ee Pe cline i ! Eas 1 ' 2 eM: mo eo tee ee eae a ! { So Saeees oO oO C000 v Figto: light ampliPreation ond positive Seed buck , Positive feedback : To readiate stmuleled light veut ossential powerc. We need nol one photon bob millions and milllans, for this porpose we place a. inten at the end of an active lager Shown in Aw. “Two photons =~ one. less LED aekeon hresheld Condition Lasing action d- (dimension along the acive leyen) fq @ Gain ond loss 3 @ E ¢ 3 a 1 on ase 2 [EB] en Cored) = thnesheld be Ais PA Later ackion fig (©) step to measure Fal toput outa! cheraclensties Hoc iad he inpuk [ frend eonnent (1)| and the ovtpu [ight gorers (e)] ie prt ehanacleneties is Shown in G4 o. Uhen Small cunnent is applied , a nomber of elechwns arte exelled and “the dicde readiedes bike on LED. fone corner dena becomes (SfFicienl ensvgh Jo Grreals We Population loverseyed Hhrechold condilion Ve meh the dicde Genk work like a laserAfter the thresheld ineressing ovtpl power requires much less Cornent Plow than before oth where deos the Grst exdernel photon Comes om to iwifiate the Stimulated emission 3 = nikielly excited elections that fille 4s the vie and tradiete Sportancoos|y of these photons at least one will head in the tight clirection. is exletinal photon tiiggens the enbixe proeess. 5 TH LED vs LD Speeificahions EBD LD Type of rrodiadion Spordaneovs, ie without external Cavses chile erent an external photons Spectral Width Width oP such Source is coef wide Norrows Spee frel wid th. Output power effeney 4 inbety tow intensify — eonnen fo light Conversion Fhe iene low. High intensit. and igh eenvension Rion Dineetivenese Lous dimectuiby well directed. echerren}- Iheoherenk, no phese connieletion between Ghenenb, nearly : Menoetiomatie, different photons